Chapter 36
The Final Chapter
Globalization and Resistance: World History 1990-2003
- I. Introduction
- A. Hey…this is the last chapter I’m taking notes on
- B. There’s a pretty good chance I’ll never take notes on a textbook again
- i. I hope you guys have found this beneficial
- ii. And now…it begins
- C. End of century
- i. End of communism
- ii. End of decolonialism movement
- iii. Offers rare opportunity for human improvement
- i. Spread of technology, medicine
- iv. Conversely, threatens social conflict/international confrontation
- D. Map looks a lot different – gone are empires, hello independent nation-states
- E. Opportunity for globalized economy
- i. Soviet bloc countries free at last
- i. Most communist, former communist countries join global economy
- i. Accept for N. Korea & Albania – chose the less fun option B
- ii. Creation of regional trade alliances
- iii. More power to international lending agencies
- i. Most communist, former communist countries join global economy
- i. Soviet bloc countries free at last
- F. Problems
- i. New wealth favors those already having wealth
- i. Already have capital, education, contacts
- ii. Middle class grew, but…
- iii. Total number of impoverished grew even faster
- i. New wealth favors those already having wealth
- G. Consumer culture takes off
- i. Working class men/women make consumer goods shipped to more affluent nations
- ii. Profits reaped by multicultural corporations – naughty McDonalds and Starbucks
- H. Ethnic groups and religious movements take off
- i. No longer kept quiet by dictator/authoritarian regime
- ii. Religious movements reject consumerism
- II. The End of the Cold War
- A. Introduction
- i. Now…I did tell you this is the last chapter
- i. Did I tell you that there are a lot of pages, and I’m not looking forward to this?
- ii. OK…back to the USSR falling apart
- iii. Do you guys even read the textbook anymore?
- ii. Why did the USSR fall apart?
- i. Conservative leadership intent on maintaining status quo
- ii. Pressure from surrounding areas
- a. Islamic fervor – Afghanistan and Iran
- i. Afghanistan war proved expensive and unpopular
- iii. Hard to hide W. Europe’s economic success
- a. Link through Poland – Catholic Church
- iv. China goes the pragmatist route – joins global market 1978
- a. Leads to rapid investment and growth
- v. New US policy
- a. Gone was the liberal, humanitarian detentish Jimmy Carter
- b. Enters conservative, republican Ronald Reagan
- i. He’s brilliant – bankrupts Russian economy
- a. Increases US defense, Russia tries to keep up
- b. Welfare programs decrease, but Russia dies
- i. He’s brilliant – bankrupts Russian economy
- i. Now…I did tell you this is the last chapter
- B. The Explosion of the 1980s and 1990s
- 1. Soviet economy falling apart
- i. Environmental destruction due to forced industrialization
- a. ½ agriculture land endangered
- b. Severe respiratory, diseases – infant mortality increases
- ii. Industrial production slows
- a. Health problems + rigid central planning + poor morale
- iii. Simultaneously – military spending increased
- i. Environmental destruction due to forced industrialization
- 1. Soviet economy falling apart
- C. The Age of Reform
- 1. Mikhail Gorbachev – man of reform
- i. Takes on Western behavior
- a. Fashionable clothes, open press conferences, stylish wife
- ii. Reduces nuclear arms
- a. Negotiated a deal with US on medium range missiles
- iii. Withdraws troops from USSR
- i. Takes on Western behavior
- 2. Internal change – glasnost – openness
- i. Encourages freedom/criticism
- a. But…people didn’t exactly jump up and start complaining
- i. Maybe that hole Mao flower incident was still fresh
- ii. End bureaucratic inefficiency
- a. But central planning still huge
- a. But…people didn’t exactly jump up and start complaining
- 3. How similar to previous Russian policies?
- i. Criticize the West’s opulence, while accepting useful traits
- a. Wanted Western management , cultural styles
- ii. But…how do you have higher tech, but control info?
- iii. But…how do you increase productivity, without being capitalist?
