Impact on the Global Framework

1914 to Present

1. Impact on the Global Framework
   1. World War I – The Great War
      1. Causes
         1. Long term causes
            1. Competition over empire
               1. race for colonies in Africa, India and Southeast Asia
               2. Delicate balance of power after Congress of Vienna eroding
            2. Anglo-German rivalry over empire
               1. Germans jealous of Britain’s navy/empire
            3. Industrial competition
            4. Naval superiority
            5. Rising intensity of nationalism in Europe
               1. Especially in Balkans
               2. Russification – insistence on acceptance of Russian Culture
                  1. Led to Pan-Slavic Movement
                     1. Bring all Slavic nations into commonwealth
                     2. Russia would be at the head
            6. Alliance system
               1. Two sides locked into place – Entente vs. Alliance
                  1. Triple Entente – France, Russia, Britain
                     1. Britain’s commitment informal, but honored
                  2. Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria, Italy
                     1. Italy changes sides
            7. France – German bitter
               1. French wanted to avenge humiliation of Prussian War – 1870
                  1. Loss of land – Alsace-Lorraine
                  2. Loss of Morrocco
               2. Both countries want a military rematch
            8. Austria – Italy
               1. Italy – Northern Territories controlled by Hapsburgs theirs
                  1. Want war to bring these territories back
               2. Russia – Austria
                  1. Austria controls domains with Slavic minorities
                  2. Leading Slavic nation – felt paternal feelings to
                     1. Czechs, Bulgars, Bonsians
            9. Short term causes
               1. Balkans – “powder keg of Europe”
               2. Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and wife Sophie
                  1. Heir to Austrian throne
               3. Sarajevo had been annexed by Austria
                  1. Serbs living there and in independent Serbia angry
                  2. Bosnian student – Gavrio Princip – Black Hand
               4. Austria’s ultimatum – show Serbia who has more power
                  1. Series of humiliating demands – declare war if not followed
               5. Slavic Russia – “big brother” to the Serbs
               6. Germany – Kaiser Wilhelm II – German support for any action
               7. France has to aid Russia
               8. So…July 28, 1914 Austria declares war on Serbia
                  1. Russia, Germany start mobilizing
                  2. By August 4, major players at war
         2. War
            1. Up to 1/3 of world’s productivity going toward war
            2. Two sides
               1. Triple Entente – the Allies – Britain, France, Russia + colonies
                  1. US joins in 1917
                  2. Italy switches when promised Austrian territory
            3. The Beginning of the War
               1. The Schlieffen Plan – quick destruction of France
                  1. Avoid two-front war
                  2. Austria couldn’t have long war – would lose
                  3. Germany – 75% of army against France
                     1. Illegal invasion of Belgium on the way to France
                        1. Brought Britain into war
                        2. Hurts Germany’s reputation
                           1. Propaganda – “barbarians””huns”
                  4. 25% of army + Austrians hold off Russia
                  5. Plan failed
                     1. Belgians fought back
                     2. Russians mobilized quickly
                     3. French army made stand at Marne River
            4. The Fronts
               1. Western Front
                  1. Stalemate, evenly matched with numbers and weaponry
                  2. Charging the enemy pointless
                     1. artillery, machine guns, modern rifles
                  3. Trench warfare
                     1. 500 miles of trenches, bunkers, barbed wire
                     2. Exceptionally bloody combat with little movement
                     3. Gross conditions – lice, rats, disease, corpses
                  4. 1917 – change in tactics/weaponry
               2. Eastern Front
                  1. Much longer front – over a thousand miles
                  2. Decisive battles
                     1. Germans and Austrians won initially
                        1. Hundreds thousands miles Russian territory
                     2. Russia cut off from allies
                        1. Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria join
            5. Naval warfare and the use of submarines
               1. No traditional ship to ship battles
               2. British Royal Navy imposed blockade
               3. Germany responds with submarine warfare
                  1. Economic damage to Britain – island nation – imports
                  2. But…killed neutral boats, civilians, nations
                     1. Backfires, brings US into war
            6. Global Dimensions
               1. Started due to empire, spread throughout empire
               2. Former British colonies/dominions declare war
                  1. Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa
               3. 5 million Africans involved
                  1. Fought Germans in Africa
                  2. Helped with infrastructure
                  3. Brought to Western Front – thought of as cannibals
               4. Indian Sepoys and Nepalese Gurkhas in Middle East
               5. Japan took over German island colonies
               6. Austrialia/New Zealand try to take Ottoman Empire
                  1. Gallipoli a failure
               7. Ottoman Empire
                  1. Lawrence of Arabia
                     1. Convinces Arabs to rise against Ottoman Empire
                  2. Armenian genocide – first genocide of century
                     1. 500,000 > 2 million killed
