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AP Biology Ch. 2 (Campbell) Flashcards

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94174477atomthe smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element0
94174478atomic massthe total mass of an atom, which is the mass in grams of 1 mole of the atom1
94174479atomic numberthe number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol2
94174480covalent bonda type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons3
94174481electrona subatomic particle with a single negative electrical charge and a mass about 1/2000 that of a neutron or proton. One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom.4
94174482electronegativitythe attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond5
94174483hydrogen bonda type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.6
94174484ionic bonda chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions7
94174485isotopeone of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of neutrons, thus differing in atomic mass8
94174486mass numberthe sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus9
94174487neutrona subatomic particle having no electrical charge (electrically neutral), with a mass of about 1.7 x 10-24 g, found in the nucleus of an atom.10
94174488nonpolar covalent bonda type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity11
94174489polar covalent bonda covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive.12
94174490protona subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, with a mass of about 1.7 x 10-24 g, found in the nucleus of an atom13
94174491radioactive isotopean isotope (an atomic form of a chemical element) that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy14
94174492Trace elementan element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts15
94174493valence electronan electron in the outermost electron shell16
94174494valence shellthe outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom17
94174495van der Waals interactionsweak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from localized charge fluctuations18
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Chapter 4 - AP Biology (Campbell/Reece Biology, Eighth Edition) Flashcards

Vocabulary

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1291342132Organic ChemistryThe study of carbon compounds (organic compounds).1
1291342133HydrocarbonAn organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen2
1291342134IsomerOne of several compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties. The three types are structural isomers, geometric isomers, and enantiomers.3
1291342135Structural IsomerOne of several compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.4
1291342136Geometric IsomerOne of several compounds that have the same molecular formula and covalent arrangements but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms owing to the inflexibility of double bonds.5
1291342137EnantiomerOne of two compounds that are mirror images of each other.6
1291342138Functional GroupA specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions.7
1291342139Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.8
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Chapter 3 - AP Biology (Campbell/Reece Biology, Eighth Edition) Flashcards

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1290768629Polar MoleculeA molecule (such as water) with opposite charges on different ends of the molecule.1
1290768630CohesionThe binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds.2
1290768631AdhesionThe attraction between different kinds of molecules.3
1290768632Surface TensionA measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high _______ _______ because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules.4
1290768633Kinetic EnergyThe energy associated with the relative motion of objects. Moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter.5
1290768634HeatThe total amount of kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms or molecules in a body of matter; also called thermal energy. ____ is energy in its most random form.6
1290768635TemperatureA measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules.7
1290768636Celsius ScaleA temperature scale equal to (5/9)(°F - 32) that measure the freezing point of water at 0 and the boiling point of water at 100.8
1290768637Calorie (cal)The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C; also the amount of heat energy that 1 g of water releases when it cools by 1°C. The ______ (with a capital C), usually used to indicate the energy content of food, is a kilo_______.9
1290768638Kilocalorie (kcal)A thousand calories; the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C.10
1290768639Joule (J)A unit of energy.11
1290768640Specific HeatThe amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1°C.12
1290768641Heat of VaporizationThe quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state.13
1290768642Evaporative CoolingThe process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a change of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy from the liquid to the gaseous state.14
1290768643SolutionA liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.15
1290768644SolventThe dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile _______ known.16
1290768645SoluteA substance that is dissolved in a solution.17
1290768646Aqueous SolutionA solution in which water is the solvent.18
1290768647Hydration ShellThe sphere of water molecules around a dissolved ion.19
1290768648HydrophilicHaving an affinity for water.20
1290768649ColloidA mixture made up of a liquid and particles that (because of their large size) remain suspended rather than dissolved in that liquid.21
1290768650HydrophobicHaving an aversion to water; tending to a coalesce and form droplets in water.22
1290768651Molecular MassThe sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight.23
1290768652Mole (mol)The number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadro's number of molecules.24
1290768653MolarityA common measure of solute concentration, reffering to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.25
1290768654Hydrogen IonA single proton with a charge of 1+. The dissociation of a water molecule (H₂O) leads to the generation of a hydroxide ion (OH⁻) and a hydrogen ion (H⁺).26
1290768655Hydroxide IonA water molecule that has lost a proton; OH⁻.27
1290768656Hydronium IonA water molecule that has an extra proton bound to it; H₃O⁺.28
1290768657AcidA substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.29
1290768658BaseA substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.30
1290768659pHA measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log[H⁺] and ranging in value from 0 to 14.31
1290768660BufferA substance that consists of acid and base forms in a solution and that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution.32
1290768661Acid PrecipitationRain, snow, or fog that is more acidic than pH 5.2.33
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Chapter 2 - AP Biology (Campbell/Reece Biology, Eighth Edition) Flashcards

