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AP Literature Terms Flashcards

7065777849	Abstract	An abstract term is a general term, referring to a broad concept, as opposed to a term that refers to a specific, particular thing; opposite of concrete	0
7065777850	Allegory	A literary work that portrays abstract ideas concretely. Characters are frequently personifications of abstract ideas and are given names that refer to these ideas	1
7065777851	Alliteration	The repetition of the same initial consonant sounds in a sequence of words or syllables	2
7065777852	Allusion	A reference to another work of literature, or to art, history, or current events	3
7065777853	Ambiguity	Deliberately suggesting two or more different, and sometimes conflicting, meanings in a work. An event of situation that may be interpreted in more than one way	4
7065777854	Analogy	A comparison between two things that helps explain or illustrate one or both of them; usually to show how they are alike	5
7065777855	Anaphora	Repetition of an initial word or words to add emphasis	6
7065777856	Antagonist	Character opposing the protagonist	7
7065777857	Anthropomorphism	Attributing human characteristics to an animal (like personification)	8
7065777858	Antihero	Central character who lacks all the qualities traditionally associated with heroes. May lack courage, grace, intelligence, or moral scruples	9
7065777859	Antimetabole	Repetition of words in successive clauses in reverse grammatical order; called chiasmus in poetry	10
7065777860	Aphorism	A brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation of life or of a principle or of an accepted general truth	11
7065777861	Apostrophe	A direct address to an abstraction (ex. Time), a thing (ex. Wind), an animal, or an imaginary or absent person	12
7065777862	Archaic language	Words that were once common but that are no longer used	13
7065777863	Assonance	The repetition of vowel sounds in a sequence of words	14
7065777864	Atmosphere	The feeling created for the reader by a work of literature, generated typically by style, tone, and setting. Synonymous with mood.	15
7065777865	Bildungsroman	A novel that explores the maturation of the protagonist, a coming-of-age story	16
7065777866	Blank verse	Unrhymed iambic pentameter, closest to natural patterns of speaking in English	17
7065777867	Caesura	A pause within a line of poetry, sometimes punctuated, sometimes not, often mirroring natural speech	18
7065777868	Characterization	The method by which the author builds, or reveals, a character. Can be direct or indirect. Remember the STEAL acronym.	19
7065777869	Chiasmus	Repetition of words in successive clauses in reverse grammatical order; called antimetabole in prose	20
7065777870	Colloquial language / Colloquialism	An expression or language construction appropriate only for casual, informal speaking or writing	21
7065777871	Coming-of-age story (aka bildungsroman)	A novel that explores the maturation of the protagonist, a coming-of-age story	22
7065777872	Concrete	A concrete term refers to a specific, particular thing, as opposed to a term that refers to a broad concept. Opposite of abstract	23
7065777873	Conflict	The tension, opposition, or struggle that drives a plot. Can be external or internal.	24
7065777874	Consonance	An instance in which identical final consonant sounds in nearby words follow different vowel sounds.	25
7065777875	Couplet	See STANZA	26
7065777876	Dactyl	Stressed unstressed unstressed set of syllables	27
7065777877	Dialect	Dialogue or narration written to simulate regional or cultural speech patterns	28
7065777878	Elegy	A contemplative poem, on death and mortaility, often written for someone who has died	29
7065777879	End-stopped line	An end-stopped line of poetry concludes with punctuation that marks a pause. The line is completely meaningful in itself, unlike run-on lines, which require the reader to move to the next line to grasp the poet's complete thought.	30
7065777880	Enjambment	A poetic technique in which one lines ends without a pause and must continue on to the next line to complete its meaning; also referred to as a "run-on line"	31
7065777881	Epic	A long narrative poem, written in heightened language, which recounts the deeds of a heroic character who embodies the values of a particular society	32
7065777882	Epigram	A short, witty statement designed to surprise an audience or a reader.	33
7065777883	Epigraph	A quotation preceding a work of literature that helps set the text's mood or suggests its themes.	34
7065777884	Epiphany	A character's transformative moment of realization, what James Joyce calls the "sudden revelation of the whatness of a thing"	35
7065777885	Epithet	An adjective or adjective phrase applied to a person or thing that is frequently used to emphasize a characteristic quality.	36
7065777886	Eulogy	A poem, speech, or other work written in great praise of something or someone, usually a person no longer living	37
7065777887	Farce	A type of comedy in which ridiculous and often stereotyped characters are involved in silly, far-fetched situations	38
7065777888	Flashback	A scene in a narrative that is set in an earlier time than the main action	39
7065777889	Foil	A contrasting character who allows the protagonist to stand out more distinctly.	40
7065777890	Foreshadowing	A plot device in which future events are hinted at	41
7065777891	Form	The defining structural characteristics of a work	42
7065777892	Free verse	A form of poetry that does not have a regular rhythm or rhyme scheme	43
7065777893	Hubris	An excessive level of pride that leads to the protagonist's downfall	44
7065777894	Hyperbole	Deliberate exaggeration used for emphasis or to produce a comic or ironic effect; an overstatement to make a point	45
7065777895	Iamb	An unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one	46
7065777896	Iambic pentameter	A rhythmic meter containing five iambs. Unrhymed iambic pentameter is called blank verse.	47
7065777897	Imagery	A description of how something looks, feels, tastes, smells, or sounds. The verbal expression of a sensory experience: visual (sight), auditory (sound), olfactory (scent), gustatory (taste), tactile (touch), or kinesthetic (movement/tension). Imagery may use literal or figurative language.	48
7065777898	In media res	"in the middle of things"--a technique in which a narrative begins in the middle of the action	49
7065777899	Inversion	Also called an inverted sentence or anastrophe, it is created by alteration of the standard English word order of a subject being followed by a verb and its object. Often used to call attention to something, perhaps to emphasize a point or an idea by placing it in the position of the subject, or to slow the pace by choosing an unusual order	50
7065777900	Irony	A discrepancy between appearances and reality	51
7065777901	Dramatic Irony	Tension created by the contrast between what a character says or thinks and what the audience or readers know to be true; as a result of this technique, some words and actions in a story or play take on a different meaning for the reader than they do for the characters	52
7065777902	Situational Irony	A pointed discrepancy or difference between what seems fitting or expected in a story and what actually happens	53
7065777903	Verbal Irony	A figure of speech that occurs when a speaker or character says one thing but means something else, or when what is said is the opposite of what is expected, creating a noticeable incongruity. Sarcasm involves verbal irony used derisively	54
7065777904	Juxtaposition	Placing two things side by side for the sake of comparison or contrast.	55
7065777905	Litotes	Also called an understatement, a litote is the presentation or framing of something as less important, urgent, awful, good, powerful, and so on, than it actually is, often for satiric or comical effect; the opposite of hyperbole, it is often used along with this technique, and for similar effect	56
7065777906	Local color	A term applied to fiction or poetry which tends to place special emphasis on a particular setting, including its customs, clothing, dialect, and landscape	57
7065777907	Lyric	A short poem expressing the personal feelings of a first-person speaker	58
7065777908	Metaphor	A figure of speech that compares two things	59
7065777909	Implied metaphor	does not state explicitly the two terms of comparison	60
7065777910	Extended Metaphor	a metaphor that is extended or developed as far as the writer wants to take it (called a conceit if it is very elaborate)	61
7065777911	Dead metaphor	used so often that the comparison is no longer vivid	62
7065777912	Mixed metaphor	a metaphor that has gotten out of control and mixes its terms up so that they are visually or imaginatively incompatible	63
7065777913	Meter	The formal, regular organization of stressed and unstressed syllables, measured in feet. A foot is distinguished by the number of syllables it contains and how stress is placed on the syllables (stressed or unstressed)	64
7065777914	Metonymy	A figure of speech in which something is represented by another thing that is related to it (see also synecdoche)	65
7065777915	Monologue	A speech given by one person (in a play)	66
7065777916	Mood	An atmosphere created by a writer's diction and the details selected	67
