AP Statistics Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 13861182562 | How do you check if there is outliers? | calculate IQR; anything above Q3+1.5(IQR) or below Q1-1.5(IQR) is an outlier | 0 | |
| 13861182563 | If a graph is skewed, should we calculate the median or the mean? Why? | median; it is resistant to skews and outliers | 1 | |
| 13861182564 | If a graph is roughly symmetrical, should we calculate the median or the mean? Why? | mean; generally is more accurate if the data has no outliers | 2 | |
| 13861182565 | What is in the five number summary? | Minimum, Q1, Median, Q3, Maximum | 3 | |
| 13861182566 | Relationship between variance and standard deviation? | variance=(standard deviation)^2 | 4 | |
| 13861182567 | variance definition | the variance is roughly the average of the squared differences between each observation and the mean | 5 | |
| 13861182568 | standard deviation | the standard deviation is the square root of the variance | 6 | |
| 13861182569 | What should we use to measure spread if the median was calculated? | IQR | 7 | |
| 13861182570 | What should we use to measure spread if the mean was calculated? | standard deviation | 8 | |
| 13861182571 | What is the IQR? How much of the data does it represent? | Q3-Q1; 50% | 9 | |
| 13861182572 | How do you calculate standard deviation? | 1. Type data into L1 2. Find mean with 1 Variable Stats 3. Turn L2 into (L1-mean) 4. Turn L3 into (L2)^2 5. Go to 2nd STAT over to MATH, select sum( 6. Type in L3 7. multiply it by (1/n-1) 8. Square root it | 10 | |
| 13861182753 | What is the formula for standard deviation? |  | 11 | |
| 13861182573 | Categorical variables vs. Quantitative Variables | Categorical: individuals can be assigned to one of several groups or categories Quantitative: takes numberical values | 12 | |
| 13861182574 | If a possible outlier is on the fence, is it an outlier? | No | 13 | |
| 13861182575 | Things to include when describing a distribution | Center (Mean or Median), Unusual Gaps or Outliers, Spread (Standard Deviation or IQR), Shape (Roughly Symmetric, slightly/heavily skewed left or right, bimodal, range) | 14 | |
| 13861182576 | Explain how to standardize a variable. What is the purpose of standardizing a variable? | Subtract the distribution mean and then divide by standard deviation. Tells us how many standard deviations from the mean an observation falls, and in what direction. | 15 | |
| 13861182577 | What effect does standardizing the values have on the distribution? | shape would be the same as the original distribution, the mean would become 0, the standard deviation would become 1 | 16 | |
| 13861182578 | What is a density curve? | a curve that (a) is on or above the horizontal axis, and (b) has exactly an area of 1 | 17 | |
| 13861182579 | Inverse Norm | when you want to find the percentile: invNorm (area, mean, standard deviation) | 18 | |
| 13861182580 | z | (x-mean)/standard deviation | 19 | |
| 13861182581 | pth percentile | the value with p percent observations less than is | 20 | |
| 13861182582 | cumulative relative frequency graph | can be used to describe the position of an individual within a distribution or to locate a specified percentile of the distribution | 21 | |
| 13861182583 | How to find and interpret the correlation coefficient r for a scatterplot | STAT plot, scatter, L1 and L2 (Plot 1: ON); STAT --> CALC --> 8:LinReg(a+bx) No r? --> 2nd 0 (Catalog) down to Diagnostic ON | 22 | |
| 13861182584 | r | tells us the strength of a LINEAR association. -1 to 1. Not resistant to outliers | 23 | |
| 13861182585 | r^2 | the proportion (percent) of the variation in the values of y that can be accounted for by the least squares regression line | 24 | |
| 13861182586 | residual plot | a scatterplot of the residuals against the explanatory variable. Residual plots help us assess how well a regression line fits the data. It should have NO PATTERN | 25 | |
| 13861182587 | regression line | a line that describes how a response variable y changes as an explanatory variable x changes. We often use a regression line to predict the value of y for a given value of x. | 26 | |
| 13861182588 | residual formula | residual=y-y(hat) aka observed y - predicted y | 27 | |
| 13861182589 | What method do you use to check if a distribution or probability is binomial? | BINS: 1. Binary: There only two outcomes (success and failure) 2. Independent: The events independent of one another? 3. Number: There is a fixed number of trials 4. Success: The probability of success equal in each trial | 28 | |
| 13861182590 | What method do you use to check if a distribution or probability is geometric? | BITS: 1. Binary: There only two outcomes (success and failure) 2. Independent: The events independent of one another 3. Trials: There is not a fixed number of trials 4. Success: The probability of success equal in each trial | 29 | |
| 13861182591 | n | number of trials | 30 | |
| 13861182592 | p | probability of success | 31 | |
| 13861182593 | k | number of successes | 32 | |
| 13861182594 | Binomial Formula for P(X=k) | (n choose k) p^k (1-p)^(n-k) | 33 | |
| 13861182595 | Binomial Calculator Function to find P(X=k) | binompdf(n,p,k) | 34 | |
| 13861182596 | Binomial Calculator Function for P(X≤k) | binomcdf(n,p,k) | 35 | |
| 13861182597 | Binomial Calculator Function for P(X≥k) | 1-binomcdf(n,p,k-1) | 36 | |
| 13861182598 | mean of a binomial distribution | np | 37 | |
| 13861182599 | standard deviation of a binomial distribution | √(np(1-p)) | 38 | |
| 13861182600 | Geometric Formula for P(X=k) | (1-p)^(k-1) x p | 39 | |
| 13861182601 | Geometric Calculator Function to find P(X=k) | geometpdf(p,k) | 40 | |
| 13861182602 | Geometric Calculator Function for P(X≤k) | geometcdf(p,k) | 41 | |
| 13861182603 | Geometric Calculator Function for P(X≥k) | 1-geometcdf(p,k-1) | 42 | |
| 13861182604 | Mean of a geometric distribution | 1/p=expected number of trials until success | 43 | |
| 13861182605 | Standard deviation of a geometric distribution | √((1-p)/(p²)) | 44 | |
| 13861182606 | What do you do if the binomial probability is for a range, rather than a specific number? | Take binomcdf(n,p,maximum) - binomcdf(n,p,minimum-1) | 45 | |
| 13861182607 | how do you enter n choose k into the calculator? | type "n" on home screen, go to MATH --> PRB --> 3: ncr, type "k" | 46 | |
| 13861182608 | μ(x+y) | μx+μy | 47 | |
| 13861182609 | μ(x-y) | μx-μy | 48 | |
| 13861182610 | σ(x+y) | √(σ²x+σ²y) | 49 | |
| 13861182611 | What does adding or subtracting a constant effect? | Measures of center (median and mean). Does NOT affect measures of spread (IQR and Standard Deviation) or shape. | 50 | |
| 13861182612 | What does multiplying or dividing a constant effect? | Both measures of center (median and mean) and measures of spread (IQR and standard deviation). Shape is not effected. For variance, multiply by a² (if y=ax+b). | 51 | |
| 13861182613 | σ(x-y) | √(σ²x+σ²y) --> you add to get the difference because variance is distance from mean and you cannot have a negative distance | 52 | |
| 13861182614 | calculate μx by hand | X1P1+X2P2+.... XKPK (SigmaXKPK) | 53 | |
| 13861182615 | calculate var(x) by hand | (X1-μx)²p(1)+(X2-μx)²p(2)+.... (Sigma(Xk-μx)²p(k)) | 54 | |
| 13861182616 | Standard deviation | square root of variance | 55 | |
| 13861182617 | discrete random variables | a fixed set of possible x values (whole numbers) | 56 | |
| 13861182618 | continuous random variables | -x takes all values in an interval of numbers -can be represented by a density curve (area of 1, on or above the horizontal axis) | 57 | |
| 13861182619 | What is the variance of the sum of 2 random variables X and Y? | (σx)²+(σy)², but ONLY if x and y are independent. | 58 | |
| 13861182620 | mutually exclusive | no outcomes in common | 59 | |
| 13861182621 | addition rule for mutually exclusive events P (A U B) | P(A)+P(B) | 60 | |
| 13861182622 | complement rule P(A^C) | 1-P(A) | 61 | |
| 13861182623 | general addition rule (not mutually exclusive) P(A U B) | P(A)+P(B)-P(A n B) | 62 | |
| 13861182624 | intersection P(A n B) | both A and B will occur | 63 | |
| 13861182625 | conditional probability P (A | B) | P(A n B) / P(B) | 64 | |
| 13861182626 | independent events (how to check independence) | P(A) = P(A|B) P(B)= P(B|A) | 65 | |
| 13861182627 | multiplication rule for independent events P(A n B) | P(A) x P(B) | 66 | |
| 13861182628 | general multiplication rule (non-independent events) P(A n B) | P(A) x P(B|A) | 67 | |
| 13861182629 | sample space | a list of possible outcomes | 68 | |
| 13861182630 | probability model | a description of some chance process that consists of 2 parts: a sample space S and a probability for each outcome | 69 | |
| 13861182631 | event | any collection of outcomes from some chance process, designated by a capital letter (an event is a subset of the sample space) | 70 | |
| 13861182632 | What is the P(A) if all outcomes in the sample space are equally likely? | P(A) = (number of outcomes corresponding to event A)/(total number of outcomes in sample space) | 71 | |
| 13861182633 | Complement | probability that an event does not occur | 72 | |
| 13861182634 | What is the sum of the probabilities of all possible outcomes? | 1 | 73 | |
| 13861182635 | What is the probability of two mutually exclusive events? | P(A U B)= P(A)+P(B) | 74 | |
| 13861182636 | five basic probability rules | 1. for event A, 0≤P(A)≤1 2. P(S)=1 3. If all outcomes in the sample space are equally likely, P(A)=number of outcomes corresponding to event A / total number of outcomes in sample space 4. P(A^C) = 1-P(A) 5. If A and B are mutually exclusive, P(A n B)=P(A)+P(B) | 75 | |
| 13861182637 | When is a two-way table helpful | displays the sample space for probabilities involving two events more clearly | 76 | |
| 13861182638 | In statistics, what is meant by the word "or"? | could have either event or both | 77 | |
| 13861182639 | When can a Venn Diagram be helpful? | visually represents the probabilities of not mutually exclusive events | 78 | |
| 13861182640 | What is the general addition rule for two events? | If A and B are any two events resulting from some chance process, then the probability of A or B (or both) is P(A U B)= P(A)+P(B)-P(A n B) | 79 | |
| 13861182641 | What does the intersection of two or more events mean? | both event A and event B occur | 80 | |
| 13861182642 | What does the union of two or more events mean? | either event A or event B (or both) occurs | 81 | |