Vocabulary

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1271635133Mass NumberThe sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.1
1271635158Atomic NumberThe number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol.2
1271635159Ionic BondA chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.3
1271635160CompoundA substance consisting of 2 or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio.4
1271635161Trace ElementAn element indispensable for life, but required in extremely minute amounts.5
1271635162AtomThe smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.6
1271635163NeutronA subatomic particle having no electrical charge, with a mass of about 1.7X10^-24g, found in the nucleus of an atom.7
1271635164ProtonA subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, with a mass of about 1.7X10^-27g, found in the nucleus of an atom.8
1271635165ElementAny substance that can't be broken down to any other substance by chemical reactions.9
1271635166Atomic MassThe total mass of an atom, which is the mass in grams of 1 mole of the atom.10
1271635167IsotopeOne of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, thus differing in atomic mass.11
1271635168CationA positively charged ion.12
1271635169MatterAnything that takes up space and has mass.13
1271635170Radioactive IsotopeAn isotope (an atomic form of a chemical element) that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy.14
1271635171Atomic NucleusAn atom's dense central core, containing protons and neutrons.15
1271635172DaltonA measure of mass for atoms and subatomic particles; the same as the atomic mass unit, or amu.16
1271635173ReactantA starting material in a chemical reaction.17
1271635174ProductA material resulting from a chemical reaction.18
1271635175Chemical EquilibriumIn a chemical reaction, the state in which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction, so that the relative concentration of the reactants and products do not change with time.19
1271635176EnergyThe capacity to cause change, especially to do work (to move matter against an opposing force).20
1271635177Covalent BondA type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons.21
1271635178MoleculeTwo or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.22
1271635179Van der Waals InteractionsWeak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from localized charge fluctuations.23
1271635180Chemical BondAn attraction between two atoms, resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms. The bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells.24
1271635181Single BondA single covalent bond; the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.25
1271635182Structural FormulaA type of molecular notation in which the constituent atoms are joined by lines representing covalent bonds.26
1271635183Molecular FormulaA type of molecular notation representing the quantity of constituent atoms, but not the nature of the bonds that join them.27
1271635184Chemical ReactionThe making and breaking of chemical bonds leading to changes in the composition of matter.28
1271635185Ionic CompoundA compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called a salt.29
1271635186SaltA compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called an ionic compound.30
1271635187Hydrogen BondA type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.31
1271635188ElectronA subatomic particle with a single negative electrical charge and a mass about 1/2,000 that of a neutron or proton. One or more of these particles move around the nucleus of an atom.32
1271635189Double BondA double covalent bond; the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons by two atoms.33
1271635190Potential EnergyThe energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement (structure).34
1271635191Electron ShellAn energy level of electrons at a characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom.35
1271635192Polar Covalent BondA covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive.36
1271635193Nonpolar Covalent BondA type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity.37
1271635194IonAn atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge.38
1271635195Valence ElectronAn electron in the outermost electron shell.39
1271635196ValenceThe bonding capacity of a given atom; usually equals the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the atom's outermost (valence) shell.40
1271635197AnionA negatively charged ion.41
1271635198ElectronegativityThe attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.42
1271635199Valence ShellThe outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom.43
1271635200OrbitalThe 3D space where an electron is found 90% of the time.44
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Chapter 5 - AP Biology (Campbell/Reece Biology, Eighth Edition) Flashcards

