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AP US History: Colonies Flashcards

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10743117048Indentured servantLaborer who agreed to work without pay for a certain period of time in exchange for passage to America0
10743117049New England Colonies: Name themNew Hampshire, Massachusetts (includes present day Maine), Rhode Island and Connecticut1
10743117050Middle Colonies: Name themNew York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware2
10743117051Southern Colonies: Name ThemVirginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Georgia3
10743117052Plymouth, MAsettlement location of the Pilgrims4
10743117053Mayflower Compact1620.The first attempt at democratic government in the U.S. Pilgrims had no legal basis for being there, so 41 men signed the document also pledging allegiance to the King.5
10743117054New England Colonies: EconomyForests → lumber Oceans → commercial fishing Good harbors → trading centers, commerce main jobs=traders, shipbuilders, fishermen6
10743117055Southern Colonies: Climate, Soil, EnvironmentClimate: Warm summers, very mild winters, Soil: very fertile, long growing season Environment: no natural harbors, tidal rivers, wide coastal plain7
10743117056New England Colonies: Climate, Soil, EnvironmentClimate: Cold Winters Soil: Rocky, Short growing season, Environment: mountains, forests, rivers, natural harbors8
10743117057Fundamental Orders of ConnecticutFirst Constitution in the Colonies9
10743117058Hooker, ThomasFounder of Connecticut for Religious Freedom10
10743117059Hutchinson, AnneThis woman questioned the Puritan Church and was kicked out of Massachusetts. As a result, many of her followers began to migrate out of Massachusetts Bay, especially to New Hampshire and Maine.11
10743117060Middle Colonies: Climate, Soil, EnvironmentClimate: Mild Soil: Fertile Environment: Rivers, Natural Harbors12
10743117061Why was New York so valuable to the British?Important Trading Port/Harbor13
10743117062Penn, WilliamFounder of Pennsylvania for the Quaker Religion. He believed that the land belonged to the Indians, and he was careful to see that they were reimbursed for it, and during his lifetime the colony had no major conflicts with the natives. More than any other English colony, Pennsylvania prospered from the outset but Penn went bankrupt14
10743117063Oglethorpe, JamesFounder of Georgia, built a fortified town at the mouth of the Savannah River in 1733 to stand as a military buffer between South Carolina and the Spanish settlements in Florida. He also wanted a refuge for British men and women without economic prospects in England.15
10743117064Triangular TradeTransferring of slaves, cash crops, and manufactured goods between West Africa, American colonies and the European colonial powers16
10743117065Middle Colonies: EconomyFarmers grew cash crops (wheat,barley, rye, corn), industries i.e. lumber (for ship building) and iron mills, and New York and Philadelphia were large trading centers (due to natural harbors) Main jobs=traders, shipbuilders,farmers17
10743117066Southern Colonies: EconomyGood soil for farming cash crops like tobacco, rice, indigo, and cotton main jobs: farming, some specialized jobs (shoemaker, carpenter, etc.)18
10743117067Cash Cropa readily salable crop that is grown and gathered for the market (as vegetables or cotton or tobacco)19
10743117068Middle PassageA voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies20
10743117069Slave CodesIn 1661 a set of "codes" was made. It denied slaves basic fundamental rights, and gave their owners permission to treat them as they saw fit.21
10743117070Navigation Acts1660 passed by British parliament to increase colonial dependence on Great Britain for trade; limited goods that were exported to colonies; tariffs; caused great resentment in American colonies.22
10743117071Bacon's RebellionFrontier farmers burned homes of the elite in Jamestown due to not being protected from Indians (It started by first outlashing at the Indians)23
10743117072CharterA document that gives the holder the right to organize settlements in an area24
10743117073Royal ColonyA colony ruled by a governor who was appointed by the king or queen25
10743117074JamestownThe first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia26
10743117075PatroonA land owner in new Netherlands who had to bring 50 settlers to the colony to help settle his land27
10743117076PilgrimsGroup of Puritan separatists who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts to seek religious freedom from the Anglican church after having lived briefly in the Netherlands. William Bradford became their first governor. 10% of Americans can trace ancestry to Mayflower.28
10743117077PuritansA religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled at Massachusetts Bay.29
10743117078Duke of Yorkbrother to King Charles II and "founder" of New York30
10743117079QuakersA form of Protestantism in which the believers were pacifists and would shake at the power of the word of the Lord; believed in Peacefulness & Equality for all. originated in mid-seventeenth-century England and grew into an important force as a result of the preachings of George Fox, a Nottingham shoemaker, and Margaret Fell.31
