| 906118994 | Canadian Shield | First part of the North American land mass to emerge above sea level | | 1 |
| 906118995 | Incas | Highly advanced South American civilization that occupied present-day Peru until they were conquered by Spanish forces under Francisco Pizarro in 1532. The Incas developed sophisticated agricultural techniques, such as terrace farming, in order to sustain large complex societies in the unforgiving Andes Mountains. | | 2 |
| 906118996 | Aztecs | Native American empire that controlled present-day Mexico until 1521, when they were conquered by Spanish Hernan Cortes. The Aztecs maintained control over their vast empire through a system of trade and tribute, and came to be known for their advances in mathematics and writing, and their use of human sacrifices in religious ceremonies. | | 3 |
| 906118997 | Nation-States | Political entities that exist simultaneously as sovereign geo-political units and national cultural communities. | | 4 |
| 906118998 | Cahokia | c. 1100 AD. Mississippian settlement near present-day East St. Louis, home to as many as 25,000 Native Americans. | | 5 |
| 906118999 | Three-Sister Farming | Agricultural system employed by North American Indians as early as 1000 AD; maize, beans, and quash were grown together to maximize yields. | | 6 |
| 906119000 | Middlemen | In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original producers of goods and the retail merchants who sell to consumers. After the eleventh century, European exploration was driven in large part by a desire to acquire alluring Asian goods without paying heavy tolls to Muslim middlemen. | | 7 |
| 906119001 | Caravel | Small regular vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails. Caravels could sail more closely into the wind, allowing European sailors to explore the Western shores of Africa, previously made inaccessible due to prevailing winds on the homeward journey. | | 8 |
| 906119002 | Plantation | Large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crops and usually employed coerced or slave labor. European settlers established plantations in Africa, South American, the Caribbean, and the American South. | | 9 |
| 906119003 | Columbian Exchange | The transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492. | | 10 |
| 906119004 | Treaty of Tordesillas | 1494. Signed by Spain and Portugal, dividing the territories of the New World. Spain received the bulk of territory in the Americas, compensating Portugal with titles to lands in Africa and Asia. | | 11 |
| 906119005 | Conquistadores | Sixteenth-century Spaniards who fanned out across the Americas, from Colorado to Argentina, eventually conquering the Aztec and Incan Empires. | | 12 |
| 906119006 | Capitalism | Economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade, and open and accessible markets. European colonization of the Americas, and in particular, the discovery of vast bullion deposits, helped bring about Europe's transition to capitalism. | | 13 |
| 906119007 | Encomienda | Spanish government's policy to "command," or give, Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them. Part of the broader Spanish effort to subdue Indian tribes in the West Indies and on the North American mainland. | | 14 |
| 906119008 | Noche Triste | June 30, 1520. "Sad Night," when the Aztecs attacked Hernan Cortes and his forces in the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, killing hundreds. Cortes laid siege to the city the following years, precipitating the fall of the Aztec Empire and inaugurating three centuries of Spanish rule. | | 15 |
| 906119009 | Mestizos | People of mixed Indian and European heritage, notably in Mexico. | | 16 |
| 906119010 | Battle of Acoma | Fought between Spaniards under Don Juan de Onate and the Pueblo Indians in present-day New Mexico. Spaniards brutally crushed the Pueblo peoples and established the territory as New Mexico in 1609. | | 17 |
| 906119011 | Pope's Rebellion | Pueblo Indian rebellion which drove Spanish settlers from New Mexico. | | 18 |
| 906119012 | Black Legend | False notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ. | | 19 |
| 906119013 | Ferdinand of Aragon | Spanish monarch, unified Spain and fought the Moors. With wife Isabella of Castile funded Christopher Columbus' voyage across the Atlantic in 1492, leading to his discovery of the West Indies. | | 20 |
| 906119014 | Isabella of Castile | Spanish monarch, along with her husband Ferdinand of Aragon,funded Christopher Columbus' voyage across the Atlantic in 1492, leading to his discovery of the West Indies. | | 21 |
| 906119015 | Christopher Columbus | 1451-1506 Genoese explorer who stumbled upon the West Indies in 1492 while in search of a new water route to Asia. Columbus made three subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and briefly served as a colonial administrator on the island of Hispaniola, present day Haiti. | | 22 |