Vocabulary

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1301987826MacromoleculeA giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are ______________.1
1301987827PolymerA long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.2
1301987828MonomerThe subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.3
1301987829Condensation ReactionA reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water, in which case it is also called a dehydration reaction.4
1301987830Dehydration ReactionA chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.5
1301987831EnzymeA macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.6
1301987832HydrolysisA chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water, functioning in disassembly of polymers to monomers.7
1301987833CarbohydrateA sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides).8
1301987834MonosaccharideThe simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are generally some multiple of CH₂O.9
1301987835DisaccharideA double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed during dehydration synthesis.10
1301987836Glycosidic LinkageA covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.11
1301987837PolysaccharideA polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions.12
1301987838StarchA storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by α glycosidic linkages.13
1301987839GlycogenAn extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.14
1301987840CelluloseA structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by β glycosidic linkages.15
1301987841ChitinA structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.16
1301987842LipidOne of a group of compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water.17
1301987843FatA lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride.18
1301987844Fatty AcidA long carbon chain carboxylic acid. _____ _____ vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three _____ _____ linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule, also known as a triacylglycerol or triglyceride.19
1301987845TriacylglycerolThree fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a fat or a triglyceride.20
1301987846Saturated Fatty AcidA fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton.21
1301987847Unsaturated Fatty AcidA fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.22
1301987848Trans FatAn unsaturated fat containing one or more trans double bonds.23
1301987849PhospholipidA lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. _____________ form bilayers that function as biological membranes.24
1301987850SteroidA type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various chemical groups attached.25
1301987851CholesterolA steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as hormones.26
1301987852CatalystA chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.27
1301987853PolypeptideA polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.28
1301987854ProteinA functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.29
1301987855Amino AcidAn organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. _____ _____ serve as the monomers of polypeptides.30
1301987856Peptide BondThe covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction.31
1301987857Primary StructureThe level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids.32
1301987858Secondary StructureThe localized, repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between constituents of the backbone.33
1301987859α HelixA spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding.34
1301987860β Pleated SheetOne form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth. Two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds.35
1301987861Tertiary StructureIrregular contortions of a protein molecule due to interactions of side chains involved in hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges.36
1301987862Hydrophobic InteractionA type of weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water.37
1301987863Disulfide BridgeA strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer.38
1301987864Quaternary StructureThe particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide.39
1301987865DenaturationIn proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native shape, thereby becoming biologically inactive; in DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. ____________ occurs under extreme (noncellular) conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature.40
1301987866ChaperoninA protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins.41
1301987867X-Ray CrystallographyA technique that depends on the diffraction of an X-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule to study the three-dimensional structure of the molecule.42
1301987868Nucleic AcidA polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA.43
1301987869Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and Thymine (T); capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.44
1301987870Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosin (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses.45
1301987871GeneA discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).46
1301987872NucleotideThe building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.47
1301987873PyrimidineOne of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring. Cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U) are ___________.48
1301987874PurineOne of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. Adenine (A) and guanine (G) are purines.49
1301987875RiboseThe sugar component of RNA nucleotides.50
1301987876DeoxyriboseThe sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides.51
1301987877Double HelixThe form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape.52
1301987878AntiparallelThe opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.53
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Chapter 8 - AP Biology (Campbell/Reece Biology, Eighth Edition) Flashcards

