US vocab (all inclusive - ch29) Flashcards
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American Pageant Chapter 13 Vocab Flashcards
The Rise of Mass Democracy
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| 513336002 | Corrupt Bargain | Alleged deal between presidential candidates John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to throw the election, to be decided by the House of Representatives, in Adams' favor. Though never proven, the accusation became the rallying cry for supporters of Andrew Jackson, who had actually garnered a plurality of the popular vote in 1824 | |
| 513336003 | Spoils system | policy of rewarding political supporters with public office, first widely employed at the federal level by Andrew Jackson. The practice was widely abused by the unscrupulous office seekers, but it also helped cement party loyalty in the emerging two-party system. | |
| 513336004 | Tariff of Abominations (1828) | Noteworthy for its unprecedentedly high duties on imports. Southerners vehemently opposed the Tariff, arguing that it hurt Southern farmers, who did not enjoy the protection of tariffs, but were forced to pay higher prices for | |
| 513336005 | Nullification Crisis (1832-1833) | Showdown between President Andrew Jackson and the South Carolina legislature, which declared the 1832 tariff null and void in the state and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect duties. It was resolved by a compromise negotiated by Henry Clay in 1833 | |
| 513336006 | Compromise tariff of 1833 | Passed as a measure to resolve the nullification crisis, it provided that tariffs be lowered gradually, over a period of ten years, to 1816 levels. | |
| 513336007 | Force Bill (1833) | Passed by Congress alongside the Compromise Tariff, it authorized the president to use the military to collect federal tariff duties. | |
| 513336008 | Indian Removal Act (1830) | Ordered the removal of Indian Tribes still residing east of the Mississippi to newly established Indian Territory west of Arkansas and Missouri. Tribes resisting eviction were forcibly removed by American forces, often after prolonged legal or military battles. | |
| 513336009 | Trail of Tears (1838-1839) | Forced march of 15,000 Cherokee Indians from their Georgia and Alabama homes to Indian Territory. Some 4,000 Cherokee died on the arduous journey. | |
| 513336010 | Black Hawk War (1832) | Series of clashes in Illinois and Wisconsin between American forces and Indian chief Black Hawk of he Sauk and Fox tribes, who unsuccessfully tried to reclaim territory lost under the 1830 Indian Removal Act | |
| 513336011 | Bank War (1832) | Battle between President Andrew Jackson and Congressional supporters of the Bank of the United States over the bank's renewal in 1836. Jackson vetoed the Bank Bill, arguing that the bank favored moneyed interests at the expense of western farmers. | |
| 513336012 | Specie Circular (1836) | U.S. Treasury decree requiring that all public lands be purchased with "hard," or metallic, currency. Issued after small state banks flooded the market with unreliable paper currency, fueling land speculation in the West. | |
| 513336013 | Panic of 1837 | Economic crisis triggered by bank failures, elevated grain prices, and Andrew Jackson's efforts to curb over speculation on western lands and transportation improvements. In response, President Martin Van Buren proposed the "Divorce Bill," which pulled treasury funds out of the baking system altogether, contracting the credit supply. | |
| 513336014 | Alamo | Fortress in Texas where American volunteers were slain by Santa Anna in 1836. "Remember the Alamo" became a battle cry in support of Texan independence. | |
| 513336015 | Battle of San Jacinto | final battle of the Texas Revolution; resulted in the defeat of the Mexican army and independence for Texas | |
| 513336016 | John Q. Adams (1825-1829) | The sixth president of the United States, who was not well-liked by citizens and accused of making a corrupt bargain to win the election. He mainly focused on the economy during his presidency. | |
| 513336017 | Andrew Jackson | The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers. | |
| 513336018 | Denmark Vesey | American insurrectionist. A freed slave in South Carolina, he was implicated in the planning of a large uprising of slaves and was subsequently hanged. The event led to more stringent slave codes in many Southern states. | |
| 513336019 | John C. Calhoun | The 7th Vice President of the United States and a leading Southern politician from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century. He was an advocate of slavery, states' rights, limited government, and nullification. | |
| 513336020 | Black Hawk | Sauk leader who in 1832 led Fox and Sauk warriors against the United States | |
| 513336021 | Nicholas Biddle | The brilliant but arrogant president of the Second Bank of the United States. Many people believed he held an unconstitutional amount of power over the nation's financial affairs. The power struggle between Biddle and Jackson led to Jackson depositing a large amount of investments into his pet banks. | |
| 513336022 | Daniel Webster | noted orator, constitutional lawyer, senator, secretary of state, and major spokesman for nationalism and the union in the 1830s, 1840s, and 1850s. | |
| 513336023 | Henry Clay | Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however. | |
| 513336024 | Martin Van Buren | Served as secretary of state during Andrew Jackson's first term, vice president during Jackson's second term, and won the presidency in 1836 | |
| 513336025 | Stephen Austin | The son of Moses Austin and also known as the "Father of Texas" he lead "the old 300" into Texas after his father died of pneumonia. Mexico granted him land on the condition that there would be Roan Catholicism, the learning of Spanish, and no slavery. | |
| 513336026 | Sam Houston | United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863), First president of the Republic of Texas | |
| 513336027 | Santa Anna | Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876) | |
| 513336028 | William Henry Harrison | was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe. |
Cuprill - AP US History - Chapter 12 American Pageant Flashcards
The American Pageant, 14th Edition