7065777917	Motif	A recurring pattern of images, words, or symbols that reveals a theme in a work of literature	68
7065777918	Narrative frame	Frame story	69
7065777919	Narrator, objective	Objective narrator only recounts what characters say and do, offering no insight into their thinking or analysis of events. All interpretation is left to the reader.	70
7065777920	Narrator, unreliable	A narrator who is biased and doesn't give a full or accurate picture of events in a narrative. Narrators may be unreliable because of youth, inexperience, madness, intentional or unintentional bias, or even lack of morals. Authors often use this technique to distinguish the character's point of view from their own. Sometimes an author will use an unreliable narrator to make an ironic point.	71
7065777921	Ode	A form of poetry used to meditate on or address a single object or condition. It originally followed strict rules of rhythm, meter, and rhyme, which by the Romantic period had become more flexible	72
7065777922	Onomatopoeia	Use of words that refer to sound and whose pronunciations mimic those sounds	73
7065777923	Oxymoron	A paradox made up of two seemingly contradictory words	74
7065777924	Parable	A tale told explicitly to illustrate a moral lesson or conclusion. Can take the form of drama, poetry, or fiction	75
7065777925	Paradox	A statement that seems contradictory but actually is not	76
7065777926	Parallel structure	Also known as parallelism, this term refers to the repeated use of similar grammatical structures for the purpose of emphasis. Compare with anaphora, too.	77
7065777927	Parody	A comic or satiric imitation of a particular literary work or style. Parodies can be lighthearted to critical	78
7065777928	Passive voice	A sentence uses passive voice when the subject doesn't act but is acted on	79
7065777929	Pastoral	Literature that employs a romanticized description of leisurely farm or rural life	80
7065777930	Persona	A voice and viewpoint that an author adopts in order to deliver a story or poem	81
7065777931	Personification	A figure of speech in which an animal or an inanimate object is imbued with human qualities	82
7065777932	Polysyndeton	A sentence that uses a conjunction with NO commas to separate the items in a series. Instead of X, Y, and Z, a polysyndeton results in X and Y and Z	83
7065777933	Point of view	The perspective from which a work is told. The most common narrative vantage points are first person (sometimes unreliable narrators), second person, third-person omniscient, and third-person limited	84
7065777934	Prose poem	A blending of prose and poetry, usually resembling prose in its use of sentences wihtout line breaks, and poetry in its use of quintessentially poetic devices such as figurative language.	85
7065777935	Pun	A play on words that derives its humor from the replacement of one word with another that has a similar pronunciation or spelling but a different meaning. A pun can also derive humor from the use of a single word that has more than one meaning.	86
7065777936	Refrain	A line, lines, or a stanza in a poem that repeat(s) at intervals	87
7065777937	Reversal	When, in a narrative, the protagonist's fortunes take an unforeseen turn.	88
7065777938	Rhetorical question	A question asked for stylistic effect and emphasis to make a point rather than to solicit an answer	89
7065777939	Rhyme	The repetition of the same (or similar) vowel or consonant sounds or constructions.	90
7065777940	End Rhyme	a rhyme at the end of two or more lines of poetry	91
7065777941	Internal Rhyme	a rhyme that occurs WITHIN a line of poetry	92
7065777942	Near Rhyme	slant rhyme pairs sounds that are similar but not exactly the same	93
7065777943	Eye Rhyme	a sight rhyme is a rhyme that only works because the words look the same	94
7065777944	Rhyme scheme	A pattern that poetic rhyme follows	95
7065777945	Rhythm	The general pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables; see also meter	96
7065777946	Sentence	A complex sentence contains an independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses (beginning with words such as after, before, although, because, until, when, while, and if)	97
7065777947	Compound Sentence	is when two independent clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so) or a semicolon	98
7065777948	Compound-Complex sentence	is when a compound sentence is combined with a complex sentence; it is often fairly long	99
7065777949	Cumulative Sentence	is one in which an independent clause is followed by details, qualifications, or modifications in subordinate clauses or phrases	100
7065777950	Imperative Sentence	issues a command. The subject of an imperative sentence is often implied rather than explicit.	101
7065777951	Interrupted Sentence	a sentence of any pattern is modified by interruptions that add descriptive details, state conditions, suggest uncertainty, voice possible alternative views, or present qualifications.	102
7065777952	Periodic Sentence	begin with details, qualifications, or modifications, building toward the main clause.	103
7065777953	Simple Sentence	are composed of one main clause without any subordinate clauses.	104
7065777954	Simile	A figure of speech used to explain or clarify an idea by cmoparing it explicitly to something else, using the words like, as, or as though to do so	105
7065777955	Soliloquy	In a play, a monologue in which a character, alone on the stage, reveals his or her thoughts or emotions	106
7065777956	Sonnet	A poetic form composed of fourteen lines in iambic pentameter that adheres to a particular rhyme scheme. The two most common types are listed below.	107
7065777957	Petrarchan Sonnet	Also known as the Italian sonnet, its fourteen lines are divided into an octave and a sestet. The octave rhymes abba, abba; the sestet that follows can have a variety of different rhyme schemes: cdcdcd, cdecde, cddcdd	108
7065777958	Shakespearean Sonnet	Also known as the English sonnet, its fourteen lines are composed of three quatrains and a couplet, and its rhyme scheme is abab, cdcd, efef, gg.	109
7065777959	Sprung rhythm	A type of meter in which the number of stressed syllables in each line is the same, while the number of unstressed syllables can vary. This means that the types of feet employed in each line can vary.	110
7065777960	Stanza	Lines in a poem that the poet has chosen to group together, usually separated from other lines by a space. Stanzas within a poem usually have repetitive forms, often sharing rhyme schemes or rhythmic structures.	111
7065777961	Couplet	a two-line, rhyming stanza	112
7065777962	Tercet	a three-line stanza	113
7065777963	Quatrain	a four-line stanza	114
7065777964	Sestet	a six-line stanza	115
7065777965	Octet	an eight-line stanza	116
7065777966	Stream of consciousness	A technique in which prose follows the logic and flow of a character's (or multiple characters') thought processes—associations, tangents, seemingly strange transitions—rather than a more ordered narrative.	117
7065777967	Structure	The organization of a work	118
7065777968	Style	The way a literary work is written. Style is produced by an author's choices in diction, syntax, imagery, figurative language, and other literary elements.	119
7065777969	Symbol	A setting, object, or event in a story that carries more than literal meaning and therefore represents something significant to undersatnding the meaning of a work of literature.	120
7065777970	Synecdoche	A figure of speech in which part of something is used to represent the whole. Compare to metonymy.	121
7065777971	Syntax	The arrangement of words into phrases, clauses, and sentences in a prose passage.	122
7065777972	Tone	A speaker's attitude as exposed through stylistic choices. Tone is often confused with mood, which is the feeling created by the work. Tone and mood provide the emotional coloring of a work and is created by some combination of other elements of style.	123
7065777973	Tragic hero	A character who possesses a flaw or commits an error in judgment that leads to his or her downfall and a reversal of fortune.	124
7065777974	Understatement (litote)	The presentation or framing of something as less important, urgent, awful, good, powerful, and so on, than it actually is, often for satiric or comical effect; the opposite of hyperbole, it is often used along with this technique, and for similar effect	125
7065777975	Verse	A broad term, verse refers to a piece of writing that is metered and rhythmic. Free verse is an exception to this, being a piece of writing grouped with verse rather than prose, even though it lacks a meter. Verse can also be used to refer to poetry in general.	126
7065777976	Villanelle	A form of poetry in which five tercets (rhyme scheme aba) are followed by a quatrain (rhyme scheme abaa). Much of the power of this form lies in its repeated lines and their subtly shifting sense or meaning over the course of the poem.	127
7065777977	Wordplay	Techniques by which writers manipulate language for effect; examples include puns (the deliberate misuse of words that sound alike) or double entendres (expressions with two meanings)	128
7065777978	Zeugma	A technique in which one verb is used with multiple (and often incongruous) objects, so that the definition of the verb is changed, complicated, or made both literal and figurative.	129