Vocabulary

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1356325306MetabolismThe totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism.1
1356325307Metabolic PathwayA series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds (catabolic pathway).2
1356325308Catabolic PathwayA metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds.3
1356325309Anabolic PathwayA metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler compounds.4
1356325310Bioenergetics(1) The overall flow and transformation of energy in an organism. (2) The study of how energy flows through organisms.5
1356325311Kinetic EnergyThe energy associated with the relative motion of objects. Moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter.6
1356325312Heat/Thermal EnergyThe total amount of kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms or molecules in a body of matter; also called thermal energy. Heat is energy in its most random form.7
1356325313Potential EnergyThe energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement (structure).8
1356325314Chemical EnergyEnergy available in molecules for release in a chemical reaction; a form of potential energy.9
1356325315ThermodynamicsThe study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter.10
1356325316First Law of ThermodynamicsThe principle of conservation of energy: Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.11
1356325317EntropyA measure of disorder, or randomness.12
1356325318Second Law of ThermodynamicsThe principle stating that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat.13
1356325319Free EnergyThe portion of a biological system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system. (The change in free energy of a system is calculated by the equation ΔG=ΔH-TΔS, where H is enthalpy [in biological systems, equivalent to total energy], T is absolute temperature, and S is entropy.)14
1356325320Exergonic ReactionA spontaneous chemical reaction, in which there is a net release of free energy.15
1356325321Endergonic ReactionA non-spontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings.16
1356325322Energy CouplingIn cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction.17
1356325323ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.18
1356325324PhosphorylatedReferring to a molecule that is covalently bonded to a phosphate group.19
1356325325EnzymeA macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.20
1356325326CatalystA chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.21
1356325327Activation EnergyThe amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; also called free energy of activation.22
1356325328SubstrateThe reactant on which an enzyme works.23
1356325329Enzyme-Substrate ComplexA temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s).24
1356325330Active SiteThe specific portion of an enzyme that binds the substrate by means of multiple weak interactions and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs.25
1356325334Induced FitInduced by entry of the substrate, the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate.26
1356325337CofactorAny nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. Cofactors can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis.27
1356325340CoenzymeAn organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in metabolic reactions.28
1356325343Competitive InhibitorA substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics.29
1356325346Noncompetitive InhibitorA substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing the enzyme's shape so that the active site no longer functions effectively.30
1356325349Allosteric RegulationThe binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site.31
1356325352CooperativityA kind of allosteric regulation whereby a shape change in one subunit of a protein caused by substrate binding is transmitted to all the other, facilitating binding of subsequent substrate molecules.32
1356325355Feedback InhibitionA method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.33
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Chapter 5 - AP Biology (Campbell/Reece Biology, Eighth Edition) Flashcards

