Chapter 9 Outline ? The Sasanid Empire and the Rise of Islam, 200?1200 The Sasanid Empire and the Rise of Islam, 200?1200 I.????? The Sasanid Empire, 224?651 Politics and Society The Sasanid kingdom was established in 224 and controlled the areas of Iran and Mesopotamia. The Sasanids confronted Arab pastoralists on their Euphrates border and the Byzantine Empire on the west. Relations with the Byzantines alternated between war and peaceful trading relationships. In times of peace, the Byzantine cities of Syria and the Arab nomads who guided caravans between the Sasanid and Byzantine Empires all flourished on trade. Arabs also benefited from the invention of the camel saddle, which allowed them to take control of the caravan trade.