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Miller LITE 17ed chapter 07 vocabulary on climate and biodiversity
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| 11447527769 | weather | a set of physical conditions of the lower atmosphere such as temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, cloud cover, and other factors in a given area over a period of hours or days. |  | 0 |
| 11447527770 | climate | an area's general pattern of atmospheric conditions over periods of at least 3 decades and up to thousands of years. |  | 1 |
| 11447527771 | prevailing winds | major surface winds that blow almost continuously and help to distribute heat and moisture over the earth's surface and drive ocean currents. |  | 2 |
| 11447527772 | Hadley cell | a tropical atmospheric circulation that is defined by the average over longitude, which features rising motion near the equator, poleward flow 10-15 kilometers above the surface, descending motion in the subtropics, and equatorward flow near the surface. This circulation is intimately related to the trade winds, tropical rainbelts, subtropical deserts and the jet streams. |  | 3 |
| 11447527773 | ocean currents | mass movements of surface water created by prevailing winds blowing over the oceans. |  | 4 |
| 11447527774 | El Nino Southern Oscillation or ENSO | Part of the broader Southern Oscillation climate pattern. It is the WARM phase. Where a warm water pool approaches South American coast. Absence of cold upwelling increases warming. |  | 5 |
| 11447527775 | La Nina | Part of the broader Southern Oscillation climate pattern. It is the COLD phase. Warm water is farther west than usual. During this period, the sea surface temperature across the equatorial Eastern Central Pacific Ocean will be lower than normal by 3-5 °C. |  | 6 |
| 11447527776 | greenhouse gases | small amounts of several gases in the atmosphere, including water vapor, CO2, CH4, and N2O absorb and release heat that warms the atmosphere, thus playing a role in determining the earth's average temperatures and its climates. |  | 7 |
| 11447527777 | natural greenhouse effect | natural warming of the troposphere due to heat absorbing molecules that emit longer-wavelength IR that warms the atmosphere. |  | 8 |
| 11447527778 | rain shadow effect | a dry area on the leeward side of a mountainous area because the mountains block the passage of rain-producing weather systems casting a dryness behind them. |  | 9 |
| 11447527779 | biomes | large terrestrial regions, each characterized by certain types of climate and dominant plant life. |  | 10 |
| 11447527780 | desert | a biome where annual precipitation is low and often scattered unevenly throughout the year. |  | 11 |
| 11447527781 | tropical deserts | a type of desert such as the Sahara and the Namib of Africa that are hot and dry most of the year. |  | 12 |
| 11447527782 | temperate deserts | a type of desert such as the Sonoran Desert of CA/SW AZ/Mexico where daytime temperatures are high in summer and low in winter and there is more precipitation than in tropical deserts. |  | 13 |
| 11447527783 | cold deserts | a type of desert such as the Gobi in Mongolia, where vegetation is sparse, winters are cold, summers are warm or hot, and precipitation is low. | 14 | |
| 11447527784 | grasslands | biomes that occur mostly in the interiors of continents in areas that are too moist for deserts to form and too dry for forests to grow. |  | 15 |
| 11447527785 | tropical grassland or savanna | a type of grassland that contains widely scattered clumps of trees, has warm temperatures year-round and alternating dry and wet seasons. Many found in East Africa. |  | 16 |
| 11447527786 | temperate grassland or prairies | a type of grassland where winters can be bitterly cold, summers are dry and hot, and annual precipitation is fairly sparse and falls unevenly throughout the year. Many found in mid to western parts of the U.S. and Canada. | 17 | |
| 11447527787 | cold grasslands or arctic tundra | a type of grassland that lie south of the arctic polar ice cap. These treeless plains are bitterly cold, swept by frigid winds, and covered with ice and snow. They also have permafrost. | 18 | |
| 11447527788 | permafrost | underground soil in which captured water stays frozen for more than 2 consecutive years. |  | 19 |
| 11447527789 | temperate shrubland or chaparral | found in coastal regions that border on deserts that consist mostly of dense growths of low-growing evergreen shrubs and occasional small trees with leathery leaves that reduce evaporation. |  | 20 |
| 11447527790 | tropical rain forests | a type of forest that are found near the equator where hot, moisture-laden air rises and dumps its moisture. They are dominated by broadleaf evergreen plants and have a high degree of biodiversity, but nutrient poor soils. |  | 21 |
| 11447527791 | broadleaf evergreen plants | plants which keep most of their leaves year-round. | 22 | |