- i. Criticize the West’s opulence, while accepting useful traits
- i. Encourages freedom/criticism
- 4. Some companies/investments allowed in to Russia
- 5. Perestroika – economic reform
- i. Private ownership
- ii. Decentralized control of industry/farming
- iii. Individual land ownership (well…50 year leasing)
- 6. Ideological changes
- i. Stop relying on authoritarian to solve all problems
- ii. Control your drinking, arguing, negative behavior
- 7. Political changes
- i. New Constitution – 1988
- a. More power to parliament – Congress of People’s Deputies
- i. New Constitution – 1988
- 8. Effects of reforms
- i. Ethnic and religious riots – Muslims and Armenian Christians
- ii. Baltic states want independence
- 9. Socially
- i. Too hard for women to do both work and home
- a. “return to their purely womanly missions”
- i. Too hard for women to do both work and home
- 1. Mikhail Gorbachev – man of reform
- D. Dismantling the Soviet Empire
- 1. Soviet Bloc countries take this opportunity to revolt
- i. One by one, each nation’s government changes gov’t or opens economy
- ii. Methods
- a. Mass demonstrations
- b. Rarely violence
- iii. Immediately, ethnic tensions emerged
- a. Romanians vs. ethnic Hungarians
- b. Yugoslavia – Slovenia vs. Croatia vs. Bosnia-Herzegovina – civil war
- iv. Hard to get on right track
- a. Governments unstable/constitutions vague or not written
- b. Economies suffer from pollution, sluggish production
- v. Gorbachev says – “any nation has the right to decide its fate by itself”
- a. Withdraws troops
- 1. Soviet Bloc countries take this opportunity to revolt
- E. Renewed Turmoil in 1991 and 1992
- 1. 1991 – Attempted military coup stopped w/ popular demonstrations
- i. Broke from tradition – people actually supported democracy
- 2. Gorbachev unable to use authority to agree on economic goals
- i. Boris Yeltsin of Russia takes over
- ii. No more Soviet Union for Gorbachev to rule
- 3. Becomes Commonwealth of Independent States
- i. Still have issues
- a. What to do about army, nuclear control
- b. economic coordination
- c. dismantling of state control
- i. Still have issues
- 4. Issue – should economy turn to full market system
- i. Led to other problems
- a. Profiteers amass fortunes – take advantage
- b. Yeltsin’s health suffers
- c. corruption
- d. ineffective government
- i. Led to other problems
- 5. Vladimir Putin – 1999
- i. Freedom of press, but attacked dissident TV stations
- ii. some wanted liberal society
- iii. some wanted return to economic security/national glory
- 1. 1991 – Attempted military coup stopped w/ popular demonstrations
- F. The Spread of Democracy
- 1. Theme of 20th century – spread of multiparty democracy w/ freely contested elections
- i. Communism, fascism, authoritarianism replaced w/ democracy
- a. Latin America in 1980s and 1990s, all but Cuba
- b. 1980s – Asia – Korea, Taiwan, later Philippines
- c. Late 1990s – Indonesia, South Africa, Nigeria
- i. But Africa mostly authoritarian
- ii. Why democracy/capitalism attractive
- a. political stability
- b. cultural prestige
- c. economic success
- d. Japan and India proved successful
- e. Communism failed, no competition
- iii. But…sometimes economy didn’t improve as expected
- i. Communism, fascism, authoritarianism replaced w/ democracy
- 2. Did I tell you this is a long chapter…only 1/3 of the way done
- 1. Theme of 20th century – spread of multiparty democracy w/ freely contested elections
- A. Introduction
- III. The Great Powers and New Disputes
- A. Introduction
- a. Changes in the superpowers
- i. US the lone superpower, Russian power declines