            7. War’s last stages
               1. 1917 turning point
                  1. Combatants exhausted
                  2. Germany turns to unrestricted submarine warfare
                     1. Knock out Britain
                        1. Works – Britain down to 6 weeks of food
                     2. But…diplomatically causes problems
                        1. US pulled into war
                  3. Zimmerman Note – angers US
                     1. Germany tries to convince Mexico to join war
                  4. Russia falling part
                     1. Tsarist regime falls apart
                     2. Army in full retreat/mass desertions
                     3. Lenin’s Communist takeover – pulls out of war
                     4. Germany sends troops to Western Front
               2. 1918 – who’s faster
                  1. Germany moving troops to the West
                  2. American getting involved in the war
                  3. Germany has massive offensive against France
                     1. Allies hold strong – fight back
                  4. War ends on November 11, 1918
            8. The Home Front
               1. Total war
                  1. Must involve nations, mobilize all resources
                  2. Affected civilian populations deeply
               2. Conscription
                  1. Drafted more than 70 million people
               3. Economic Mobilization and Rationing
                  1. Industry geared for war
                     1. Raw material needed
                        1. iron, steel, oil, rubber, cloth
                     2. Uniforms, weapons, tanks, aircraft, ships
                  2. Agricultural production increased
                     1. Civilian populations needed
                  3. Women needed
                  4. Private enterprise coordinated/controlled by state
                  5. Food, consumer goods, strategic materials rationed
                  6. By 1918, running out of supplies
                     1. Russians sent in barefoot without weapons
               4. Restrictions on Civil Liberties
                  1. Imposed censorship on press, mass media, mail
                  2. Suspected of espionage or treason
                     1. Arrested, tried, sentences w/out due process
                  3. All political parties agree to unite
                  4. If you’re pessimistic or not patriotic enough
                     1. Might be traitor
               5. Women and the War Effort
                  1. Most significant impact
                  2. Greater production needed – but less men
                     1. Farms, factories, workplaces
                  3. Economic contributions huge
                     1. 1.35 million women in Britain
                     2. 38% of Krupp – arms producer – employees
                     3. France – minimum wage to women
         3. Effects
            1. Europe’s position badly weakened
               1. But..retained its overseas empires for three more decades
               2. Had reached zenith of position between 1870>1914
            2. Butcher’s Bill
               1. 30 nations involved
               2. 40 million casualties, 10 million killed
               3. 3-5 million civilians – disease, starvation, military action
            3. Shattered four great empires
               1. German Reich
               2. Russia’s tsarist regime
               3. Austria-Hungary’s Habsburg dynasty
               4. Ottoman Empire
            4. Shift in cultural attitudes
               1. Spirit of optimism and faith vanished
                  1. Replaced with fear, anxiety, gloom
               2. European’s view of themselves as civilized, culturally superior
                  1. Just a bit shattered
            5. US emerges as leader
               1. Actually benefits from war
               2. Geographically untouched
            6. Social changes
               1. Final decline of the aristocracy
               2. Rise of the middle and lower classes
               3. Democratization of European politics
               4. Complete industrialization and modernization of Europ economies
               5. Women’s suffrage
            7. Independence movements around the world
               1. Colonial possessions becoming restless
               2. Not if they’d be independent, but when and how
            8. Paris Peace Conference
               1. Participants
                  1. All Allied Nations invited, Central Powers left out
                  2. Five treaties for each defeated nation
                     1. Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman
                  3. Treaty of Versailles – agreement w/ Germany
                     1. Agreed to on June 28, 1919
               2. Ideological disagreements
                  1. American idealism vs. European desire for revenge
                     1. Wilson – make world “safe for democracy”
                        1. Fourteen Points
                           1. End to secret treaties
                           2. Freedom of the seas
                           3. Arms reduction
                           4. Decolonization
                           5. Self-determination
                           6. League of Nations – for disputes
                     2. Clemenceau – make Germany pay
                        1. Feared Germany rising again
                        2. Justify human/financial cost of war
                     3. Italy wanted Austrian land/German colonies
                  2. European victors opposed decolonization
            9. Terms of the Treaties
               1. League of Nations created, but US Congress doesn’t ratify
               2. Fourteen Points watered down or ignored
               3. Main points
                  1. Dismantling of Austria-Hungary – split and lost territory
                  2. New nations from Hapsburg Empire – “self determination”
                     1. Yugoslovia, Czech, Poland, Finland, Latvia
                     2. Lithuania, Estonia
                  3. Italy gets some of Austrian Empire – Tyrol
                     1. But not Adriatic Coast stuff