| 13861182643 | What is the law of large numbers? | If we observe more and more repetitions of any chance process, the proportion of times that a specific outcome occurs approaches a single value, which we can call the probability of that outcome | 82 | |
| 13861182644 | the probability of any outcome... | is a number between 0 and 1 that describes the proportion of times the outcome would occur in a very long series of repetitions | 83 | |
| 13861182645 | How do you interpret a probability? | We interpret probability to represent the most accurate results if we did an infinite amount of trials | 84 | |
| 13861182646 | What are the two myths about randomness? | 1. Short-run regularity --> the idea that probability is predictable in the short run 2. Law of Averages --> people except the alternative outcome to follow a different outcome | 85 | |
| 13861182647 | simulation | the imitation of chance behavior, based on a model that accurately reflects the situation | 86 | |
| 13861182648 | Name and describe the four steps in performing a simulation | 1. State: What is the question of interest about some chance process 2. Plan: Describe how to use a chance device to imitate one repetition of process; clearly identify outcomes and measured variables 3. Do: Perform many repetitions of the simulation 4. Conclude: results to answer question of interest | 87 | |
| 13861182649 | What are some common errors when using a table of random digits? | not providing a clear description of the simulation process for the reader to replicate the simulation | 88 | |
| 13861182650 | What does the intersection of two or more events mean? | both event A and event B occur | 89 | |
| 13861182651 | sample | The part of the population from which we actually collect information. We use information from a sample to draw conclusions about the entire population | 90 | |
| 13861182652 | population | In a statistical study, this is the entire group of individuals about which we want information | 91 | |
| 13861182653 | sample survey | A study that uses an organized plan to choose a sample that represents some specific population. We base conclusions about the population on data from the sample. | 92 | |
| 13861182654 | convenience sample | A sample selected by taking the members of the population that are easiest to reach; particularly prone to large bias. | 93 | |
| 13861182655 | bias | The design of a statistical study shows ______ if it systematically favors certain outcomes. | 94 | |
| 13861182656 | voluntary response sample | People decide whether to join a sample based on an open invitation; particularly prone to large bias. | 95 | |
| 13861182657 | random sampling | The use of chance to select a sample; is the central principle of statistical sampling. | 96 | |
| 13861182658 | simple random sample (SRS) | every set of n individuals has an equal chance to be the sample actually selected | 97 | |
| 13861182659 | strata | Groups of individuals in a population that are similar in some way that might affect their responses. | 98 | |
| 13861182660 | stratified random sample | To select this type of sample, first classify the population into groups of similar individuals, called strata. Then choose a separate SRS from each stratum to form the full sample. | 99 | |
| 13861182661 | cluster sample | To take this type of sample, first divide the population into smaller groups. Ideally, these groups should mirror the characteristics of the population. Then choose an SRS of the groups. All individuals in the chosen groups are included in the sample. | 100 | |
| 13861182662 | inference | Drawing conclusions that go beyond the data at hand. | 101 | |
| 13861182663 | margin of error | Tells how close the estimate tends to be to the unknown parameter in repeated random sampling. | 102 | |
| 13861182664 | sampling frame | The list from which a sample is actually chosen. | 103 | |
| 13861182665 | undercoverage | Occurs when some members of the population are left out of the sampling frame; a type of sampling error. | 104 | |
| 13861182666 | nonresponse | Occurs when a selected individual cannot be contacted or refuses to cooperate; an example of a nonsampling error. | 105 | |
| 13861182667 | wording of questions | The most important influence on the answers given to a survey. Confusing or leading questions can introduce strong bias, and changes in wording can greatly change a survey's outcome. Even the order in which questions are asked matters. | 106 | |
| 13861182668 | observational study | Observes individuals and measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses. | 107 | |
| 13861182669 | experiment | Deliberately imposes some treatment on individuals to measure their responses. | 108 | |
| 13861182670 | explanatory variable | A variable that helps explain or influences changes in a response variable. | 109 | |
| 13861182671 | response variable | A variable that measures an outcome of a study. | 110 | |
| 13861182672 | lurking variable | a variable that is not among the explanatory or response variables in a study but that may influence the response variable. | 111 | |
| 13861182673 | treatment | A specific condition applied to the individuals in an experiment. If an experiment has several explanatory variables, a treatment is a combination of specific values of these variables. | 112 | |
| 13861182674 | experimental unit | the smallest collection of individuals to which treatments are applied. | 113 | |
| 13861182675 | subjects | Experimental units that are human beings. | 114 | |
| 13861182676 | factors | the explanatory variables in an experiment are often called this | 115 | |
| 13861182677 | random assignment | An important experimental design principle. Use some chance process to assign experimental units to treatments. This helps create roughly equivalent groups of experimental units by balancing the effects of lurking variables that aren't controlled on the treatment groups. | 116 | |
| 13861182678 | replication | An important experimental design principle. Use enough experimental units in each group so that any differences in the effects of the treatments can be distinguished from chance differences between the groups. | 117 | |
| 13861182679 | double-blind | An experiment in which neither the subjects nor those who interact with them and measure the response variable know which treatment a subject received. | 118 | |
| 13861182680 | single-blind | An experiment in which either the subjects or those who interact with them and measure the response variable, but not both, know which treatment a subject received. | 119 | |
| 13861182681 | placebo | an inactive (fake) treatment | 120 | |
| 13861182682 | placebo effect | Describes the fact that some subjects respond favorably to any treatment, even an inactive one | 121 | |
| 13861182683 | block | A group of experimental units that are known before the experiment to be similar in some way that is expected to affect the response to the treatments. | 122 | |
| 13861182684 | inference about the population | Using information from a sample to draw conclusions about the larger population. Requires that the individuals taking part in a study be randomly selected from the population of interest. | 123 | |
| 13861182685 | inference about cause and effect | Using the results of an experiment to conclude that the treatments caused the difference in responses. Requires a well-designed experiment in which the treatments are randomly assigned to the experimental units. | 124 | |
| 13861182686 | lack of realism | When the treatments, the subjects, or the environment of an experiment are not realistic. Lack of realism can limit researchers' ability to apply the conclusions of an experiment to the settings of greatest interest. | 125 | |
| 13861182687 | institutional review board | A basic principle of data ethics. All planned studies must be approved in advance and monitored by _____________ charged with protecting the safety and well-being of the participants. | 126 | |
| 13861182688 | informed consent | A basic principle of data ethics. Individuals must be informed in advance about the nature of a study and any risk of harm it may bring. Participating individuals must then consent in writing. | 127 | |
| 13861182689 | simulation | a model of random events | 128 | |
| 13861182690 | census | a sample that includes the entire population | 129 | |
| 13861182691 | population parameter | a number that measures a characteristic of a population | 130 | |
| 13861182692 | systematic sample | every fifth individual, for example, is chosen | 131 | |
| 13861182693 | multistage sample | a sampling design where several sampling methods are combined | 132 | |
| 13861182694 | sampling variability | the naturally occurring variability found in samples | 133 | |
| 13861182695 | levels | the values that the experimenter used for a factor | 134 | |
| 13861182696 | the four principles of experimental design | control, randomization, replication, and blocking | 135 | |
| 13861182697 | completely randomized design | a design where all experimental units have an equal chance of receiving any treatment | 136 | |
| 13861182698 | interpreting p value | if the true mean/proportion of the population is (null), the probability of getting a sample mean/proportion of _____ is (p-value). | 137 | |
| 13861182699 | p̂1-p̂2 center, shape, and spread | center: p1-p2 shape: n1p1, n1(1-p1), n2p2, and n2(1-p2) ≥ 10 spread (if 10% condition checks): √((p1(1-p1)/n1)+(p2(1-p2)/n2) | 138 | |
| 13861182700 | probability of getting a certain p̂1-p̂2 (ex. less than .1) | plug in center and spread into bell curve, find probability | 139 | |
| 13861182701 | Confidence intervals for difference in proportions formula | (p̂1-p̂2) plus or minus z*(√((p1(1-p1)/n1)+(p2(1-p2)/n2)) | 140 | |
| 13861182702 | When do you use t and z test/intervals? | t for mean z for proportions | 141 | |
| 13861182754 | Significance test for difference in proportions | 142 | ||
| 13861182703 | What is a null hypothesis? | What is being claimed. Statistical test designed to assess strength of evidence against null hypothesis. Abbreviated by Ho. | 143 | |
| 13861182704 | What is an alternative hypothesis? | the claim about the population that we are trying to find evidence FOR, abbreviated by Ha | 144 | |
| 13861182705 | When is the alternative hypothesis one-sided? | Ha less than or greater than | 145 | |
| 13861182706 | When is the alternative hypothesis two-sided? | Ha is not equal to | 146 | |
| 13861182707 | What is a significance level? | fixed value that we compare with the P-value, matter of judgement to determine if something is "statistically significant". | 147 | |