| 11447527792 | emergent layer of tropical rainforests | This layer of a tropical rainforest contains a small number of very large trees , which grow above the general canopy, reaching heights of 45-55 m. They need to be able to withstand the hot temperatures and strong winds that occur above the canopy in some areas. Eagles, butterflies, bats and certain monkeys inhabit this layer. | 23 | |
| 11447527793 | canopy layer of tropical rainforests | This layer of a rainforest contains the majority of the largest trees, typically 30-45 m tall. The densest areas of biodiversity are found here, a more or less continuous cover of foliage formed by adjacent treetops. It is home to 50 percent of all plant species, suggesting that perhaps half of all life on Earth could be found there. Epiphytic plants attach to trunks and branches, and obtain water and minerals from rain and debris that collects on the supporting plants. The fauna is similar to that found in the emergent layer, but more diverse. A quarter of all insect species are believed to exist in this layer. |  | 24 |
| 11447527794 | understory layer of tropical rainforests | This layer lies between the canopy and the forest floor. It is home to a number of birds, snakes and lizards, as well as predators such as jaguars, boa constrictors and leopards. The leaves are much larger at this level. Insect life is also abundant. Only about 5% of the sunlight shining on the rainforest canopy reaches this layer. | 25 | |
| 11447527795 | forest floor of tropical rainforests | This is the bottom-most layer of a rainforest and receives only 2% of the sunlight. Only plants adapted to low light can grow here. It is relatively clear of vegetation because of the low sunlight penetration. It also contains decaying plant and animal matter, which disappears quickly, because the warm, humid conditions promote rapid decay. Many forms of fungi growing here help decay the animal and plant waste. | 26 | |
| 11447527796 | temperate deciduous forests | a type of forest that grows in areas with moderate average temperture that change significantly with the seasons. These areas have long, warm summers, cold but not too severe winters, and abundant precipitation, often spread evenly throughout the year. It is dominated by broadleaf deciduous trees that lose their leaves in the fall. | 27 | |
| 11447527797 | evergreen coniferous or boreal forests or tiagas | these forests are cold and found just south of the arctic tundra. The winters are long, dry, and extremely cold. Most are dominated by coniferous (cone bearing) evergreen trees that keep most of their leaves year-round. | 28 | |
| 11447527798 | coastal coniferous or temperate rain forests | these are forests found in scattered coastal temperate areas with ample rainfall or moisture from dense ocean fogs. Ex.: redwood forests of NW U.S. and Canada. | 29 | |
| 11447541297 | 1.c 2.b 3.c 4.b 5.c 6.c 7.d 8.d 9.b 10.c 11.b | 30 |
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Charlotte AP Government Flashcards
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| 15806318346 | Plessy v. Ferguson | a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal | 0 | |
| 15806321613 | Brown v. Board of Education | 1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated. | 1 | |
| 15806326039 | Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education | Approved busing and redrawing district lines as ways of integrating public schools 1971 | 2 | |
| 15806341066 | Reed v. Reed | The landmark case in 1971 in which the Supreme Court for the first time upheld a claim of gender discrimination. | 3 | |
| 15806361398 | Rostker v. Goldberg | Congress can draft men without drafting women 1981 | 4 | |
| 15806365485 | Regents of the University of California v. Bakke | A 1978 Supreme Court decision holding that a state university could not admit less qualified individuals solely because of their race. | 5 | |
| 15806369299 | Grutter v. Bollinger | Allowed the use of race as a general factor in law school admissions at University of Michigan 2003 | 6 | |
| 15806381432 | Lau v. Nichols | Students must be taught in a language they understand 1974 | 7 | |
| 15806393688 | Obergefell v. Hodges | States obligated to recognize same-sex marriage from other states. 2015 | 8 | |
| 15806410731 | Why did the Bill of Rights originally only apply to the national government not the states? | 1833 Supreme Court case said founders intended it for only national government level | 9 | |
| 15806443790 | selective incorporation | court cases that apply Bill of Rights to states | 10 | |
| 15806457991 | What amendment applies the bill of rights to the states? | 14th Amendment (after Civil War) | 11 | |
| 15806483540 | What language does the 14th amendment have to allow states to use bill of rights? | No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. | 12 | |
| 15806495349 | significance of selective incorportation | states cannot deny citizens of their rights | 13 | |
| 15806504867 | How can free speech be limited? | inciting violence, false facts, obscene/inappropriate language, threats | 14 | |
| 15806551533 | Free Exercise Clause | A First Amendment provision that prohibits government from interfering with the practice of religion.The Supreme Court has interpreted this clause so that the freedom to believe is absolute, but the ability to act on those beliefs is not. | 15 | |