10743117080MercantilismEconomic policy based on the idea that the American colonies existed primarily to provide economic benefits for Great Britain; British bought raw materials from the colonists and sold them finished products; required that most (only) colonial trade occur within the British Empire. The theory was that there was a fixed amount of wealth in the world, and any wealth a nation acquired was, in effect, taken away from some other nation.32
10743117081Middle Colonies: DiversityDiversity in religion and nationalities. (New Amsterdam aka New York)33
10743117082Virginia House of Burgesses (1619)First representative (or self-governing) body in colonial America, bi-cameral (2 house) legislature modeled after British Parliament that could raise taxes and make laws.34
10743117083Magna Carta (1215); English Bill of Rights (1689)Limited the power of the King; emphasized the King was not above the law; representative government and the law outweighed the power of any monarch35
10743117084Columbus, ChristopherItalian explorer comissioned by Queen Isabella of Spain in 1492 to find a western trade route to the East Indies. Commanding ninety men and three ships— the Niña, the Pinta, and the Santa María—Columbus left Spain in August 1492 and sailed west into the Atlantic. He landed in the Bahamas and then Hispaniola.36
10743117085Queen IsabellaThe queen of Spain who financed Christopher Columbus is exploration in search of a trade route to India37
10743117086Soto, Hernando deThe explorer from Spain who was the first to see the Mississippi River.38
10743117087Spanish MissionsBegan as Catholic establishments and often became towns such as Santa Fe New Mexico.39
10743117088Coronado, FranciscoTraveled north from Mexico (1540-1542) into what is now New Mexico in a fruitless search for gold and jewels; in the process, he helped open the Southwest of what is now the United States to Spanish settlement.40
10743117089Santa FeThe capital of New Mexico41
10743117090Massachusetts (Bay Colony)One of the original 13 colonies. Puritans obtained a grant of land in from Charles I for most of the area now comprising Massachusetts and New Hampshire; It's success encouraged future colonization such as Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire. Its government resembled a theocracy, a society in which there is no clear line between church and state.42
10743117091Wampanaug IndiansNative Americans who lived in the forest near Plymouth. Lead by Massasoit.43
10743117092MassasoitLeader of the Wampanaug Indians44
10743117093SquantoNative American who taught the pilgrims how to grow corn, how to hunt deer, and hunt turkeys in the forest. A Pawtuxet who earlier in his life had been captured by an English explorer and taken to Europe, spoke English and was helpful to the settlers in forming an alliance with the local Wampanoags, under Chief Massasoit. After the first harvest, in 1621, the settlers marked the alliance by inviting the Indians to join them in an October festival, the first Thanksgiving.45
10743117094St. Lawrence RiverAn important river used by the French to trade with Native Americans.46
10743117095Williams, RogerStarted the city of Providence later known as the colony of Rhode Island who lived for a time in Salem, Mass and was a religious dissenter47
10743117096ProvidenceCity in Rhode Island where there was freedom of religion for all.48
10743117097PennsylvaniaA colony started by William Penn, a Quaker who sought religious freedoms for his people.49
10743117098King Louis of FranceThe king who wanted to find a shortcut to Asia.50
10743117099Cartier, JacquesExplorer who found and claimed Saint Lawrence river and called it the area New France.51
10743117100Salle, Sieur de laExplorer from France who discovered the Mississippi river and the Gulf of Mexico.52
10743117101FrenchNationality who traded with American Indians for their animal furs.53
10743117102American IndiansIndigenous people who taught the French to trap animals and how to use canoes to travel on rivers54
10743117103New FranceThe land from the mouth of the St. Lawrence rivers on the East Coast, past the Mississippi River West, and down to the Gulf of Mexico.55
10743117104St. LouisOne of two cities built by the French.56
10743117105Tordesillas TreatyAgreement of the Pope giving Portugal American land east of line and Spain land west of the line. Spain got more land.57
10743117106Spanish ConquistadorsThey conquered Native Americans, searched for gold, and developed haciendas throughout the New World.58
10743117107Spanish Armada1588. Philip II of Spain assembled one of the largest military fleets in the history of warfare to carry his troops across the English Channel and into England, but the smaller English fleet destroyed them and ended Spain's domination of the Atlantic. Their defeat shifted future colonization of North America to the English, French, and Dutch.59
10743117108Charles IIDeveloped proprietary colonies such as New York, New Jersey, and the Carolinas.60