| 13861182708 | What is the default significance level? | α=.05 | 148 | |
| 13861182709 | Interpreting the p-value | if the true mean/proportion of the population is (null), the probability of getting a sample mean/proportion of _____ is (p-value). | 149 | |
| 13861182710 | p value ≤ α | We reject our null hypothesis. There is sufficient evidence to say that (Ha) is true. | 150 | |
| 13861182711 | p value ≥ α | We fail to reject our null hypothesis. There is insufficient evidence to say that (Ho) is not true. | 151 | |
| 13861182712 | reject Ho when it is actually true | Type I Error | 152 | |
| 13861182713 | fail to reject Ho when it is actually false | Type II Error | 153 | |
| 13861182714 | Power definition | probability of rejecting Ho when it is false | 154 | |
| 13861182715 | probability of Type I Error | α | 155 | |
| 13861182716 | probability of Type II Error | 1-power | 156 | |
| 13861182717 | two ways to increase power | increase sample size/significance level α | 157 | |
| 13861182718 | 5 step process: z/t test | State --> Ho/Ha, define parameter Plan --> one sample, z test Check --> random/normal/independent Do --> find p hat, find test statistic (z), use test statistic to find p-value Conclude --> p value ≤ α reject Ho p value ≥ α fail to reject Ho | 158 | |
| 13861182755 | Formula for test statistic (μ) |  | 159 | |
| 13861182719 | Formula for test statistic (p̂) (where p represents the null) | (p̂-p)/(√((p)(1-p))/n) | 160 | |
| 13861182720 | probability of a Type II Error? | overlap normal distribution for null and true. Find rejection line. Use normalcdf | 161 | |
| 13861182721 | when do you use z tests? | for proportions | 162 | |
| 13861182722 | when do you use t tests? | for mean (population standard deviation unknown) | 163 | |
| 13861182723 | finding p value for t tests | tcdf(min, max, df) | 164 | |
| 13861182724 | Sample paired t test | state--> Ho: μ1-μ2=0 (if its difference) plan --> one sample, paired t test check --> random, normal, independent do --> find test statistic and p value conclude --> normal conclusion | 165 | |
| 13861182725 | What does statistically significant mean in context of a problem? | The sample mean/proportion is far enough away from the true mean/proportion that it couldn't have happened by chance | 166 | |
| 13861182726 | When doing a paired t-test, to check normality, what do you do? | check the differences histogram (μ1-μ2) | 167 | |
| 13861182727 | How to interpret a C% Confidence Level | In C% of all possible samples of size n, we will construct an interval that captures the true parameter (in context). | 168 | |
| 13861182728 | How to interpret a C% Confidence Interval | We are C% confident that the interval (_,_) will capture the true parameter (in context). | 169 | |
| 13861182729 | What conditions must be checked before constructing a confidence interval? | random, normal, independent | 170 | |
| 13861182730 | C% confidence intervals of sample proportions, 5 step process | State: Construct a C% confidence interval to estimate... Plan: one sample z-interval for proportions Check: Random, Normal, Independent Do: Find the standard error and z*, then p hat +/- z* Conclude: We are C% confident that the interval (_,_) will capture the true parameter (in context). | 171 | |
| 13861182756 | What's the z interval standard error formula? |  | 172 | |
| 13861182731 | How do you find z*? | InvNorm(#) | 173 | |
| 13861182732 | How do you find the point estimate of a sample? | subtract the max and min confidence interval, divide it by two (aka find the mean of the interval ends) | 174 | |
| 13861182733 | How do you find the margin of error, given the confidence interval? | Ask, "What am I adding or subtracting from the point estimate?" So find the point estimate, then find the difference between the point estimate and the interval ends | 175 | |
| 13861182734 | Finding sample size proportions: When p hat is unknown, or you want to guarantee a margin of error less than or equal to: | use p hat=.5 | 176 | |
| 13861182735 | Finding the confidence interval when the standard deviation of the population is *known* | x bar +/- z*(σ/√n) | 177 | |
| 13861182736 | Checking normal condition for z* (population standard deviation known) | starts normal or CLT | 178 | |
| 13861182737 | Finding the confidence interval when the standard deviation of the population is *unknown* (which is almost always true) | x bar +/- t*(Sx/√n) | 179 | |
| 13861182738 | degrees of freedom | n-1 | 180 | |
| 13861182739 | How do you find t*? | InvT(area to the left, df) | 181 | |
| 13861182740 | What is the standard error? | same as standard deviation, but we call it "standard error" because we plugged in p hat for p (we are estimating) | 182 | |
| 13861182741 | a point estimator is a statistic that... | provides an estimate of a population parameter. | 183 | |
| 13861182742 | Explain the two conditions when the margin of error gets smaller. | Confidence level C decreases, sample size n increases | 184 | |
| 13861182743 | Does the confidence level tell us the chance that a particular confidence interval captures the population parameter? | NO; the confidence interval gives us a set of plausible values for the parameter | 185 | |
| 13861182744 | Sx and σx: which is which? | Sx is for a sample, σx is for a population | 186 | |
| 13861182745 | How do we know when do use a t* interval instead of a z interval? | you are not given the population standard deviation | 187 | |
| 13861182746 | Checking normal condition for t* (population standard deviation unknown) | Normal for sample size... -n -n<15: if the data appears closely normal (roughly symmetric, single peak, no outliers) | 188 | |
| 13861182747 | How to check if a distribution is normal for t*, population n<15 | plug data into List 1, look at histogram. Conclude with "The histogram looks roughly symmetric, so we should be safe to use the t distribution) | 189 | |
| 13861182748 | t* confidence interval, 5 step process | State: Construct a __% confidence interval to estimate... Plan: one sample t interval for a population mean Check: Random, Normal, Independent (for Normal, look at sample size and go from there) Do: Find the standard error (Sx/√n) and t*, then do x bar +/- t*(standard error) Conclude: We are __% confident that the interval (_,_) will capture the true parameter (in context). | 190 | |
| 13861182749 | margin of error formula | z* or t* (standard error) | 191 | |
| 13861182750 | When calculating t interval, what is it and where do you find the data? | x bar plus or minus t* (Sx/√n) -get x bar and Sx using 1 Var Stats -t*=Invt(area to the left, df) -population (n) will be given | 192 | |
| 13861182751 | What is it looking for if it asks for the appropriate critical value? | z/t* interval | 193 |
Flashcards
Flashcards
Flashcards
AP Government Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 10881562884 | Conservative | Status Quo, less Gov. | 0 | |
| 10881562885 | Moderate | Mid-Ground | 1 | |
| 10881562886 | Liberal | Peaceful gradual change, reject violent revolution | 2 | |
| 10881562887 | Radical | Far Left, Resorts to extreme methods to bring about change. | 3 | |
| 10881562888 | Political Spectrum | Tool used to visually compare different political positions by placing them on one or more axis. |  | 4 |
| 10881562889 | Right | Less Gov intervention, Traditional Values | 5 | |
| 10881562890 | Left | More Gov Intervention, support change | 6 | |
| 10881562891 | Parliamentary Government | Executive are members of the legislative branch | 7 | |
| 10881562892 | Presidential Government | Separates Power between executive/legislative | 8 | |
| 10881562893 | Reactionary | Far right, Extreme methods | 9 | |
| 10881562894 | Representative Democracy | People represented through elected officials. | 10 | |
| 10881562895 | The State | Body of people living in a defined territory, having power to make and enforce law without the consent of any higher authority. | 11 | |
| 10881562896 | Monarchy | Power in the hands of royalty | 12 | |
| 10881562897 | Dictatorship | Ruled by a single leader not elected. | 13 | |
| 10881562898 | Military Dictatorship | Army is in control | 14 | |
| 10881562899 | Theocracy | Religious based Government | 15 | |
| 10881562900 | Public Policies | All things a government decides to do. | 16 | |
| 10881562901 | Conferred Power | Power which is agreed upon. | 17 | |
| 10881562902 | Four aspects of the State | 1. Population: must have people 2. Territory: recognized boundaries 3. Sovereignty: Having supreme and absolute authority in it's own territory 4. Government- Different forms | 18 | |
| 10881562903 | Evolutionary theory | Developed out of early familiy | 19 | |
| 10881562904 | Divine Right Theory | State created by God and those of royal birth have a divine right to rule. | 20 | |
| 10881562905 | Force Theory | A group claimed control and forced all other to submit. | 21 | |
| 10881562906 | Social or Political Contract theory | Peoples moral and/or political obligations are dependent on an agreement among them to form the society in which they live. *Law and political order are not natural, they are human creations. | 22 | |
| 10881562907 | Confederate | An alliance of independent states | 23 | |
| 10881562908 | Federal | Power is divided between a central gov't and several local gov't. | 24 | |
| 10881562909 | State of Nature | Survival of the Fittest | 25 | |
| 10881562910 | Unitary | All power belongs to one level of gov't | 26 | |
| 10881562911 | Government | An organization of people set up to protect the community and make rules. -Protects community -Makes laws -Keeps order | 27 | |
| 10881562912 | Politics | Activities relate to governance of a country or area | 28 | |
| 10881562913 | Democracy | Gov elected by the people. Determine either directly or through elected Reps. | 29 | |
| 10881562914 | Direct Democracy | People vote Directly on every issue | 30 | |
| 10881562915 | Democrats | Generally liberal because they support gov reg. of the economy. | 31 | |
| 10881562916 | Republicans | Generally Conservatives because they advocate a reduction in gov. | 32 | |
| 10881562917 | Current issues (Left) | Left: Pro Gun control, Pro Choice, No Censorship, Prisons should Rehabilitate, Pro-privacy, Equal funding for Education. | 33 | |
| 10881562918 | Current issues (Right) | Right: Anti-gun Control, Pro-life, Anti Flag burning, Prisons should punish, Prayer in schools, School vouchers. | 34 | |
| 10881562919 | Taxation (Left) | Acceptable, Gov have $ to fund programs benefiting society, % taxes preferred over flat rate, rich= more tax | 35 | |