- ii. Russian nuclear weapons
- 1. military forces cut back
- 2. Need to control dismantling of nuclear bombs
- b. Nations threaten US dominance
- i. China builds up military, spreads economy
- ii. Europeans annoyed w/ US human rights and environmental policies
- iii. US dominance increases w/ economic growth
- iv. September 11, 2001 – Terrorists frustrated by US policy
- 1. stationing troops on Saudi Arabia “sacred ground”
- 2. Supporting Israel
- 3. Americanization, corruption of values
- c. What does US do with power? Spread elsewhere
- i. Everyone should have free market economy
- ii. New threats – emerging nations – Iran, Iraq, North Korea – axis of evil
- 1. Increased military spending
- iii. Intervenes in regional conflicts
- 1. Kicked Iraq out of Kuwait
- 2. Tried to settle peacefully Balkan situation
- US starts war against terrorism
- a. Changes in the superpowers
- D. Regional Disputes and Alliances
- a. End of US-Soviet rivalry led to
- i. Regional rivalries flaring up again
- 1. Middle East – constant conflict
- a. Iraq/Iran War in 1980s and then Iraq invades Kuwait
- b. US military presence in Middle East angers Arabs/Muslims
- c. 2003 Britain/US try to topple authoritarian regime of Saddam
- i. Hilights issues created by post WWI borders
- d. Israel/Palestine
- i. Autonomous Palestinian gov’t set up
- ii. But cycle of Palestinian terrorist bombings
- a. Israeli attacks on Palestinian cities
- 2. India/Pakistan
- a. Border clashes – especially Kashmir
- b. Hindu nationalism and Muslim rhetoric
- c. Both sides test nuclear bombs
- 1. Middle East – constant conflict
- i. Regional rivalries flaring up again
- ii. Regions working together
- 1. NATO purpose in question, still provides European security
- 2. European Union looks to Eastern European countries
- a. Turkey a possibility, but human rights violations
- b. Agree to common currency – Euro
- 3. Economic alliances – economics key issue in diplomacy now
- a. North American Free Trade Agreement – NAFTA
- i. Increase trade, but w/ loss of jobs to Mexico
- ii. Environmental effects – factories less regulated in Mexic
- b. Areas of East Asia coordinate
- a. North American Free Trade Agreement – NAFTA
- a. End of US-Soviet rivalry led to
- E. Ethnic Conflict
- i. Why new ethnic conflicts?
- 1. New global interactions – unites group identities
- 2. Need group identity to combat influx of other cultures
- 3. Collapse of multinational states
- a. Ideologies such as communism were uniting force
- 4. Nations gave more voice to minorities
- 5. Right-wing gov’t options offer anti-immigration policies
- 6. Former Soviet territories
- a. Some split peacefully – Czech Republic and Slovakia
- b. Hungarian minorities in Romania
- c. Turkish minorities in Bulgaria
- d. Muslim Chechnya tries to break away – uses terrorism
- i. Russia combats with military action
- e. Armenian Christians vs. Muslim Azerbaijan
- f. Yugoslavia – end of communism led to massive bloodshed
- i. Albanian Muslims vs. Slavic Serbs vs. Slavic Croats vs. Muslim Slavs
- ii. Catholic Croats vs. Orthodox Serbs vs. Muslims
- iii. “ethnic cleansing” to remove other ethnic group
- iv. NATO finally enters to try to maintain peace
- i. Which side?
- v. Serbian Slobodan Milosevic finally expelled – atrocities
- ii. Rwanda – Hutus vs. Tutsis
- 1. Old rivalries + disputes over power
- 2. Tutsis ruled, but they were minority
- 3. Hutus slaughtered hundreds of thousands – millions refugees
- iii. Huge refugee populations + civilians as targets (genocide)
- iv. Hesitation from outside forces to intervene
- i. Why new ethnic conflicts?
