Premium Content
INTERCOSTAL
MUSCLES
Inhalation and exhalation make up 1 breath
Internal
intercostal
muscles
External
intercostal
muscles
Sternum
Inhalation
? Also termed inspiration
? Diaphragm contracts and
flattens.
? Internal intercostal
muscles relaxes
? While the external
intercostal muscles
contract
? The rib cage moves up
and out.
? Enlarging the thoracic
cavity and decreases the
air pressure within.
RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
SUMMARY
Nitrogen
78%
COMPOSITION OF AIR
Oxygen
21%
Argon
0.93%
CO2
0.038%
Others
0.008%
INHALED & EXHALED
AIR
inhaled air
nitrogen (78%)
oxygen (20%)
carbon dioxide (0.04%)
Other gases
exhaled air
nitrogen (78%)
oxygen (16%)
carbon dioxide (4%)
Other gases
Exhaled air contains less O2, but much more CO2
Respiratory
system
Mechanical
Respiration in
Fishes
Objective
? Understand how gaseous exchange takes
place in fish
? To outline similarities and differences
between gaseous exchange in fish and in
mammals
How do fishes obtain
sufficient O2 effectively?
? Dissolved oxygen in the water is
around 5 ml of oxygen per Liter of
water
? For land animals there is approximately
40 times more oxygen available at 210
ml of oxygen per liter of air we breathe
External Anatomy
Structure:
Gills
DOUBLE CIRCULATION
IN MAMMALS
OBJECTIVE
? Describe how the structure of the heart supports its
function (blood pressure, force of contraction)
? Describe the flow of blood to and from the heart via
the associated blood vessels
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
heart?arteries?arterioles
? ?
veins?venules?capillaries
HUMAN HEART
? 4 chambers(2 upper chamber, 2 lower chamber)
? Upper chambers are called atria
? Lower chambers are called ventricle
The heart
? Consist of 4 chambers
? Function : Pump oxygenated blood to all
parts of the body and to remove waste
such as carbon dioxide in the cells.
External Anatomy
External Anatomy
L R
Right
Atrium
External Anatomy
L R
Right
Ventricl
e
External Anatomy
L R
Left
Atrium
External Anatomy
L R
Left
Ventricle
Internal Anatomy
R L
Right
Atrium
Internal Anatomy
R L
THE
?LUNG
?
MODEL
?
OBJECTIVES
?? To create a lung model to show the
effects of inhalation and exhalation and
the effects of respiratory diseases on the
function of lungs.
PARTS OF THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1.
?Trachea
?
2.
?Lungs
?
3.
?Diaphragm
?
RECAP
?I:
?INHALATION
?
1.?Diaphragm
?
contracts
?and
?
?a?ns
?
? 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Thyroid Gland
? Lies anterior to thyroid cartilage
of larynx
? Consists of two lobes
connected by narrow isthmus
? Thyroid follicles
? Hollow spheres lined by cuboidal
epithelium
? Cells surround follicle cavity that
contains viscous colloid
? Surrounded by network of capillaries
that
? deliver nutrients and regulatory
hormones
? accept secretory products and
metabolic wastes
Figure 18-10
Cellular Respiration
Stage 4:
Electron Transport Chain
Cellular respiration
What?s the point?
The point is to make ATP!
ATP
ATP accounting so far?
Glycolysis ? 2 ATP
Kreb?s cycle ? 2 ATP
Life takes a lot of energy to run, need to extract more energy than 4 ATP!
A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second
There?s got to be a better way!
I need a lot more ATP!
Overview
10 reactions
convert glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C)
produces: 4 ATP & 2 NADH
consumes: 2 ATP
net: 2 ATP & 2 NADH
glucose
C-C-C-C-C-C
fructose-1,6bP
P-C-C-C-C-C-C-P
DHAP
P-C-C-C
G3P
C-C-C-P
pyruvate
C-C-C
ATP
2
ADP
2
ATP
4
ADP
4
NAD+
2
2
2Pi
2Pi
2H
Cellular Respiration
Stage 2 & 3:
Oxidation of Pyruvate
Krebs Cycle
Cellular Respiration
Stage 1:
Glycolysis
What?s the point?
The point is to make ATP!
ATP
Glycolysis
Breaking down glucose
?glyco ? lysis? (splitting sugar)
Cellular Respiration
Harvesting Chemical Energy
ATP
What?s the point?
The point is to make ATP!
ATP
Harvesting stored energy
Energy is stored in organic molecules
carbohydrates, fats, proteins
Heterotrophs eat these organic molecules ? food
digest organic molecules to get?
raw materials for synthesis
fuels for energy
controlled release of energy
?burning? fuels in a series of step-by-step enzyme-controlled reactions
2009-2010AP Biology
Cells & Cell OrganellesDoing Life?s Work
Regents Biology
bacteriacellsTypes of cells
animal cells plant cells
Prokaryote- no organelles
Eukaryotes- organelles
Regents Biology
Cell size comparison
Bacterial cellAnimal cell
? micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter? diameter of human hair = ~20 microns
most bacteria? 1-10 micronseukaryotic cells ? 10-100 microns
Regents Biology
Pages
Need Help?
We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.
For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.
If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.
Need Notes?
While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!