| 10881562920 | Taxation (Right) | Taxes infringe on personal freedoms Taxes= bad for free market Taxes= Penalization those who are successful Taxes= Punish Profit Prefers flat tax | 36 | |
| 10881562921 | Business Regulation (Left) | Yes on gov. Reg Market no reliable to provide safe work conditions Gov. reg= protect workers+ consumers= Everyone= chance to succeed | 37 | |
| 10881562922 | Business Regulations (Right) | Business need free from gov. and supply and demand will guide Gov policies that affect products are bad Trickle down economics is the way to stimulate economy | 38 | |
| 10881562923 | Political Rights (Left) | Extend Civil Rights to minority groups, students, prisoners, homosexuals, and poor. Protect individual rights: Free speech, pro-choice, anti-capital punishment, and privacy. | 39 | |
| 10881562924 | Political Rights (Right) | Cent gov= diminish Issues dealt best on state and local level No change in family values ( usually christian centered) O.K to censor obscure ideas that shake Status Quo. | 40 | |
| 10881562925 | Distribution of wealth (Left) | Disparity between rich and poor no good, taxes= distribute wealth. Gov more involved in ed, Health care, Child C., and Elderly. Pub Project= Stimulate economy | 41 | |
| 10881562926 | Distribution of wealth (Right) | Business= right to make profit People are rich or poor b/c of choices they make Prosperous people should no be penalized. | 42 | |
| 10881562927 | Economy (Left) | Minimum wage standards Public projects= more jobs Gov provide basic living standards of living to all citizens | 43 | |
| 10881562928 | Economy (Right) | Economy works best in free market (Laissez- Faire) Forces of the market= trusted to meet needs of business, consumer, and workers. Gov. programs should not compete with private industry. | 44 | |
| 10881562929 | Foreign Affairs (Left) | Spread Democracy + Protect human rights in the world Strong Support of UN. | 45 | |
| 10881562930 | Foreign Affairs (Right) | Gov role= pro us business and econ. intervention in other countries. Fix us before we fix others Support tariffs (tax on imports) | 46 | |
| 10881562931 | SCOPE OF THE GOVERNMENT (Left) | The government should serve as the equalizers in society and establish a basic standard of living, a minimum wage is an acceptable tool of government intervention. The left accepts government control and regulation of business and an active government that protects political rights. | 47 | |
| 10881562932 | SCOPE OF THE GOVERNMENT (Right) | Government should be downsized. Large governments, both federal and state, have the power to control business interests and therefore potentially infringe on the freedoms of individuals. Government programs tend to provide unnecessary services that go beyond the scope of the constitution. | 48 | |
| 10881562933 | Two- Party System | A system where two major political parties dominate politics within a government | 49 | |
| 10881562934 | Third party | Any political party that is not one of the two major parties in a two-party system | 50 | |
| 10881562935 | Plank | Each issue included in a political party's platform. Gives the candidates a clear political position with which they can campaign. They give voters a sense of what the candidates believe in, the issues they think are important, and how - if elected - they will address them. | 51 | |
| 10881562936 | Becoming President | Step 1: Formation of a Presidential Exploratory Committee Step 2: Announcement of intention to run for president based on findings of the exploratory committee Step 3: Fundraising and gathering of support and endorsements from the general public as well as other politicians, special interest groups, corporations, etc. Step 4: Campaigning early, especially in states where primaries are important (Iowa, New Hampshire, candidates home state, etc.) Step 5: Continuing to campaign to beat out all other opponents from within your own party Step 6: Attending your party's National Convention and securing the nomination of the party Step 7: Campaigning nationwide against your opponents from other parties Step 8: Winning election and securing enough electoral college votes to be named the next president | 52 | |
| 10881562937 | Three main concepts of Government brought by English Colonists | The need for an ordered social system, or government. The idea of limited government, that is, that government should not be all-powerful. The concept of representative government—a government that serves the will of the people. | 53 | |
| 10881562938 | Royal Colonies | Ruled directly by the English monarchy. | 54 | |
| 10881562939 | Proprietary colonies. | Land given to the colonist by the Monarchy | 55 | |
| 10881562940 | Charter Colonists | Self-governed, and their charters were granted to the colonists. | 56 | |
| 10881562941 | Confederation | A joining of several groups for a common purpose | 57 | |
| 10881562942 | The Albany Plan | In 1754, Benjamin Franklin proposed the Albany Plan, an annual congress of delegates (representatives) from each of the 13 colonies would be formed. | 58 | |
| 10881562943 | Stamp Act Congress | In 1765, a group of colonies sent delegates to the Stamp Act Congress in New York. These delegates prepared the Declaration of Rights and Grievances against British policies and sent it to the king. | 59 | |
| 10881562944 | First Continental Congress | The colonists sent a Declaration of Rights to King George III. The delegates urged each of the colonies to refuse all trade with England until British tax and trade regulations were repealed, or recalled. | 60 | |
| 10881562945 | Second Continental Congress | In 1775, each of the 13 colonies sent representatives to this gathering in Philadelphia. The Second Continental Congress served as the first government of the United States from 1776 to 1781. | 61 | |
| 10881562946 | Declaration of Independence | July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence. Between 1776 and 1777, most of the States adopted constitutions instead of charters. | 62 | |
| 10881562947 | Common Features of State Constitutions | Popular Sovereignty Limited Government Civil Rights and Liberties Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances | 63 | |
| 10881562948 | Popular Sovereignty | The principle of popular sovereignty was the basis for every new State constitution. That principle says that government can exist and function only with the consent of the governed. The people hold power and the people are sovereign. | 64 | |
| 10881562949 | Limited Government | The concept of limited government was a major feature of each State constitution. The powers delegated to government were granted reluctantly and hedged with many restrictions. | 65 | |
| 10881562950 | Civil Rights and Liberties | In every State it was made clear that the sovereign people held certain rights that the government must respect at all times. Seven of the new constitutions contained a bill of rights, setting out the "unalienable rights" held by the people. | 66 | |
| 10881562951 | Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances | The powers granted to the new State governments were purposely divided among three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. Each branch was given powers with which to check (restrain the actions of) the other branches of the government. | 67 | |
| 10881562952 | Articles of Confederation (AC) | Approved November 15, 1777 Est. "a firm league of friendship" between the states Needed the ratification of the 13 states March 1, 1781 Second Continental Congress declared the Articles effective | 68 | |
| 10881562953 | Structure of Constitution | 3 parts; the preamble, the articles(7), and the amendments | 69 | |
| 10881562954 | The Preamble | intro, explains purpose of Constitution and purpose of govt | 70 | |
| 10881562955 | Article I | establishes legislative branch | 71 | |
| 10881562956 | Article II | creates an executive branch to carry out laws created by Congress | 72 | |
| 10881562957 | Article III | creates judicial branch | 73 | |
| 10881562958 | Article IV | explains the relationship of the states to one another and to the national govt | 74 | |
| 10881562959 | Article V | spells out the ways the Constitution can be amended | 75 | |
| 10881562960 | Article VI | contains the supremacy clause, establishing that federal law shall be the supreme law of the land | 76 | |
| 10881562961 | Article VII | addresses ratification and says that 9 states are needed to ratify the Constitution | 77 | |
| 10881562962 | Connecticut Compromise | Two houses Senate - equal representation House - proportional representation based on population Combination of Virginia and New Jersey plans | 78 | |
| 10881562963 | 6 Major Principles of Constitution | 1. Popular sovereignty- rule by people 2. Federalism- power is divided between national and state govts 3. Separation of powers- limits the central govt by dividing power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches 4. checks and balances- each branch of govt exercises some control over the others | 79 | |
| 10881562964 | Electoral College | a compromise, combining features of both congressional selection and direct popular election | 80 | |
| 10881562965 | Electors | individuals selected in each state to officially cast that state's electoral votes; Wisconsin selects 10 electors | 81 | |
| 10881562966 | Popular Vote | the popular vote winner may not win the electoral college; for example: small-state bias caused by each state getting at least three electoral votes regardless of its size | 82 | |
| 10881562967 | The Virginia Plan | -Three Separate branches of government: Legislature, Executive, and Judicial -Bicameral legislature (2 parts) -Based on population or the amount of money given to support the central government -Members of House of Reps = based on population -Senate = chosen by House from a list from the State Legislature -Congress would be given powers it had under the Articles of Confederation -Any State law that conflicted with National Law would be vetoed -"National Executive" and "National Judiciary" -Council of Revision -Veto acts passed by Congress (but can be overridden by Congress) -State officers should take an Oath to the Union -Admission process for new States | 83 | |
| 10881562968 | New Jersey Plan | -Unicameral (one body) Congress of the Confederation -Each state equally represented -Give them limited and closely monitored powers -Tax and regulate trade -Federal Executive -More than one person -Chosen by Congress/could be removed with a majority vote -Federal Judiciary -Single "supreme Tribunal" -Selected by the Executive Branch | 84 | |