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AP Language 16 Flashcards

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6572266971	invaluable	extremely useful; indispensable: "An invaluable source of information."	0
6572270314	idiosyncrasy	a mode of behavior or way of thought peculiar to an individual: "One of his little idiosyncrasies was always preferring to be in the car first."	1
6572282027	idiom	a group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words: "'It's raining cats and dogs,' is a strange idiomatic expression."	2
6572317764	vociferous	marked by or given to vehement insistent outcry. "He was a vociferous opponent of the takeover."	3
6572320674	spite	a desire to hurt, annoy, or offend someone: "She'd think I was saying it out of spite."	4
6572327469	empirical	based on observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic: "They provided considerable empirical evidence to support their argument."	5
6572334762	minutiae	the small, precise, or trivial details of something: "The minutiae of everyday life."	6
6572341405	watershed	an event or period marking a turning point in a course of action or state of affairs: "These works mark a watershed in the history of music."	7
6572348869	advent	the arrival of a notable person, thing, or event: "The advent of television."	8
6572353610	provincial	unsophisticated or narrow-minded: "His contributions to the discussion are often provincial."	9

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Period 4 AP World History A Flashcards

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6303099407	Atlantic System	The network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the Atlantic Ocean Basin	0
6303099408	Middle Passage	A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies.	1
6303099409	Aztec Empire	mexican indian people who est. a great empire, centered on the valley of mexico and was overthrown by cortes along with disease in the 16th centuary	2
6303099410	colonies	when a native country forms new land into settlement subject to, or connected with, the parent nation.	3
6303099411	colombian exchange	the exchange of goods between Europe and the Americas after Columbus' discovery	4
6303099412	hernan cortes	1485-1547, Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico	5
6303099413	Francisco Pizzaro	A Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas	6
6303099414	Conquistadors	Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)	7
6303099415	Silver mining and sugar production in the americas	Europe needed a heavy supply of silver because it was the only thing that the Chinese were willing to trade, sugar want increased as they added it to tea and coffee	8
6303099416	counter reformation	the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)	9
6303099417	Inca Empire	Largest Empire ever built in South America; and conquered by the european, Francisco Pizzaro	10
6303099419	Mestizos	A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory	11

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AP World History- Period 6 Flashcards