10743117109New York, Philadelphia, & BostonThese northern cities became major trade hubs, integral for the economic development of the colonies.61
10743117110French and Indian War1754-1763 (Part of 7 years war in Europe) Conflict between Native Americans (Iroquois Confederacy on side of British, all others on side of French) and Europeans over land, specifically Louisiana Territory and Ohio Valley. Unified the colonists and dramatically changed the territorial boundaries of North America in favor of the British.62
10743117111Proclamation of 1763British announced that the land won during the French & Indian War (land west of the Appalachian mountains) was reserved for Native Americans63
10743117112AntinomianismWhat critics called the teachings of Anne Hutchinson from the Greek word meaning "hostile to the law"),64
10743117113Archaic PeriodThis is a scholarly term for the history of humans in America during a period of about 5,000 years beginning around 8000 BCE. In the first part of this period, most humans continued to support themselves through hunting and gathering,65
10743117114AztecMeso-American tribes conquered by Cortes, after small-pox weakened them.66
10743117115Clovis PeopleEstablished one of the first civilizations in the Americas. Archaeologists believe that they lived about 13,000 years ago. They were among the first people to make tools and to eat other animals.67
10743117116Mather, CottonThe Puritan who heard of the practice of infecting people with mild cases of smallpox in order to immunize them. despite opposition, he urged inoculation on his fellow Bostonians during an epidemic in the 1720s. The results confirmed the effectiveness of the technique. Other theologians (including Jonathan Edwards) took up the cause.68
10743117117Courerus de boisAdventurous fur traders and trappers—who also moved far into the wilderness and developed an extensive trade that became one of the underpinnings of the French colonial economy.69
10743117118Magellan, FerdinandPortuguese in the employ of the Spanish, found the strait that now bears his name at the southern end of South America. His expedition went on to complete the first known circumnavigation of the globe (1519-1522), even though he died before completed.70
10743117119Fundamental Constitution for Carolina in 1669The Earl of Shaftesbury, troubled by the instability in England, wanted a planned and well-ordered community. With the aid of the English philosopher John Locke, he drew up the Fundamental Constitution for Carolina in 1669, which created an elaborate system of land distribution and an elaborately designed social order.71
10743117120Calvert, George (Lord Baltimore)The first Lord Baltimore, a recent convert to Catholicism and a shrewd businessman, who founded Maryland for the persecuted English Catholics. He died and his son, Cecil, became second Lord Baltimore and finished his mission in Maryland.72
10743117121HeadrightsFifty-acre grants of land, which new settlers could acquire in a variety of ways. Masters received additional land grants for every servant they imported.73
10743117122Hudson, HenryIn 1609, This English explorer in the employ of the Dutch sailed up the river that was to be named for him in what is now New York State.74
10743117123Cortes, Hernando1518. Led a small military expedition of about 600 men into Mexico after he heard of great treasures. Met resistance from Aztecs and leader Montezuma. Smallpox weakened Aztecs and he conquered them.75
10743117124IncasCreated the largest empire in the Americas in Peru76
10743117125EncomiedasOñate distributed them to the Spanish settlers. They were licenses to exact labor and tribute from the natives in specific areas77
10743117126Indigo1740s. Eliza Lucas discovered that it could grow on the high ground of South Carolina, which was unsuitable for rice planting, and that its harvest came while the rice was still growing. It became an important complement to rice and a popular import in England.78
10743117127Iroquois ConfederacyThe most powerful native group that did not get along with the French. It was made up of the five Indian nations (Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, and Oneida) that had formed a defensive alliance.79
10743117128Rolfe, John1612, the Jamestown planter who produced tobacco crops of high quality and found ready buyers in England. Tobacco cultivation quickly spread up and down the James. He also married Pocahontus.80
10743117129Winthrop, JohnGovernor for Massecheutes Bay Colony, an affluent, university-educated man who had been instrumental in organizing the migration, and he commanded the expedition that sailed for New England in 1630.81
10743117130King Philip's War1675. Wampanoags, under the leadership of a Metacomet (known to the whites as "King Philip") terrorized a string of New England towns for 3 years. The war weakened the society and economy of Massachusetts. In 1676, the white settlers fought back and won. The very high casualties on both sides were a result of the use of advanced rifles.82
10743117131Calvert, Cecil (Lord Baltimore)Named one of his brothers, Leonard Calvert, governor of Maryland and sent him with another brother to oversee the settlement of the province.83