| 10881562969 | Three-Fifths Compromise | All "free persons" will be counted; 3/5 of all other persons Southerners could count slaves but had to pay taxes on them | 85 | |
| 10881562970 | judicial review | power of courts to say that laws and actions of govt are invalid bc they conflict w the constitution's principles | 86 | |
| 10881562971 | The Commerce and Slave Trade Compromises | Congress has the power to regulate foreign and interstate trade -Scared southerners because of slave trade -States cannot enact import/export taxes only federal government can -Could not act on the slave trade for 20 years | 87 | |
| 10881562972 | AC (Power of congress) | Make war and peace Send and receive ambassadors Make treaties Borrow money Set up a money system Est. post offices Build a navy Raise an army by asking the states for troops Fix uniform standards of weights and measures Settle disputes among the states | 88 | |
| 10881562973 | James Madison | James Madison was the co-author of the Articles of Confederation. Kept detailed records of the convention Conventions Floor leader Contributed more to the constitution than any other | 89 | |
| 10881562974 | Constitutional Convention | Mid-February of 1787 meeting of all thirteen States, which eventually became the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. | 90 | |
| 10881562975 | AC (States Obligations) | Pledge to obey the Articles and Acts of the Congress Provide the funds and troops requested by the congress Treat citizens of other states fairly and equally Give full faith and credit to public acts, records, and judicial proceedings Submit disputes to congress for settlement Allow open travel and trade b/w and among states Primarily responsible for protecting life and property Accountable for promoting the general welfare of the people. | 91 | |
| 10881562976 | Weaknesses of the Articles | -One vote for each state, regardless of size. -Congress powerless to lay and collect taxes, and regulate foreign and interstate commerce. -No executive to enforce acts of congress. -No national court system. Amendment only with consent of all states. -Amendment only with consent of all State. -A 9/13 majority required to pass laws. -Articles only a "firm league of friendship" | 92 | |
| 10881562977 | Lobbying | efforts by individuals or groups to influence governmental decision makers Types of lobbying; -full-time employee -temporary employee -often former legislatives | 93 | |
| 10881562978 | Inside lobbying | appeals directly to lawmakers and their staff -through meetings -by providing research and info -by testifying at committee hearings | 94 | |
| 10881562979 | Outside lobbying | attempt to influence decision makers indirectly, by influencing the public -try to build public support -increase conflict about an issue -lobby other groups and try to form alliances tactics: direct contact, direct mail, and media advertisements | 95 | |
| 10881562980 | Electioneering | -efforts to help candidates financially -efforts to help candidates gain voter support | 96 | |
| 10881562981 | Litigation | testifying to influence public policy | 97 | |
| 10881562982 | Types of Interest Groups | -economic interests -environmental interests -equality interests -consumer and other public interest lobbies | 98 | |
| 10881562983 | Economic Interests | trade associations; - organized commercial groups, farm organizations - corporations; form own interest groups, hire lobbyists - labor unions, professional associations | 99 | |
| 10881562984 | Environmental Interests | - sprang up since 1970 - profound policy impact bc of numbers, not money | 100 | |
| 10881562985 | PAC | Political Action Committees; raise and spend money to influence electoral outcomes | 101 | |
| 10881562986 | Equality Interests | 14th Amendment guarantees equality Minorities and Equality - social welfare policies Women | 102 | |
| 10881562987 | Consumer and Other Public Interest Lobbies | Represent broad classes of people or the public as a whole -consumer, voters, reformers, etc Public Interest Groups -policies that are in the public's interest Think tanks -conduct research -advocate a strong ideological viewpoint | 103 | |
| 10881562988 | How do interest groups shape public policy? | lobbying, electioneering, litigation, going public | 104 | |
| 10881562989 | Law making process | http://integrationsolutions.westlaw.com/gov/leghist/images/cap.gif | 105 | |
| 10881562990 | Presidential Roles | Chief of State - the ceremonial head of the government of the United States Chief Executive - given this title by the Constitution Chief Administrator - carry out the laws, head of the federal bureaucracy Chief Diplomat - main architect of America's foreign policy Commander in Chief - head of the nation's armed forces Chief Legislator - can push for laws to be passed Chief of Party - Leader of their political party | 106 | |
| 10881562991 | Presidential Qualifications | Must be a natural born citizen Be at least 35 years old Have lived in the U.S. for at least 14 years | 107 | |
| 10881562992 | Who takes over if pres. cannot | Vice President Speaker of the House President pro tempore Secretary of State | 108 | |
| 10881562993 | 22nd Amendment | set 2 term limit on | 109 | |
| 10881562994 | Presidential pay | $400,000 a year and $50,000 expense account | 110 | |
| 10881562995 | Presidential Benefits | Live in the White House (132 Rooms) Yacht, Automobiles, Air Force One Lifetime pension of $143,800 a year Camp David - Resort in Maryland | 111 | |
| 10881562996 | Presidential power | Power to appoint cabinet members, diplomats and ambassadors, judges Power to make treaties - formal agreement between two or more sovereign state Executive Agreement - pacts between the President and the heads of foreign states Recognition - President can acknowledge the legal existence of a country and its government | 112 | |
| 10881562997 | Presidential Legislative power | Recommend Legislation Veto Bills Can call for a special session of Congress | 113 | |
| 10881562998 | Presidential Judicial power | Reprieve - postponement of the execution of a sentence Pardon - legal forgiveness of a crime (only involving a federal offense) Commutation - reduce the length of a sentence or a fine Amnesty - a general pardon offered to a group of violators 1977 - Pardon to Vietnam War draft evaders | 114 | |
| 10881562999 | Main jobs of House and Senate | Make Laws Declare War Represent their Constituents | 115 | |
| 10881563000 | House Membership | 435 members (each state's delegation is determined by its population) | 116 | |
| 10881563001 | Senate Membership | 100 members (two per state) | 117 | |
| 10881563002 | House Qualifications | 25 years old U.S Citizens for 7 years Resident of State they're representing | 118 | |
| 10881563003 | Senate Qualifications | 30 years old U.S citizens for 9 years Resident of State they're representing | 119 | |
| 10881563004 | Terms limit for House | 2 years entire house elected every two years | 120 | |
| 10881563005 | Terms limit for Senate | 1/3 of Senate 2 years | 121 | |
| 10881563006 | "Leader" of House | Speaker of the House | 122 | |
| 10881563007 | "Leader" of Senate | Vice President | 123 | |
| 10881563008 | How House is elected | Directly voted by voter per district | 124 | |
| 10881563009 | How Senate is elected | Directly by the voters of a state | 125 | |
| 10881563010 | Reapportionment | Applies only to HOUSE redistribution of seats every 10 years states gain or lose seats based on their population growing or shrinking | 126 | |
| 10881563011 | Thomas Paine | Author of book "Common Sense" | 127 | |
| 10881563012 | Gerrymandering | an attempt by politicians to create unbalanced districts for their party's political gain | 128 | |
| 10881563013 | Special Powers of House | Brings impeachment charges May choose the President if there is no majority in the electoral system Must start all revenue bills | 129 | |
| 10881563014 | Special Powers of Senate | Acts as jury in impeachment trials (2/3 vote needed) May choose the Vice President if there is no majority in the electoral system Must ratify treaties with foreign nations by 2/3 vote Must approves Presidential appointments (majority needed) | 130 | |
| 10881563015 | What makes an interest group successful? | access, info, leadership skills, numerical strength, group unity, money | 131 | |
| 10881563016 | CBO | - strengthen Congress' role in the budgeting process | 132 | |
| 10881563017 | Pluralist Theory | - groups link ppl and govt - competition between interest groups is a central part of American democracy - different groups have strengths in different areas | 133 | |
| 10881563018 | Types of Committees | Standing committees - handle bills in different policy areas Select - may be temporary and permanent and usually have focused responsibility Joint Committees - draw their membership from both the Senate and the House Conference Committees - are formed when Senate and the house pass different versions of the same bill | 134 | |
| 10881563019 | Elite Theory | - reject the pluralists' assertion that competing groups balance power - believe unequal distribution of power in society ensures that interests of some groups will dominate others | 135 | |
| 10881563020 | Hyperpluralist Theory | - argue that pluralism in the US is out of control -results in govt that is very subservient to interest groups and tries to appease them all | 136 | |
| 10881563021 | 4 Models of Representations | delegate model - assumes that a representative's job is to convey the will of the majority of their constituents to the legislature trustee model - should take the majority view into account but use his or best judgment when voting or acting on behalf of constituents politico model -middle path between trustees and delegate model conscience model - should generally follow what the follow what the public says unless it goes against their deepest values | 137 | |
| 10881563022 | Agenda setting | bringing issues to the public's attention and placing them on the national agenda | 138 | |
| 10881563023 | GAO | Government Accountability Office - broad authority to oversee the operations and finances of executive agencies | 139 | |
| 10881563024 | GPOthec | Government Printing Office - distributes over 200,000 govt publications in U.S. govt bookstores throughout the nation | 140 | |