                  4. Forced immigration
                     1. Turks moved to Ottoman Empire
                     2. Greeks moved back to Greece
                  5. Middle East
                     1. Ottoman Empire stripped of possessions
                     2. Arab lands temporarily controlled by France/Britain
                        1. Mandate system supervised by League of Na
                     3. Arabs annoyed – thought granted independence
                     4. Britain takes control of Palestine
                        1. Balfour Declaration
                        2. Delayed creating Jewish homeland
               4. Treaty of Versailles
                  1. War guilt – Article 231 – Germany must accept full blame
                  2. Loss of territory
                     1. Lost 13% of territory, 6 million people
                     2. Alsace and Lorraine go to France
                     3. Poland, Belgium, Denmark get land also
                     4. Rhineland to remain demilitarized forever
                  3. Loss of colonies – all colonies taken – controlled by Allies
                  4. Disarmament – No military aircraft, submarines, battleships
                     1. Only small artillery and 100,000 soldiers
                  5. War payments – reparations
                     1. Germany pay for full cost of war - $32 billion (400)
                     2. War payments until 1961
            10. Problems of Paris Peace Conference
                1. Made out of greed/revenge
                2. Ignorant creation of Eastern European nations – fall into chaos
                3. Harsh treatment (economic especially) of Germany would anger
            11. Long Term Effects
                1. Countless people made homeless/stateless
                2. Global epidemic of Spanish flu – 20 million people killed in world
                3. Destruction of eastern and central European empires
                4. Communism in Russia
                5. Instability in Eastern Europe – economic/political chaos
                6. social transformation – death to aristocracy
                7. Women’s suffrage – proved could do “man’s work”
                8. German resentment at peace treaty – anger
                9. General decline of European economic/global power
                   1. Hard to control global empires, some lost them
                10. Sense of uncertainty and anxiety – loss of faith in progress
                11. Separation of ethnic groups across several nation-states
                    1. Led to World War II
                12. Russia lost Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia Poland from its territory
                13. European colonialism didn’t end – former German territories become mandates
            12. Outcomes
                1. Britain destroyed – lost youth, debts, empire tired and a burden
                2. France – nation blasted flat, war widows/amputees everywhere
                3. Japan – fought for Allies, disappointed at Versailles
                   1. Postwar economic downturn led to political/econ problems
                   2. Couldn’t keep territory won from Germany
                4. Italy – didn’t receive as much land as they wanted
                5. United States – elevated to world power status, but doesn’t want it
                6. China – entered war late, lost land to Japan
                7. Russia – fell apart, Civil War (Reds vs. Whites), USSR formed
                8. Germany – economically/politically destroyed
            13. Monarchy gone, but Weimar Republic not trusted/legitimate
   2. World War II
      1. Causes
         1. Aggression on part of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, militaristic Japan
            1. Initially aggression met with passive response – appeasement
               1. Depression a killer
               2. Want to avoid another WWI
               3. League of Nations useless
         2. Hitler’s steps to war
            1. Ignores Versailles
               1. Rebuilds army
               2. Puts troops in Rhineland (supposed to be demilitarized)
            2. Supports Fascist govt in Spain
               1. Stalin goes it alone – annoyed with Brits/US
               2. Anti-Comintern Pact – anti-communism – Axis Powers
            3. Annexes Austria – Anschluss – “union”
            4. Sudetenland – Munich Agreement – takes rest of Czechoslovakia
               1. Pinnacle of appeasement
               2. Chamberlain looks like an idiot – “peace in our time”
               3. Stalin believes Britain/France bumbling idiots
                  1. Signs secret deal w/ Hitler
                     1. Agree to not fight, divide up Poland
               4. Hitler looks smart when he takes rest of Czec
         3. Japan’s steps to war
            1. military takes control of government
            2. Takes Manchuria – renames Manchuko – Pu Yi as emperor
            3. Japan invades mainland China – commits a ton of atrocities
            4. Japanese fight in Siberia – undeclared war
            5. Japan attacks US Pearl Harbor
            6. starts taking over Southeast Asia – kicking out European colonist
         4. Economic causes
            1. huge reparations paid by Germany
            2. spiraling inflation in Germany
            3. decrease in prices for farm products, especially US
            4. collapse of the US Stock Market
            5. deepening worldwide depression
            6. Japan lacked energy resources for industrial development
         5. Political problems
            1. anger and frustration over the peace treaty – Hitler/Mussolini
      2. War
         1. New Technology
            1. Unlike WWI, not defensive warfare
            2. Favors rapid, dynamic warfare
            3. Aircraft carriers, landing craft, long-range submarines
            4. New artillery – distance huge
            5. strategic bombers – thousands of miles, kill civilians
            6. Makes war more global, more deadly
            7. Led to secondary civilian technology
               1. radar, jet aircraft, synthetic materials (nylon)