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6145269666	African National Congress	ANC; South African political party formed in 1912; strongly opposed to apartheid	0
6145269667	apartheid	"separateness"; a series of laws initiated by the Afrikaner National Party in South Africa which was designed to divide South African society by skin color and ethnicity; this system also reserved South Africa's resources for whites	1
6145269668	Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini	lived from 1900 to 1989; religious leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran	2
6145269669	Big Bang theory	theory which suggests that at some moment all matter in the universe was contained in a single point, which is considered the beginning of the universe	3
6145269670	Vladimir Lenin	born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov; lived from 1870 to 1924; the leader of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and premier of the Soviet Union	4
6145269671	Central Powers	one of the two warring factions in World War I; composed of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria; also known as the Quadruple Alliance	5
6145269672	Charles de Gaulle	lived from 1890 to 1970; French general and statesman who led French forces in World War II; served as the president of France from 1959 to 1969	6
6145269673	Che Guevara	lived from 1928 to 1967; Argentine marxist revolutionary who was a major figure in the Cuban Revolution	7
6145269674	Chiang Kai-shek	lived from 1887 to 1975; Chinese military officer who was leader of the Guomindang; fled to Taiwan after the Chinese Communist Party came to power in China	8
6145269675	Chinese Revolution	prolonged communist movement in China and lasted from 1946 to 1950; resulted in the communist takeover of mainland China	9
6145269676	Cold War	a sustained state of political and military tension between members of NATO and members of the Warsaw Pact; dissolution of the Soviet Union was the end of this "conflict"	10
6145269677	collectivization	also known as collective farming and communal farming; system in which the holdings of several farmers are run collectively as a unit; imposed by the government in the Soviet Union	11
6145269678	command economy	a.k.a planned economy; the economic system in which decisions regarding production and investment are embodied in a plan formulated by a central authority, usually by a public body such as a government agency	12
6145269679	containment	the United States policy to prevent the spread of communism abroad during the Cold War; a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge communist influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, Africa, and Vietnam	13
6145269680	Cuban missile crisis	a 13-day confrontation in October 1962 between the Soviet Union and the United States; Soviet missiles moved to Cuban soil in an agreement by Fidel Castro and Nikita Khrushchev; U.S. responds by blockading Cuba; Khrushchev and U.S. President John F. Kennedy reach an agreement in which the Soviets would remove their missiles from Cuba in return for an American promise not to invade Cuba	14
6145269681	cultural imperialism	the practice of promoting or imposing one's culture on another, usually between powerful societies and less-powerful ones	15
6145269682	Cultural Revolution	also known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution; launched by Mao in the late 1960's; aimed to combat the capitalist tendencies he believed had penetrated even the highest ranks of the communist party itself; involved new policies to bring health care and education to the countryside and reinvigorate earlier efforts at rural industrialization under local control	16
6145269683	decolonization	the process of the dissolution of colonial territories and the establishment of independent nations	17
6145269684	Deng Xiaoping	lived from 1904 to 1997; successor to Mao Zedong; reformist who sought to incorporate The People's Republic of China into the world economy; dismantled collectivized farming, state enterprises given greater authority, welcomed foreign investment; crushed democracy movement in Beijing's Tiananmen Square	18
6145269685	environmentalism	ideology which regards the environmental concerns	19
6145269686	European Economic Community	EEC; also known as the Common Market; founded in 1957; originally consisted of Italy, France, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg; expanded membership to almost all of Europe, including former communist states; renamed the European Union in 1994	20
6145269687	Fascism	political ideology which was intensely nationalistic; celebrated action and placed faith in charismatic leaders; and condemned individualism, liberalism, feminism, parliamentary democracy, and communism; adopted by Italy, Germany, and Japan in the years following World War I	21
6145269688	Five Year Plan	a planned economy in which a committee came together to determine rations	22
6145269689	fundamentalism	ideology which demands strict adherence to orthodox theological doctrines	23
6145269690	Gamel Abdel Nasser	lived from 1918 to 1970; second President of Egypt from 1956 to 1970; planned the overthrow of the monarchy and sought to nationalize the Suez Canal	24
6145269691	UN General Assembly	one of the six principal organs of the United Nations and the only one in which all member nations have equal representation; oversee the budget of the United Nations, appoint the non-permanent members to the Security Council, receive reports from other parts of the United Nations and make recommendations in the form of General Assembly Resolutions	25
6145269692	genocide	the systematic destruction of all or part of a racial, ethnic, religious or national group	26
6145269693	Getulio Vargas	lived from 1882 to 1954; ruled Brazil from 1930 to 1945; discrediting of established export elites during the Great Depression leads to his dictatorship; supported the military; took steps to modernize Brazil's urban industrial sector	27
6145269694	global warming	term which refers to the continuing rise in the average temperature of Earth's climate system; viewed as a result of human emissions of greenhouse gases	28
6145269695	globalization of democracy	the spread of democracy throughout the world	29
6145269696	Great Depression	economic depression as a result of the crash of the American stock market; lasted from 1929 until World War II; causes drop in world trade, loss of investment, and businesses unable to make profit; countries or colonies tied to exporting one or two products hardhit as the West consumed less; conditions resulting in the Great Depression led to widespread unemployment and social tensions	30
6145269697	Great Leap Forward	lasted from 1958 to 1960; marked Mao's response to distortions of Chinese socialism; promoted smallscale industrialization in rural areas; tried to foster widespread and practical technological education for all rather than relying on a small elite of highly trained technical experts; envisioned an immediate transition to full communism in the "people's communes" rather than waiting for industrial development to provide the material basis for that transition; massive famine which followed temporarily discredited Mao's radicalism	31
6145269698	Great Purges	also known as the Terror; period of immense paranoia in the Soviet Union of the late 1930's in which communist members accused each other being corrupted by capitalist ideals; enveloped tens of thousands of prominent communists, including all of Lenin's top associates, and millions more of ordinary peoples; based on suspicious associations in the past, denunciations by colleagues, connections to foreign countries, or bad luck; such people were arrested in the middle of the night, then tried and sentenced to either death or long harsh years in remote labor camps known as gulags; close to 1 million peoples executed between 1936 and 1941; additional 4 to 5 million people sent to the gulag, where they were forced to work in horrendous conditions and died in appalling numbers	32
6145269699	Green Revolution	a series of research, and development, and technology transfer initiatives, occurring between the 1940s and the late 1960s, that increased agriculture production worldwide, particularly in the developing world	33
6145269700	Adolf Hitler	lived from 1889 to 1945; leader of the Nazi party in Germany; chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945; dictator of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945	34
6145269701	Ho Chi Minh	lived from 1890 to 1969; Vietnamese communist revolutionary leader; was prime minister (from 1945 to 1955) and president (from 1945 to 1969) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam	35
6145269702	Holocaust	the mass murder of approximately six million Jews during World War II; a program of systematic state-sponsored murder by Nazi Germany; led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party	36
6145269703	International Monetary Fund	IMF; established in 1944 by the Bretton Woods Conference in New Hampshire; sought to promote market economies, free trade, and high growth rates	37
6145269704	Indian National Congress	INC; organization established in 1885; gave expression to the idea of India as a single nation; played a major role in India's independence movement from British colonial rule	38
6145269705	Iranian Cultural Revolution	lasted from 1980 to 198; a period following the Iranian Revolution where intellectuals of Iran were purged of Western and non-Islamic influences to bring it in line with Shia Islam; closed universities between 1980 and 1983, banned many books, and purged thousands of students and lecturers from schools	39
6145269706	iron curtain	the heavily fortified border between Eastern and Western Europe	40
6145269707	Islamic renewal	also referred to as Islamic revival; refers to a renewing of the Islamic religion throughout the Islamic world, that began roughly sometime in 1970s; sought greater religious piety and a growing adoption of Islamic culture	41
6145269708	Jawaharlal Nehru	lived from 1889 to 1964; first Prime Minister of India and was a leading figure in the independence movement against British rule over India	42
6145269709	League of Arab States	a regional organization of Arab countries in and around North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and Southwest Asia; formed in Cairo in 1945 with six members: Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan (Jordan), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Syria; currently has 22 members	43
6145269710	League of Nations	international peacekeeping organization founded as a result of the First World World; proposed by US president Woodrow Wilson; committed to the principle of "collective security" and intended to avoid the repetition of war	44
6145269711	Mahatma Gandhi	lived from 1869 to 1948; leader of the Indian nationalist movement during British control over India; used nonviolent civil disobedience, such as hunger strikes	45
6145269712	Mao Zedong	lived from 1893 to 1976; Chinese communist revolutionary and leader of the People's Republic of China from its establishment 1949 to his death in 1976	46
6145269713	Marshall Plan	plan which sought to rebuild and reshape devastated European economies; funneled Europe some $12 billion with numerous advisers and technicians; motivated by combination of humanitarian concern, a desire to prevent a new depression by creating overseas customers for American goods, and interest in undermining the growing appeal of European communist parties; required European nations to cooperate with one another	47
6145269714	Mikhail Gorbachev	born in 1931; last general secretary of the Soviet Union (1985 to 1991); passed reforms such as perestroika and policies such as glasnost which led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union	48
6145269715	military-industrial complex	the policy and monetary relationships which exist between legislators, national armed forces, and the military industrial base that supports them; include political contributions, political approval for military spending, lobbying to support bureaucracies, and oversight of the industry; most often used in reference to the system behind the military of the United States	49
6145269716	Muhammad Ali Jinnah	lived from 1876 to 1948; founder of Pakistan and the leader of the All-India Muslim League until Pakistan's independence	50
6145269717	Munich Conference	a conference in Munich which permitted Nazi Germany's annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia along German borders mainly inhabited by German speakers; territory now known as "Sudetenland"; widely regarded as a failed act of appeasement toward Germany; agreement was signed in the early hours of 30 September 1938; agreement was signed by Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Italy; Czechoslovakia not invited to the conference	51
6145269718	Benito Mussolini	lived from 1883 to 1945; leader of the Italian National Fascist Party; prime minister of Italy from 1922 to 1943	52
6145269719	Mustafa Kemal Ataturk	lived from 1881 to 1938; founder and the first President of the Republic of Turkey; passed a series of reforms to transform the former Ottoman Empire into a modern, secular, and democratic nation	53