10743117132Middle GroundWhat Americans called the fusion of cultures in America that was often uneasy.84
10743117133New Orleans1718. Founded to service the French plantation economy at the mouth of the Mississippi River at the Gulf of Mexico.85
10743117134New YorkJames, Duke of York, renamed the colony of the New Netherlands after himself after the Dutch surrendered to the British. In 1673, the Dutch briefly reconquered New Amsterdam. But they lost it for good in 1674.86
10743117135Pennsylvania DutchGermans fleeing religios persecution. Most made their way to Pennsylvania, where they received a warm welcome.87
10743117136Peace of Paris of 1763Treaty ending French and Indian War/7 Years War. Under its terms, the French ceded to Great Britain some of their West Indian islands and most of their colonies in India. They also transferred Canada and all other French territory east of the Mississippi, except New Orleans, to Great Britain. They ceded New Orleans and their claims west of the Mississippi to Spain, thus surrendering all title to the mainland of North America.88
10743117137Pequot War1637. Hostilities broke out between English settlers in the Connecticut Valley and the Indians of the region. The Indians were nearly wiped out.89
10743117138SeigneuriesFrench agricultural estates along the St. Lawrence River90
10743117139New JerseyJames gave a large portion of that land to Sir John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. Carteret named the territory after the island in the English Channel on which he had been born. In 1702, they ceded the territory back to the Crown as a royal colony.91
10743117140Dale, Thomas (Sir)1611. Sent to Jamestown to rebuild and manage it.92
10743117141Tenochtitlán1300 CE,the Mexica (Aztecs) established this city on a large island in a lake in central Mexico, (present-day Mexico City). They incorporated other tribes into their society, and it became the greatest city in the Americas to that point, connected to water supplies from across the region by aqueducts.93
10743117142Islands English claimed in the West IndiesAntigua, St. Kitts, Jamaica, and Barbados.94
10743117143QuebecFirst permanent settlement in North America by French, less than a year after the English started their first colony at Jamestown.95
10743117144Western AfricaMost of the African men and women who were forcibly taken to America came from a large region in west Africa below the Sahara Desert, known as Guinea. It was the home of a wide variety of peoples and cultures. Over half of all the new arrivals in the New World between 1500 and 1800 were Africans.96
10743117145Raleigh, Walter (Sir)Recruited his cousin, Sir Richard Grenville, to lead a group of men (most of them from the English plantations in Ireland) to Roanoke to establish a colony.97
10743117146Vespucci, AmerigoWho America was named after. A Florentine merchant and a member of a later Portuguese expedition to the New World who wrote a series of vivid descriptions of the lands he had visited and who recognized the Americas as new continents.98
10743117147Queen ElizabethSir Walter Raleigh named Virginia after her, "the virgin queen."99
10743117148Berkeley, William (Sir)In 1642 appointed governor of Virginia by King Charles I. Sent explorers across the Blue Ridge Mts. Put down 1644 Indian Uprising, agreed to prohibit white settlement west of a line est. with Indians.100
10743117149St. AugustineThe Spanish fort established in 1565 in Florida, became the first permanent European settlement in what is now the United States.101
10743117150CreolesWhite Immigrants of French descent who owned plantations on the lower Mississippi that were worked by black slaves.102
10743117151Dutch West India Company1624, established a series of permanent trading posts on the Hudson, Delaware, and Connecticut Rivers.103
10743117152Bacon, FrancisHe created an uprising in Virginia in response to the raids by Indians and the anger that governor Berkeley did not protect them sufficiently. He stood on the verge of taking command of Virginia. Instead, he died suddenly of dysentery; and Berkeley, his position bolstered by the arrival of British troops, soon managed to regain control.104
10743117153GeorgiaThe last of the 13 original colonies. Established to erect a military barrier against the Spanish lands on the southern border of English America,105
10743117154Cabot, John1497, he sailed to the northeastern coast of North America on an expedition sponsored by King Henry VII looking for a northwest passage through the New World to the Orient. It wasn't found.106
10743117155Smith, JohnJamestown settlement owed their survival to his leadership, who at age 27 was already a famous world traveler. He imposed work and order on the settlement and created a shaky relationship with the natives107
10743117156Stuart, JohnIn charge of Indian affairs in the southern colonies108
10743117157Johnson, William (Sir)In charge of Indian affairs in the northern colonies. married a Mohawk woman, Mary Brant, who was later to play an important role in the American Revolution.109