| 15806573381 | Establishment Clause | Clause in the First Amendment that says the government may not establish an official religion.The Establishment clause prohibits the government from "establishing" a religion. ... Today, what constitutes an "establishment of religion" is often governed under the three-part test set forth by the U.S. Supreme Court in Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971). | 16 | |
| 15806601133 | Lemon Test | For a law to be considered constitutional under the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, the law must (1) have a legitimate secular purpose, (2) not have the primary effect of either advancing or inhibiting religion, and (3) not result in an excessive entanglement of government and religion. | 17 | |
| 15806615722 | Search & Seizure Clause 4th Amendment | This is a protection against unreasonable search and seizure. The authorities do not have a general power to search and arrest individuals at any time, at any place, and in any manner; rather, they can only do so according to specified procedures that must be "reasonable." U.S. requires a court approved search warrant. other countries have governments allow it. | 18 | |
| 15806728266 | exclusionary rule | improperly gathered evidence may not be introduced in a criminal trial | 19 | |
| 15806728267 | good faith exception | an error in gathering evidence sufficiently minor that it may be used in a trial | 20 | |
| 15806742500 | Patriot Act (2001) | act passed in response to the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, granting broad police authority to the federal, state, and local governments to interdict, prosecute, and convict suspected terrorists | 21 | |
| 15806749323 | Provisions of the Patriot Act | Enhanced surveillance procedures for law enforcement, gave federal officials new surveillance authority in terrorism cases, as well as the ability to conduct searches of property without the consent or knowledge of the owner or occupant. Increased federal authority to freeze financial assets of suspected terror groups and individuals. Measures enhancing border security, restricting suspected terrorist ability to obtain visas, and detaining suspected terrorists within the U.S. New criminal statutes broadening the category of terrorism-related offenses. In particular, the Act made it illegal to provide "material support" for terrorist activities. | 22 | |
| 15806786234 | Military Tribunal Courts | A kind of a military court designed to try member of enemy forces during wartime or times of rebellion, operating outside the boundaries of regular criminal and civil court cases. The judges are military officers and fulfill the role of jurors. | 23 | |
| 15806803755 | Strategies by black leaders to gain civil rights | peaceful protests, boycotts, marches, violent protests | 24 | |
| 15806836392 | issues African Americans focused on after voting and integration issues | fair housing, economic issues, equality in education and employment | 25 | |
| 15806858303 | NAACP strategy to fight segregated schools | The first step was to get the Court to declare unconstitutional schools that were separate but obviously unequal. Second was to persuade it to declare unconstitutional laws supporting schools that were separate but unequal in not as obvious ways. Third, persuade it to rule that racially separate schools were unequal and hence unconstitutional | 26 | |
| 15806906743 | Success of NAACP | won Brown case to end school segregation - many southern states ignored ruling so court had to issue new ruling to make them desegregate | 27 | |
| 15806928669 | What was the issue concerning desegregation vs. integration? How has this issue been resolved? | Many black-owned businesses from segregation. Supremacy of federal authority over the states. | 28 | |
| 15806948246 | Developments making it possible to pass a civil rights bill | First,public opinion was changing. At the leading edge of this change was young, college-educated people. Second, certain violent reactions by white segregationists to black demonstrators were vividly portrayed in the media in ways that gave to the civil rights cause a powerful moral force.Third, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in November 1963. The shock of the president's murder helped build support for efforts by the new president to obtain passage of a strong civil rights bill as a memorial to the slain president.Fourth, the 1964 elections not only returned Johnson to office with a landslide victory but also sent a huge democratic majority to the House and retained the large Democratic margin in the Senate. This made it possible for northern Democrats to outvote southerners in the House | 29 | |