6145269720	North American Free Trade Agreement	NAFTA; regional alliance founded in 1993 and consists of Canada, Mexico, and the United States; the world's second largest free-trade zone	54
6145269721	North Atlantic Treaty Organization	NATO; a military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed in 1949; alliance in which its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party; consists of 28 member states across North America and Europe	55
6145269722	Nazi Germany	a.k.a the Third Reich; lasted from 1933 to 1945; Germany under the leadership of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party	56
6145269723	Nelson Mandela	lived from 1918 to 2013; South African anti-apartheid revolutionary and politician; President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999; served as President of the African National Congress from 1991 to 1997	57
6145269724	New Deal	a series of reforms proposed by United States President Woodrow Wilson; lasted from 1933 to 1942; experimental combination of reforms seeking to restart economic growth and prevent similar failures in the future; reflected the thinking of British economist John Maynard Keynes; argued that government actions and spending programs could moderate recessions and depressions; consisted of immediate programs of public spending (for dams, highways, bridges, and parks) and long-term reforms, such as the Social Security system, minimum wage, and various relief and welfare programs	58
6145269725	non-governmental organization	NGO; an organization that is neither a part of a government nor a conventional for-profit business	59
6145269726	Nikita Khrushchev	lived from 1894 to 1971; leader of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964; responsible for the de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union and backing of the Soviet space program	60
6145269727	Osama bin Laden	lived from 1957 to 2011; Islamic militant who was the leader of the terrorist group al-Qaeda; mastermind behind the 9/11 attacks; played a key role in the US-backed effort to aid mujahideen who fought Soviet forces in Afghanistan	61
6145269728	al-Qaeda	"the base"; terrorist organization formerly headed by Osama bin Laden; behind the 9/11 attacks	62
6145269729	Palestinian Liberation Organization	PLO; an organization founded in 1964 with the purpose of creating an independent State of Palestine	63
6145269730	Pan-Arabism	an ideology proposing the unification of the countries of North Africa and West Asia from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea, referred to as the Arab World	64
6145269731	Pan-Africanism	an ideology which encourages the unity of Africans worldwide	65
6145269732	HIV/AIDS epidemic	epidemic which was first discovered in 1981 among homosexual men and intravenous drug users in New York and San Francisco; eventually became widespread around the world, particularly sub-Saharan Africa; virus attacks and destroys the immune system, which causes a fatal disorder in the immune system; spread through sexual contact with an infected person, contact with contaminated blood, and transmission from mother to child during pregnancy and breastfeeding	66
6145269733	ebola epidemic	an epidemic caused by the Ebola virus; symptoms include fever, throat and muscle pains, headaches, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, and decreased functioning of the liver and kidneys; an 2014 outbreak in West Africa has led to a reported 142 deaths	67
6145269734	influenza epidemic	an epidemic caused by the H1N1 influenza virus; lasted from 1918 to 1920; resulted in 50 to 100 million deaths, ranking it one of the most deadliest natural disasters in human history	68
6145269735	perestroika	an economic program launched by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which freed state enterprises from government regulation, permitted small-scale private businesses, offered opportunities for private farming, and welcomed foreign investment in joint enterprises	69
6145269736	glasnost	a Soviet policy established by Mikhail Gorbachev which permitted cultural and intellectual freedoms	70
6145269737	post-modernism	a late 20th Century movement in the arts, architecture, and criticism; includes skeptical interpretations of culture, literature, art, philosophy, history, economics, architecture, fiction, and literary criticism	71
6145269738	Potsdam Conference	a conference which was held from July 17 to August 2, 1945; participants include the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States; gathered to decide how to punish Nazi Germany, sought to establish a post-war order, address peace treaty issues, and counter the effects of World War II	72
6145269739	Prague Spring	a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during the era of Soviet domination; began on January 5, 1968, when reformist Alexander Dubček was elected First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, and continued until August 21 when the Soviet Union and other members of the Warsaw Pact invaded the country to halt the reforms	73
6145269740	1917 Russian Revolution	a collective term for the series of revolutions in 1917 which ousted Tsar Nicholas II and the tsarist autocracy and replaced it with the communist Bolshiveks	74
6145269741	second-wave feminism	a period of feminist activity that first began in the United States in the early 1960s and eventually spread throughout the Western world; later became a worldwide movement that was strong in Europe and parts of Asia, such as Turkey and Israel; focused on sexuality, family, the workplace, reproductive rights, and various legal and de facto inequalities	75
6145269742	UN Security Council	one of the six principal organs of the United Nations; in charge of the maintenance of international peace and security; this body is able to establish peacekeeping operations, establish international sanctions, and authorize military action through resolutions; the only UN body with the authority to issue binding resolutions to member states	76
6145269743	space race	lasted from 1955 to 1972; a competition between the Soviet Union and the United States for supremacy in spaceflight capability; pioneered advancements such as artificial satellites, as well as manned and unmanned missions into outer space	77
6145269744	sphere of influence	a concept in which a state or organization has a level of cultural, economic, military, or political exclusivity, accommodating to the interests of powers outside the sphere; examples include European "semi-colony" of China	78
6145269745	Joseph Stalin	lived from 1878 to 1953; the leader of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1952; implemented a highly centralized command economy, which resulted in the transformation of Russian society from agrarian to industrialized; imprisoned millions in labor camps and deported many to remote areas; issued the Great Purges, in which hundreds of thousands, including many prominent communists, were executed	79
6145269746	theory of relativity	theory which is composed of special relativity and general relativity; proposed by Albert Einstein; proposes that measurements of various quantities are relative to the velocities of observers, space and time should be considered together and in relation to each other (Spacetime), and the speed of light is constant	80
6145269747	Third World	term which describes the countries that did not align with the Soviet Union or the United States	81
6145269748	total war	war which requires the mobilization of each country's entire populations	82
6145269749	transnational corporations	a.k.a multi-national corporation; an organization that owns or controls production or services facilities in one or more countries other than its home country	83
6145269750	Treaty of Versailles	treaty which formally concluded the World War I in 1919; established the conditions for a World War II; Germany losses colonial empire and 15% of its European territory, required to pay heavy reparations to the winners, had its military forces severely restricted, and had to accept sole responsibility for the war; immense German resentment created from the treaty	84
6145269751	trench warfare	type of warfare using occupied fighting lines consisting largely of trenches, in which troops are significantly protected from the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery; resulted in enormous casualties while gaining or losing a few yards of ground during World War I	85
6145269752	Truman Doctrine	an international relations policy set by the U.S. President Harry Truman in a speech on March 12, 1947; stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent them from falling into the Soviet sphere; often referred to as the beginning of the US policy of containment	86
6145269753	United Nations	organization established in 1945 as a successor to the League of Nations; attempts to find solutions to global problems and deal with virtually any matter of concern to humanity	87
6145269754	Vietnam War	war which occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1956 to 1975; U.S. entered the war to prevent South Vietnam from becoming communist, as a result of its containment policy; Soviet Union backed Northern Vietnamese forces in an attempt to spread communism to Southeast Asia; resulted in the unification of Vietnam under a communist government and the spread of communism to Cambodia and Laos	88
6145269755	Weimar Republic	the federal republic and semi-presidential representative democracy established in 1919 in Germany to replace the imperial form of government after World War I; lasted until the Nazi Party rose to power in 1933; faced numerous problems, including hyperinflation, political extremists and continuing contentious relationships with the victors of World War I	89
6145269756	Winston Churchill	lived from 1874 to 1965; British politician; Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1955	90
6145269757	weapon of mass destruction	WMD; a weapon which has the capability to kill large numbers of people and decimate large swaths of land	91
6145269758	Woodrow Wilson	lived from 1856 to 1924; 28th President of the United States (1913-1921); leader of the Progressive Movement; famous for his Fourteen Points, which sought to avoid another worldwide conflict	92
6145269759	Fourteen Points	a statement given on January 8, 1918 by United States President Woodrow Wilson declaring that World War I was being fought for a moral cause and called for postwar peace in Europe	93
6145269760	World Bank	a United Nations international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programs; its primary goal is to reduce poverty	94
6145269761	World War I	war which lasted from 1914 to 1918; also known as the Great War; pitted the Allies (United Kingdom, France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria); resulted in an Allied victory and Treaty of Versailles, which set the stage for another world war	95
6145269762	World War II	war which lasted from 1939 to 1945; pitted the Allied Powers (Soviet Union, United Kingdom, United States, China and France) against the Axis Powers (Germany, Japan, and Italy); resulted in an Allied victory, the creation of the United Nations, and set the stage for the Cold War	96
6145269763	World Trade Organization	WTO; established in 1994 by the 123 members of GATT; took over GATT activities in 1995; developed into a forum for settling international trade disputes	97
6145269764	Yalta Conference	conference which lasted from February 4 to February 11, 1945; meeting attended by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Premier Joseph Stalin for the purpose of discussing Europe's post-war reorganization; convened in the Livadia Palace near Yalta in Crimea	98
6145269765	Zionist Movement	the national movement of Jews and Jewish culture that supports the creation of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the Land of Israel	99
6145269766	Brazilian Solution	Combination of dictatorship, violent repression, and gov't promotion of industrialization in South American countries	100
6145269767	Universal Declaration of Human Rights	A 1946 United Nations covenant binding signatory nations to the observance of specified rights.	101
6145269768	nongovernmental organizations	Organizations that are not established or associated with any specific organizations. They may be recognized, however, they run on their own. Examples are Green Peace and Amnesty International.	102
6145269769	Tiananmen Square	Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life.	103
6145269770	keiretsu	Japanese business groups after the post-WWII dismantling of the zaibatsu. They are Alliances of corporations each often centered around a bank. They dominate the post-WWII Japanese economy.	104
6145269771	Salvador Allende	The first Marxist politician elected president in the Americas. He was elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by a US-backed military coup in 1973.	105
6145269772	NATO	An international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security.	106
6145269773	Warsaw Pact	An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO	107