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| 520795769 | Problems with American Military in 1812 | widespread disunity; no burning national anger; the regular army was very bad and scattered and had old, senile generals, and the offensive strategy against Canada was especially poorly conceived; Americans focused on a three-pronged attack that set out from Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain, all of which were beaten back | |
| 520795770 | Oliver Hazard Perry | United States commodore who led the fleet that defeated the British on Lake Erie during the War of 1812; said famous quote: "We have met the enemy and he is ours" | |
| 520795771 | "Mr. Madison's War" | name given to the War of 1812 by pro-British Federalists; war was opposed by the Federalists | |
| 520795772 | William Henry Harrison | Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe; American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States; first President to die in office | |
| 520795773 | Battle of Thames (1813) | William Henry Harrison won a victory notable for the death of Tecumseh; resulted in no lasting occupation of Canada, but weakened and disheartened the Indians of the Northwest | |
| 520795774 | "We have met the enemy and he is ours" | said by Oliver Hazard Perry after defeating British on Lake Erie | |
| 520795775 | Battle of Lake Erie (1813) | U.S. victory in the War of 1812, led by Oliver Hazard Perry; broke Britain's control of Lake Erie | |
| 520795776 | Thomas Maconough | challenged the British in 1814 on Lake Champlain and forced the British to retreat in the Battle of Plattsburgh | |
| 520795777 | Battle of Plattsburgh (1814) | victory of Commodore Thomas McDonough over a British fleet in Lake Champlain; secured US northern border | |
| 520795778 | "Bladensburg Races" (1814) | Nickname given to the battle at Bladensburg due to Americans running away as fast as they can; however this gave Pres. Madison time to evacuate White House with valuable documents | |
| 520795779 | Fort McHenry | Fort in Baltimore Harbor unsuccessfully bombarded by the British in September 1814; Francis Scott Key, a witness to the battle, was moved to write the words to "The Star-Spangled Banner" | |
| 520795780 | Francis Scott Key | United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812; later it became the Star Spangled Banner | |
| 520795781 | The Star Spangled Banner | national anthem of the United States written by Francis Scott Key; inspired by the battle of Fort McHenry | |
| 520795782 | Andrew Jackson | seventh President of the United States (1829-1837); general in the War of 1812; defeated the British at New Orleans (1815); opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers | |
| 520795783 | Battle of Horseshoe Bend | Andrew Jackson defeated the Creek Indians, eradicating all opposition to American westward expansion | |
| 520795784 | The Battle of New Orleans | General Andrew Jackson quickly rallied his troops and ambushed the British fleet; British army was forced to retreat; This battle was an overwhelming success for the Americans and made General Andrew Jackson a hero; was fought after the peace treaty ending the war of 1812 was signed | |
| 520795785 | The Constitution ("Old Ironsides") | U.S. warship; rallied American morale by defeating and sinking a British ship off the coast of Nova Scotia | |
| 520795786 | Tsar Alexander I of Russia | called the Americans and British to come to peace because he didn't want his British ally to lose strength in the Americas and let Napoleon take over Europe | |
| 520795787 | Treaty of Ghent (Dec. 1814) | John Q. Adams & Henry Clay sent as delegates; ended the War of 1812; set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border; "Not one inch of territory ceded or lost" | |
| 520795788 | "Not one inch of territory ceded or lost" | quote made by John Q. Adams and Henry Clay after Treaty of Ghent was signed | |
| 520795789 | Congress of Vienna | Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon | |
| 520795790 | John Quincy Adams | delegate sent to help with the Treaty of Ghent; Secretary of State; served as sixth president under Monroe; In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas; The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work. | |
| 520795791 | Henry Clay | delegate sent to help with Treaty of Ghent; distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852; strong supporter of the American System; a war hawk for the War of 1812; assists with Missouri Compromise | |
| 520795792 | Canadian Reaction to Treaty of Ghent | not happy with Americans getting to fish off the Newfoundland Banks; felt betrayed since not even an Indian buffer state had been achieved | |
| 520795793 | "Blue Light" Federalists | derogatory term used by those who believed certain Federalists to have made friendly ("blue-light") signals to British ships in the War of 1812 to warn the British of American blockade runners | |
| 520795794 | Hartford Covention | held in secret by New Englanders who wanted financial assistance form Washington to compensate for lost trade, and an amendment requiring a 2/3 majority for all declarations of embargos, except during invasion.; didn't accomplish anything b/c Treaty of Ghent was signed; last movement by Federalists | |
| 520795795 | North American Review | Intellectual magazine that reflected the post-1815 spirit of American nationalism | |
| 520795796 | Result of War of 1812 | US gained a bit of respect from the rest of the world; American isolationism; Federalist party died out; | |
| 520795797 | Second Bank of United States | chartered in 1816 under President Madison and became a depository for federal funds and a creditor for (loaning money to) state banks; Nicholas Biddle put in charge of it; blamed for the panic of 1819; Jackson fought against this institution throughout his presidency; | |
| 520795798 | Rush-Bagot Treaty | between the U.S. and Britain provided the world's longest unfortified boundary (5,527 mi.) | |
| 520795799 | Washington Irving | wrote Rumpelstiltskin, The Knickerbocker Tales (The Legend of Sleepy Hollow); gained international recognition after War of 1812 | |
| 520795800 | James Fenimore Cooper | wrote The Leatherstocking Tales (The Last of the Mohicans); gained international recognition after War of 1812 | |
| 520795801 | Nationalism After War of 1812 | American writers, painters, artists, etc became popular with painting & books about America; Washington DC rebuilt and better than ever, army & navy strengthened | |
