The American Pageant Chapter 8 Flashcards

2876409298	Second Continental Congress	• Met in May 1775 • All 13 colonies were represented • Still conservative and trying to get grievances addressed by England • Chose George Washington to lead battle at Boston	0
2876541004	Ethan Allen	• Led battle at Ticonderoga and Crown Point with Benedict Arnold that captured the artillery and gunpowder for battle at Boston	1
2876542138	Benedict Arnold	• Led battle with Ethan Allen at Ticonderoga and Crown Point that captured the artillery and gunpowder for battle at Boston • Participated in the failed attack on Quebec with his bedraggled army • Defeated in Lake Champlain but earned the colonists some time to prepare for the British attack on the north • Was a traitor and a sell out to England when he made plans to sell West Point in 1780	2
2876544460	Bunker Hill	• Battle where 1500 colonists defeated 3000 blundering British • Colonists eventually had to retreat hastily due to a gunpowder shortage	3
2876547009	Olive Branch Petition	• Petition in July 1775 by the Continental Congress • Begged the king to end hostilities and professed loyalty to the crown	4
2876553928	Hessians	• German soldiers-for-hire that were used by George III against the colonists • They had a reputation of being tough but many were quick to desert and become members of America • Their hiring angered the colonists greatly because they felt that the war was just between them and England	5
2876559985	Richard Montgomery	• Irish-born general that captured Montreal in the American conquest of Canada • He was killed in the failed attack on Quebec in December 1775	6
2876560860	Thomas Paine	• Radical that called for republicanism in America • Wrote Common Sense	7
2876563402	Common Sense	• Bestseller pamphlet by Thomas Paine • Called for government that derives its power from the people, and it explained that independence was common sense	8
2876565099	Richard Henry Lee	• Virginian member of the Philadelphia Congress • Moved that the colonies become independent in June 1776, which was passed in July	9
2876566845	Declaration of Independence	• Written by Thomas Jefferson and approved by congress on the 4th of July in 1776 • One-sidedly explained reasoning behind American independence	10
2876569075	Declaration of the Rights of Man	• French document similar to the Declaration of Independence • Created in 1789	11
2876571126	Loyalists	• Colonists loyal to the crown often called Tories in reference to the British party • About 16% of the colonists and more frequent where the Anglican church was strongest	12
2876573533	Patriots	• American rebels who wanted independence • Often called Whigs in reference to the British opposing political party	13
2876575184	Battle of Long Island	• Battle between a huge fleet of British and a small ill-trained group of colonists • Washington barely escaped with the troops to Manhattan Island in late 1776	14
2876577047	Lord Charles Cornwallis	• British general defeated in the American south by Greene	15
2876578260	William Howe	• British general that led troops at Bunker Hill and in the Battle of Long Island • Attacked Philadelphia and beat Washington then settled down when he should have pushed northward to meet up with Burgoyne's troops	16
2876579913	Trenton	• Surprise attack in December 1776 where colonists captured 1000 Hessians	17
2876581308	John Burgoyne	• General who pushed downward from Canada in the British attempt to cut off New England from the rest of the colonies • defeated Benedict Arnold at Lake Champlain in 1776, but this battle forced him to return to Canada for the winter • defeated at Saratoga in late 1777	18
2876583482	Benjamin Franklin	• Sent to Paris to make negotiations toward an alliance with France • He showed up to negotiations in plain clothes	19
2876584997	Model Treaty	• Guide for American ambassadors to France on what to put in the real alliance between America and France • Written in 1776 by the Continental Congress	20
2876586611	Armed Neutrality	• Organized by Catherine the Great of Russia • Lined up neutral countries in passive hostility toward England	21
2876587945	Comte de Rochambeau	• Frenchman who commanded the 6000 regulars who arrived at Rhode Island in 1780	22
2876589597	Nathanael Greene	• General with a strategy of fighting and pulling back intermittently to wear out the enemy • Defeated Lord Cornwallis in the south	23
2876590750	Joseph Brant	• Mohawk chief and Anglican convert who though that a British win in the war would restrict American expansion • Ravaged areas of the American west until 1779	24
2876592461	Treaty of Fort Stanwix	• Treaty between America and the Iroquois that ceded most of the Iroquois land	25
2876593427	Privateers	• Legalized pirates that ravaged British merchant ships and brought gold to the colonies during a time of need	26
2876594334	Yorktown	• Location in the Chesapeake where Cornwallis was forced to surrender by being surrounded by Washington, de Grasse, and Rochambeau in 1781	27
2876595728	Admiral de Grasse	• French admiral that beat off the British fleet and cutting off Cornwallis by sea	28
2876596734	Treaty of Paris	• 1783 treaty where Britain recognized American independence, America's land boundaries were defined, and America agreed to repay debts to Britain and treat Loyalists better	29
2889657313	Saratoga	• Decisive battle in 1777 where colonists beat Burgoyne in the British campaign to separate New England	30