| 906119016 | Francisco Coronado | 1510-1554. Spanish explorer who ventured from Western Mexico through present-day Arizona and up to Kansas, in search of fabled golden cities. | | 23 |
| 906119017 | Francisco Pizarro | c. 1475-1541. Spanish conquistador who crushed the Incas in 1532 and founded the city of Lima, Peru. | | 24 |
| 906119018 | Bartolome de las Casas | 1474-1566. Reform-minded Spanish missionary who worked to abolish the encomienda system and documented the mistreatment of Indians in the Spanish colonies. | | 25 |
| 906119019 | Hernan Cortes | 1485-1547. Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztec empire and claimed Mexico for DSpain. | | 26 |
| 906119020 | Malinche (Dona Marina) | c. 1501-1550. Indian slave who served as an interpreter for Hernan Cortes on his conquest of the Aztecs. Malinche later married one of Cortes' soldiers, who took her with him back to Spain. | | 27 |
| 906119021 | Moctezuma | 1466-1520. Last of the Aztec rulers, who saw his powerful empire crumble under the force of the Spanish invasion, led by Hernan Cortes. | | 28 |
| 906119022 | Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) | c.1450-c.1498. Italian explorer sent by England's King Henry VII to explore the northeastern coast of North America in 1497-1498. | | 29 |
| 906119023 | Robert de La Salle | 1643-1687. French explorer who led an expedition down the Mississippi River in the 1680s. | | 30 |
| 906119024 | Father Junipero Serra | 1713-1784. Franciscan priest who established a chain of missions along the California coast, beginning in San Diego in 1769, with the aim of Christianizing and civilizing native peoples. | | 31 |
| 906119025 | Protestant Reformation | 16th Century. Movement to reform the Catholic Church launched in Germany by Martin Luther. Reformers questioned the authority of the Pope, sought to eliminate the selling of indulgences, and encouraged the translation of the Bible from Latin, which few at the time could read. The reformation was launched in England in the 1530s when King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church. | | 32 |
| 906119026 | Roanoke Island | 1585. Sir Walter Raleigh's failed colonial settlement off the coast of North Carolina. | | 33 |
| 906119027 | Spanish Armada | 1588. Spanish fleet defeated in the English Channel in 1588.. The defeat of the Armada marked the beginning of the decline of the Spanish Empire. | | 34 |
| 906119028 | Primogeniture | Legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property of land. Landowner's younger sons, forced to seek their fortunes elsewhere, pioneered early exploration and settlement of the Americas. | | 35 |
| 906119029 | Joint-Stock Company | Short-term partnership between multiple investors to fund a commercial enterprise; such arrangements were used to fund England's early colonial ventures. | | 36 |
| 906119030 | Virginia Company | English joint-stock company that received a charter from King James I that allowed it to found the Virginia colony. | | 37 |
| 906119031 | Charter | Legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose, and spelling out the attending rights and obligations. British colonial charters guaranteed inhabitants all the rights of Englishmen, which helped solidify colonists' ties to Britain during the early years of settlement. | | 38 |
| 906119032 | Jamestown | First permanent English settlement in North America founded by the Virginia Company. | | 39 |
| 906119033 | First Anglo-Powhatan War | 1614. Series of clashes between the Powhatan Confederacy and English settlers in Virginia. English colonists torched and pillaged Indian villages, applying tactics used in England's campaigns against the Irish. | | 40 |
| 906119034 | Second Anglo-Powhatan War | 1644-1646. Last-ditch effort by the Indians to dislodge Virginia settlements. The resulting peace treaty formally separated white and Indian areas of settlement. | | 41 |
| 906119035 | House of Burgesses | Representative parliamentary assembly created to govern Virginia, established a precedent for government in the English colonies. | | 42 |
| 906119036 | Act of Toleration | 1649. Passed in Maryland, it guaranteed toleration to all Christians but decreed the death penalty for those, like Jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ. Ensured that Maryland would continue to attract a high proportion of Catholic migrants throughout the colonial period. | | 43 |
| 906119037 | Barbados Slave Code | 1661. First formal statute governing the treatment of slaves, which provided for harsh punishments against offending slaves but lacked penalties for the mistreatment of slaves by masters. Similar statutes were adopted by Southern Plantation societies on the North American mainland in the 17t and 18th centuries. | | 44 |