| 10881563025 | Types of gerrymandering | Partisan gerrymandering - drawing a district to favor one political party over others Incumbent gerrymandering - a state legislature is so closely divided that neither political party has an advantage Racial gerrymandering - drawing a district to favor one racial group over others Affirmative racial gerrymandering - creation of predominately African American and minority districts whenever possible | 141 | |
| 10881563026 | Free rider problem | barrier to collective action bc ppl can reap the benefits of group efforts without participating | 142 | |
| 10881563027 | Single-issue groups | groups that have a narrow interest, tend to dislike compromise, and often draw membership from people new to politics | 143 | |
| 10881563028 | CRS | Congressional Research Service - works for the U.S. Congress and provides nonpartisan an policy and research analysis to committees and members of both houses | 144 | |
| 10881563029 | Edmund Burke | contrasts with the idea of representatives as delegated who feel obligated to vote according to the views of the "folks back home" regardless of their own personal viewpoint | 145 | |
| 10881563030 | Caucus | a group of members of Congress sharing some interest or characteristic | 146 | |
| 10881563031 | House Rules Committee | the committee in the House of Representatives that reviews most bills coming from a House committee before they go to the full House | 147 | |
| 10881563032 | Companion legislation | similar or identical legislation which is introduced in Senate and House | 148 | |
| 10881563033 | Omnibus legislation | large bills that often cover several topics and may contain extraneous, or pork-barrel projects | 149 | |
| 10881563034 | Who runs for congress? | People involved: Law Business Public service | 150 | |
| 10881563035 | legislative oversight | congress' monitoring of the bureaucracy and its administration of policy, performed mainly through hearings | 151 | |
| 10881563036 | power of the purse | congressional exclusive power to authorize expenditures by all avenues of the federal govt | 152 | |
| 10881563037 | advice and consent | advice and consent and confirmation of presidential appointments and treaties | 153 | |
| 10881563038 | Seniority system | governs most committee assignments and movement into committee leadership positions | 154 | |
| 10881563039 | Pork barrel | federal projects, grants, and contracts available to state and local govts, businesses, colleges, and other institutions | 155 | |
| 10881563040 | congressional casework | activities of members of Congress that help constituents as individuals, particularly by cutting through bureaucratic red tape to get ppl what they think they have a right to get | 156 | |
| 10881563041 | partisan polarization | a vote in which a majority of democratic legislators oppose a majority of republican legislators | 157 | |
| 10881563042 | incumbent advantages | advertising - gather info through technological sources-thus having the incumbents' personal interests credit claiming - enhancing their standing w constituents through service to individuals and the district weak opponents -no name recognition campaign spending - the candidate who spends the most money tends to win misinformed voters | 158 | |
| 10881563043 | federalist | a person who advocates or supports a system of government in which several states unite under a central authority | 159 | |
| 10881563044 | anti-federalist | somebody who opposed the U.S. Constitution when it was being drawn up | 160 | |
| 10881563045 | filibuster | any member can speak for as long as he or she wants on any given use | 161 | |
| 10881563046 | Amendment 1 freedoms | Freedom of Religion, freedom of speech, Freedom of expression, Freedom of the Press, and Freedom of Assembly. | 162 | |
| 10881563047 | bill of rights | the first ten amendments to the US Constitution | 163 |
AP Statistics Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 13803730805 | How do you check if there is outliers? | calculate IQR; anything above Q3+1.5(IQR) or below Q1-1.5(IQR) is an outlier | 0 | |
| 13803730806 | If a graph is skewed, should we calculate the median or the mean? Why? | median; it is resistant to skews and outliers | 1 | |
| 13803730807 | If a graph is roughly symmetrical, should we calculate the median or the mean? Why? | mean; generally is more accurate if the data has no outliers | 2 | |
| 13803730808 | What is in the five number summary? | Minimum, Q1, Median, Q3, Maximum | 3 | |
| 13803730809 | Relationship between variance and standard deviation? | variance=(standard deviation)^2 | 4 | |
| 13803730810 | variance definition | the variance is roughly the average of the squared differences between each observation and the mean | 5 | |
| 13803730811 | standard deviation | the standard deviation is the square root of the variance | 6 | |
| 13803730812 | What should we use to measure spread if the median was calculated? | IQR | 7 | |
| 13803730813 | What should we use to measure spread if the mean was calculated? | standard deviation | 8 | |
| 13803730814 | What is the IQR? How much of the data does it represent? | Q3-Q1; 50% | 9 | |
| 13803730815 | How do you calculate standard deviation? | 1. Type data into L1 2. Find mean with 1 Variable Stats 3. Turn L2 into (L1-mean) 4. Turn L3 into (L2)^2 5. Go to 2nd STAT over to MATH, select sum( 6. Type in L3 7. multiply it by (1/n-1) 8. Square root it | 10 | |
| 13803730995 | What is the formula for standard deviation? | | 11 | |
| 13803730816 | Categorical variables vs. Quantitative Variables | Categorical: individuals can be assigned to one of several groups or categories Quantitative: takes numberical values | 12 | |
| 13803730817 | If a possible outlier is on the fence, is it an outlier? | No | 13 | |
| 13803730818 | Things to include when describing a distribution | Center (Mean or Median), Unusual Gaps or Outliers, Spread (Standard Deviation or IQR), Shape (Roughly Symmetric, slightly/heavily skewed left or right, bimodal, range) | 14 | |
| 13803730819 | Explain how to standardize a variable. What is the purpose of standardizing a variable? | Subtract the distribution mean and then divide by standard deviation. Tells us how many standard deviations from the mean an observation falls, and in what direction. | 15 | |
| 13803730820 | What effect does standardizing the values have on the distribution? | shape would be the same as the original distribution, the mean would become 0, the standard deviation would become 1 | 16 | |
| 13803730821 | What is a density curve? | a curve that (a) is on or above the horizontal axis, and (b) has exactly an area of 1 | 17 | |
| 13803730822 | Inverse Norm | when you want to find the percentile: invNorm (area, mean, standard deviation) | 18 | |
| 13803730823 | z | (x-mean)/standard deviation | 19 | |
| 13803730824 | pth percentile | the value with p percent observations less than is | 20 | |
| 13803730825 | cumulative relative frequency graph | can be used to describe the position of an individual within a distribution or to locate a specified percentile of the distribution | 21 | |
| 13803730826 | How to find and interpret the correlation coefficient r for a scatterplot | STAT plot, scatter, L1 and L2 (Plot 1: ON); STAT --> CALC --> 8:LinReg(a+bx) No r? --> 2nd 0 (Catalog) down to Diagnostic ON | 22 | |
| 13803730827 | r | tells us the strength of a LINEAR association. -1 to 1. Not resistant to outliers | 23 | |
| 13803730828 | r^2 | the proportion (percent) of the variation in the values of y that can be accounted for by the least squares regression line | 24 | |
| 13803730829 | residual plot | a scatterplot of the residuals against the explanatory variable. Residual plots help us assess how well a regression line fits the data. It should have NO PATTERN | 25 | |
| 13803730830 | regression line | a line that describes how a response variable y changes as an explanatory variable x changes. We often use a regression line to predict the value of y for a given value of x. | 26 | |
| 13803730831 | residual formula | residual=y-y(hat) aka observed y - predicted y | 27 | |
| 13803730832 | What method do you use to check if a distribution or probability is binomial? | BINS: 1. Binary: There only two outcomes (success and failure) 2. Independent: The events independent of one another? 3. Number: There is a fixed number of trials 4. Success: The probability of success equal in each trial | 28 | |
| 13803730833 | What method do you use to check if a distribution or probability is geometric? | BITS: 1. Binary: There only two outcomes (success and failure) 2. Independent: The events independent of one another 3. Trials: There is not a fixed number of trials 4. Success: The probability of success equal in each trial | 29 | |
| 13803730834 | n | number of trials | 30 | |
| 13803730835 | p | probability of success | 31 | |
| 13803730836 | k | number of successes | 32 | |
| 13803730837 | Binomial Formula for P(X=k) | (n choose k) p^k (1-p)^(n-k) | 33 | |
| 13803730838 | Binomial Calculator Function to find P(X=k) | binompdf(n,p,k) | 34 | |
| 13803730839 | Binomial Calculator Function for P(X≤k) | binomcdf(n,p,k) | 35 | |
| 13803730840 | Binomial Calculator Function for P(X≥k) | 1-binomcdf(n,p,k-1) | 36 | |
| 13803730841 | mean of a binomial distribution | np | 37 | |
| 13803730842 | standard deviation of a binomial distribution | √(np(1-p)) | 38 | |
| 13803730843 | Geometric Formula for P(X=k) | (1-p)^(k-1) x p | 39 | |
| 13803730844 | Geometric Calculator Function to find P(X=k) | geometpdf(p,k) | 40 | |
| 13803730845 | Geometric Calculator Function for P(X≤k) | geometcdf(p,k) | 41 | |
| 13803730846 | Geometric Calculator Function for P(X≥k) | 1-geometcdf(p,k-1) | 42 | |
| 13803730847 | Mean of a geometric distribution | 1/p=expected number of trials until success | 43 | |
| 13803730848 | Standard deviation of a geometric distribution | √((1-p)/(p²)) | 44 | |
| 13803730849 | What do you do if the binomial probability is for a range, rather than a specific number? | Take binomcdf(n,p,maximum) - binomcdf(n,p,minimum-1) | 45 | |
| 13803730850 | how do you enter n choose k into the calculator? | type "n" on home screen, go to MATH --> PRB --> 3: ncr, type "k" | 46 | |
| 13803730851 | μ(x+y) | μx+μy | 47 | |
| 13803730852 | μ(x-y) | μx-μy | 48 | |
| 13803730853 | σ(x+y) | √(σ²x+σ²y) | 49 | |
| 13803730854 | What does adding or subtracting a constant effect? | Measures of center (median and mean). Does NOT affect measures of spread (IQR and Standard Deviation) or shape. | 50 | |
| 13803730855 | What does multiplying or dividing a constant effect? | Both measures of center (median and mean) and measures of spread (IQR and standard deviation). Shape is not effected. For variance, multiply by a² (if y=ax+b). | 51 | |