Vocabulary

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1668749811MacromoleculeA giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are ______________.0
1668749812PolymerA long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.1
1668749813MonomerThe subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.2
1668749814Condensation ReactionA reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water, in which case it is also called a dehydration reaction.3
1668749815Dehydration ReactionA chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.4
1668749816EnzymeA macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.5
1668749817HydrolysisA chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water, functioning in disassembly of polymers to monomers.6
1668749818CarbohydrateA sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides).7
1668749819MonosaccharideThe simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are generally some multiple of CH₂O.8
1668749820DisaccharideA double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed during dehydration synthesis.9
1668749821Glycosidic LinkageA covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.10
1668749822PolysaccharideA polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions.11
1668749823StarchA storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by α glycosidic linkages.12
1668749824GlycogenAn extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.13
1668749825CelluloseA structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by β glycosidic linkages.14
1668749826ChitinA structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.15
1668749827LipidOne of a group of compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water.16
1668749828FatA lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride.17
1668749829Fatty AcidA long carbon chain carboxylic acid. _____ _____ vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three _____ _____ linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule, also known as a triacylglycerol or triglyceride.18
1668749830TriacylglycerolThree fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a fat or a triglyceride.19
1668749831Saturated Fatty AcidA fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton.20
1668749832Unsaturated Fatty AcidA fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.21
1668749833Trans FatAn unsaturated fat containing one or more trans double bonds.22
1668749834PhospholipidA lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. _____________ form bilayers that function as biological membranes.23
1668749835SteroidA type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various chemical groups attached.24
1668749836CholesterolA steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as hormones.25
1668749837CatalystA chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.26
1668749838PolypeptideA polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.27
1668749839ProteinA functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.28
1668749840Amino AcidAn organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. _____ _____ serve as the monomers of polypeptides.29
1668749841Peptide BondThe covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction.30
1668749842Primary StructureThe level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids.31
1668749843Secondary StructureThe localized, repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between constituents of the backbone.32
1668749844α HelixA spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding.33
1668749845β Pleated SheetOne form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth. Two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds.34
1668749846Tertiary StructureIrregular contortions of a protein molecule due to interactions of side chains involved in hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges.35
1668749847Hydrophobic InteractionA type of weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water.36
1668749848Disulfide BridgeA strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer.37
1668749849Quaternary StructureThe particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide.38
1668749850DenaturationIn proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native shape, thereby becoming biologically inactive; in DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. ____________ occurs under extreme (noncellular) conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature.39
1668749851ChaperoninA protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins.40
1668749852X-Ray CrystallographyA technique that depends on the diffraction of an X-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule to study the three-dimensional structure of the molecule.41
1668749853Nucleic AcidA polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA.42
1668749854Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and Thymine (T); capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.43
1668749855Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosin (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses.44
1668749856GeneA discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).45
1668749857NucleotideThe building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.46
1668749858PyrimidineOne of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring. Cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U) are ___________.47
1668749859PurineOne of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. Adenine (A) and guanine (G) are purines.48
1668749860RiboseThe sugar component of RNA nucleotides.49
1668749861DeoxyriboseThe sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides.50
1668749862Double HelixThe form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape.51
1668749863AntiparallelThe opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.52
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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Flashcards

Vocabulary: macromolecule, polymer, monomer, condensation reaction (dehydration reaction), enzyme, hydrolysis, carbohydrate, monosaccharide, glycosidic linkage, polysaccharide, starch, glycogen, chitin, cellulose, lipid, fatty acid, fats/oils, saturated fatty acid, unsaturated fatty acid, ester bond, phospholipid, steroid, cholesterol, catalyst, polypeptide, protein, amino acid, peptide bond, hydrophobic interaction, disulfide bridge, denaturation, chaperonins, nucleic acids, nucleotides, phosphodiester bond, deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, ATP, double helix, antiparallel, nitrogenous base
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Distinguish between inorganic and organic substances and give examples of each.
2. For each of the functional groups listed below, show the structural formula of the groups, give an example of a biologic organic molecule on which is can be found.
hydroxyl group
carbonyl group
carboxyl group
amino group
sulfhydryl group
phosphate group
3. List the 4 categories of organic macromolecules that make up all living things and the
main functions of each
4. Explain how organic macromolecules are polymers made up of monomer subunits.
5. Recognize the condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis) process of making
organic macromolecules from monomers
6. Know the following bonds made as a result of dehydration synthesis and the
macromolecules that result:
2 amino acids -----peptide bond (proteins)
2 sugar molecules -----glycosidic bond (carbohydrates)
2 nucleotides ---------- phosphodiester bond (nucleic acid)
glycerol and fatty acid ------ ester bond
7. Describe the hydrolysis process of breaking down organic macromolecules to monomer subunits.
8. Relating to carbohydrates:
a.