               2. rocketry, atomic energy, computer science
         2. Blitzkrieg “lightning war”
            1. Tanks + airplanes + troops – penetrate deeply
            2. France/Britain wait for Germany, think defense best, wrong war
               1. “phony war” – Sitzkrieg – winter of waiting for attack
            3. Spring/Summer 1940 – Hitler takes Western Europe
               1. Weeks, days, months – super fast
               2. France gone in 6 weeks
                  1. Maginot Line just not that effective
            4. Britain left alone to fight Italy, Germany
               1. Battle of Britain – knock Britain out of war
                  1. Royal Navy prevents invasion
                  2. Royal Air Force/Radar protects skies
                  3. Economic aid from US and Canada
            5. US helps with Lend-Lease program
         3. Germany goes South and East
            1. Protects Italy in Africa
            2. Operation Barbarossa – Invades Soviet Union
               1. 60-75% of Germany army fighting in USSR
                  1. Smart movie Adolph
               2. Reached Leningrad, Moscow
                  1. But winter and resilient population defeated Germany
         4. Japanese aggression
            1. European struggles in Europe makes it hard to protect colonies
               1. Southeast Asia goes to Japan
            2. Wants to establish Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere
            3. US imposes economic sanctions in response to aggression
               1. Japan needs US steel, oil raw materials
               2. Embargo act of war, so…
            4. Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, takes over Pacific
            5. Brings US into war
               1. Now you have most productive economy +
               2. Incredible natural resources and manpower
                  1. No one can match America’s military industrialization + mass conscription of troops
         5. Civilians as targets
            1. Hitler killed 12 million Jews, gypsies, Slaves, religious groups
            2. Japan killed 300,000 civilians – mostly in Nanking
            3. Allied firebombing of Japanese cities and Dresden/Germany
            4. Atomic bombings of Nagasaki and Hiroshima
         6. Allies on the Offensive
            1. Axis skill and quality armed forces vs.
            2. Allied geographic size, humanpower, economies, natural resources
               1. Longer war lasts, better chance Allies win
               2. Japan’s failure to take US, Germany’s fails Britain/USSR
            3. Turning point 1942 – Axis loses all three battles
               1. Midway – US Navy destroys Japanese aircraft fleet
               2. El Alamein – British defeat Rommell’s German tanks
               3. Stalingrad – Soviets prevent taking of S. Russia/oil
            4. Shifting Tide – 1943-1944
               1. Pacific – pushed Japan west + guerilla fighting
               2. Allies take N. Africa, invade Italy
               3. June 1944 – Normandy – Operation Overlord – D-Day
                  1. Hitler now has 3 front war
            5. War at sea and in the air
               1. At sea, defeats submarine fleet
               2. Allies control skies after 1943 – bomb Germany indiscrimat
               3. 1944 – bomb Japan constantly
            6. End of World War II
               1. May 1945 Germany surrenders – surrounded
               2. Japan continues with no chance of winning
                  1. Truman doesn’t want to invade
                  2. Traditional bombing not defeating Japan
               3. Atomic bomb
                  1. Japan warned
                  2. Aug. 6 Enola Gay > Hiroshima
                  3. August 9 > Nagasaki
                     1. Hundreds of thousands killed
                  4. Japan agrees to cease fire
      3. Effects
         1. Europe in paradoxical situation
            1. Became Cold War battleground
            2. Dismantled Europe’s global dominance
            3. After repair, enjoyed greatest prosperity ever
               1. Wealthies/most technologically advanced in world
               2. Even Eastern Europe recovered and industrialized
         2. Short term effects
            1. Huge refuges – “displaced persons”
            2. Nations/cities in ruins
            3. Poverty horrendous
            4. Shortage of food, clothing, consumer goods
            5. Colonies push for independence
               1. In some cases, causes European gov’t to collapse - Algeria
         3. Left world power divided between US and USSR
         4. State of world after war
            1. United States occupied Japan
            2. Korea divided between US and USSR
            3. China regained territory – civil war between Nationalists/Communis
            4. Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia become Soviet provinces