- A. Introduction
- IV. Globalization
- A. Introduction
- a. Flattening of the world – transglobal connections
- i. Breakdown of Soviet bloc
- ii. Improved communication, banking, computing – Internet helped a ton
- iii. China moves to enter trade network
- iv. Commitment of world to free market/less state intervention
- v. More people become accustomed to global connections
- 1. Nationalism declines
- 2. English spreads
- b. Globalization – interconnectedness of communication, culture, politics
- a. Flattening of the world – transglobal connections
- B. The New Technology
- a. Cellular phones open up areas w/ out landed infrastructure
- b. Improvements in miniaturization
- i. More information stored
- c. Email/Internet allows for exchange of documents, images, music
- i. Even if your region doesn’t have infrastructure, mail, transportation
- d. Satellite technology
- C. Business Organization and Investment
- a. International investment increases
- i. New technology + open political boundaries
- ii. Production facilities around globe
- b. Globalization equaled
- i. Increases in imports/exports
- ii. Businesses organized across political boundaries – multinational corporations
- iii. division of labor goes worldwide
- iv. Factories set up in other countries
- a. Close to markets
- b. Relaxed environmental regulations
- c. Cheaper labor
- v. Finding cheaper raw materials
- c. Multinational corporations
- i. Negatives
- a. Some multinationals have more power/money than nations
- b. Could threaten to leave, alter political/economic policy of region
- c. end competitiveness of local goods
- d. Environmental consquences
- ii. Positives
- a. Promote industrial skills in agricultural regions
- b. Necessitates improvements in communication/transportation systems
- c. Better wages
- d. More enlightened working conditions/bosses than local
- i. Negatives
- a. International investment increases
- D. Migration
- a. International migration to fill job needs
- i. “guest workers” in Europe
- ii. Slow growing populations in industrialized nations – need for labor
- iii. Ease of travel
- b. Creates multinational Western nations
- i. Key urban/commercial centers far more diverse
- ii. US 25% from houses where English not #1 language
- c. Leads to tensions – local population vs. foreigners
- d. Leads to cultural exchanges
- a. International migration to fill job needs
- E. Cultural Globalization
- a. Pace of cultural exchange/contacts increased in 1990s
- i. global technologies
- ii. Business organization
- iii. Reduced political barriers
- b. Music exchanges, science laboratories w/ researchers from around the world
- c. Spread of fast-food restaurants – symbol of globalization
- i. McDonaldization of the world
- d. Spread of western culture
- i. Baywatch – huge foreign audiences
- ii. Western beauty standards
- iii. Movie/amusement part icons
- iv. MTV indoctrinated youth
- v. American Christmas holiday
- vi. Western clothing
- e. Spread of Japanese/European culture
- i. Pokemon, music groups, animation
- ii. European fashion and music
- f. Usually culture of industrialized world spreads to non-industrialized
- i. At times, needs to adapt to local customs
- a. Pace of cultural exchange/contacts increased in 1990s
- F. Institutions of Globalization
- a. United Nations – tried to calm/prevent disputes
- i. Helped w/ growing refugee populations
- ii. Discussed gender/human rights/population control
- iii. Encouraged assistance in slowing spread of AIDS
- b. International Monetary Fund and World Bank – helped organize trade
- i. offered loans and guidance to developing nations
- ii. Loans come w/ requirements for economic reform
- a. Reduced gov’t spending
- b. Open competition
- iii. Promoters of global economy
- a. We’ll loan you money if you play ball
- c. G8 Summit – meeting of industrialized nations
- i. Canada, US, Germany, France, Britain, Japan and another one from Europe
- a. United Nations – tried to calm/prevent disputes
- G. Protest and Economic Uncertainties
- a. Globalization led to protest movement
- i. Huge demonstrations at G8/World Bank meetings
- a. Threatening the environment
- b. Cheap labor exploited
- c. Rampant consumerism
- d. Benefits rich nations at expense of developing nations
- i. Growing income gap
- a. Both between regions and w/in region
- b. Expanding group of haves and have-nots
- i. Growing income gap
- b. Economic problems in 1990s – Southeast Asia, Russia, Turkey
- i. Maybe globalization doesn’t work after all
- i. Huge demonstrations at G8/World Bank meetings
- a. Globalization led to protest movement
- A. Introduction
- V. A World of Religious and Ethnic Conflict
- A. Nationalism and Religious Currents
- a. Nationalistic reactions to globalization
- i. Usually by countries that can’t compete
- vii. Due to erosion of traditional culture
- iii. Reactions
- a. Japan teaches chopstick use/France outlaws English words
- b. Regulate # of immigrants
- c. Reject international treaties – US
- b. Subnational loyalties