10743117158Wheelwright, JohnA a disciple of Anne Hutchinson who led some of his fellow dissenters to Exeter, New Hampshire. Other groups—of both dissenting and orthodox Puritans—soon followed. New Hampshire became a separate colony in 1679. Maine remained a part of Massachusetts until 1820.110
10743117159Olmec1000 BCE, first truly complex society in the Americas.111
10743117160PequotIndians of Connecticut and Mass Bay area reduced by smallpox. A war between Indians and colonists in 1637 nearly wiped the remaining out.112
10743117161PuebloNatives of Sante Fe Area. By 1750, their population declined (through disease, war, and migration) to less than half what it had been in 1680. New Mexico had by then become a reasonably stable, but still weak and isolated, outpost of the Spanish Empire.113
10743117162RoanokeEst by Sir Walter Raleigh. First settlement attempt failed when colonists left with Sir Francis Drake. Raleigh tried again in 1587, sending an expedition carrying 91 men and 17 women. Unfortunately, the ended up disappearing.114
10743117163Drake, Francis (Sir)English "sea dog" who staged successful raids on Spanish merchant ships and built confidence in England's ability to challenge Spanish sea power.115
10743117164Stono Rebellion 17391739. South Carolina, about 100 Africans seized weapons, killed several whites, and attempted to escape south to Florida.116
10743117165Balboa, Vasco de1513. This Spaniard fought his way across the Isthmus of Panama. He struggled through the stormy narrows and into the ocean ,so calm by contrast that he christened it the "Pacific."117
10743117166Maya800 CE. A more advanced society than Olmec emerged in parts of Central America and in the Yucatán peninsula of Mexico. They developed a written language, a numerical system similar to the Arabic, an accurate calendar, an advanced agricultural system, and important trade routes into other areas of the continents.118
10743117167Allan, EthanTook up the cause of the Green Mountain farmers and accused the landowners of trying to "enslave a free people." He eventually succeeded in making Vermont into a separate state, which broke up some of the large estates.119
10743117168Great AwakeningBegan in earnest in the 1730s, reached its climax in the 1740s, and brought a new spirit of religious fervor to the colonies. The revival had particular appeal to women (who constituted the majority of converts) and to younger sons of the third or fourth generation of settlers—those who stood to inherit the least land and who faced the most uncertain futures. The rhetoric of the revival emphasized the potential for every person to break away from the constraints of the past and start anew in his or her relationship with God. Such beliefs may have reflected the desires of many people to break away from their families or communities and start a new life.120
10743117169Edwards, JonathanOutstanding preacher of the Great Awakening. He attacked the new doctrines of easy salvation for all. He preached anew the traditional Puritan ideas of the absolute sovereignty of God, predestination, and salvation by God's grace alone. His vivid descriptions of hell could terrify his listeners.121
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AP Literature Terms Flashcards

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9692129402utopiaa perfect society0
9692129403dystopiaa society characterized by human misery, oppression, disease, and overcrowding1
9692129404situational ironyThe difference between what is expected to happen and what actually happens2
9692129405dramatic ironyWhen the audience is more aware of what is happening than a character3
9692129406allusionto make a subtle reference to something4
9692129407satirea technique used by writers to expose and criticize foolishness and corruption of an individual or a society by using humor, irony, or exaggeration; makes fun of a subject without making direct imitation (ex: A Modest Proposal)5
9692129408novellaa story that is longer than a short story but shorter than a novel (Usually under 100 pages)6
9692129409allegorya figure of speech in which abstract ideas are represented by characters; objective to teach a moral lesson7
9692129410dialoguea literary technique in which writers employ two or more characters to be engaged in conversation with each other8
9692129411archetypea typical character, an action or a situation that seems to represent universal patterns of human nature (ex: Beowulf)9
9692129412mytha legendary or a traditional story that usually concerns an event, or a hero, with or without using factual or real explanations, particularly one concerning with demigods or deities, and describes some rites, practices and natural phenomenon; teach moral lessons and explain historical records10
9692129413parablea figure of speech, which presents a short story typically with a moral lesson at the end11
9692129414polysyndetonusing multiple conjunctions to join words in a list12
9692129415asyndetonto intentionally eliminate conjunctions between the phrases and in the sentence, yet maintain the grammatical accuracy13
9692129416Doppelgangerusually shaped as a twin, shadow or a mirror image of a protagonist; refers to a character who physically resembles the protagonist and may have the same name as well14