| 520795802 | Stephen Decatur | naval hero of the War of 1812 and the Barbary Coast expeditions; famous for his American toast after his return from the Mediterranean: "Our country! In her intercourse with foreign nations may she always be in the right; but our country, right or wrong!" | |
| 520795803 | Tariff of 1816 | British competitors dumped their goods onto America at cheap prices; first tariff in U.S. history designed for protection, which put a 20-25% tariff on dutiable imports | |
| 520795804 | American System | created by Henry Clay; 3 point plan: strong banking system, protective tariff, network of roads and canals, to be funded for by the tariffs; South didn't like this | |
| 520795805 | James Monroe | 5th president; begins expansionism including Florida and Missouri; reigns over the Era of Good Feelings | |
| 520795806 | Era of Good Feelings | name for President Monroe's two terms; a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion; since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts | |
| 520795807 | Cumberland Road | first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850; stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois; major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West | |
| 520795808 | Panic of 1819 | 1st depression for the US; Biddle cuts off poorly run banks ("wildcat" banks) from federal business; results in all banks left being well run; major cause was over-speculation in land prices, where the Bank of the United States fell heavily into debt | |
| 520795809 | "The Virginia Dynasty" | between 1789 and 1825, four Virginians held the presidency for thirty-two of thirty-six years: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe | |
| 520795810 | "wildcat" banks | banks of the western frontier; hit hard by the Panic of 1819; Biddle cut off these banks from federal business | |
| 520795811 | Land Act of 1820 | gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash; the West demanded and slowly got cheap transportation as well | |
| 520795812 | Tallmadge Amendment | provided that no more slaves be brought into Missouri and for the gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents already in Missouri; Angry Southerners saw this as a threat figuring that if the Northerners would wipe out slavery in all states; shot down in the Senate | |
| 520795813 | "the peculiar institution" | nickname that white southerners referred to slavery as, meaning that the institution was odd but that it was distinctive, special, since the South was one of the few places in the Western World where slavery still existed, and isolated the South from the rest of American society | |
| 520795814 | The Missouri Compromise | proposed by Henry Clay; Missouri would be admitted as a slave state while Maine would be admitted as a free state, thus maintaining the balance; and all new states north of the 36°30' line would be free, new states southward would be slave states; Jefferson took this as a warning "like a fire bell in the night" | |
| 520795815 | Chief Justice John Marshall | helped to bolster the power of the government at the expense of the states; die-hard Federalist whose decisions on the U.S. Supreme Court promoted federal power over state power; established judicial review, which allows Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional; gave the Supreme Court its powers and greatly strengthened the federal government | |
| 520795816 | "like a fire bell in the night" | Jefferson said this about the Missouri Compromise; saw Northern and Southern conflicts increasing | |
| 520795817 | McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819) | federal organizations couldn't be taxed by state institutions | |
| 520795818 | Marbury vs. Madison (1803) | judicial review | |
| 520795819 | Cohens vs. Virginia (1821) | if a federal law is in conflict with a state law, then federal law always wins/takes precedence; same as Fletcher vs. Peck | |
| 520795820 | Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824) | only Congress can control interstate commerce, not individual states | |
| 520795821 | Fletcher vs. Peck (1810) | if a federal law is in conflict with a state law, then federal law always wins/takes precedence; same as Cohens vs. Virginia | |
| 520795822 | Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819) | if you make a written agreement and all parties agree to it, it stands under law no matter how long ago it was made | |
| 520795823 | Treaty of 1818 | put the northern boundary of the Louisiana Purchase at the 49th parallel and provided for a ten-year joint occupation of the Oregon Territory with Britain, without a surrender of rights and claims by neither Britain nor America | |
| 520795824 | Adams-Onis Treaty | also known as Florida Purchase Treaty; Spain ceded Florida and shadowy claims to Oregon in exchange for Texas; U.S. paid $5 million for Florida | |
| 520795825 | Canning Proposal (1823) | British foreign secretary, George Canning, approached the American minister in London proposing that the U.S. and Britain combine in a joint declaration warning the European despots to keep their hands off of Latin American politics; John Q. Adams sent Monroe Doctrine & pretended he never got the letter about this proposal | |
| 520795826 | Russo-American Treaty of 1824 | treaty between Russia and America set the southern borders of Russian holdings in America at the line of 54 degrees- 40', the southern tip of Alaska; fixed the southernmost border of present-day Alaska | |
| 520795827 | Monroe Doctrine | a statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere; created by John Q. Adams | |
| 520795828 | The National Highway | proposed as the first federal highway; construction began in western Maryland in 1811; eventually possible to take the road from Washington all the way to Indiana; extremely durable | |
| 520795829 | "Butternuts" | nickname for poor southern farmers who moved into the Old Northwest in the 1820's; tried to enact black codes to prevent African American settlers, while escaping the slave owner society of the south. | |
| 520795830 | "Yankees" | name southerners used for people of the north | |
| 520795831 | "loose construction" | Constitution is broadly interpreted; belief that the government can do anything that the constitution does not prohibit |
American Pageant Chpt. 1-12 Flashcards
Terms, People, Vocabulary, Court Cases, all that jazz.