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AP World History Finals Flashcards

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5741702047	How long did the Sui last?	34 years	0
5741706032	The Sui and Tang government was	based in Confucianism but heavily influenced by Buddhism	1
5741712122	Where was the Sui & Tang government located?	Chang'an (modern day Xian)	2
5741719789	What led to the Sui & Tang's demise?	Vast building projects (Grand Canal) and military spending	3
5741728627	Which religion influenced the Tang?	Mahayana Buddhism	4
5741730850	Who were the Uigurs?	A Turkic group from central Asia	5
5741741262	Who were the Tibet?	A large empire in central Asia with influences from southeast Asia, China, India, and the middle East	6
5741749313	who did the Tibet develop a rivalry with?	The Tang	7
5741755119	What caused a loss of political power for women in China?	When the 9th century Tang rulers broke from Buddhist influences, reasserting Confucianism as dominant.	8
5741767000	Why did the Tang end	Internal rebellions and military governance	9
5741777168	Who was the strongest emerging group in East Asia?	The Song	10
5741787088	What fields did the Song make technological innovations in?	Math, Astronomy, and Calendars	11
5741797099	What religion dominated the Song?	Confucianism dominated, although Buddhism remained popular.	12
5741803564	What credit system did the Song implant?	flying money	13
5741807550	Which Dynasty practiced foot binding?	The Song	14
5741832313	What did Koreans invent?	Woodblock print typing and moveable type	15
5741841234	What was Japan's main religion?	Shinto with Buddhist influences	16
5741848412	What was Vietnam's economy based around?	rice	17
5741852157	What cultures influenced Southern VIetnam?	Malay and Indian cultures	18
5741860467	Who was the first teacher of Islam & how did he know what to teach?	Muhammad, a profit who heard Allah speaking to him	19
5741869885	Where did Islam originate?	Mecca and Medina	20
5741890229	What are the main beliefs of Islam?	there are six pillars of faith: Belief in Allah, His angels, His books to mankind, His Prophets and Messengers, the Day of Judgement, and Destiny.	21
5741912518	What has always been a major division in Islam?	Belief in who should succeed Muhammad.	22
5741939821	Who were the caliphs?	Spiritual leaders of Islam	23
5741965601	Who were the Moors?	Northwestern African Muslim people	24
5741974212	Who was Saladin?	a Muslim military and politic leader who led Islam in the Crusades.	25
5741997640	Where and what was the Byzantine Empire?	A "New Rome" located in Byzantium	26
5742044430	What were some of the cultural achievements of the Byzantine?	Deciphering Roman law codes & expansion on existing codes.	27
5742078256	What happened to Western Europe after the fall of Rome in 476 CE?	The city was devastated for the next 400 years and the population count decreased largely.	28
5742091479	Explain feaudalism	A Vassal was assigned to a lord and promised to provide help in times of war. In return the lord granted the Vassal fief, a piece of land they could live on.	29
5742109111	Most people of the Middle Ages fit into what social class?	serfs or peasants	30
5742132821	Why was monasticism important in the Middle Ages?	The monastery was used as a source of refuge for pilgrims. The monastery engaged in social work that involved feeding the hungry and caring for the sick. The medieval monasteries offered education mainly to boys who were looking for a life of priesthood and those who were looking to enter other professions. The monasteries were also in charge of copying, by hand, the manuscripts of classical writers in an effort to preserve these manuscripts. They also penned down the Bible in Latin and distributed copies to the community. They record events that took place during this time and these served as a good source of middle ages historical records.	31
5742182769	What were the results of the Christian crusades?	The crusades led to great European territorial expansion as well as militarization of the western Church.	32
5742206404	What was the Grand Canal	The longest canal in the world. It was built to easily ship grain from the rich farmland in southern China to the capital city in Beijing.	33
5742272329	What accomplishments were the Tang dynasty known for?	1. During the Tang dynasty, China reached unprecedented heights, becoming the largest and strongest nation in the world. 2. Chinese poetry reached its pinnacle 3. Literature flourished. 4. A better form of porcelain and gunpowder was invented. 5. Painting developed dramatically.	34
5742320374	What are Neo-Confucianists?	People who believe in a philosophy influenced by Confucianism.	35
5742463266	What was the status of women in Song China?	Most Song women lived on farms. Their lives revolved around hard work, and rights had little to do with their lives.	36
5742476607	Who was Quetzalcoatl?	A feathered serpent, a flying reptile.	37
5742498297	What strategies were employed by the Mayans in building their temples and pyramids?	The Mayans used limestone, stone, and wood in their building. They sometimes built structures to align with Venus, the sun, or the moon.	38
5742524188	Where was Teotihuacan located?	Mexico City	39
5742528339	What significant contributions did the Mayans give the world?	The Mayan calendar and zero.	40
5742545185	How did the Aztecs support such a large population?	They kept their population in check through human sacrifice.	41
5742581370	What was the Mit'a?	The Mit'a was an Inca system where every person was required to do a certain amount of public service every year.	42
5742594687	Where did the Inca build their empire?	A large portion of western South America.	43

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AP WORLD HISTORY - BENTLEY unit 3 Flashcards