| 15807019987 | What are two standards the Court uses today to in considering gender discrimination cases? | The first is the reasonableness standard. This says that when the government treats some classes of people differently from others, the differently treatment must be reasonable and not arbitrary.The second is the strict scrutiny standard. This says that some instances of drawing discrimination between different groups of people are inherently suspect; thus the Court will subject them to strict scrutiny to ensure that they are clearly necessary to attain a legitimate state goal | 30 | |
| 15807073922 | 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act | The law made it illegal for employers to knowingly hire individuals unauthorized to work in the United States and established a system for verifying the legal status of employees. The Immigration and Naturalization Service and the U.S. Border Patrol were provided increased funding for the purpose of enforcing immigration law. IRCA also created new, separate visa categories for temporary agricultural work and temporary nonagricultural work | 31 | |
| 15807113637 | 5 statutory requirements for naturalization | 18 years old, lived here 5 years, good character, pass test and take oath (speaking English) | 32 | |
| 15807198341 | Americans with Disabilities Act 1990 (ADA) | The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in employment, state and local government, public accommodations, commercial facilities, transportation, and telecommunications. | 33 | |
| 15807211811 | Hyde Amendment | legislative provision barring the use of federal funds to pay for abortion except to save the life of the woman, or if the pregnancy arises from incest or rape. | 34 | |
| 15807226770 | Civil Rights Act of 1964 | The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark civil rights and labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It prohibits unequal application of voter registration requirements, and racial segregation in schools, employment, and public accommodations. | 35 | |
| 15807226771 | Civil Rights Act of 1965 | The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting. | 36 | |
| 15807231154 | Civil Rights Act of 1968 | The Civil Rights Act of 1968 prohibited the following forms of housing discrimination: Refusal to sell or rent a dwelling to any person because of his/her race, color, religion or national origin. ... Discrimination against a person in the terms, conditions or privilege of the sale or rental of a dwelling. | 37 | |
| 15807231155 | Civil Rights Act of 1972 | On June 23, 1972, the President signed Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, 20 U.S.C. §1681 et seq., into law. Title IX is a comprehensive federal law that prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any federally funded education program or activity. | 38 | |
| 15807239218 | Civil Rights Act of 1991 | Provide suitable solutions for purposeful discrimination and illegal employment harassment. | 39 | |
| 15807396609 | Barron v Baltimore | Constitution's Bill of Rights restricts only the powers of the federal government and not those of the state governments. | 40 | |
| 15807403987 | Reynolds v U.S. | religious duty was not a defense to a criminal indictment. | 41 | |
| 15807408681 | Engle v Vitale | unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and encourage its recitation in public schools. | 42 | |
| 15807415338 | Abington School District v Schempp | school-sponsored Bible reading in public schools in the United States to be unconstitutional. | 43 | |
| 15807415339 | Lemon v Kurtzman | prayers during a school function such as graduation ceremony are a violation of the Establishment Clause because they fail the Lemon Test. | 44 | |
| 15807423703 | Wisconsin v Yoder, et al. | Amish children could not be placed under compulsory education past 8th grade. The parents' fundamental right to freedom of religion was determined to outweigh the state's interest in educating their children. | 45 | |
| 15807434536 | Allegheny v ACLU | challenge to two different holiday displays. The first was a crèche located in the main staircase of a county court building with a sign above the manger reading "Gloria in Excelsis Deo," Latin for "Glory to God in the Highest." The second display was located outside a county building and included an 18-foot Chanukah menorah next to a 45-foot Christmas tree, with a sign declaring the city's "salute to liberty." The Court held that the crèche placed in the courthouse violated the Establishment Clause because it appeared to officially endorse Christianity, but the display containing the menorah and Christmas tree, together with the sign proclaiming a salute to liberty, did not violate the constitution. Regarding the crèche, the Court found that the inscription above the manger endorsed a patently Christian message because it proclaimed glory to God for the birth of Jesus Christ, and there was nothing surrounding the crèche that detracted from its purely religious message. While the Court noted in Lynch v. Donnelly that the government may acknowledge Christmas as a cultural phenomenon, the Court concluded in this case that the government may not suggest that people praise God for the birth of Jesus. Thus the crèche constituted government endorsement of religion in violation of the First Amendment. In contrast, the Court held that the menorah and the Christmas tree with the sign saluting liberty conveyed a message of pluralism and freedom of belief during the holiday season, which could not be reasonably interpreted as an endorsement of any religion in particular. Therefore, the tree and menorah did not violate the Establishment Clause. | 46 | |