American Pagaent 14th Edition
Just a few edits (mostly spelling and grammar) from a previous set made by someone else...
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| 483558727 | Corn or Maize | Staple crop that formed the economic foundation of Indian civilizations. | |
| 483558728 | Portugal | First European nation to send explorers around the west coast of Africa. | |
| 483558729 | Horse | Animal introduced by Europeans that changed Indian way of life on the Great Plains | |
| 483558730 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Treaty that secured Spanish title to lands in Americas by dividing them with Portugal. | |
| 483558731 | Mestizos | Person of mixed European and Indian ancestry. | |
| 483558732 | St. Augustine | Founded in 1565, it's the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in US territory | |
| 483558733 | Black Legend | Belief that the Spanish only killed, tortured, and stole in the Americas while doing nothing good | |
| 483558734 | Roanoke Island, NC | Colony founded by Sir Walter Raleigh that mysteriously disappeared in the 1580's. | |
| 483558735 | Joint-stock | Forerunner of the modern corporation that enabled investors to pool financial capital for colonial ventures. | |
| 483558736 | Charter | Royal document granting a specified group the right to form a colony and guaranteeing settlers their rights as English citizens. | |
| 483558737 | Indentured Servants | Penniless people obligated to forced labor for a fixed number of years, often in exchange for passage to the New World. | |
| 483558738 | Act of Toleration | Maryland statute of 1649 that granted religious freedom to all Christians, but not Jews and atheists. | |
| 483558739 | Squatters | Poor farmers in North Carolina and elsewhere who occupied land and raised crops without gaining legal title to the soil | |
| 483558740 | House of Burgesses | First representative government in New World. | |
| 483558741 | Ferdinand and Isabella | Financiers and beneficiaries of Columbus's voyages of discovery. | |
| 483558742 | Cortes | Conqueror of the Aztecs. | |
| 483558743 | Pizarro | Conqueror of the Incas. | |
| 483558744 | Dias and DaGama | Portuguese navigators who led early voyages of discovery. | |
| 483558745 | Columbus | Italian-born explorer who believed he arrived off the coast of Asia rather than on an unknown continent. | |
| 483558746 | Montezuma | Powerful Aztec monarch who fell to Spanish conquerors | |
| 483558747 | Elizabeth I | Unmarried English ruler who led England to national glory. | |
| 483558748 | Hiawatha | Legendary founder of the powerful Iroquois Confederation | |
| 483558749 | John Cabot | Italian-born explorer sent by the English to explore the coast of North America in 1498 | |
| 483558750 | Georgia | Founded as a refuge for debtors by philanthropists. | |
| 483558751 | North Carolina | Colony that was called "a vale of humility between two mountains of conceit". | |
| 483558752 | Smith and Rolfe | leaders who rescued Jamestown from the "starving time". | |
| 483558753 | Maryland | Founded as a haven for Roman Catholics. | |
| 483558754 | Lord Baltimore | Catholic aristocrat who sought to build a sanctuary for his fellow believers. | |
| 483558755 | South Carolina | Colony that turned to disease-resistant African-American slaves for labor in its extensive rice plantations. | |
| 483558756 | Raleigh and Gilbert | Elizabethan courtiers who failed in their attempts to found New World colonies. | |
| 483558757 | Jamestown | Riverbank site where Virginia Company settlers planted the first permanent English colony. | |
| 483558758 | Treaty of Paris (1783) | Treaty Between England and the Colonies, formally ended the American Revolutionary War. | |
| 483558759 | Battle of Yorktown | The last major battle of the war, in which American and French troops bombarded Yorktown and forced Cornwallis to surrender his army. | |
| 483558760 | Battle of Saratoga | The battle which was the turning point of the Revolution; after the colonists won this major victory, the French decided to support the colonies with money, troops, ships, etc. | |
| 483558761 | Thomas Paine | Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man. | |
| 483558762 | Olive Branch Petition | On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies. | |
| 483558763 | Second Continental Congress | The Continental Congress that convened in May 1775, approved the Declaration of Independence, and served as the only agency of national government during the Revolutionary War. | |
| 483558764 | Lexington and Concord | In 1775, conflicts between Massachusetts Colonists and British soldiers that started the Revolutionary War. | |
| 483558765 | Declaration of Rights and Grievances | Adopted by the First Continental Congress, it promised obedience to the king, but denied parliament's right to tax the colonies. | |
| 483558766 | First Continental Congress | (1774) Against the Intolerable Acts, it was meant to coordinate a protest. 55 delegates sent from 12 of the colonies (excluding Georgia) to write a list of their rights and grievances to the King as a petition. It united the colonies and created a sense of togetherness. | |
| 483558767 | Quebec Act | Law which established Roman-Catholicism as the official religion in Quebec and gave it more freedom. Angered the colonists, who felt that they are threatened and should deserve better. | |
| 483558768 | Coercive Acts | Also known as the Intolerable Acts. Several British laws designed to punish colonists for their role in the Boston Tea Party. The most famous of the acts shut down Boston Harbor until the tea was paid for. | |
| 483558769 | Tea Act | 1773 act which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to play monopoly in America tea business. Led to the Boston Tea Party. | |
| 483558770 | Committees of Correspondence | Samuel Adams started the first committee in Boston in 1772 to spread propaganda and secret information by way of letters, which were extremely effective, and a few years later almost every colony had one. This kept the opposition alive. | |
| 483558771 | Boston Massacre | (1770) British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them; five colonists were killed. The colonists blamed the British and the Sons of Liberty and used this incident as an excuse to promote the Revolution. | |