Terms : Hide Images
934910947macromoleculeThere are Four major types of biological macromolecules that make up the human body: nucleic acids (DNA & RNA), Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats0
934910948polymera long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds1
934910949monomerthe subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer2
934910950enzymea macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most are proteins.3
934910951dehydration reactiona chemical reaction in which 2 molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule4
934910952hydrolysisa chemical reaction that breaks bonds between 2 molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers5
934910953carbohydratesa sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharide) or polymers (polysaccharide)6
934910954monosaccharidethe simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, that are generally some multiple of CH2O7
934910955disaccharidea double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction8
934910956glycosidic linkagea covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction9
934910957polysaccharidePolymers of simple sugars covalently linked by glycosidic bonds10
934910958starcha storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by alpha glycosidic linkages11
934910959glycogenan extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch12
934910960cellulosea structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by beta glycosidic linkages13
934910961chitina structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthopods14
934910962lipidHydrophobic. Considered monomers. Any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water. Provide an efficient form of energy storage.15
934910963fata lipid consisting of 3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or a triglyceride.16
934910964fatty acida carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain; vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; 3 fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule, also known as a triacyglycerol or a triglyceride17
934910965triacylglycerola lipid consisting of 3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a fat or triglyceride18
934910966saturated fatty acida fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton19
934910967unsaturated fatty acida fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton20
934910968trans fatan unsaturated fat, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils, containing one or more trans double bonds21
934910969phospholipida lipid made up of glycerol joined to 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head.; form bilayers that function as biological membranes22
934910970steroidsa type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings with various chemical groups attached23
934910971cholesterola steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as many hormones24
934910972catalysta chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.25
934910973PolypeptideA chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds or dehydration reactions26
934910974proteina biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific 3D structure27
934910975amino acidAn organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group; serve as monomers of polypeptides28
934910976peptide bondthe covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by dehydration reaction29
934910977primary structurethe level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids30
934910978secondary structureregions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone (not the side chains).31
934910979alpha helixa coiled region constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding between the atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not the side chains)32
934910980beta pleated sheetone of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain fold back and forth. 2 regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not the side chains).33
934910981tertiary structureThe overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges34
934910982hydrophobic interactiona type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water35
934910983disulfide bridgea strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer36
934910984quaternary structurethe particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic 3D arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide37
934910985sickle-cell diseasea recessively inherited human blood disorder in which a single nucleotide change in the beta globin gene causes hemoglobin to aggregate, changing red blood cell shape and causing multiple symptoms in afflicted individuals38
934910986denaturationin proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming Biologically inactive; in DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. Occurs under extreme (noncellular) conditions of pH, salt concentration or temperature39
934910987chaperonina protein complex that assists in the proper folding of other proteins40
934910989genea discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses)41
934910990nucleic acida polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. the 2 types of nucleic acid are DNA and RNA42
934910991deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)a double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule, consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins43
934910992ribonucleic acid (RNA)a type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses44
934910993polynucelotidea polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain. The nucelotides can be those of DNA or RNA.45
934910994nucleotidethe building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a 5 carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups46
934910995pyrimidine1 of 2 types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a 6-membered ring. Cytosine (C), thymine (T) and uracil (U) are examples of these.47
934910996purines1 of 2 types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a 6-membered ring fused with a 5-membered ring. Adenine (A) and guanine (G) are examples of these.48
934910997deoxyribosethe sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having 1 of fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of the RNA nucleotide49
934910998ribosethe sugar component of RNA nucleotides50
934910999double helixthe form of native DNA, referring to its 2 adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape51
934911000antiparallelreferring to the arrangement of the sugar-phophate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5' -> 3' directions)52
974631943Saturated fatAll carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds53
