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AP US History Chapter 7 Flashcards
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| 10975785841 | Judiciary Act of 1789 | Established a federal district court in each state and 3 circuit courts to hear appeals from the districts, with the Supreme Court having the final say. | 0 | |
| 10975785842 | Bill of Rights | First 10 amendments to the Constitution, officially ratified in 1791. The amendments safeguard fundamental personal rights, including freedom of speech and religion, and mandate legal procedures, such as trial by jury. | 1 | |
| 10975785843 | Report on the Public Credit | Alexander Hamilton's 1790 report recommending that the federal government should assume all state debts and fund the national debt — that is, offer interest on it rather than repaying it — at full value. Hamilton's goal was to make the new country creditworthy, not debt-free. | 2 | |
| 10975785844 | Bank of the United States | A bank chartered in 1790 and jointly owned by private stockholders and the national government. A. Hamilton argued that the bank would provide stability to the American economy by making loans to merchants, handling government fund, and issuing bills of credit. | 3 | |
| 10975785845 | Report on Manufactures | A proposal by treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton in 1791 calling for the federal government to urge the expansion of American manufacturing while imposing tariffs on foreign imports. | 4 | |
| 10975785846 | Proclamation of Neutrality | Issued in 1793 by President Washington, this allowed US citizens to trade with all belligerents of the european war. As neutral carriers, American merchant ships claimed a right to pass through Britain's naval blockade of French ports and American firms quickly took over the lucrative sugar trade between France and its West Indian Islands. | 5 | |
| 10975785847 | Whiskey Rebellion | A protest caused by tax on liquor; it tested the will of the government; Washington's quick response showed the government's strength and mercy (led an army to put down the rebellion) | 6 | |
| 10975785848 | Jay's Treaty | A 1795 treaty between the US and Britain that accepted Britain right to stop neutral ships. In return, Americans were allowed to submit claims for illegal seizures. Britain withdrew form the Northwest Territory. | 7 | |
| 10975785849 | XYZ Affair | A 1797 incident which American negotiators in France were rebuffed for refusing to pay a substantial bribe. the incident led to an undeclared war that curtailed American trade with the French West Indies. | 8 | |
| 10975785850 | Naturalization, Alien, and Sedition Acts | Three laws passed in 1798: The Naturalization Act lengthened the residency requirement for citizenship, The Alien Act authorized the deportation of foreigners, and The Sedition prohibited the publication of insults or malicious attacks on the president or Congress. | 9 | |
| 10975785851 | Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions | Resolutions of 1798 condemning the Alien and Sedition Acts that were submitted to the federal government by the Virginia and Kentucky state legislatures. The resolutions tested the idea that state legislatures could judge the constitutionality of federal laws and nullify them. | 10 | |
| 10975785852 | Treaty of Greenville | A 1795 treaty between the United States and various Indian tribes in Ohio. American negotiators acknowledged Indian ownership of the land, and, in return for various payments, the Western Confederacy ceded most of Ohio to the United States. | 11 | |
| 10975785853 | Marbury vs. Madison | A Supreme Court case that established the concept of judicial review in finding that parts of the Judiciary Act of 1789 were in conflict with the Constitution. | 12 | |
| 10975785854 | Louisiana Purchase | 1803 - The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for $15 million. Jefferson was interested in the territory because it would give the U.S. the Mississippi River and New Orleans (both were valuable for trade and shipping) and also room to expand. Napoleon wanted to sell because he needed money for his European campaigns and because a rebellion against the French in Haiti had soured him on the idea of New World colonies. The Constitution did not give the federal government the power to buy land, so Jefferson used loose construction to justify the purchase. | 13 | |
| 10975785855 | Embargo Act of 1807 | An act of Congress that prohibited U.S. ships from traveling to foreign ports and effectively banned overseas trade in an attempt to deter Britain from halting U.S. ships at sea. The embargo caused grave hardships for Americans engaged in overseas commerce. | 14 | |