| 483558772 | James Otis | A colonial lawyer who defended (usually for free) colonial merchants who were accused of smuggling. Argued against the writs of assistance and the Stamp Act. "No taxation without representation." | |
| 483558773 | Samuel Adams | Founder of the Sons of Liberty, he is one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence. | |
| 483558774 | John Dickinson | Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. However, he is against revolution, and refused to sign the Declaration of Independence. | |
| 483558775 | Writs of Assistance | A part of the Townshend Acts that approved the customs officers to search in ships or private homes for smuggles without warranty. | |
| 483558776 | Townshend Acts | Charles Townshend's tax for the Americans on paper, paint, lead, glass, and tea. The colonists protested again as a result; Boston Tea Party engendered. | |
| 483558777 | Declaratory Act | Act passed in 1766 right after the repeal of the Stamp Act; stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases. | |
| 483558778 | Sons of Liberty | Secret society formed by Samuel Adams to protest new taxes passed by Parliament. It led the Boston Tea Party and threatened tax collectors; also firm supporters of independence. | |
| 483558779 | No taxation without representation | Otis' claim that states taxes were unjust, insisted only they or their elected representatives had the right to pass taxes, and the parliament had no right to tax them. | |
| 483558780 | Stamp Act | An act passed by the British parliament in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents; raised much protests. | |
| 483558781 | Quartering Act | 1765; required colonists to provide food and shelter to British troops stationed in the colonies. | |
| 483558782 | Sugar Act | (1764) British was deeply in debt for the French & Indian War, so the English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. The Colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and bribing tax collectors. | |
| 483558783 | George Grenville | Appointed by King George III as the Prime Minister, he had the opinion that the colonists should obey the laws and pay a part of the cost of defending and administering the British empire; passed the Sugar and Stamp Acts. | |
| 483558784 | Proclamation of 1763 | A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. | |
| 483558785 | Pontiac's Rebellion | A 1763 conflict between Native Americans and the British over settlement of Indian lands in the Great Lakes area. | |
| 483558786 | Salutary Neglect | British colonial policy during the reigns of George I and George II which relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs; planted the seed of American self government. | |
| 483558787 | Peace of Paris (1763) | Ended French and Indian War. The French ceded to Great Britain some of their West Indian islands and most of their colonies in India. Canada, all French territory east of Mississippi to Britain except New Orleans; all land west of Mississippi plus New Orleans to Spain. | |
| 483558788 | Albany Plan of Union | Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown. | |
| 483558789 | Fort Duquesne | A fort built by the French in Pittsburgh and still stands today; it was involved in the first encounter of the Seven Years War with George Washington. | |
| 483558790 | French and Indian War | War fought between France and England between 1754 and 1763 over territorial claims in North America; the British victory and debts led directly to the later taxes. | |
| 483558791 | John Peter Zenger | Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, He was found not guilty. This court case was the basis for the America's freedom of speech and press. | |
| 483558792 | Poor Richard's Almanac | Benjamin Franklin's publish containing many sayings called from thinkers of the ages emphasizing such home spun virtues as thrift industry morality and common sense. | |
| 483558793 | Benjamin Franklin | Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and one of the Founding Fathers. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity. | |
| 483558794 | George Whitefield | One of the preachers of the great awakening (key figure of "New Light"); known for his talented voice inflection and ability to bring many a person to their knees. | |
| 483558795 | Johnathan Edwards | An American theologian and congregational clergyman whose sermons stirred the religious revival (Great Awakening); known for sinners in the hands of an angry god sermon. | |
| 483558796 | Great Awakening | Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established. | |
| 483558797 | Middle Passage | The route between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade. | |
| 483558798 | Triangular Trade | A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent raw materials to Europe, and Europe sent guns and rum to Africa. | |
| 483558799 | John Locke | English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. | |
| 483558800 | Glorious Revolution | A bloodless conflict in which the Massachusetts people imprisoned the corrupt governor: Sir Edmund Andros. | |
| 483558801 | Dominion of New England | 1686, the British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros); ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros. | |
| 483558802 | Navigation Acts | Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries. | |
| 483558803 | Mercantilism | An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and to export more than to import. | |
| 483558804 | James Oglethorpe | Founder and governor of the Georgia colony, which is a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor. | |
| 483558805 | Holy Experiment | William Penn's term for the government of Pennsylvania, which was supposed to serve everyone and provide freedom for all. | |
| 483558806 | William Penn | A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution. | |
| 483558807 | Quakers | English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preach a doctrine of pacifism, inner divinity, and social equity; under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania. They were loathed by the majority. | |
| 483558808 | Restoration Colonies | King Charles' pay back to his supporters (restorers) with land in America. Include Carolina, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. | |