974631944Unsaturated fatA fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail.54
974631945What are 6 functions of Proteins?Structural support Storage Transport Cellular Communications Movement Defense against substaces55
974631946Primary Protein StructurePrimary structure - the sequence of amino acids in a protein Primary structure is determined by inherited genetic information56
974631947Ester bond...57
974631948Phosphodiester bond...58
974631949ATP(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work59
974631950nitrogenous base...60
974845424What are the three types of Polymers?C - P - N Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic Acids61
974845425In which two ways do we classify monosaccharides?The location of the carbonyl group The number of carbons in the carbon skeleton62
974845426Give two examples of 3 Carbon SugarsAldose and Ketose63
974845427What is the simplest form of starch?Amylose64
974845428What are the three main types of Lipids?Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids65
974876080EnzymesProteins that act as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions66
974876081What are the Four Levels of Protein Structure?Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary67
974911424What determines Tertiary Structure?Interactions between R Groups rather than interactions between backbone constituents68
974911425What are the R groups that determine Tertiary Structure?Hydrogen Bonds Ionic Bods Hydrophobic Interactions van der Waals interactions69
975055226What is Collagen?A fibrous protein consisting of three polypeptide coiled like a rope70
975055227What determines the quaternary structure of a protein?When two or more poplypeptide chains form one macromolecule71
975055228How many essential amino acids are there and what are they used for?There are 20 essential amino acids used to form a protein.72
975055229Hydroxyl Group73
975055230Carbonyl Group74
975055231Carboxyl Group75
975055232Amino Group76
975055233Sulfhydryl Group...77
975055234Phosphate Group...78
975055235What area the FOUR categories of organic molecules that make up all living thingsNucleic Acids (DNA & RNA) Carbohydrates Lipids or Fats hyc Proteins79
975766827MonosaccharideThe simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, the molecular formulas of monosaccharides are generally some multiple of CH2O.80
975766828dissaccharideA double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.81
975766829polysaccharide (Cellulose)A structural polysaccharide of cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by β-1, 4-glycosidic linkages. A major component of pant cell walls82
975766830polysaccharide (starch)83
975766831polysaccharide (glycogen)An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.84
975766832Which monosaccharide is the energy storing molecule produced by photosynthesis. Two of these molecules combine to make glucoseGlyceraldehyde85
975766833Which monosaccharide is a major nutrient, central to cellular metobolism. It is broken down for energy in the process of cellular respiration. The carbon skeleton of this sugar can also be used to build many other organic molecules, including amino acids and fatty acids.Glucose86
975766834Which monosaccharide combines with glucose to form lactose, the disaccharide in milkGalactose87
975766835Which monosaccharide is sometimes called fruit sugar-- the one that makes apples and berries sweet. This monosaccharide is also used to make the disaccharide sucrose, or table sugar.Fructose88
975766836Which monosaccharide is an important component of RNA and ATP. A modified form is used in building DNA.Ribose89
975838281List the 4 categories of organic macromolecules that make up all living things and the main functions of each...90
975838289Explain how organic macromolecules are polymers made up of monomer subunits....91
975838293Describe the hydrolysis process of breaking down organic macromolecules to monomer subunits....92
975838295Relating to carbohydrates, distinguish between and give examples of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides....93
975838297Relating to carbohydrates, Know which types of organism make the following polysachharides as well as the function of each: Cellulose, glycogen, chitin, starch...94
975838299Relating to carbohydrates, state the monomer subunits that make up carbohydrates....95
975838301Relating to carbohydrates, State the name given to the bond between monosaccharides....96
975838303Relating to lipids, Describe a major difference between carbohydrates and lipids...97
975838305Relating to lipids, Give examples of lipids and the function of eachTriglycerides (fats/oils), phospholipids, steroids, waxes...98
975838307Relating to lipids, State the subunits that make up fats....99
975838308Relating to lipids, Describe a triglyceride molecule and state the name given to the bond between glycerol and a fatty acid...100
975838309Relating to lipids, distinguish between the structure of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, and between monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids....101
975838310Relating to nucleic acids, state the 2 kinds of nucleic acids...102
975838312Relating to nucleic acids, state the monomer subunits that make up nucleic acids...103
975838314Relating to nucleic acids, describe the molecular structure of a nucleotide...104
975838317Relating to nucleic acids, state the name given to the bond between nucleotides...105
975838318Relating to nucleic acids, explain the function of DNA...106
975838319Relating to nucleic acids, explain the function of RNA...107
975838320Relating to proteins, give examples of protein functions...108
975838321Relating to proteins, state the monomer subunits that make up proteins...109
975838322Relating to proteins, show the structural formula of an amino acid, including the amino group, the carboxyl group, and the R group....110
975838324Relating to proteins, describe the hydrophilic/hydrophobic nature of each of the following types of amino acids: nonpolar, polar, and electrically charged...111
975838325Relating to proteins, state the name given to the bond between amino acids...112
975838326Relating to proteins, distinguish between a polypeptide and a protein...113
975838327Relating to proteins, specifically describe the four levels of protein structure that give proteins their specific shape: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure...114
975838328Relating to proteins, describe what is meant by denaturation and renaturation of a protein....115
975838329Relating to proteins, explain why proteins function best under optimum pH and optimum temperature conditions....116
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Chapter 1 - AP Biology (Campbell/Reece Biology, Eighth Edition) Flashcards

