Czar Nicholas II
(1868-1918) Czar of Russia (1894-1917). He was overthrown during the Russian Revolution of 1917. Later, he and his family were killed by the revolutionﾒs leadership.
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Change and Turning Points
Czar
Title of the ruler of Russia. Taken from the word Caesar, which means emperor.
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culture
The shared beliefs, customs, practices, and social behavior of a particular nation or people
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cultural diffusion
The spreading of ideas through contact such as trade or war.
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Crusades
European Christian military expeditions made between the 11th and 13th centuries to retake the Middle Eastern Holy Lands occupied by the Muslims.
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craftsman
A person who makes quality, practical or decorative goods.
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Counter-Reformation
The movement initiated by the Catholic Church to contain the Protestant Reformation and, if possible, end it.
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corporation
A company with business dealings in many different areas.
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Copernicus, Nicolaus
(1473-1543) Polish astronomer who wrote On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres. Theorized that the Earth orbited the Sun (heliocentric system) and laid the foundations of modern astronomy.
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constitutional monarchy
A political system in which a country is ruled by a monarch who has limited power due to a constitution
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Pages
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