9692129417epitheta word or phrase given to a person or thing to describe a characteristic; usually a nickname for people15
9692129418kenninga two-word phrase that describes an object through metaphors; replaces the noun it describes16
9692129419alliterationmultiple words that repeat the same consonant sound (beginning of the word)17
9692129420assonancemultiple words repeat the same vowel sound18
9692129421caesuraa pause in a line of text19
9692129422elegya poem or song that mourns the death or loss of a person20
9692129423personathe character speaking in a poem21
9692129424epica long, narrative poem that tells about the life of a hero22
9692129425voltathe turn in thought or feeling in a poem that often begins with words like: "but", "yet", or "and yet"23
9692129426hyperbolean exaggeration24
9692129427moodwhen the author uses words and descriptions to cause the reader to feel an emotion25
9692129428bildungsromana novel that focuses on the growth of a character from childhood to adulthood (also known as a coming-of-age novel)26
9692129429flat character (static character)a character that does not change very much from the beginning to the end of a story27
9692129430round character (dynamic character)like real people with strengths and weaknesses and deep feelings and thoughts28
9692129431personificationgiving a non-human thing human characteristics in order to create imagery29
9692129432anthropomorphismgiving a non-human thing human characteristics in order to make an animal or object behave and appear like they are human beings30
9692129433first person narratornarrator is usually a character in the story, who interacts with other characters; use of "I" or "we"; usually perspective of the protagonist31
9692129434second person narratorthe narrator refers to at least one character directly as "you", suggesting that the audience is a character within the story; rarely found in novels or short stories, often for music lyrics32
9692129435third person narratorsomeone who is not involved in the story is telling the story33
9692129436third person limitedthe person telling the story only knows the point of view of one or two characters34
9692129437third person omniscientthe person telling the story knows everything35
9692129438frame talea story within a story36
9692129439ballada type of poetry that is accompanied by song and dance; a folk story that is passed down from generation to generation with each generation adding their own revisions to the common story37
9692129440anecdotea short and interesting story that is used to make a point or get readers interested in a topic38
9692129441appositivea noun that describes another noun that comes directly before it (ex: the insect, a large cockroach)39
9692129442prologuean opening of a story that establishes setting and gives background details40
9692129443couplettwo lines that have end rhyme, have the same meter and form a complete thought41
9692129444expositionthe first part of a plot. The beginning of a story where characters, setting, and conflict are introduced42
9692129445slant rhyme (half rhyme)words have similar but not identical sounds (ex: world and word)43
9692129446internal rhymea word in the middle of a line rhymes with a word at the end of that same line44
9692129447inversion or anastrophea literary technique in which the normal order of words is reversed in order to emphasize something or to keep meter/rhythm/rhyme (ex: powerful you have become)45
9692129448Early Romance Genreromance originated in medieval France; includes love, chivalry, knights, quests of courtly love, etc.46
9692129449soliloquya speech given by a character alone on the stage47
9692129450acta main division of a play48
9692129451scenedivision of a play that make up an act; no shift in location or time49
9692129452asidea comment that is made by a character that is meant to be heard by the audience or one other character but not by the other characters50
9692129453tragedya play that ends in suffering or defeat; meant to teach a lesson about humanity51
9692129454comedya play that ends well, usually with a wedding; unpleasant circumstances are overcome in the end to make a happy resolution52
9692129455paradoxa statement that seems to be contradictory but might be true when considered from a different perspective (ex: fair is foul and foul is fair)53
9692129456tragic flawa character flaw such as ambition, pride, weakness or poor judgment that causes the downfall of a character54
9692129457tragic heroa protagonist who is involved in events and actions that lead to his/her downfall55
9692129458pastorala poem about nature or simple country life56
9692129459quatraina four-line stanza; usually has an independent theme and a rhyme scheme57
9692129460enjambmentcontinuing a thought from one line to the next; usually no punctuation at the end of the first line to break the thought so that it continues in the second line58
9692129461repititionrepeating a word, phrase, or line multiple times to emphasize it59
9692129462consonancerepeating consonant sounds at the middle or end60
9692129463imageryusing the five senses, touch, sight, sound, taste and smell, to describe something (ex: hope is the thing with feathers)61