Terms from 13 to 17

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5568260397	Constantine	Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337)	0
5568260398	Justinian	Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code	1
5568260399	Theodora	The wife of Justinian, she helped to improve the status of women in the Byzantinian Empire and encouraged her husband to stay in Constntinople and fight the Nike Revolt.	2
5568260400	Belisarius	A Byzantine general under Justinian. He recovered former Roman territories in Northern Africa and fought against the Persians.	3
5568260401	Basil II	The Byzantine ruler who led a resurgence of power in the eleventh century by crushing the Bulgars; established the theme system in the empire	4
5568260402	St Cyril	a missionary sent by the Byzantine government to eastern Europe and the Balkans... converted southern Russia and Balkans to Orthodox Christianity...responsible for creation of written script for Slavic known as Cyrillic	5
5568260403	Vladimir of Kiev	Prince Vladimir of Kiev converted to Orthodox Christianity around 989. He ordered that his subjects convert, affirming the influence that Byzantine had on Russia.	6
5568260404	Constantinople	Previously known as Byzantium, Constantine changed the name of the city and moved the capitol of the Roman Empire here from Rome.	7
5568260405	Caesaropapism	Religious and political power concentrated in the hands of the emperor	8
5568260406	Hagia Sophia	Most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world.	9
5568260407	Greek fire	Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals (petroleum, quicklime, sulfur) that ignited when exposed to water; utilized to drive back Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople	10
5568260408	Iconoclasm	A religious controvery of the 8th century; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to surpress icon veneration	11
5568260409	Crusades	A series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims	12
5568260410	Saljuqs	Turkish tribe that gained control over the Abbasid empire and fought with the Byzantine empire.	13
5568260411	Ottomans	Turks who had come to Anatolia and conquered Constantinople and changed the name to Istanbul. They converted to Islam	14
5568260412	Cyrillic alphabet	an alphabet drived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages	15
5568260413	Kiev	Trade city in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders in 9th century; became focal point for kingdom of Russia that flourished to 12th century.	16
5568260414	Muhammad	the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)	17
5568260415	Ali	the fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites	18
5568260416	Allah	Muslim name for the one and only God	19
5568260417	Dar al-Islam	an Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule.	20
5568260418	Umma	the community of all Muslims	21
5568260419	Five Pillars of Islam	true Muslims were expected to follow (principle of Salvation): belief in Allah, pray 5 times a day, giving of alms, fasting during Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime	22
5568260420	Sharia	body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life	23
5568260421	Caliph	a supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government	24
5568260422	Umayyad	Arabic dynasty (661-750), with its capital at Damascus, that was marked by a tremendous period of expansion to Spain in the west and India in the east.	25
5568260423	Shia	The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad	26
5568260424	Abbasid	Dynasty that overthrew the Umayyad to rule the Muslim caliphate from 750 to 1258; for 150 years they maintained the unity of the caliphate and Islamic civilization and culture flourished	27
5568260425	Ulama	Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies.	28
5568260426	Caravanseria	an inn with a large outdoor area where caravans could stay	29
5568260427	Sufis	a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life	30
5568260428	Hajj	the fifth pillar of Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca during the month of Dhu al-Qadah	31
5568260429	Madrasas	Islamic schools	32
5568260430	Sui Dynasty	The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China	33
5568260431	Grand Canal	The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.	34
5568260432	Tang Dynasty	Considered the golden age of Chinese civilization and ruled for nearly 300 years; China grew under the dynasty to include much of eastern Asia, as well as large parts of Central Asia	35
5568260433	Equal-field system	Agricultural reform favoring the peasants under the Tang dynasty in China, inheritance system where 1/5 of the land when to the peasant's descendants and the rest went to the government.	36
5568260434	Bureaucracy of Merit	Bureaucracy chosen by civil service examinations based on Confucian education - no longer decided by family lineage	37
5568260435	Middle Kingdom	refers to China because the people believed that their land stood between heaven and earth.	38
5568260436	Uighurs	Nomadic Turkish people who were hired by the Tang to defeat the rebellion of An Lushan, later sacked Chang'an and Luoyang.	39
5568260437	Song Dynasty	(960 - 1279 AD); this dynasty was started by Tai Zu; by 1000, a million people were living there; started feet binding; had a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with India and Persia (brought pepper and cotton); first to have paper money, explosive gun powder; *landscape black and white paintings	40
5568260438	Khitan	Nomadic peoples of Manchuria; militarily superior to Song dynasty China but influenced by Chinese culture; forced humiliating treaties on Song China in 11th century	41
5568260439	Neo-Confucianism	The Confucian response to Buddhism by taking Confucian and Buddhist beliefs and combining them into this. However, it is still very much Confucian in belief.	42
5568260440	Silla	Independent Korean kingdom in southeastern part of peninsula; defeated Koguryo along with their Chinese Tang allies; submitted as a vassal of the Tang emperor and agreed to tribute payment; ruled united Korea by 668.	43
5568260441	Vietnam	Southeastern Asian country, called Nam Viet, successfully rebelled from China in 939. fell into chaos, stabilized after a series of long dynasties	44
5568260442	Nara Japan	Japanese period (710-794) centered around city of Nara, that was the highest point of Chinese influence.	45
5568260443	Heian period	The era in Japanese history from A.D. 794-1185, arts and writing flourished during this time. Moved away from Chinese culture	46
5568260444	Minamoto	Defeated the rival Taira family in Gempei Wars and established military government (bakufu) in 12th century Japan	47
5568260445	Shogun	a hereditary military dictator of Japan	48
5568260446	Samurai	a Japanese warrior who was a member of the feudal military aristocracy	49
5568260447	Bushido	The strict code of behavior followed by samurai warriors in Japan	50
5568260448	Harsha	(r.606-648 CE) He restored centralized rule in northern India after the collapse of the Gupta. He can be compared to Charlemagne.	51
5568260449	Mahmud of Ghazni	Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression.	52
5568260450	Sultanate of Delhi	Unstable kingdom in North India founded by the Ghaznavids. This invasion was more systematic than Mahmud's and after it succedded, the capital was established at Delhi. Raided south India. Established Islam in India.	53
5568260451	Chola kingdom	Kingdom situated in the deep south. At its high point, Chola forces conquered Ceylon and parts of southeast Asia, funded by the profits of trade, dominated the sea, did not build a tightly centralized state.	54
5568260452	Kingdom of Axum	Founded in the highlands of northern Ethiopia, adopted Christianity, built an empire that included most of Ethiopia as well as Yemen in southern Arabia.	55
5568260453	Sufis	a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life	56
5568260454	Clovis	king of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris and founded the Frankish monarchy	57
5568260455	Charles Martel	Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe.	58
5568260456	Charlemagne	Frankish king who conquered most of Europe and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in the year 800	59
5568260457	Pope Gregory I	He protected the city of Rome and the church by mobilizing forces for the purpose of defense; he reasserted papal supremacy and increased the role and importance of the church in people's lives	60
5568260458	Franks	Group of Germanic people who rose to prominence under the leadership of King Clovis. They converted to Christianity	61
5568260459	Missi dominici	Royal officials under Charlemagne who traveled around the country to enforce the king's laws	62
5568260460	Magyars	Muslims who attacked Europe and converted to Christianity and established Hungary	63
5568260461	Vikings	Seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western from the eighth through the tenth century.	64
5568260462	Holy Roman Empire	Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor who had little control over the hundreds of princes who elected him. It lasted from 962 to 1806.	65
5568260463	Monasticism	A way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith	66

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AP US History Period 2 Flashcards

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8044297230	The Protestant Reformation	Protestant religions had... - more emphasis on the bible -All should be able to read bible -"Priesthood" of all believers Resulting religions include... -Lutherans -Quakers -Anglican -Calvin-Puritains-Congregational church	0
8044297231	Triangular trade	Econamic system that comes after the Columbian Exchange -Navigation laws where created to control this.	1
8044297232	Mercantilism, Navigation acts and Salutary Neglect	-Enforce of neglect Attempts to enforce mercantilism are navigation acts "trade laws" -Salutary Neglect-let countries run themselves why?- might make money anyway -too many problems on their own -costly Impact of this? used to note being taxed and then when the are they get upset.	2
8044297233	The great awakening	-1730's Jonathan Edward -"sinners in the hands of an angry god." -put fear of religion in people George Whitefield-Enlightment -Evangelicalism -Emotionalism -open air preaching Colonial unity in the way that all the colonies brought emotionalism in religion.	3
8044297234	The Zenger Trial	John Peter Zenger was put in jail for saying negative things about the government and his lawyer argued that what he said was okay because it was all true. Established the freedom of press and speech.	4
8044297235	Women in colonial America (differences between Northern and Southern colonies)	-A vast majority of woman worked at home doing housework and tending to the children. -Some also helped with farming -Some southern aristocrats had slaves	5
8044297236	American indian practices, colonial interactions with Indians	-When the Colonists started moving west they got closer to the Indians and killed them off with the new illnesses that they brought also with their European weapons.	6
8044297237	Role of disease	Killed most new settlers at Jamestown Killed Indians once colonists moved west	7
8044297238	Cash Crops	crops, such as tobacco, rice, sugar, and indigo, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit This was the #1 reason for slavery in the south.	8
8044297239	The Enlightenment	1650-1790 Scientific revolution -from Europe -Emphasis on reason and progress Religion -deism -skeptism Politics -More Republics and Democracy (Franklin, Jefferson)	9
8044297240	Early signs of colonial democracy(6)	House of Burgesses -Chesapeake -white landowning men can vote Town Hall -Mass. -white male members of church can vote Mayflower compact 1620 -ruled by majority -established first town meeting Fundamental orders of Conn. -first Constitution Maryland act of Toleration -1649 act of religious toleration to Christians only in MD Rhode Island and separation of church and state in 1644	10
8044297241	Early signs of colonial unity	-The New England Confederation (1643-) (Plymouth, MA bay, CT) not RI Created to deal with the Pequot war, King Philips war and the Anglo Dutch war -Emotionalism- part of great awakening	11
8044297242	Geography, economics and climate of NE colonies	-Rocky soil not fit for plantations -Short growing seasons -More trade and commerce	12
8044297243	Emphasis on shipbuilding	-Trade and commerce	13
8044297244	Mayflower compact	1620 -rule by majority -established first town meeting	14
8044297245	Mass. Bay Colony	Established 1620 by Puritans -1630 11 vesels -Winthrop's "city on a hill" -Religious -Goal: create a model community for christians to copy -"blue laws"-silly religious laws -"Freedmen" where free white men part of church elected representation and had right to vote -NE way: relationship btwn church and state -Emphasis on education-1636 Harvard College Established	15
8044297246	Puritans-congregational church	-self governing puritan without hierarchy of the anglican church -lead to democracy	16
8044297247	"City upon a hill"-Winthrop	Basically said that their society would be a model for all others in the future -shows how religious they where	17
8044297248	Salem Witch trials	1692 Salem part of Mass. Puritanical town (belief in God and devil) Droughts and floods common 150 imprisoned 19 hanged, 5 died in prison Ended because governor and his wife where accused.	18
8044297249	Pequot wars-King Philip's war, 1675	Issues with the Natives -Colonists win because of new illnesses and European weapons (The colonists increase of land lead to more conflict with natives.)	19
8044297250	The NE confederation	(1643-) (Plymouth, MA bay, CT) not RI Created to deal with the Pequot war, King Philips war and the Anglo Dutch war -First sign of colonial unity	20
8044297251	Boston	major city	21
8044297252	Middle colonies	-"bread basket" -Wheat -Corn -Diverse cities	22
8044297253	Philadelphia, NYC	Major cities	23
8044297254	William Penn and Pennsylvania	-Formed by quakers -Good relations with Indians	24
8044297255	Chesapeake Colonies	First indentured servants came here but that changed because of bacon's rebellion and there was a lot of money to be made in tobacco (1680's)	25
8044297256	Indentured servitude-Slavery	Indentured servitude- White males that did work for 1 to 7 years and in return they received a journey to America. -Ended because of Bacon's rebellion (1676) -So they needed a source of labor that wouldn't fight back they looked to Africa.	26
8044297257	Maryland Act of Toleration	(1649) Granted freedom of religion to all christians so no Jewish people ect.	27
8044297258	Virginia House of Burgesses	The first elected assembly in the New World, established in 1619	28
8044297259	Tobacco	Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown	29
8044297260	Anglo-Powhatan wars	Conflict with Indians	30
8044297261	Bacon's rebellion	(1676) Virginia backcountry farmers and indentured servants revolt against Governor William Berkley's refusal to defend them against Indian attacks. However it eventually became a boxer conflict between the impoverished and the planter elite. -basically rich V.S. poor	31
8044297262	rice, indigo	South's economy is based on these crops	32
8044297263	Southern colonies	-relation with West indies	33
8044297264	Institutional, Plantation slavery	Legalize slavery	34
8044297265	Barbados slave code	(1661)-racism -first thing that says what slave owners can do to slaves -children of slaves are your slaves too -brought to southern colonies by immigrants from west indies.	35
8044297266	Charleston	major city	36
8044297267	Slave culture	mixing of American and African cultures They tried to hold on to their old African culture -No major slave revlolts -Language: Gullah (spoke in SC) -Religion: Many adopted Christianity with African elements Music: The development of Jazz	37