| 483558809 | King Philip's War | 1675, a series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion. | |
| 483558810 | New England Confederation | Formed in 1643 as a defense against local Native American tribes and encroaching Dutch. The colonists formed the alliance without the English crown's authorization. | |
| 483558811 | Halfway Covenant | A Puritan church policy of 1662, which allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members. Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations. | |
| 483558812 | John Davenport | He was as Puritan clergyman who acquired the patent for a colony in Massachusetts in 1637; cofounder of New Haven. | |
| 483558813 | Fundamental Order of Connecticut | Ordered in 1639, this governmental system was adopted by the Connecticut puritans that included representative assemblies and a popularly-elected governor; referred to as the first written constitution of America. | |
| 483558814 | Thomas Hooker | A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government. | |
| 483558815 | Antinomianism | An interpretation of Puritan beliefs that stressed God's gift of salvation and minimized what an individual could do to gain salvation; identified with Anne Hutchinson. | |
| 483558816 | Anne Hutchinson | Religious radical who attracted a large following in mass. Stated that people can achieve salvation without the church, Convicted of Antinomian heresy. Banished to Rhode Island in 1638. | |
| 483558817 | Roger Williams | English clergyman and colonist who was expelled from Massachusetts for criticizing Puritanism; he founded Providence in 1636 and obtained a royal charter for Rhode Island in 1663. | |
| 483558818 | Headright system | Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists. | |
| 483558819 | Indentured servants | People who could not afford passage to the colonies could become indentured servants. Another person would pay their passage, and in exchange, the indentured servant would serve that person for a set length of time (usually seven years) and then would be free. | |
| 483558820 | Bacon's Rebellion | A revolt against powerful colonial authority in Jamestown by Nathaniel Bacon and a group of landless frontier settlers that resulted in the burning of Jamestown in 1676; the people started to find new labor sources afterwards. | |
| 483558821 | William Berkeley | A Governor of Virginia appointed by King Charles I, he was governor from 1641-1652 and 1660-1677. Berkeley enacted friendly policies towards the Indians that led to Bacon's Rebellion in 1676 (hanged 20 rebellions). | |
| 483558822 | Maryland Act of Toleration | 1649, ordered by Lord Baltimore after a Protestant was made governor of Maryland at the demand of the colony's large Protestant population. The act guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians. | |
| 483558823 | Types of colonies | Royal colonies were owned by king, ex: Virginia; Proprietary Colonies were owned by individual, ex: Pennsylvania and Maryland; Corporate Colonies owned by group of citizens, ex: Rhode island. | |
| 483558824 | Virginia House of Burgesses | 1619, first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia. Served as an early model of elected government in the New World. | |
| 483558825 | Great Puritan Migration | Many Puritans migrated from England to North America during the 1620s to the 1640s due to belief that the Church of England was beyond reform. Ended in 1642 when King Charles I effectively shut off emigration to the colonies with the start of the English Civil War. | |
| 483558826 | City upon a hill | A phrase that is associated with John Winthrop's sermon "A Model of Christian Charity," given in 1630. Winthrop warned the Puritan colonists of New England who were to found the Massachusetts Bay Colony that their new community would be a "city upon a hill," watched by the world. | |
| 483558827 | John Winthrop | The first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony. Puritan who opposed total democracy, believing the colony was best governed by a small group of leaders. He helped organize the New England Confederation in 1643 and was its first president. | |
| 483558828 | William Bradford | A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, Between 1621-1657, he developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks. | |
| 483558829 | Mayflower Compact | This document was drafted in 1620 prior to settlement by the Pilgrims at Plymouth Bay in Massachusetts. It declared that the 41 males who signed it agreed to accept majority rule and participate in a government in the best interest of all members of the colony. This agreement set the precedent for later documents outlining commonwealth rule. | |
| 483558830 | John Rolfe | He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony. | |
| 483558831 | John Smith | Helped finding and governing Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter. | |
| 483558832 | Father Junipero Sera | 1769, led Spanish missionaries (founded at San Diego) the first of a chain of 21missions that wound up the coast of San Fran Bay. He and his friars Christianized 300 thousand Californians. Mission Indians adopted Christianity, but lost culture and lives. | |
| 483558833 | Joint stock company | A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts. | |
| 483558834 | Amerigo Vespucci | The Italian sailor who corrected Columbus's mistake, acknowledging the coasts of america as a new world. America is named after him. | |
| 483558835 | Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. | |
| 483558836 | Christopher Columbus | Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506). | |
| 483558837 | Protestant Reformation | Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England. | |
| 483558838 | Astrolabe, compass, quadrant | Navigation tools that helped the era of exploration to boom; resulted in the dicover of the New World. | |
| 483558839 | Incas/Aztecs | American civilizations in Peru and Mexico that existed before the European arrival. | |
| 483558840 | George/Cecil Calvert | G. Calvert is also known as Lord Baltimore (and a Catholic), invested in the Virginia Company and eventually got land for his family; helped finding Maryland. Cecil Calvert is his son, the second Lord Baltimore; actually found and ran Maryland. | |