9692129464sonneta poem with fourteen lines, is written in Iambic Pentameter, each line has ten syllables, it has a specific rhyme scheme and a volta62
9692129465similemakes a comparison showing similarities between two different things using "like" or "as"63
9692129466apostropheaddressing a character or an idea that is not present64
9692129467extended metaphora hidden comparison that is longer than one phrase or line; often an entire stanza.65
9692129468synecdocheusing a part of something to refer to the whole or using the whole thing to refer to a part of something (ex: all hands (referring to people) on deck)66
9692129469parodyimitating something directly to make a comic effect (ex: Sonnet 130)67
9692129470conceita figure of speech in which two vastly different objects are likened together (ex: you are a snail)68
9692129471equivocationthe use of vague language to hide one's meaning or to avoid committing to a point of view; often used to deceive others (ex: "none of woman born shall harm Macbeth")69
9692129472oxymorontwo opposite words are used together to make an effect (ex: the night of the living dead)70
9692129473motifa recurring word, phrase, image, object, or action that creates unity throughout a text and may also reinforce its theme; an object or idea that repeats itself throughout a literary work (ex: washing of hands in Macbeth)71
9692129474metonymya figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it (ex: "Crown" meaning power or authority)72
9692129475metaphysical poetryuses logical elements in a technique intended to express honestly, if unconventionally, the poet's sense of life's complexities through the use of elaborate conceits73
9692129476parallelismexamples of a writing that have the same grammar style or meaning; repeating something in order for emphasis or to have a balance (ex: easy come, easy go)74
9692129477English sonnet (Shakespearean Sonnet)three four-line stanzas (quatrains) and a couplet, rhymed abab cdcd efef gg; always fourteen lines long and usually written in iambic pentameter75
9692129478catharsisan emotional discharge through which one can achieve a state of moral or spiritual renewal or achieve a state of liberation from anxiety and stress76
9692129479Chiasmusa rhetorical device in which two or more clauses are balanced against each other by the reversal of their structures in order to produce an artistic effect (ex: never let a Fool Kiss You or a Kiss Fool You)77
9692129480sarcasmwhen what someone says is different than what they mean; usually intended to have a bitter, mocking, or comedic effect; often combined with irony to create satire78
9692129481dialectthe language used by the people of a specific area, class, district or any other group of people; involves spelling, sounds, grammar and pronunciation used by a particular group of people and it distinguishes them from other people around them79
9692129482anaphoraa type of repetition; repeating a word at the beginning of a sentence or the beginning of a clause80
9692129483euphemismpolite, indirect expressions that replace words and phrases considered harsh and impolite (ex: "kick the bucket" = death)81
9692129484odea form of lyrical poetry, in which poets use a certain metrical pattern and rhyme scheme to express their noble and lofty sentiments in serious and sometimes satirical tone; celebratory in nature82
9692129485lyrical poetryfocuses more on emotions than telling a story (pastoral, ode, villanelle etc.)83
9692129486refrainRefrain is a poetic device that repeats, at regular intervals, in different stanzas84
9692129487gothic fictiona branch of romanticism that focuses on terror and mystery in order to entertain or gain insights about a dark side to human nature85
9692129488science fictiona form of fiction that focuses on the impact of science upon society or individuals; usually doesn't include supernatural elements86
9692129489understatementmaking a situation seem less important than it really is. Understatement is the opposite of hyperbole87
9692129490byronic heroa type of antihero who is usually rebellious, arrogant and an outcast or exile (ex: Dracula, Mr. Darcy, etc)88
9692129491juxtapositiontwo or more ideas, places, characters and their actions are placed side by side for the purpose of developing comparisons and contrasts89
9692129492periodic sentencea long sentence where the meaning isn't completed until the very end90
9692129493loose sentencea sentence structure in which a main clause is followed by one or more coordinate or subordinate phrases and clauses91
9692129494cumulative sentencean independent clause followed by a series of subordinate constructions; it has more than one subordinate clause92
9692129495antithetical sentencea sentence that expresses two ideas that are opposed on the surface, but that can actually express another idea in its apparent contradiction93
9692129496balanced sentencemade up of two segments which are equal, not only in length, but also in grammatical structure and meaning (can be periodic or cumulative)94
9692129497epistrophethe same word returns at the end of each sentence95
9692129498leitmotifa musical piece that is associated with a character or object (Star Wars song)96
