Chapter 1 Describe the hindsight bias and explain how it often leads us to perceive psychological research as merely common sense. Compare and contrast case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observation, and explain the importance of proper sampling. Explain why correlational research fails to provide evidence of cause-effect relationships. Identify the basic elements of an experiment, and discuss how experimental control contributes to causal explanation. Describe the three measures of central tendency and the two measures of variation. Explain why psychologists study animals, and discuss the ethics of experimentation with both animals and humans.