| 15807439235 | Oregon Employment Division v Smith | the state could deny unemployment benefits to a person fired for violating a state prohibition on the use of peyote, even though the use of the drug was part of a religious ritual. | 47 | |
| 15807439236 | Lee v Weisman | schools may not sponsor clerics to conduct even non-denominational prayer. | 48 | |
| 15807453028 | Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v Hialeah | The Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye practiced the Afro-Caribbean-based religion of Santeria. Santeria used animal sacrifice as a form of worship in which an animal's carotid arteries would be cut and, except during healing and death rights, the animal would be eaten. Shortly after the announcement of the establishment of a Santeria church in Hialeah, Florida, the city council adopted several ordinances addressing religious sacrifice. The ordinances prohibited possession of animals for sacrifice or slaughter, with specific exemptions for state-licensed activities.The Court held that the ordinances were neither neutral nor generally applicable. The ordinances had to be justified by a compelling governmental interest and they had to be narrowly tailored to that interest. The core failure of the ordinances were that they applied exclusively to the church. The ordinances singled out the activities of the Santeria faith and suppressed more religious conduct than was necessary to achieve their stated ends. Only conduct tied to religious belief was burdened. The ordinances targeted religious behavior, therefore they failed to survive the rigors of strict scrutiny. | 49 | |
| 15807453029 | Town of Greece v Galloway | the court decided that the Town of Greece, New York may permit volunteer chaplains to open each legislative session with a prayer. | 50 | |
| 15807457724 | Burwell v Hobby Lobby | the contraceptive mandate promulgated under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act violated privately held, for-profit corporations' right to religious freedom. | 51 | |
| 15807457725 | Schenck v US | freedom of speech protection afforded in the U.S. Constitution's First Amendment could be restricted if the words spoken or printed represented to society a "clear and present danger." | 52 | |
| 15807463165 | Gitlow v New York | the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution had extended the First Amendment's provisions protecting freedom of speech and freedom of the press to apply to the governments of U.S. states. | 53 | |
| 15807473346 | Tinker v Des Moines Independent Community School District | students' free rights should be protected and said, "Students don't shed their constitutional rights at the school house gates." | 54 | |
| 15807473347 | Morse v Frederick | the First Amendment does not prevent educators from suppressing, at or across the street from a school-supervised event, student speech that is reasonably viewed as promoting illegal drug use. | 55 | |
| 15807485791 | Hazelwood v Shulmeier | giant step back for student press and speech rights. Unlike an earlier Supreme Court ruling that established the so-called Tinker Standard, the Hazelwood decision declared students do shed some of their Constitutional rights at the schoolhouse gate. | 56 | |
| 15807485792 | Texas v Johnson | invalidated prohibitions on desecrating the American flag enforced in 48 of the 50 states. | 57 | |
| 15807492978 | Reno v ACLU | nanimously ruled that anti-indecency provisions of the 1996 Communications Decency Act violated the First Amendment's guarantee of freedom of speech. | 58 | |
| 15807492979 | Snyder v Phelps | speech on a matter of public concern, on a public street, cannot be the basis of liability | 59 | |
| 15807498240 | McDonald v Chicago | the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which guarantees "the right of the people to keep and bear Arms," applies to state and local governments as well as to the federal government. | 60 | |
| 15807498241 | Mapp v Ohio | evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which prohibits "unreasonable searches and seizures," is inadmissible in state courts. | 61 | |
| 15807504404 | New Jersey v TLO | public school officials are subject to the Fourth Amendment's prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures because they act under the authority of the state. | 62 | |
| 15807504405 | Gideon v Wainwright | states are required under the Sixth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution to provide an attorney to defendants in criminal cases who are unable to afford their own attorneys. | 63 | |
| 15807511200 | Miranda v Arizona | must be read rights when arrested | 64 | |
| 15807517901 | Roe v Wade (14th and 9th Amendment) | abortion legal | 65 |
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