| 906119038 | Squatters | Frontier farmers who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement. Many North Carolina's early settlers were squatters, who contributed to the colony's reputation of being more independent-minded and "democratic" than its neighbors. | | 45 |
| 906119039 | Iroquois Confederacy | Bound together five tribes--the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas--in the Mohawk Valley of what is now New York State. | | 46 |
| 906119040 | Tuscarora War | 1711-1713. Began with an Indian attack on Newbern, North Carolina. After the Tuscaroras were defeated, remaining Indian survivors migrated northward, eventually joining the Iroquois Confederacy as its sixth nation. | | 47 |
| 906119041 | Yamassee Indians | Defeated by the South Carolinans in the war of 1715-1716. The Yamasee defeat devastated the last of the coastal Indian tribes in the Southern colonies. | | 48 |
| 906119042 | Buffer | In politics, a territory between two antagonistic powers, intended to minimize the possibility of conflict between them. In British North America, Georgia was established as a buffer colony between British and Spanish territory. | | 49 |
| 906119043 | Henry VIII | 1491-1547. Tudor monarch who launched the Protestant Reformation in England when he broke away from the Catholic Church in order to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. | | 50 |
| 906119044 | Elizabeth I | 1533-1603. Protestant Queen of England, whose forty-five year reign from 1558-1603 firmly secured the Anglian Church and inaugurated a period of maritime exploration and conquest. Never having married. she was dubbed the "Virgin Queen" by her contemporaries. | | 51 |
| 906119045 | Sir Francis Drake | c.1542-1595. English sea captain who completed his circumnavigation of the globe in 1580, plundering Spanish ships and settlements along the way. | | 52 |
| 906119046 | Sir Walter Raleigh | c.1552-1618. English courtier and adventurer who sponsored the failed settlements of North Carolina's Roanoke Island in 1585 and 1587. Once a favorite of Elizabeth I, Raleigh fell out of favor with the Virgin queen after secretly marrying one of her maids of hour. He continued his colonial pursuits until 1618, when he was executed for treason. | | 53 |
| 906119047 | James I | 1566-1625. Formerly James VI of Scotland, he became James I of England at the death of Elizabeth I. James I supported overseas colonization, granting a charter or the Virginia Company in 1606 for a settlement in the New World. He also cracked down on both Catholics and Puritan Separatists, prompting the latter to flee to Holland and, later, to North America. | | 54 |
| 906119048 | Captain John Smith | 1580-1631. English adventurer who took control of Jamestown in 1608 and ensured the survival of the colony by directing gold-hungry colonists toward more productive tasks, Smith also established ties with Powhatan Indians through the chief's daughter, Pocahontas, who had "saved" Smith from a mock execution the previous year. | | 55 |
| 906119049 | Powhatan | c.1540s-1618. Chief of Powhatan Indians and father of Pocahontas. As a show of force, Powhatan staged the kidnapping and mock execution of Captain John Smith in 1607. He later led the Powhatan Indians in the first Anglo-Powhatan War, negotiating a tenuous peace in 1614. | | 56 |
| 906119050 | Pocahontas | c.1595-1617. Daughter of Chief Powhatan, Pocahontas "saved" Captain John Smith in a dramatic mock execution and served as a mediator between Indians and the colonists. In 1614, she married John Rolfe and sailed with him to England, where she was greeted as a princess, and where she passed away shortly before her planned return to the colonies. | | 57 |
| 906119051 | Lord De La Warr | 1577-1618. Colonial governor who imposed harsh military rule over Jamestown after taking over in 1610. A veteran of England's brutal campaigns against the Irish, De La Warr applied harsh "Irish" tactics in his war against the Indians, sending troops to torch Indian villages and seize provisions. the colony of Delaware was named after him. | | 58 |
| 906119052 | John Rolfe | 1585-1622. English colonist whose marriage to Pocahontas in 1614 sealed the peace of the First Anglo-Powhatan War. | | 59 |
| 906119053 | Lord Baltimore | 1605-1675. Established Maryland as a haven for Catholics. Baltimore unsuccessfully tried to reconstitute the English manorial system in the colonies and gave cast tracts of land to Catholic relatives, a policy that soon create tensions between the seaboard Catholic establishment and backcountry Protestant Planters. | | 60 |
| 906119054 | Oliver Cromwell | 1599-1658. Puritan general who helped lead parliamentary forces during the English civil War, and ruled England as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658. | | 61 |