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AP US History Chapter 13 Flashcards

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5164043243	Manifest Destiny	A term coined by John L. O'Sullivan in 1845 to express the idea that Euro-Americans were fated by God to settle the North American continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.	0
5164043244	Californios	The elite Mexican ranchers in the province of California.	1
5164043245	"Fifty-four forty or fight"	Democratic candidate James K. Polk's slogan in the election of 1844 calling for the opening up of lands for American settlement in Texas and sovereignty over the entire Oregon Country.	2
5164043246	conscience Whigs	Whig politicians who opposed the Mexican War (1846-1848) on moral grounds, maintaining the the purpose of the war was to expand and perpetuate slavery. They feared that the addition of more slave states would ensure the South's control of the national government.	3
5164043247	Wilmot Proviso	1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico	4
5164043248	free-soil movement	A political movement that opposed the expansion of slavery. In 1848 the free-soilers organized the Free-Soil Party, which depicted slavery as a threat to republicanism and to the Jeffersonian ideal of a freeholder society, arguments that won broad support among aspiring white farmers.	5
5164043249	squatter sovereignty	A plan promoted by Democratic candidate Senator Lewis Cass under which Congress would allow settlers in each territory to determine its status as free or slave.	6
5164043250	forty-niners	The more than 80,000 settlers who arrived in California in 1849 as part of that territory's gold rush.	7
5164043251	"slavery follows the flag"	The assertion by John C. Calhoun that planters could by right take their slave property into new territories.	8
5164043252	Compromise of 1850	Laws passed in 1850 that were meant to resolve the dispute over the status of slavery in the territories. Key elements include the admission of California as a free state and the Fugitive Slave Act.	9
5164043253	personal-liberty laws	Laws enacted in many northern states that guaranteed to all residents, including alleged fugitives, the right to a jury trial.	10
5164043254	Gadsden Purchase	A small slice of land (now part of Arizona and New Mexico) purchased by President Franklin Pierce in 1853 for the purpose of building a transcontinental rail line from New Orleans to Los Angeles.	11
5164043255	Kansas-Nebraska Act	1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.	12
5164043256	American, or Know-Nothing Party	A political party formed in 1851 that drew on the anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic movements of the 1840s. In 1854, the party gained control of the state governments of Massachusetts and Pennsylvania.	13
5164043257	"Bleeding Kansas"	Term for the bloody struggle between proslavery and antislavery factions in Kansas following its organization as a territory in the fall of 1854.	14
5164043258	Dred Scott v. Sandford	The 1857 Supreme Court Decision that ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional. The Court ruled against salve Dred Scott who claimed that travels with his master into free states and territories made him and his family free. The decision also denied the federal government the right to exclude slavery from the territories and declared that African Americans were not citizens.	15
5164043259	Freeport Doctrine	Doctrine developed by Stephen Douglas that said the exclusion of slavery in a territory could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property.	16
5164043260	James K Polk	Governor of Tennessee, slave owner, President, "Young Hickory", supported "re-occupation of Oregon and re-annexation of Texas"	17
5164043261	Frederick Douglass	One of the most prominent African American figures in the abolitionist movement; escaped from slavery; advocated freedom from slavery & full citizenship rights for all blacks.	18
5164043262	Zachary Taylor	"Old Rough and Ready", (1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore.	19
5164043263	Lewis Cass	Democratic senator who proposed popular sovereignty to settle the slavery question in the territories; he lost the presidential election in 1848 against Zachary Taylor but continued to advocate his solution to the slavery issue throughout the 1850s.	20
5164043264	Stephen Douglas	A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty.	21
5164043265	Harriet Beecher Stowe	(1811-1896) American author and daughter of Lyman Beecher, she was an abolitionist and author of the famous antislavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin.	22
5164043266	John Brown	Well-known abolitionist who led the Pottawatamie Massacre (Bleeding Kansas) and the raid on the arsenal at Harper's Ferry where he was captured, tried and hanged.	23
5164043267	Abraham Lincoln	16th president of the United States; helped preserve the United States by leading the defeat of the secessionist Confederacy; an outspoken opponent of the expansion of slavery.	24
5164043268	John O'Sullivan	coined the term "manifest destiny"	25
5164043269	Ostend Manifesto	An 1854 manifesto that urged President Franklin Pierce to seize the slave-owning province of Cuba from Spain. Northern Democrats denounced this aggressive initiative, and the plan was scuttled.	26
5164043270	Winfield Scott	US general in the Mexican War; led the capture of Mexico City	27
5164043271	John Sloat	naval commander who landed in California	28
5164043272	John C. Fremont	an American military officer, explorer	29
5164043273	John Tyler	10th president; proslavery; called for the annexation of Texas	30
5164043274	Thomas Oliver Larkin	Merchant in. Monterey, CA, did NOT assimilate into Mexican culture white working with Mexican politicians and landowners.	31
5164043275	Ulysses S. Grant	young officer under General Zachary Taylor during the War with Mexico	32
5164043276	John Sutter	Owner of the mill where gold was discovered that helped start the California Gold Rush	33