| 483558841 | Puritans/Separists | The Puritans are protestants in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization. A group of Puritans that wanted to completely separate from the Church of England are the Separists. | |
| 483558842 | Virginia Company | The pair of joint stock companies in North America with the purpose to settle in the New World; Virginia Company of London and Virginia Company of Plymouth. | |
| 483558843 | Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms | A declaration by the representatives of the united colonies of North America, now met in Congress at Philadelphia, setting forth the causes and necessity of their taking up arms. " Our cause is just, our union is perfect" | |
| 483558844 | Patriots | American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won. | |
| 483558845 | Loyalists | Americans that feared revolution; supported the British. | |
| 483558846 | antifederalists | Opponents of the 1787 Constitution, they cast the document as antidemocratic, objected to the subordination of the states to the central government, and feared encroachment on individuals' liberties in the absence of a bill of rights. | |
| 483558847 | Articles of Confederation (1781) | First American constitution that established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes. The Articles were replaced by a more efficient Constitution in 1789. | |
| 483558848 | civic virtue | Willingness on the part of citizens to sacrifice personal self-interest for the public good. Deemed a necessary component of a successful republic. | |
| 483558849 | civil law | Body of written law enacted through legislative statutes or constitutional provisions. In countries where civil law prevails, judges must apply the statutes precisely as written. | |
| 483558850 | common law | Laws that originate from court rulings and customs, as opposed to legislative statutes. The United States Constitution grew out of the Anglo-American common law tradition and thus provided only a general organizational framework for the new federal government. | |
| 483558851 | disestablished | To separate an official state church from its connection with the government. Following the Revolution, all states disestablished the Anglican Church, though some New England states maintained established Congregational Churches well into the nineteenth century. | |
| 483558852 | federalists | Proponents of the 1787 Constitution, they favored a strong national government, arguing that the checks and balances in the new Constitution would safeguard the people's liberties. | |
| 483558853 | Great Compromise (1787) | Popular term for the measure which reconciled the New Jersey and Virginia plans at the constitutional convention, giving states proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate. The compromise broke the stalemate at the convention and paved the way for subsequent compromises over slavery and the Electoral College. | |
| 483558854 | Land Ordinance of 1785 | Provided for the sale of land in the Old Northwest and earmarked the proceeds toward repaying the national debt. | |
| 483558855 | New Jersey Plan (1787) | "Small-state plan" put forth at the Philadelphia convention, proposing equal representation by state, regardless of population, in a unicameral legislature. Small states feared that the more populous states would dominate the agenda under a proportional system. | |
| 483558856 | Northwest Ordinance (1787) | Created a policy for administering the Northwest Territories. It included a path to statehood and forbade the expansion of slavery into the territories. | |
| 483558857 | Old Northwest | Territories acquired by the federal government from the states, encompassing land northwest of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes. The well-organized management and sale of the land in the territories under the land ordinances of 1785 and 1787 established a precedent for handling future land acquisitions. | |
| 483558858 | Shay's Rebellion (1786) | Armed uprising of western Massachusetts debtors seeking lower taxes and an end to property foreclosures. Though quickly put down, the insurrection inspired fears of "mob rule" among leading Revolutionaries. | |
| 483558859 | Society of the Cincinnati (1783) | Exclusive, hereditary organization of former officers in the Continental Army. Many resented the pretentiousness of the order, viewing it as a vestige of pre-Revolutionary traditions. | |
| 483558860 | The Federalist (1788) | Collection of essays written by John Jay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton and published during the ratification debate in New York to lay out the Federalists' arguments in favor of the new Constitution. Since their publication, these influential essays have served as an important source for constitutional interpretation. | |
| 483558861 | three-fifths compromise (1787) | Determined that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation. The compromise granted disproportionate political power to Southern slave states. | |
| 483558862 | Virginia Plan | "Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation. | |
| 483558863 | Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1786) | Measure enacted by the Virginia legislature prohibiting state support for religious institutions and recognizing freedom of worship. Served as a model for the religion clause of the first | |
| 483558864 | Thomas Jefferson | Secretary of State under Washington | |
| 483558865 | Alexander Hamilton | Secretary of Treasury under Washington | |
| 483558866 | Henry Knox | Secretary of War under Washington | |
| 483558867 | Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio | Three territories where most of the trans-Appalachian settlers settled. | |
| 483558868 | New York City | Temporary capital of United States | |
| 483558869 | James Madison | Drafted the Bill of Rights | |
| 483558870 | Judiciary Act of 1789 | Organized the Supreme Court, federal district and circuit courts, and an attorney general | |
| 483558871 | John Jay | First chief justice of the United States | |
| 483558872 | Assumption | Federal government takes on state debts and pays them off | |
| 483558873 | Whiskey | Product that was taxed by Hamilton that was so freely traded that it was used for money | |