            5. Czechoslovakia, Hungaria, Bulgaria, Romania occupied
            6. Colonies renewed independence efforts
            7. European world dominance ended
            8. International dominance between two superpowers – USSR/USA
   3. The Holocaust and other war crimes
      1. 73 months of fighting – countless war crimes
         1. Half of 60 million killed were civilians
         2. Behavior fell outside the lines of international law/acceptable behavior
         3. “crimes against humanity” term emerges from WWII
      2. All sides guilty
         1. Axis Powers – holocaust/rape of China
         2. Soviet Union
            1. Rape, plunder, destruction of civilian property in E. Europe
         3. USA/British
            1. Strategic/carpet bombing of civilian areas
            2. Using atomic bomb?
      3. Japanese War Crimes
         1. Before WWII, Japan had committed thousands of atrocities
            1. Worse – Rape of Nanjing – 200-400,000
         2. Killed countless prisoners of war
            1. Against rules of military combat
         3. Prisoners of war used as scientific experiments – Unit 731
         4. “Comfort women” in Korea and Southeast Asia
            1. Forced into prostitution for Japanese soldiers
         5. During Tokyo Trials, Japan tried for these crimes
      4. Nazi Atrocities – based on notions of racial purity
         1. Before war, Nazis had created system of terror
            1. Secret police (Gestapo) and concentration camps (Dachau)
               1. Dissidents, religious figures imprisoned/executed
            2. Euthanize medical patients with incurable diseases, venereal disease, tuberculosis – homosexuals (mentally disabled)
            3. Performed medical and scientific experiments
               1. Usually mutilated or killed
         2. Racial policy/genocide
            1. Targeted groups deemed “subhuman” or “undesirable”
               1. Slaves, gypsies, Jews
         3. Series of laws against Jews
            1. Nuremberg Laws of 1935
         4. Violence doesn’t become “official” policy until WWII
            1. November 1938 – Kristallnacht “Night of Broken Glass”
               1. Jewish shops, synagogues, homes burned
         5. As Nazis took over more territory, more Jews rounded up
      5. Stages of the Holocaust – Final Solution
         1. 1939-1940
            1. Yellow star, ghettos, imprisoned in camps, sporadic execution
         2. 1941
            1. Execution of all Communist Members – invading USSR
            2. Orders to prepare for the “Final Solution”
            3. “special action squads” Einsatzgruppen – kill Jews in USSR
               1. too slow, too wasteful, hard on morale, buried bodies
            4. Experiments carried out to find “efficient” method
            5. Cyanide-based insecticide – Zyklon-B used
         3. 1942
            1. Wannsee Conference – decide on “Final Solution” – 15 meet
            2. Extermination camps go into operation
         4. 1943-1945
            1. Jews shipped from all over, gassed, cremated
            2. Soviet liberation of camps in Poland – 1944
            3. Camps in west liberated by US/Brits in 1945
         5. 12 million deaths – 6 million Jews
         6. Nuremberg Trials – Americans, British, Soviets
            1. Court for remaining military/political leaders
   4. The Cold War
      1. Overview
         1. Used nations as pawns in their struggle
            1. US/USSR never went to war against each other, but…
            2. Dozens of small/medium-sized war – 50 million deaths
         2. Fundamental shift in world power
            1. Previous 200 years, power in hands of Europe
               1. Shifting power between 6/7 nations
            2. But…Europe devastated by war
         3. Bipolar Equilibrium – two nations, evenly matched share global power
            1. Democratic capitalism vs. communism
            2. Deadliest arms race
         4. Both nations hugely wealthier/more powerful than any other power
         5. Affected decolonization
            1. Newly freed nations had to choose who to ally with
         6. Major features of competition
            1. Technological
               1. Arms race, space race
            2. Geopolitical
               1. vied for influence across globe
               2. Especially in developing nations
               3. Weapons training provided to side
            3. Ideological
               1. Capitalism vs. communism – which do you want
               2. Led to the division of nations
                  1. N. and S. Korea
                  2. N. and S. Vietnam
                  3. E. and W. Germany
                  4. People’s Republic of China vs. Republic of China
         7. Local conflicts before 1991