| 13803730856 | σ(x-y) | √(σ²x+σ²y) --> you add to get the difference because variance is distance from mean and you cannot have a negative distance | 52 | |
| 13803730857 | calculate μx by hand | X1P1+X2P2+.... XKPK (SigmaXKPK) | 53 | |
| 13803730858 | calculate var(x) by hand | (X1-μx)²p(1)+(X2-μx)²p(2)+.... (Sigma(Xk-μx)²p(k)) | 54 | |
| 13803730859 | Standard deviation | square root of variance | 55 | |
| 13803730860 | discrete random variables | a fixed set of possible x values (whole numbers) | 56 | |
| 13803730861 | continuous random variables | -x takes all values in an interval of numbers -can be represented by a density curve (area of 1, on or above the horizontal axis) | 57 | |
| 13803730862 | What is the variance of the sum of 2 random variables X and Y? | (σx)²+(σy)², but ONLY if x and y are independent. | 58 | |
| 13803730863 | mutually exclusive | no outcomes in common | 59 | |
| 13803730864 | addition rule for mutually exclusive events P (A U B) | P(A)+P(B) | 60 | |
| 13803730865 | complement rule P(A^C) | 1-P(A) | 61 | |
| 13803730866 | general addition rule (not mutually exclusive) P(A U B) | P(A)+P(B)-P(A n B) | 62 | |
| 13803730867 | intersection P(A n B) | both A and B will occur | 63 | |
| 13803730868 | conditional probability P (A | B) | P(A n B) / P(B) | 64 | |
| 13803730869 | independent events (how to check independence) | P(A) = P(A|B) P(B)= P(B|A) | 65 | |
| 13803730870 | multiplication rule for independent events P(A n B) | P(A) x P(B) | 66 | |
| 13803730871 | general multiplication rule (non-independent events) P(A n B) | P(A) x P(B|A) | 67 | |
| 13803730872 | sample space | a list of possible outcomes | 68 | |
| 13803730873 | probability model | a description of some chance process that consists of 2 parts: a sample space S and a probability for each outcome | 69 | |
| 13803730874 | event | any collection of outcomes from some chance process, designated by a capital letter (an event is a subset of the sample space) | 70 | |
| 13803730875 | What is the P(A) if all outcomes in the sample space are equally likely? | P(A) = (number of outcomes corresponding to event A)/(total number of outcomes in sample space) | 71 | |
| 13803730876 | Complement | probability that an event does not occur | 72 | |
| 13803730877 | What is the sum of the probabilities of all possible outcomes? | 1 | 73 | |
| 13803730878 | What is the probability of two mutually exclusive events? | P(A U B)= P(A)+P(B) | 74 | |
| 13803730879 | five basic probability rules | 1. for event A, 0≤P(A)≤1 2. P(S)=1 3. If all outcomes in the sample space are equally likely, P(A)=number of outcomes corresponding to event A / total number of outcomes in sample space 4. P(A^C) = 1-P(A) 5. If A and B are mutually exclusive, P(A n B)=P(A)+P(B) | 75 | |
| 13803730880 | When is a two-way table helpful | displays the sample space for probabilities involving two events more clearly | 76 | |
| 13803730881 | In statistics, what is meant by the word "or"? | could have either event or both | 77 | |
| 13803730882 | When can a Venn Diagram be helpful? | visually represents the probabilities of not mutually exclusive events | 78 | |
| 13803730883 | What is the general addition rule for two events? | If A and B are any two events resulting from some chance process, then the probability of A or B (or both) is P(A U B)= P(A)+P(B)-P(A n B) | 79 | |
| 13803730884 | What does the intersection of two or more events mean? | both event A and event B occur | 80 | |
| 13803730885 | What does the union of two or more events mean? | either event A or event B (or both) occurs | 81 | |
| 13803730886 | What is the law of large numbers? | If we observe more and more repetitions of any chance process, the proportion of times that a specific outcome occurs approaches a single value, which we can call the probability of that outcome | 82 | |
| 13803730887 | the probability of any outcome... | is a number between 0 and 1 that describes the proportion of times the outcome would occur in a very long series of repetitions | 83 | |
| 13803730888 | How do you interpret a probability? | We interpret probability to represent the most accurate results if we did an infinite amount of trials | 84 | |
| 13803730889 | What are the two myths about randomness? | 1. Short-run regularity --> the idea that probability is predictable in the short run 2. Law of Averages --> people except the alternative outcome to follow a different outcome | 85 | |
| 13803730890 | simulation | the imitation of chance behavior, based on a model that accurately reflects the situation | 86 | |
| 13803730891 | Name and describe the four steps in performing a simulation | 1. State: What is the question of interest about some chance process 2. Plan: Describe how to use a chance device to imitate one repetition of process; clearly identify outcomes and measured variables 3. Do: Perform many repetitions of the simulation 4. Conclude: results to answer question of interest | 87 | |
| 13803730892 | What are some common errors when using a table of random digits? | not providing a clear description of the simulation process for the reader to replicate the simulation | 88 | |
| 13803730893 | What does the intersection of two or more events mean? | both event A and event B occur | 89 | |
| 13803730894 | sample | The part of the population from which we actually collect information. We use information from a sample to draw conclusions about the entire population | 90 | |
| 13803730895 | population | In a statistical study, this is the entire group of individuals about which we want information | 91 | |
| 13803730896 | sample survey | A study that uses an organized plan to choose a sample that represents some specific population. We base conclusions about the population on data from the sample. | 92 | |
| 13803730897 | convenience sample | A sample selected by taking the members of the population that are easiest to reach; particularly prone to large bias. | 93 | |
| 13803730898 | bias | The design of a statistical study shows ______ if it systematically favors certain outcomes. | 94 | |
| 13803730899 | voluntary response sample | People decide whether to join a sample based on an open invitation; particularly prone to large bias. | 95 | |
| 13803730900 | random sampling | The use of chance to select a sample; is the central principle of statistical sampling. | 96 | |
| 13803730901 | simple random sample (SRS) | every set of n individuals has an equal chance to be the sample actually selected | 97 | |
| 13803730902 | strata | Groups of individuals in a population that are similar in some way that might affect their responses. | 98 | |
| 13803730903 | stratified random sample | To select this type of sample, first classify the population into groups of similar individuals, called strata. Then choose a separate SRS from each stratum to form the full sample. | 99 | |
| 13803730904 | cluster sample | To take this type of sample, first divide the population into smaller groups. Ideally, these groups should mirror the characteristics of the population. Then choose an SRS of the groups. All individuals in the chosen groups are included in the sample. | 100 | |
| 13803730905 | inference | Drawing conclusions that go beyond the data at hand. | 101 | |
| 13803730906 | margin of error | Tells how close the estimate tends to be to the unknown parameter in repeated random sampling. | 102 | |
| 13803730907 | sampling frame | The list from which a sample is actually chosen. | 103 | |
| 13803730908 | undercoverage | Occurs when some members of the population are left out of the sampling frame; a type of sampling error. | 104 | |
| 13803730909 | nonresponse | Occurs when a selected individual cannot be contacted or refuses to cooperate; an example of a nonsampling error. | 105 | |
| 13803730910 | wording of questions | The most important influence on the answers given to a survey. Confusing or leading questions can introduce strong bias, and changes in wording can greatly change a survey's outcome. Even the order in which questions are asked matters. | 106 | |
| 13803730911 | observational study | Observes individuals and measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses. | 107 | |
| 13803730912 | experiment | Deliberately imposes some treatment on individuals to measure their responses. | 108 | |
| 13803730913 | explanatory variable | A variable that helps explain or influences changes in a response variable. | 109 | |
| 13803730914 | response variable | A variable that measures an outcome of a study. | 110 | |
| 13803730915 | lurking variable | a variable that is not among the explanatory or response variables in a study but that may influence the response variable. | 111 | |
| 13803730916 | treatment | A specific condition applied to the individuals in an experiment. If an experiment has several explanatory variables, a treatment is a combination of specific values of these variables. | 112 | |
| 13803730917 | experimental unit | the smallest collection of individuals to which treatments are applied. | 113 | |
| 13803730918 | subjects | Experimental units that are human beings. | 114 | |
| 13803730919 | factors | the explanatory variables in an experiment are often called this | 115 | |
| 13803730920 | random assignment | An important experimental design principle. Use some chance process to assign experimental units to treatments. This helps create roughly equivalent groups of experimental units by balancing the effects of lurking variables that aren't controlled on the treatment groups. | 116 | |
| 13803730921 | replication | An important experimental design principle. Use enough experimental units in each group so that any differences in the effects of the treatments can be distinguished from chance differences between the groups. | 117 | |
| 13803730922 | double-blind | An experiment in which neither the subjects nor those who interact with them and measure the response variable know which treatment a subject received. | 118 | |
| 13803730923 | single-blind | An experiment in which either the subjects or those who interact with them and measure the response variable, but not both, know which treatment a subject received. | 119 | |
| 13803730924 | placebo | an inactive (fake) treatment | 120 | |
| 13803730925 | placebo effect | Describes the fact that some subjects respond favorably to any treatment, even an inactive one | 121 | |
| 13803730926 | block | A group of experimental units that are known before the experiment to be similar in some way that is expected to affect the response to the treatments. | 122 | |
