| 11322484817 | Islam | major world religion having its origins in 610 CE in the Arabian Peninsula; meaning "submission", based on prophecy of Muhammad | | 0 |
| 11322484818 | shaykhs | leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men w large herds, many wives, and children | | 1 |
| 11322484819 | Quraysh | tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca | | 2 |
| 11322484820 | Allah | supreme god in monotheistic Islam, was a god of the polytheistic religions practice in Pre-Islam Arabia (had a shrine of the Ka'ba before Islam was created) | | 3 |
| 11322484821 | Hijira | migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina | | 4 |
| 11322484822 | Five Pillars | the obligatory religious duties of all Muslims: confession of faith, prayer 5x a day, fasting during Ramadan, zakat (charity), and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) | | 5 |
| 11322484823 | Abu Bakr | companion of 1st Muslim leader after Muhammad; regarded by Sunnis as the first caliph and rightful successor | | 6 |
| 11322484824 | Uthman | third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between the followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan - causing division of Islam | | 7 |
| 11322484825 | Sunni | the political and theological division of Islam that believe the Arab empire leader should be elected; followers of the Umayyad | | 8 |
| 11322484826 | Abbasid | dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs w/in Islam; came to power in 750 CE | | 9 |
| 11322484827 | wazir | chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian providences of empire | | 10 |
| 11322484828 | Mecca | city located along mountainous region near the Red Sea and Arabian Peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh; site of the Ka'ba; when Mohammad grew up; location of the pilgrimage in Islam; trade city @ time of Islam development | | 11 |
| 11322484829 | Umayyad | clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam | | 12 |
| 11322484830 | Muhammad | prophet of Islam born 570 CE to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 CE and thereafter; died in 632 CE | | 13 |
| 11322484831 | Umma | community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity | | 14 |
| 11322484832 | hajj | pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca to worship at the Ka'ba | | 15 |
| 11322484833 | Ridda Wars | wars that followed Mohammad's death in 632; resulted in the defeat of some rival prophets and some of the larger clans; restored unity of Islam | | 16 |
| 11322484834 | Battle of Siffin | fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital | | 17 |
| 11322484835 | Shi'a | a political and theological division within Islam; believe the ruler of the Arab empire should be related to the prophet Muhammad; followers of Ali | | 18 |
| 11322484836 | mawali | non-Arab converters to Islam | | 19 |
| 11322484837 | Abu Al-Kabbas | leader of rebellion in Persia that led to the downfall of the Umayyad | | 20 |
| 11322484838 | bedouin | nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian Peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam | | 21 |
| 11322484839 | Medina | Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to Bedouins; became refuge from Mohammad following flight from Mecca | | 22 |
| 11322484840 | Ka'ba | most revered religions shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia, located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among Bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam | | 23 |
| 11322484841 | Quran | relations of revelations received by Mohammad from the angel Gabriel; was NOT written by Mohamad for he was illiterate, but wias written by others via oral account; holy book of Islam | | 24 |
| 11322484842 | Zakat | tax for charity; 2.5% of annual pay; obligatory for all Muslims | | 25 |
| 11322484843 | Ali | cousin and son in law of Muhamad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a | | 26 |
| 11322484844 | Jihad | translates to 'struggle', could be an internal struggle, etc., is often seen as an Islamic holy war | | 27 |
| 11322484845 | Mu'awiya | leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali | | 28 |
| 11322484846 | Karbala | site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate | | 29 |
| 11322484847 | dhimmi | means "people of the book" (the book being the Holy Bible); applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus | | 30 |
| 11322484848 | Baghdad | capital of Abbasid Dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon | | 31 |