9692129499invocationan appeal for aid (especially for inspiration) is made to a muse or deity, usually at or near the beginning of the work97
9692129500synesthesiaa technique adopted by writers to present ideas, characters, or places in such a manner that they appeal to more than one sense, like hearing, sight, smell, and touch at a given time98
9692129501masculine rhymea rhyme that matches only one syllable, usually at the end of respective lines (wail & flail)99
9692129502Terza Rimaan arrangement of triplets, especially in iambs, that rhyme aba bcb cdc100
9692129503prolepsisthe representation or assumption of a future act or development as if presently existing or accomplished; referring to a future event as if it is already completed; aka "flash forward"; ex: "I am going to tell you about the events that led to my death"101
9692129504zeitgeistthe defining spirit or mood of a particular period of history as shown by the ideas and beliefs of the time102
9692129505stream of consciousnessa narrative device that attempts to give the written equivalent of the character's thought processes, either in a loose interior monologue (see below), or in connection to his or her actions103
9692129506unreliable narratora character whose telling of the story is not completely accurate or credible due to problems with the character's mental state or maturity104
9692129507feminine rhymea rhyme that matches two or more syllables, usually at the end of respective lines, in which the final syllable or syllabication are unstressed; aka double triple rhyme105
9692129508syntaxthe arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language106
9692129509blank verseunrhymed verse written in iambic pentameter107
9692129510homilya usually short sermon; a lecture or discourse on or of a moral theme108
9692129511dirgea song or hymn of grief or lamentation, especially one intended to accompany funeral or memorial rites109
9692129512limericka form of verse, often humorous and sometimes obscene, in five-line, predominantly anapestic meter with a strict rhyme scheme of AABBA110
9692129513panegyrica lofty oration or writing in praise of a person or thing; eulogy111
9692129514epigrama concise poem dealing pointedly and often satirically with a single thought or event and often ending with an ingenious turn of thought112
9692129515double entendrea word or phrase open to two interpretations, one of which is usually obscene113
9692129516closed formconsists of poems that follow patterns of lines, meter, rhymes, and stanzas, whereas open form poetry does not114
9692129517villanellea nineteen-line poetic form consisting of five tercets (3 lines) followed by a quatrain. There are two refrains and two repeating rhymes, with the first and third line of the first tercet repeated alternately until the last stanza, which includes both repeated lines115
9692129518codathe tail, tag, outro, envoi or concluding passage of a piece of writing116
9692129519em dasha long dash used in punctuation to mark a pause117
9692129520free-versean open form of poetry; does not use consistent meter patterns, rhyme, or any other musical pattern118
9692129521interior monologuethe expression of a character's thoughts, feelings, and impressions in a narrative; a form of stream-of-consciousness119
9692129522missivea letter, especially a long or official one: he hastily banged out electronic missives120
9692129523litotesironical understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of its contrary (ex: you won't be sorry, meaning you'll be glad; not bad)121
9692129524lampoonpublicly criticize (someone or something) by using ridicule, irony, or sarcasm122
9692129525free indirect stylea style of third-person narration which uses some of the characteristics of third-person along with the essence of first-person direct speech123
9692129526memoira record of events written by a person having intimate knowledge of them and based on personal observation124
9692129527burlesquean absurd or comically exaggerated imitation of something, especially in a literary or dramatic work; a parody125
9692129528malapropismthe mistaken use of a word in place of a similar-sounding one, often with unintentionally amusing effect; ex: His capacity for hard liquor is incredulous (incredible).126
9692129529anachronisma thing belonging or appropriate to a period other than that in which it exists, especially a thing that is conspicuously old-fashioned127
9692129530exact rhymerhyme in which the final accented vowel and all succeeding consonants or syllables are identical, while the preceding consonants are different128
9692129531epanalepsisa figure of speech in which the beginning of a clause or sentence is repeated at the end of that same clause or sentence, with words intervening; ex: "The king is dead, long live the king!"129
9692129532blandishmenta flattering or pleasing statement or action used to persuade someone gently to do something130
9692129533pontificationexpress one's opinions in a way considered annoyingly pompous and dogmatic131
9692129534admonitionwarn or reprimand someone firmly132
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