Semester Final Study Guide 1 Geography was initially used for explorers, travelers, sailors. Mapmaking (cartography) was the 1st field in geography. 2 Global positioning systems use an integrated system of satellites to help locate places on the Earth accurately. 3 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) use layers of information to describe features on the Earth?s surface and help clarify spatial relationships. 4 The term for human-induced changes on the environment is Anthropogenic 5 Sustainability means that future generations as well as current populations will have enough resources to meet their needs. 6 Geographic scale refers to a hierarchy of spaces, like neighborhood, city, county, state, etc.