            1. Surrogate wars where superpowers didn’t fight, but…
               1. Supported combatants on both sides
      2. Wartime Diplomacy
         1. Alliance with Stalin only because needed to defeat Hitler
            1. Tension from the beginning
         2. Issues dealt with at Teheran, Yalta and Potsdam Conferences
            1. Second Front – D-Day Normandy planned
            2. Stalin agrees to declare war on Japan after Germans defeated
               1. In exchange he wants territory and Korea divided
            3. Treatment of Germany – divided into four sectors
               1. Berlin in Soviet zone – but access to rail, road, train
               2. Denazification – former Nazis removed from office
               3. Germany also divided
               4. $20 billion in reparations
            4. United Nations – Roosevelt convinces Chruchill, Stalin
            5. Fate of Eastern Europe – toughest issue
               1. Soviet troops occupy all of Eastern Europe
                  1. Stalin wants for sphere of influence
                  2. Can’t push or he won’t fight Hitler
               2. Agreement at Yalta
                  1. Soviets can have influence, but…
                  2. They have to allow free elections
         3. Bretton Woods, New Hampshire
            1. 44 Allied countries meet to discuss future
               1. Committed to economic growth, free trade, stable money
            2. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
               1. aka World Bank
            3. International Monetary Fund
               1. Goal…rebuild Europe
               2. Lend assistance to Latin American, African, Asian countries
            4. Exchange rates tied to US dollar, which was tied to gold
            5. USSR refuses, isolates itself from the “First World”
         4. Churchill/Roosevelt criticized when “secret agreements” made public
            1. Abandoned Poland, E. Germany, Eastern Europe, China - communis
      3. The Cold War Begins
         1. Cold War begins with tensions before end of WWII
         2. 1945-1949 – first phase concerned with Europe
            1. Europe becomes superpowers’ battleground
            2. Europe divided into two camps separated by “Iron Curtain”
               1. West – NATO + European Union + Marshall Plan
               2. East – Warsaw Pact + COMECON
            3. Soviet takeover of Eastern Europe
               1. All but Yugosloavia – Tito and Albania
                  1. Created independent communist regimes
               2. The rest under control/influence of USSR
            4. Soviets push communism/support parties in
               1. Greece, Turkey, Iran
            5. Soviets reasoning
               1. Destroyed by war
                  1. 30 million people dead
                  2. 1/3 of economy destroyed
                     1. Wants buffer zone
                     2. Stalin feels vulnerable due to atomic bomb
                  3. Provoke US as far as can go
                     1. Thus the Berlin Blockade and Airlift
            6. US response – Containment – free world keeps USSR from expand
               1. Truman Doctrine
                  1. moral/material aid to countries fighting communism
                  2. Saves Greece and Turkey from communism
               2. Marshall Plan
                  1. Try to avoid Great Depression – poverty = extremism
                  2. Put $13 billion into economy
                  3. Resistance in US Congress
                     1. end any chance of working w/ USSR
                     2. reestablish US as imperial power
                     3. bankrupt the nation
                     4. set up Europe as competitors for markets
                     5. should be aimed at Asia not Europe
               3. NATO – military alliance
                  1. Troops remain in Europe – trip wire
                     1. As soon as one attacked, US in war
               4. All of these = containment
                  1. USSR would expand as far as it could
                  2. Must be contained
                  3. Philosophy
                     1. Not war
                     2. Economic/military aid to those in need
                  4. Problem – Soviets act, US reacts
                  5. Affected how US chose allies
                     1. Not communist? We’ll support you.
                  6. Spend a ton of money in arms race
            7. Resistance to Soviet rule
               1. Hungarian revolt 1956 put down by Soviets
               2. Prague Spring – Czech – 1968
                  1. Resistance to censorship = Soviet invasion
               3. Poland – Soviet rule relaxed – land ownership/religion
      4. The Cold War Globalizes