| 10975785856 | Battle of Tippecanoe | Battle between Americans and Native Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West, but defeated by William Henry Harrison. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812. | 15 | |
| 10975785857 | Treaty of Ghent | December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. | 16 | |
| 10975785858 | McCulloch vs. Maryland | 1819 Supreme Court decision that established the supremacy of the national government over state governments; in deciding this case, Chief Justice John Marshall and his colleagues held that Congress had certain implied powers in addition to enumerated powers found in the Constitution | 17 | |
| 10975785859 | Adams-Onis Treaty | Settled border disputes with Spain, US got Florida, US gave up claims to what is now northern Texas, clarified boundary of Louisiana Territory | 18 | |
| 10975785860 | Monroe Doctrine | A declaration by the President in 1823 that warned European powers to keep out of the Western Hemisphere and pledged that the United States would not intervene in the internal affairs of Europe. | 19 | |
| 10975785861 | Alexander Hamilton | Leader of the federalists. Secretary of the treasury to G Washington. Wanted to enhance national authority to assist financiers and merchants and outlined his plans to congress. He thought America should pay back its debts from the war so America would have good credit to secure loans. Plans were controversial. Helped create the first national bank. His plans for excise taxes led to the whiskey rébellion 1794. Urged the expansion of American manufacturing but didn't support high tariffs. His plans worked because trade grew and paid off the national debt. | 20 | |
| 10975785862 | Thomas Jefferson | G Washington's Secretary of State. Very against Hamilton's plans and policies. Set his democratic vision of America in a society of independent yeomen farm families | 21 | |
| 10975785863 | John Adams | Federalist. XYZ affair. Naturalization, Alien, and Sedition acts. | 22 | |
| 10975785864 | John Marshall | Declared only the Supreme Court held the power of constitutional review. Voided a section of the Judiciary Act of 1789, in effect asserting the Court's authority to review congressional legislature and interpret the Constitution. | 23 | |
| 10975785865 | Tecumseh | Revived the Western Confederacy in 1809 and urged the Indian people's to shun the Americans. Mobilized his people for war. William Henry Harrison attacked first and killed tons of his people at the Battle of Tillecanoe. | 24 | |
| 10975785866 | Henry Clay | Negotiator of treaties including the Treaty of Ghent. Pushed through legislation for the Second National Bank in 1816. Federalist. Won passage of the Bonus Bill for internal improvements but it was vetoed by Madison. | 25 | |
| 10975785867 | John Quincy Adams | Negotiated Rush-Bagpt Treaty, the establishment of the 49th parallel and the Adams-Onis treaty of 1819. Played a role in asserting America's leadership in the Western Hemisphere. Led the Republican Party with Henry Clay. Later becomes president. | 26 | |
| 10975818719 | French Revolution | The revolution that began in 1789, initially welcomed by most Americans because it abolished feudalism and established a constitutional monarchy, but eventually came to be too radical by many. | 27 | |
| 10975821567 | Jacobins | member of a radical political club during the French Revolution. the Americans liked them and eventually began calling themselves citizens | 28 | |
| 10975824123 | Haitian Revolution (1791) | The 1791 rebellion in Saint Domingue led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, an educated slave on a sugar plantation, who aimed to defeat British forces seeking to seize the island and then reestablish French authority. The slave uprising led to the establishment of Haiti as an independent nation in 1804. | 29 | |
| 10975824124 | Little Turtle | Chief of the Miami who led a Native American alliance that raided U.S. settlements in the Northwest Territory. He was defeated and forced to sign the Treaty of Greenville. Later, he became an advocate for peace | 30 |
Flashcards
Flashcards
AP LITERATURE TERMS Flashcards
These are the essential terms for AP success
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| 13763997201 | diction | a speaker or writer's choice of words (formal, informal, colloquial, full of slang, poetic, ornate, plain, abstract, concrete, etc.); diction has a powerful effect on tone | 0 | |
| 13763997274 | synesthesia | the use of one sense to convey the experience of another | 1 | |
| 13763997275 | villanelle | a nineteen-line lyric poem that relies heavily on repetition | 2 | |
| 13763997276 | English sonnet | rhyme scheme: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG three quatrains and a couplet; Shakespeare | 3 | |
| 13763997277 | Italian sonnet | rhyme scheme: ABBAABBA CDCDCD octave and sestet; Petrarch | 4 | |