| 13803730927 | inference about the population | Using information from a sample to draw conclusions about the larger population. Requires that the individuals taking part in a study be randomly selected from the population of interest. | 123 | |
| 13803730928 | inference about cause and effect | Using the results of an experiment to conclude that the treatments caused the difference in responses. Requires a well-designed experiment in which the treatments are randomly assigned to the experimental units. | 124 | |
| 13803730929 | lack of realism | When the treatments, the subjects, or the environment of an experiment are not realistic. Lack of realism can limit researchers' ability to apply the conclusions of an experiment to the settings of greatest interest. | 125 | |
| 13803730930 | institutional review board | A basic principle of data ethics. All planned studies must be approved in advance and monitored by _____________ charged with protecting the safety and well-being of the participants. | 126 | |
| 13803730931 | informed consent | A basic principle of data ethics. Individuals must be informed in advance about the nature of a study and any risk of harm it may bring. Participating individuals must then consent in writing. | 127 | |
| 13803730932 | simulation | a model of random events | 128 | |
| 13803730933 | census | a sample that includes the entire population | 129 | |
| 13803730934 | population parameter | a number that measures a characteristic of a population | 130 | |
| 13803730935 | systematic sample | every fifth individual, for example, is chosen | 131 | |
| 13803730936 | multistage sample | a sampling design where several sampling methods are combined | 132 | |
| 13803730937 | sampling variability | the naturally occurring variability found in samples | 133 | |
| 13803730938 | levels | the values that the experimenter used for a factor | 134 | |
| 13803730939 | the four principles of experimental design | control, randomization, replication, and blocking | 135 | |
| 13803730940 | completely randomized design | a design where all experimental units have an equal chance of receiving any treatment | 136 | |
| 13803730941 | interpreting p value | if the true mean/proportion of the population is (null), the probability of getting a sample mean/proportion of _____ is (p-value). | 137 | |
| 13803730942 | p̂1-p̂2 center, shape, and spread | center: p1-p2 shape: n1p1, n1(1-p1), n2p2, and n2(1-p2) ≥ 10 spread (if 10% condition checks): √((p1(1-p1)/n1)+(p2(1-p2)/n2) | 138 | |
| 13803730943 | probability of getting a certain p̂1-p̂2 (ex. less than .1) | plug in center and spread into bell curve, find probability | 139 | |
| 13803730944 | Confidence intervals for difference in proportions formula | (p̂1-p̂2) plus or minus z*(√((p1(1-p1)/n1)+(p2(1-p2)/n2)) | 140 | |
| 13803730945 | When do you use t and z test/intervals? | t for mean z for proportions | 141 | |
| 13803730996 | Significance test for difference in proportions | 142 | ||
| 13803730946 | What is a null hypothesis? | What is being claimed. Statistical test designed to assess strength of evidence against null hypothesis. Abbreviated by Ho. | 143 | |
| 13803730947 | What is an alternative hypothesis? | the claim about the population that we are trying to find evidence FOR, abbreviated by Ha | 144 | |
| 13803730948 | When is the alternative hypothesis one-sided? | Ha less than or greater than | 145 | |
| 13803730949 | When is the alternative hypothesis two-sided? | Ha is not equal to | 146 | |
| 13803730950 | What is a significance level? | fixed value that we compare with the P-value, matter of judgement to determine if something is "statistically significant". | 147 | |
| 13803730951 | What is the default significance level? | α=.05 | 148 | |
| 13803730952 | Interpreting the p-value | if the true mean/proportion of the population is (null), the probability of getting a sample mean/proportion of _____ is (p-value). | 149 | |
| 13803730953 | p value ≤ α | We reject our null hypothesis. There is sufficient evidence to say that (Ha) is true. | 150 | |
| 13803730954 | p value ≥ α | We fail to reject our null hypothesis. There is insufficient evidence to say that (Ho) is not true. | 151 | |
| 13803730955 | reject Ho when it is actually true | Type I Error | 152 | |
| 13803730956 | fail to reject Ho when it is actually false | Type II Error | 153 | |
| 13803730957 | Power definition | probability of rejecting Ho when it is false | 154 | |
| 13803730958 | probability of Type I Error | α | 155 | |
| 13803730959 | probability of Type II Error | 1-power | 156 | |
| 13803730960 | two ways to increase power | increase sample size/significance level α | 157 | |
| 13803730961 | 5 step process: z/t test | State --> Ho/Ha, define parameter Plan --> one sample, z test Check --> random/normal/independent Do --> find p hat, find test statistic (z), use test statistic to find p-value Conclude --> p value ≤ α reject Ho p value ≥ α fail to reject Ho | 158 | |
| 13803730997 | Formula for test statistic (μ) | | 159 | |
| 13803730962 | Formula for test statistic (p̂) (where p represents the null) | (p̂-p)/(√((p)(1-p))/n) | 160 | |
| 13803730963 | probability of a Type II Error? | overlap normal distribution for null and true. Find rejection line. Use normalcdf | 161 | |
| 13803730964 | when do you use z tests? | for proportions | 162 | |
| 13803730965 | when do you use t tests? | for mean (population standard deviation unknown) | 163 | |
| 13803730966 | finding p value for t tests | tcdf(min, max, df) | 164 | |
| 13803730967 | Sample paired t test | state--> Ho: μ1-μ2=0 (if its difference) plan --> one sample, paired t test check --> random, normal, independent do --> find test statistic and p value conclude --> normal conclusion | 165 | |
| 13803730968 | What does statistically significant mean in context of a problem? | The sample mean/proportion is far enough away from the true mean/proportion that it couldn't have happened by chance | 166 | |
| 13803730969 | When doing a paired t-test, to check normality, what do you do? | check the differences histogram (μ1-μ2) | 167 | |
| 13803730970 | How to interpret a C% Confidence Level | In C% of all possible samples of size n, we will construct an interval that captures the true parameter (in context). | 168 | |
| 13803730971 | How to interpret a C% Confidence Interval | We are C% confident that the interval (_,_) will capture the true parameter (in context). | 169 | |
| 13803730972 | What conditions must be checked before constructing a confidence interval? | random, normal, independent | 170 | |
| 13803730973 | C% confidence intervals of sample proportions, 5 step process | State: Construct a C% confidence interval to estimate... Plan: one sample z-interval for proportions Check: Random, Normal, Independent Do: Find the standard error and z*, then p hat +/- z* Conclude: We are C% confident that the interval (_,_) will capture the true parameter (in context). | 171 | |
| 13803730998 | What's the z interval standard error formula? | | 172 | |
| 13803730974 | How do you find z*? | InvNorm(#) | 173 | |
| 13803730975 | How do you find the point estimate of a sample? | subtract the max and min confidence interval, divide it by two (aka find the mean of the interval ends) | 174 | |
| 13803730976 | How do you find the margin of error, given the confidence interval? | Ask, "What am I adding or subtracting from the point estimate?" So find the point estimate, then find the difference between the point estimate and the interval ends | 175 | |
| 13803730977 | Finding sample size proportions: When p hat is unknown, or you want to guarantee a margin of error less than or equal to: | use p hat=.5 | 176 | |
| 13803730978 | Finding the confidence interval when the standard deviation of the population is *known* | x bar +/- z*(σ/√n) | 177 | |
| 13803730979 | Checking normal condition for z* (population standard deviation known) | starts normal or CLT | 178 | |
| 13803730980 | Finding the confidence interval when the standard deviation of the population is *unknown* (which is almost always true) | x bar +/- t*(Sx/√n) | 179 | |
| 13803730981 | degrees of freedom | n-1 | 180 | |
| 13803730982 | How do you find t*? | InvT(area to the left, df) | 181 | |
| 13803730983 | What is the standard error? | same as standard deviation, but we call it "standard error" because we plugged in p hat for p (we are estimating) | 182 | |
| 13803730984 | a point estimator is a statistic that... | provides an estimate of a population parameter. | 183 | |
| 13803730985 | Explain the two conditions when the margin of error gets smaller. | Confidence level C decreases, sample size n increases | 184 | |
| 13803730986 | Does the confidence level tell us the chance that a particular confidence interval captures the population parameter? | NO; the confidence interval gives us a set of plausible values for the parameter | 185 | |
| 13803730987 | Sx and σx: which is which? | Sx is for a sample, σx is for a population | 186 | |
| 13803730988 | How do we know when do use a t* interval instead of a z interval? | you are not given the population standard deviation | 187 | |
| 13803730989 | Checking normal condition for t* (population standard deviation unknown) | Normal for sample size... -n -n<15: if the data appears closely normal (roughly symmetric, single peak, no outliers) | 188 | |
| 13803730990 | How to check if a distribution is normal for t*, population n<15 | plug data into List 1, look at histogram. Conclude with "The histogram looks roughly symmetric, so we should be safe to use the t distribution) | 189 | |
| 13803730991 | t* confidence interval, 5 step process | State: Construct a __% confidence interval to estimate... Plan: one sample t interval for a population mean Check: Random, Normal, Independent (for Normal, look at sample size and go from there) Do: Find the standard error (Sx/√n) and t*, then do x bar +/- t*(standard error) Conclude: We are __% confident that the interval (_,_) will capture the true parameter (in context). | 190 | |
| 13803730992 | margin of error formula | z* or t* (standard error) | 191 | |
| 13803730993 | When calculating t interval, what is it and where do you find the data? | x bar plus or minus t* (Sx/√n) -get x bar and Sx using 1 Var Stats -t*=Invt(area to the left, df) -population (n) will be given | 192 | |
| 13803730994 | What is it looking for if it asks for the appropriate critical value? | z/t* interval | 193 |
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