         1. Globalization of the Cold War
            1. 1949 turning point – US creates NATO, USSR has nuclear bomb
               1. Civil War – Mao vs. Chaing Kai Shek comes to an end
                  1. China allies with Russia
               2. Two largest nations on earth now joined by Communism
            2. Arena of Cold War would become Asia, Africa, Latin America
         2. The Korean War
            1. N. Korea invades S. Korea
            2. US and United Nations come to the aide of S. Korea
            3. Push N. Korea back until Chinese “volunteers” advance
            4. Cease fire puts boundaries at original line
            5. 1.25 million casualties
         3. New issues
            1. Stalin replaced by Khrushchev
               1. More global, but more unpredictable
            2. Nuclear Arms Race
               1. By 1960s, both had missiles, ICBMs, and submarine nukes
               2. Quantity kept increasing, though enough to blow up world
               3. Have to be extremely wary of catalyst that would start war
               4. MAD – mutually assured destruction – a deterrent, you’ll die
            3. The concept of the Third World
               1. Europe already divided, any shift could lead to war
               2. However, Africa, Asia, Europe prime targets
                  1. Modernizing and decolonizing
                  2. Who will have your back?
               3. USSR/China actively spread communism – Comintern
               4. US tried to stop – “domino theory” – one goes, they all go
                  1. US willing to choose bad allies, better than Commun.
                     1. Dictators or authoritarian leaders
         4. The 1950s
            1. Khrushchev liberalizes, but also a firm hand
               1. Hungary invaded when it tries to leave Soviet Bloc – 1956
            2. Europe has minimal power – USSR/USA support Egypt’s natinonali
               1. France/England have to back down – give up Suez
            3. Space race – rocket technology linked to nuclear prowess – 1957
            4. Cuban Revolution – proximity to US key point
         5. The 1960s
            1. Tension of the first part
               1. U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers shot down – spying
               2. John F. Kennedy approves failed invasion of Cuba
                  1. Bay of Pigs – US embarrassed
               3. Yuri Gagarin first man in space – not an American
               4. Berlin Wall vs. Kennedy “I am a Berliner”
               5. Soviets ship rockets to Cuba > Cuban Missile Crisis
                  1. Leads to quarantine/blockade
                  2. Closest to WWIII
                  3. USSR pulls out in exchange for
                     1. US removes Turkey missiles
                     2. Promises to not invade Cuba
            2. Mid>Late 1960s
               1. Scared to death how close they came, start to cool off
                  1. Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
                  2. Install “hot line” “red phone” – avoid Cub.MisCris
               2. Brezhnev takes over – more hardline
                  1. Focuses energy on Soviet Bloc countries
               3. US wins space race – 1969 man on the moon
               4. USSR/China split – Sino-Soviet Split
                  1. Disagreed on path of communism internationally
                     1. China – unite non-aligned nations
                        1. India/Indonesia etc.
                        2. Use these to combat Soviets
                  2. Mao tired of being treated as “younger brother”
                  3. Chinese felt treated as racially inferior
                  4. Border becomes militarized zone
                  5. US took advantage of split
            3. The Vietnam War
               1. Superpowers intervene in many civil/anticolonial wars
               2. Ho Chi Minh wants independence from French
                  1. US doesn’t want Ho Chi Minh
                  2. End up supporting unpopular dictator in South
                     1. Sends military to support South gov’t
               3. US eventually pulls out, Vietnam goes Communist
      5. Latin America as Cold War Battlefield
         1. All military dictatorships heavily in debt to United States
         2. Cuba attempted to export Marxist revolution to Latin America
            1. US supports any regime that opposes communism
            2. Pro-US regimes usually dictatorial and right-wing
         3. Perfect example of Cold War politics – Nicaraguan Revolution
            1. Marxist, Soviet-supported Sandinista movement
               1. Overthrows Somoza dictatorship – US supported
            2. US supports counterrevolutionary contras