| 13763997278 | stanza | a fixed number of lines of verse forming a unit of a poem | 5 | |
| 13763997279 | phonetic intensives | letter or letter blends that are connected with meaning | 6 | |
| 13763997202 | syntax | sentence structure | 7 | |
| 13763997203 | tone | attitudes and presuppositions of the author that are revealed by their linguistic choices (diction, syntax, rhetorical devices) | 8 | |
| 13763997280 | prose poem | a selection of prose that, because of its language or content, is poetic in nature | 9 | |
| 13763997281 | blank verse | unrhymed poetry written in iambic pentameter | 10 | |
| 13763997282 | free verse | poetry that does not rhyme or have a regular meter. | 11 | |
| 13763997283 | rhythm | pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables | 12 | |
| 13763997284 | approximate rhyme | words that sound similar but are not an exact rhyme; slant rhyme | 13 | |
| 13763997285 | male rhyme | one syllable rhyme | 14 | |
| 13763997286 | feminine rhyme | multi-syllable rhyme | 15 | |
| 13763997287 | verbal irony | what is said is the opposite of what is meant; sarcasm | 16 | |
| 13763997288 | situational irony | an outcome that turns out to be very different from what was expected | 17 | |
| 13763997289 | dramatic irony | the contrast between what a character expects and what the audience knows is true | 18 | |
| 13763997204 | figurative language | a form of language use in which writers and speakers convey something other than the literal meaning of their words. | 19 | |
| 13763997205 | detail | an individual feature, fact, description significant to the story | 20 | |
| 13763997206 | pacing | the movement of plot action | 21 | |
| 13763997207 | shift | a change in tone, topic or form, et | 22 | |
| 13763997208 | connotation | an implied meaning of a word being opposite of denotation. | 23 | |
| 13763997209 | theme | central idea of a work of literature | 24 | |
| 13763997210 | allegory | a story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself. | 25 | |
| 13763997211 | allusion | a reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, or work of art | 26 | |
| 13763997212 | alliteration | repetition of initial consonant sounds. | 27 | |
| 13763997213 | ambiguity | an element of uncertainty in a text, in which something can be interpreted in a number of different ways | 28 | |
| 13763997214 | antagonist | a character or force in conflict with the main character | 29 | |
| 13763997215 | apostrophe | a figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. | 30 | |
| 13763997216 | analogy | a comparison of two different things that are similar in some way | 31 | |
| 13763997217 | anecdote | a short account of an interesting or humorous incident | 32 | |
| 13763997218 | aside | a dramatic convention by which an actor directly addresses the audience but it is not supposed to be heard by the other actors on the stage. | 33 | |
| 13763997219 | assonance | repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity | 34 | |
| 13763997220 | atmosphere | a distinctive but intangible quality surrounding a person or thing; mood | 35 | |
| 13763997221 | attitude | a speaker's, author's, or character's disposition toward or opinion of a subject. | 36 | |
| 13763997222 | Bildungsroman | a novel dealing with one person's formative years or spiritual education | 37 | |
| 13763997223 | cacophony | a harsh, discordant mixture of sounds | 38 | |
| 13763997224 | caesura | a natural pause or break in a line of poetry, usually near the middle of the line | 39 | |
| 13763997225 | characterization | the methods used to present the personality of a character in a work of literature and to make that character more believable. | 40 | |
| 13763997226 | climax | most exciting moment of the story; turning point | 41 | |
| 13763997227 | colloquialism | a word or phrase (including slang) used in everyday conversation and informal writing but that is often inappropriate in formal writing | 42 | |
| 13763997228 | conceit | a fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. | 43 | |
| 13763997229 | conflict | struggle between opposing forces | 44 | |
| 13763997230 | consonance | repetition of consonant sounds | 45 | |
| 13763997290 | denotation | the literal meaning of a word | 46 | |
| 13763997231 | enjambment | a run-on line of poetry in which logical and grammatical sense carries over from one line into the next. | 47 | |
| 13763997232 | epiphany | a moment of sudden revelation or insight | 48 | |
| 13763997233 | euphony | pleasant, harmonious sound | 49 | |
| 13763997234 | flashback | a method of narration in which present action is temporarily interrupted so that the reader can witness past events | 50 | |
| 13763997235 | foil | a character who acts as a contrast to another character | 51 | |
| 13763997236 | foreshadowing | clues in a story that suggest later events | 52 | |