| 906119055 | James Olgethorpe | 1696-1785. Soldier-statesman and leading founder of Georgia. A champion of prison reform, Oglethorpe established Georgia as a haven for debtors seeking to avoid imprisonment, During the War of Jenkins's Ear, Oglethorpe successfully led his colonists in battle, repelling a Spanish attack on British territory. | | 62 |
| 906119056 | Hiawatha | Along with Deganawidah, legendary founder of the Iroquois Confederacy, which united the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca tribes in the late sixteenth century. | | 63 |
| 906119057 | Calvinism | Dominant theological credo of the New England Puritans based on the teachings of John Calvin, Calvinists believed in predestination--that only "the elect" were destined for salvation. | | 64 |
| 906119058 | Predestination | Calvinist doctrine that God has foreordained some people to be saved and some to be damned. Though their fate was irreversible, Calvinists, particularly those who believed they were destined for salvation, sought to lead sanctified lives in order to demonstrate to others that they were in fact members of the "elect." | | 65 |
| 906119059 | Conversion | Intense religious experience that confirmed an individual's place among the "elect," or the "visible saints." Calvinists who experience conversion were then expected to lead sanctified lives to demonstrate their salvation. | | 66 |
| 906119060 | Puritan | English Protestant reformers who sought to purify the Church of England of Catholic rituals and creeds. Some of the most devout Puritans believed that only "visible saints" should be admitted to church membership. | | 67 |
| 906119061 | Separatists | Small group of Puritans who sought to break away entirely from the Church of England; after initially settling in Holland, a number of English separatists made their way to Plymouth Bay, Massachusetts in 1620. | | 68 |
| 906119062 | Mayflower Compact | Agreement to form a majoritarian government in Plymouth, signed aboard the Mayflower. Created a foundation for self-government in the colony. | | 69 |
| 906119063 | Massachusetts Bay Colony | Founded 1630. Established by non-separating Puritans, it soon grew to be the largest and most influential of the New England colonies. | | 70 |
| 906119064 | Great Migration | 1630-1642. Migration of seventy thousand refugees from England to the North American colonies, primarily New England and the Caribbean. The twenty thousand migrants who came to the Massachusetts largely shared a common sense of purpose--to establish a model Christian settlement in the new world. | | 71 |
| 906119065 | Antinomianism | Belief that the elect need not obey the law of either God or man; most notably espoused in the colonies by Anne Hutchinson. | | 72 |
| 906119066 | Fundamental Orders | 1639. Drafted by settlers in the Connecticut River Valley, document was the first "modern constitution" establishing a democratically controlled government. Key features of the document were borrowed for Connecticut's colonial charter and later, it state constitution. | | 73 |
| 906119067 | Pequot War | 1636-1638. Series of clashes between English settlers and Pequot Indians in the Connecticut River Valley. Ended in the slaughter of the Pequots by the Puritans and their Narragansett Indian allies. | | 74 |
| 906119068 | King Philip's War | 1675-1676. Series of assaults by Metacom, King Philip, on English settlements in New England. The attacks slowed the westward migration of New England settlers for several decades. | | 75 |
| 906119069 | New England Confederation | 1643. Weak union of the colonies in Massachusetts and Connecticut led by Puritans for the purposes of defense and organization, an early attempt at self-government during the benign neglect of the English Civil War. | | 76 |
| 906119070 | English Civil War | 1642-1651. Armed conflict between royalist and parliamentarians, resulting in the victory of pro-Parliament forces and the execution of Charles I. | | 77 |
| 906119071 | Dominion of New England | 1686-1689. Administrative union created by royal authority, incorporating all of New England, New York, and East and West Jersey, Placed under the rule of Sir Edmund Andros who curbed popular assemblies, taxed resident without their consent, and strictly enforced Navigation Laws. Its collapse after the Glorious Revolution in England demonstrated colonial opposition to strict royal control. | | 78 |
| 906119072 | Navigation Laws | Series of laws passed, beginning in 1651, to regulate colonial shipping; the acts provided that only English ships would be allowed to trade in English and colonial ports, and that all goods destined for the colonies would first pas through England. | | 79 |
| 906119073 | Glorious (Bloodless) Rebellion | 1688. Relatively peaceful overthrow of the unpopular Catholic monarch, James II, replacing him with Dutch-born William III and Mary, daughter of James II. William and Mary accepted increased Parliamentary oversight and new limits on monarchical authority. | | 80 |