Vocabulary

Terms : Hide Images
1271446495Eukaryotic CellA type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with this type of cell (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes.1
1271446496DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule, consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.2
1271446497Deductive ReasoningA type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise.3
1271446498TechnologyAn application of scientific knowledge for a specific purpose, often involving industry or commerce but also including uses in basic research.4
1271446499GeneA discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).5
1271446500Inductive ReasoningA type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.6
1271446501Controlled ExperimentAn experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested.7
1271446502DataRecorded observations.8
1271446503Discovery ScienceThe process of scientific inquiry that focuses on describing nature.9
1271446504InquiryThe search for information and explanation, often focused by specific questions.10
1271446505Positive FeedbackA physiological control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change.11
1271446506Negative FeedbackA primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change.12
1271446507BioinformaticsThe use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets.13
1271446508GenomeThe genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences.14
1271446509Prokaryotic CellA type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with this type of cell (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes.15
1271446510BiologyThe scientific study of life.16
1271446511ModelA representation of a theory or process.17
1271446512EvolutionDescent with modification; the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present-day ones; also defined more narrowly as the change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation.18
1271446513Systems BiologyAn approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems.19
1271446514Emergent PropertiesNew properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.20
1271446515HypothesisA tentative answer to a well-framed question, narrower in scope than a theory and subject to testing.21
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American Pageant Chapter 10 Vocab Flashcards

Key terms, people, and events from Chapter 10 of the 13th edition of the American Pageant.

Terms : Hide Images
1142788961Excise TaxTax on manufactured goods; i.e. whiskey1
1142788962Republicans (Jeffersonians)Party led by Jefferson, made up of mostly middle class and poor; best government was one that governed least2
1142788963Protective TariffTariff (tax on imported goods) for the purpose of raising money and protecting American businesses.3
1142788964Federalists (Political Party)Party led by Hamilton, believed the wealthy should run country, supported strong government, government should encourage business4
1142788965Bank of the USCreated by Alexander Hamilton, 20% would be owned by government, helped stimulate economy; caused conflict in Washington's cabinet5
1142788966NullificationBelief that states could void federal laws if they felt they were unconstitutional6
1142788967Alien and Sedition ActsPassed by Federalist Congress to limit number of citizens and punish those that spoke out against government.7
1142788968Jay's TreatyTemporarily eased tensions between Britain and US. Britain promised to leave posts in America8
1142788969Virginia and Kentucky ResolutionsThomas Jefferson and James Madison's reaction to Alien and Sedition Acts. Wanted states to nullify those acts.9
1142788970Alexander HamiltonFederalist, had a financial plan to bail out the US economy; created a bank.10
1142788971Judiciary Act of 1789Established the Supreme Court with John Jay as chief justice and 5 associate judges11
1142788972Treaty of GreenvilleTreaty between US and Natives; Many natives left Ohio and Indiana12
1142788973Whiskey RebellionMade up of distillers that were upset with Excise taxes, quickly crushed by Washington13
1142788974Washington's Farewell AddressEncouraged America to remain neutral and follow an isolationist policy; warned of the dangers of political parties14
1142788975XYZ AffairAttempt by French to extort money from John Marshall (Future Chief Justice), plan failed, Marshall comes back a hero15
1142788976Pinckney's TreatyImproved relations with Spain, allowed Americans access to Mississippi River16
1142788977Strict InterpretationFollowing the Constitution as it is exactly written17
1142788978Loose InterpretationAllowing for a broader interpretation of the Constitution18
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