            3. Becomes essentially a proxy war between US and USSR
      6. The Late Stages of the Cold War
         1. Détente – 1970s
            1. Both sides agree to relax tensions
               1. Economically suffering
                  1. USSR needs grain shipments
               2. US still wounded from Vietnam
               3. USSR fears US and China becoming allies
            2. Still conflict around the world, plus arms race, but…
            3. Starting to work together
               1. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty – prevent spread to other nations
               2. Signed first arms control treaties SALT – 1972
               3. Both sponsor Apollo-Soyuz space mission
               4. Helsinki Accords – USSR agrees to more human rights
         2. The Cold War resumes – 1980s
            1. USSR invades Afghanistan – threatens oil
            2. US elects Ronald Reagan – conservative, hard-line foreign affairs
            3. Arms race intensifies - $300 billion a year
            4. Publicly both very aggressive
               1. USSR called “evil empire”
               2. Both boycott Olympics
         3. The Cold War Ends
            1. Steady internal collapse of USSR
               1. Brezhnev and two successors die quickly
            2. Gorbachev tries to reform USSR – can’t keep up with USA
               1. Allows E. European nations to free themselves
               2. Enters into arms negotiations
               3. Berlin Wall comes down in 1989 – symbol of “iron curtain”
               4. 1991 – USSR collapses
   5. Nuclear weaponry
      1. Cold War
      2. Largest and most expensive weapons buildup in world history
         1. 1949 USSR explodes atomic bomb – let the race begin
         2. Both sides built up stockpiles of weapons and threatened each other
         3. Deterrence – both sides afraid to strike, fear of being destroyed
            1. Mutually Assured Destruction – MAD
      3. Détente – Nixon tries to ease tensions with USSR
         1. 1969 – nuclear nonproliferation treaty
         2. USSR needs wheat from US
         3. USSR wants to improve position against China
         4. SALT – Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties – limit antiballistic missiles
            1. Cooperate on health research, space exploration, trade, pollution
   6. International organizations
      1. Rebuilding Europe after WWII
         1. Soviet Bloc – COMECON - Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
            1. Economies nationalized/centrally planned
            2. Collectivization under state control
            3. Massive industrialization
            4. “socialist division of labor” – every nation focuses in a few areas
            5. Soviet welfare systems
               1. education, medical care, pensions
            6. Poor quality consuper goods
            7. Focus on heavy industry/weapons
            8. Maintained through political repression
         2. Western Europe – Marshall Plan – European Recovery Plan
            1. A “miracle” – helped prevent the spread of communism
            2. W. Germany rose from ruins – European economic powerhouse
            3. Technical innovation – move to postindustrial world
            4. Put into place social welfare systems
            5. Created “third way” – blend of capitalism and social-welfare
      2. Military
         1. NATO
         2. Warsaw Pact
      3. Economic
      4. Political
      5. Human Rights
         1. League of Nations
   7. Emergence of the United States
      1. Became world’s richest and most powerful nation
      2. United States taken role as police officer/peace negotiator for the world
         1. Sent troops to Grenada, Somalia and Berlin to protect people/interests
         2. Acted as mediator between Israel/Palestinians, N. Ireland
         3. Used diplomacy to create wide coalition of support
            1. Persian Gulf War/Taliban in Afghanistan
      3. Willingness to engage in diplomatic dialogue shifted with War in Iraq
   8. New challenges
      1. Iraq – annexed oil rich Kuwait in 1990 led to Persian Gulf War
         1. 2003 – Iraq War – Weapons Mass Destruction/oppressive regime
      2. India/Pakistan – 1998 announce nuclear weapons
         1. Still fight over Kashmir region
      3. North Korea developing nuclear weapons
      4. Africa/Asia
         1. Lack resources to develop
            1. Look to World Bank and International Monetary Fund
         2. Violent ethnic conflicts
         3. Warfare continues between US and Iraq, and US and Afghanistan
      5. Good news
         1. South Africa ends apartheid
         2. India world’s largest democracy
         3. New governments based on civil rights in Iraq and Afghanistan