| 906119074 | Salutary neglects | 1688-1763. Unofficial policy of relaxed royal control over colonial trade and only weak enforcement of Navigation Laws. Lasted from the Glorious Revolution to the end of the French and Indian War in 1763. | | 81 |
| 906119075 | Patroonships | Vast tracts of land along the Hudson River in New Netherlands granted to wealthy promoters in exchange for bringing fifty settlers to the property. | | 82 |
| 906119076 | Quakers | Religious group known for their tolerance, emphasis on peace, and idealistic Indian policy, who settled heavily in Pennsylvania in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. | | 83 |
| 906119077 | Blue laws | Also known as sumptuary laws, they are designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality. Blue laws were passed across the colonies, particularly in Puritan New England and Quaker Pennsylvania. | | 84 |
| 906119078 | Martin Luther | 1483-1546. German friar who touched off the Protestant Reformation when he nailed a list of grievances against the Catholic Church to the door of Wittenberg's cathedral in 1517. | | 85 |
| 906119079 | John Calvin | 1509-1564. French Protestant reformer whose religious teachings formed the theological basis for New England Puritans, Scottish Presbyterians, French Huguenots and members of the Dutch Reformed church. Calvin argued that humans were inherently weak and wicked, and believed in an all-knowing, all-powerful God, who predestined select individuals for salvation. | | 86 |
| 906119080 | William Bradford | 1590-1657. Erudite leader of the separatist Pilgrims who left England for Holland, and eventually sailed on the Mayflower to establish the first English colony in Massachusetts. His account of the colony's founding, Of Plymouth Plantation, remains a classic of American literature and in indispensable historical source. | | 87 |
| 906119081 | John Winthrop | 1588-1649. First governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. An able administrator and devout Puritan, Winthrop helped ensure the prosperity of the newly-established colony and enforce Puritan orthodoxy, taking a hard line against religious dissenters like Anne Hutchinson. | | 88 |
| 906119082 | Anne Hutchinson | .1591-1643. antinomians religious dissenter brought to trail for heresy in Massachusetts Bay after arguing that she need not follow God's law's or man's, and claiming direct revelation from God. Banished from the Puritan colony, Hutchinson moved to Rhode Island and later New York, where she and her were killed by Indians. | | 89 |
| 906119083 | Roger Williams | c.1603-1683. Salem minister who advocated a complete break form the Church of England and criticized the Massachusetts Bay colony for unlawfully taking land from the Indians. Banished for his heresies, he established a small community in present-day Rhode island, later acquiring a charter for the colony from England. | | 90 |
| 906119084 | Massasoit | c.1590-1661. Wampanoag chieftain who signed a peace treaty with Plymouth Bay settlers in 1621 and helped them celebrate the first Thanksgiving. | | 91 |
| 906119085 | Metacom (King Philip) | c.1638-1676. Wampanoag chief who led a brutal campaign against Puritan settlements in New England between 1675 and 1676. Though he himself was eventually captured and killed, his wife and son sold into slavery, his assault halted New England's westward expansion for several decades. | | 92 |
| 906119086 | Charles II | 1630-1685. Assumed the throne with the restoration of the monarchy in 1660. Charles sought to establish firm control over the colonies, ending the period of relative independence on the American mainland. | | 93 |
| 906119087 | Sir Edmund Andros | 1637-1714. Much loathed administrator of the Dominion of New England, which was created in 1686 to strengthen imperial control over the New England colonies. Andros established strict control, doing away with town meetings and popular assemblies and taxing colonists without their consent. When word of the Glorious Revolution in England reached the colonists, they promptly dispatched Andros back to England. | | 94 |
| 906119088 | William III | Dutch-born monarch and his English-born wife, daughter of King James II, installed to the British throne during the Glorious Revolution of 1688. William and Mary relaxed control over the American polonies, inaugurating a period of "salutary neglect" that lasted until the French and Indian War. | | 95 |
| 906119089 | Mary II | Dutch-born monarch and his English-born wife, daughter of King James II, installed to the British throne during the Glorious Revolution of 1688. William and Mary relaxed control over the American polonies, inaugurating a period of "salutary neglect" that lasted until the French and Indian War. | | 96 |