| 13763997237 | genre | a literary type or form | 53 | |
| 13763997238 | hyperbole | a figure of speech in which the truth is exaggerated for emphasis or humorous effects. | 54 | |
| 13763997291 | imagery | visually descriptive or figurative language, especially in a literary work. | 55 | |
| 13763997239 | irony | a contrast between expectation and reality | 56 | |
| 13763997240 | juxtaposition | placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts | 57 | |
| 13763997241 | litotes | a figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite. | 58 | |
| 13763997242 | metaphor | a figure of speech in which a comparison is implied but not stated, such as "This winter is a bear." | 59 | |
| 13763997243 | metonymy | a figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated (such as "crown" for "royalty"). | 60 | |
| 13763997244 | mood | feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader | 61 | |
| 13763997245 | motif | a recurring theme, subject or idea | 62 | |
| 13763997246 | objective | based on real facts and not influenced by personal beliefs or feelings | 63 | |
| 13763997247 | onomatopoeia | a word that imitates the sound it represents | 64 | |
| 13763997248 | omniscient | third person point of view where everything is revealed to the reader, such as character thoughts and feelings | 65 | |
| 13763997249 | oxymoron | a figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase | 66 | |
| 13763997250 | parallelism | phrases or sentences of a similar construction/meaning placed side by side, balancing each other | 67 | |
| 13763997251 | parody | a piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or ridicule | 68 | |
| 13763997252 | paradox | a statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth | 69 | |
| 13763997253 | personification | a figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes | 70 | |
| 13763997254 | plot elements | the sequence of events in a story: exposition, conflict, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution | 71 | |
| 13763997292 | precis | a brief summary of a book, article, speech, or other text | 72 | |
| 13763997255 | point of view | first person: speaker refers to himself (usually a character); second person: You are the character; third person: narrator is not referring to humor herself; Omniscient: all knowing(can see all characters and their thoughts/ feelings); Limited: can see multiple characters, but not thoughts; Close: focuses on one character | 73 | |
| 13763997256 | protagonist | main character in fiction or drama | 74 | |
| 13763997257 | reliability | a quality of some fictional narrators whose word the reader can trust. | 75 | |
| 13763997258 | repetition | repeated use of sounds, words, or ideas for effect and emphasis | 76 | |
| 13763997259 | sarcasm | a type of verbal irony in which, under the guise of praise, a caustic and bitter expression of strong and personal disapproval is given | 77 | |
| 13763997260 | satire | a literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies. | 78 | |
| 13763997261 | scansion | the process of marking lines of poetry to show the type of feet and the number of feet they contain | 79 | |
| 13763997262 | setting | the context in time and place in which the action of a story occurs | 80 | |
| 13763997263 | simile | a comparison of two unlike things using "like" or "as" | 81 | |
| 13763997264 | stereotype | a distorted, exaggerated, or oversimplified image applied to a category of people | 82 | |
| 13763997265 | subjective | based on personal feelings | 83 | |
| 13763997266 | symbol | an object or action in a literary work that means more than itself, that stands for something beyond itself | 84 | |
| 13763997267 | synaesthesia | a pairing of two or more of the senses (Ex: a "blue note") | 85 | |
| 13763997268 | synecdoche | figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole (as hand for sailor), the whole for a part (as the law for police officer), the specific for the general (as cutthroat for assassin), the general for the specific (as thief for pickpocket), or the material for the thing made from it (as steel for sword) | 86 | |
| 13763997269 | style | manner of expressing ideas, especially in writing, art, or music | 87 | |
| 13763997270 | volta | the turning point in a sonnet; indicating a shift in tone or attitude of the speaker | 88 | |
| 13763997271 | understatement | a figure of speech in which a writer or speaker says less than what he or she means; the opposite of exaggeration | 89 | |
| 13763997272 | versimilitude | similarity to reality; the appearance of truth; looking like the real thing | 90 | |
| 13763997293 | vernacular | the distinctive form of speech or words spoken given to a particular region | 91 |
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