- i. Non-majority groups on periphery want autonomy
- ii. Gov’t reacts with more oppression/restrictions
- a. Tibet to China, Khmer to Vietnam
- c. African nations fall apart – go to warlords – Sierra Leone/Liberia
- d. Religious differences lead to subnational conflicts
- i. Catholic/Orthodox/Muslim in Yugoslavia
- ii. Hindus/Muslims ini India
- iii. Muslim/Christian in Indonesia
- iv. Jews/Muslims/Christians in Israel
- a. Nationalistic reactions to globalization
- B. Religious Revivals
- a. Sometimes as reactions to globalization with controversial sexuality/consumerism
- b. Following Cold War – return to religions of old
- i. Protestant fundamentalism in US
- ii. Orthodox in Russia
- iii. Hindu fundamentalism in India
- iv. Islam in Middle East/Africa/Central Asia
- c. Characteristics of religious fundamentalism
- i. Appeals to impoverished groups
- ii. Religious leaders use Internet
- iii. Increases intolerance of other religions
- C. Global Terrorism
- a. Terrorism expands late 20th century
- i. Terrorist warfare to counter superior military
- ii. Roots go back to 19th century Russia
- iii. Miniaturization of technology – bombs
- iv. Security increases – turn to civilian “soft” targets
- a. Undermine hated regime/destabilize society
- b. September 11, 2001
- i. World Trade Center – symbol of globalization
- ii. Protest of US Middle East policy
- c. Leads to intense retaliation
- i. Causes more casualties than terrorism
- ii. Leads to limitations of globalization – travel
- a. Terrorism expands late 20th century
- A. Nationalism and Religious Currents
- VI. Global Warming and Other Perils
- A. Introduction
- 1. Fall of communism revealed destruction of environment
- a. USSR/Eastern Europe’s industrialization more hazardous than elsewhere
- i. If communism hadn’t ended, region could have been unlivable
- a. USSR/Eastern Europe’s industrialization more hazardous than elsewhere
- 2. Fear of China industrializing – resources already depleted, billion people
- 3. Southeast Asia/Japan/Africa extracting resources w/ abandon
- 4. Ecologically sound industrialization not possible in developing nations
- a. No longer getting money from Soviet Union
- 5. Cold War ideology pushed development w/ out concern for environment
- a. Corruption/cronyism of developmental regions – don’t implement guidelines
- 6. Impact of industrial world
- a. 1/5 of world consumed 4/5 of goods/resources
- b. 1/5 of world produces 70% of pollution
- 7. Developing too far behind
- a. Would take 150 years to catch up to US 1980 level
- 1. Fall of communism revealed destruction of environment
- B. Environmental Issues as Global Concerns
- 1. Environmental disruptions due to mechanized warfare, science, industrialization
- 2. Global warming – buildup of excessive amounts of carbon dioxide
- a. Due to industrial waste + exhaust from cars, trucks, machines
- b. Due to methane – manure/fertilizer – and farting cows
- c. Due to Chlorofluorocarbons CFCs
- 3. Effects of Global Warming <
- li>a. Shifts in temperature/rainfall
- b. Droughts and famine
- c. Coastal areas inundated
- d. Vegetation and wildlife altered
- 4. Consistencies
- a. Agricultural/methane carbon dioxide been around for centuries
- b. Speed increased with industrialization
- 5. Destruction of rain forests
- a. Can’t replenish
- b. Creates most species of plant/animal life on planet
- c. And…creates oxygen
- 6. Attempts at reform not always successful
- a. 1997 Kyoto Reforms – US doesn’t sign – might hurt economy
- C. Disease
- 1. Rapid international travel/interaction spreads diseases
- a. Remote regions no longer safe from global epidemics
- b. AIDS all over the world/SARS scared people
- 2. Fear of big epidemic in the future
- 1. Rapid international travel/interaction spreads diseases
- A. Introduction
- VI. Toward the Future
- A. Introduction – predictions oftentimes wrong
- B. Projecting from Trends
- 1. Population will slow down
- 2. How will gov’t react to huge # of old people
- 3. Is democracy still spreading? Recently not so good…
- 4. Are we going to be more consumer driven or more religiously fundamental
- C. Big Changes
- 1. Negative – dramatic climate change/resource exhaustion
- 2. World turns postindustrial – goal becomes entertaining, not producing
- a. Will work get more repetitive or more creative
- D. The Problem of the Contemporary World
- 1. Who will replace dominant Europe? US, China, East Asia?
- 2. Are women going further toward equality or is there a backlash – religion/men
- VII. Global Connections
- A. People more committed to professions than region/civilization
- 1. Downtowns becoming homogenized
- B. But…will globalization lead to extremist reactions to hold on to past
- 1. Can nations hold on to tradition
- 2. But…world history has shown that regions try to hold on to identity
- C. And that…my friends…is my final note for the textbook…I’m retiring
- A. People more committed to professions than region/civilization
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