| 906119090 | Henry Hudson | 1565-1611. English explorer who ventured into New York Bay and up the Hudson River for the Dutch in 1609 in search of a Northwest Passage across the continent. | | 97 |
| 906119091 | Peter Stuyvesant | .1610-1672. Director general of Dutch New Netherland from 1645 until the colony fell to the British in 1664. | | 98 |
| 906119092 | Duke of York | 1633-1701. Catholic English Monarch who reigned as James II from 1685 until he was deposed during the Glorious Revolution in 1689. When the English seized New Amsterdam from the Dutch in 1664, they renamed it in the Duke's honor to commemorate his support for the colonial venture. | | 99 |
| 906119093 | William Penn | 1644-1718. Prominent Quaker activist who founded Pennsylvania as a haven for fellow Quakers in 1681. He established friendly relations with neighboring Indian tribes and attracted a wide array of settlers to his colony with promises of economic opportunity and ethnic and religious toleration. | | 100 |
| 906119094 | Indentured Servants | Migrants who, in exchange for transatlantic passage, bound themselves to a colonial employer for a term of service, typically between four and seven years. Their migration addressed the chronic labor shortage in the colonies and facilitated settlement. | | 101 |
| 906119095 | Headright Systems | Employed in the tobacco colonies to encourage the importation of indentured servants, the system allowed an individual to acquire fifty across of land if he paid for a laborer's passage to the colony. | | 102 |
| 906119096 | Bacon's Rebellion | 1676. Uprising of Virginia backcountry farmers and indentured servants led by planter Nathaniel Bacon; initially a response to Governor William Berkeley's refusal to protect backcountry settlers from Indian Attacks, the rebellion eventually grew into a broader conflict between impoverished settlers and the planter side. | | 103 |
| 906119097 | Royal African Company | English joint-stock company that enjoyed a state-granted monopoly on the colonial slave trade from 1672 until 1698. The supply of slaves to the North American colonies rose sharply once the company lost its monopoly privileges. | | 104 |
| 906119098 | Middle Passage | Transatlantic voyage slaves endured between Africa and the colonies. Mortality rates were notoriously high. | | 105 |
| 906119099 | Slave Codes | Set of laws defining racial slavery beginning in 1662, including establishing the hereditary nature of slavery, and legally limiting the rights and learning of slaves. | | 106 |
| 906119100 | New York Slave Revolt | 1712. Uprising of approximately two dozen slaves that resulted in the deaths of nine whites and the brutal execution of twenty-one participating blacks. | | 107 |
| 906119101 | South Carolina Slave Revolt | 1739. Uprising, also known as the Stono Rebellion, of more than fifty South Carolina blacks along the Stono River. The slaves attempted to reach Spanish Florida but were stopped by the South Carolina militia. | | 108 |
| 906119102 | Congregational Church | Self-governing Puritan congregations without the hierarchical establishment of the Anglican Church. | | 109 |
| 906119103 | Jeremiad | Often-fiery sermons lamenting the waning piety of parishioners first delivered in New England in the mid-seventeenth century; named after the doom-saying Old Testament prophet Jeremiah. | | 110 |
| 906119104 | Half-Way Covenant | 1662. Agreement allowing unconverted offspring of church members to baptize their children. It signified a waning of religious zeal among second and third generation Puritans. | | 111 |
| 906119105 | Salem Witch Trials | Series of witchcraft trials launched after a group of adolescent girls in Salem, Massachusetts, claimed to have been bewitched by certain older women of the town. Twenty individuals were put to death before the trials were put to an end by the Governor of Massachusetts. | | 112 |
| 906119106 | Leislers Rebellion | 1689-1691. Armed conflict between aspiring merchants led by Jacob Leisler and the ruling elite of New York. One of many uprisings that erupted across the colonies when wealthy colonists attempted to recreate European social structure in the New World. | | 113 |
| 906119107 | William Berkeley | 1606-1677. Royal governor of Virginia, with brief interruptions, from 1641 until his death. Berkeley, a member of Virginia's seaboard elite, drew the ire of backwater settlers for refusing to protect them against Indian attacks, eventually leading to Bacon's Rebellion. | | 114 |
| 906119108 | Nathaniel Bacon | 1647-1676. Young Virginia planter who led a rebellion against Governor William Berkeley in 1676 to protest Berkeley's refusal to protect frontier settlers from Indian attacks. | | 115 |
| 906119109 | Anthony Johnson | ?-1670. African slave who purchased his freedom and himself became a slave holder in Virginia, serving a testament to the relative fluidity of early colonial society. | | 116 |