| 483558874 | Bank of the United States | Government would be a major stockholder of this bank, and it would print paper money for the country. Supported by Hamilton | |
| 483558875 | loose construction | Federalist version of interpreting the Constitution, what the Constitution didn't forbid it permitted | |
| 483558876 | Whiskey Rebellion | Rebellion in Pennsylvania against Hamilton's taxes on whiskey, much like the Stamp Act Rebellions. After crushing it, Washington gained new respect | |
| 483558877 | Liberty and No Excise | Cry of supporters of the Whiskey Rebellion | |
| 483558878 | Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans and Hamiltonian Federalists | Two political parties after Washington's first administration | |
| 483558879 | French Revolution at first delighted colonists, but after the Reign of Terror began, colonists grew disgusted of the Revolution. | French Revolution at first delighted colonists, but after the Reign of Terror began, colonists grew disgusted of the Revolution. (c) | |
| 483558880 | Washington's Neutrality Proclamation | Declared that war must be avoided, as the United States was too militarily disjointed to engage in war. | |
| 483558881 | Citizen Edmond Genêt | French representative who, against the Neutrality Proclamation, gathered armies against Spanish Florida, Louisiana, and Canada. | |
| 483558882 | Miami Confederacy | An alliance of eight Indian nations who terrorized Americans and were given firearms by the British | |
| 483558883 | Little Turtle | Indian war chief who defeated Generals Josiah Harmar and Arthur St. Clair | |
| 483558884 | General "Mad Anthony" Wayne | Defeated Miamis at the Battle of Fallen Timbers when British refused to shelter them. | |
| 483558885 | Treaty of Greenville | Indians give up vast tracts of the Old Northwest (Indiana and Idaho) in this treaty | |
| 483558886 | Royal Navy impressed American seamen and seized merchant ships, angering Americans. | Royal Navy impressed American seamen and seized merchant ships, angering Americans. (c) | |
| 483558887 | Jay's Treaty | Treaty in a desperate attempt to avert war with Britain, was not very effective, and much was conceded to Britain | |
| 483558888 | Pinckney's Treaty of 1795 | Spain's hasty treaty with America, fearing an Anglo-American alliance, granting America almost everything it wanted | |
| 483558889 | High Federalists | War faction of the Federalist party | |
| 483558890 | John Adams | Successor of George Washington, did not really try to conform to the needs of the people | |
| 483558891 | Talleyrand | French foreign minister | |
| 483558892 | X, Y, and Z | French go-betweens in negotiations between America and France to discuss the French mistreatment of Americans | |
| 483558893 | French proposal was ridiculous, and French were rejected. An unofficial war ensued. | French proposal was ridiculous, and French were rejected. An unofficial war ensued. (c) | |
| 483558894 | John Marshall | One of the negotiators in France, was hailed as a hero upon his return | |
| 483558895 | Alien Laws | Laws against hostile or dangerous foreign immigrants, gave government power to deport or imprison immigrants in times of hostilities and in times of peace | |
| 483558896 | Sedition Act | An act that prohibited and called for harsh punishment on whoever falsely defamed government officials or impeded on the policies of the government | |
| 483558897 | Matthew Lyon | Gained fame by spitting in the face of a Federalist | |
| 483558898 | compact theory | Stated that the thirteen sovereign states, in creating the government, had entered into a contract that allowed the government to rule while states would regulate it. Was used to reject the Alien and Sedition Acts | |
| 483558899 | Thomas Jefferson | leader of the anti-Federalists | |
| 483558900 | John Adams | leader of the Federalists | |
| 483558901 | Excise Tax | Tax on common items, created by Hamilton | |
| 483558902 | Strict Construction | Anti-Federalist version of interpreting the Constitution, Constitution should be taken word for word. | |
| 483558903 | Funding at Par | Hamilton's urging the government to take on the entire national debt | |
| 483558904 | Hamilton Position | Constitution was a broad, "elastic" document, open for interpretation | |
| 483558905 | Necessary and Proper | One of the most controversial clauses of the Constitution governing the power of the Congress | |
| 483558906 | Enumerated Powers | Powers granted to Congress by the Constitution | |
| 483558907 | Implied Powers | Powers granted to Congress through interpretation of the Constitution | |
| 483558908 | First census of the United States recorded about 4 million people. | First census of the United States recorded about 4 million people. (c) | |
| 483558909 | patronage | (politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support | |
| 483558910 | war hawks | Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand. | |
| 483558911 | judicial review | the power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional | |
| 483558912 | impeachment | Formal accusation by the lower house of a legislature against a public official, the first step in removal from office. | |
| 483558913 | impressment | British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service | |
| 483558914 | economic coercion | Jefferson came up with the Embargo Act which cut off all trade with all countries. Jefferson hoped this would force the English to come to his terms and stop stealing American sailors. This, however, did not work and greatly hurt American trade. | |
| 483558915 | Macon's Bill No. 2 | opened trade with britain and france, said if either nation repealed its restrictions on neutral shipping the US would halt trade with the other, didn't work | |
| 483558916 | Aaron Burr | An American politician and adventurer. He was a formative member of the Democratic-Republican Party in New York and a strong supporter of Governor George Clinton. He is remembered not so much for his tenure as the third Vice President, under Thomas Jefferson, as for his duel with Alexander Hamilton, resulting in Hamilton's death. He is also known for his trial and acquittal on charges of treason. Jefferson's vice-president for his first term; not voted into a second term because of radical ideas and ventures that threatened to break up the Union and resulted in the death of Alexander Hamilton. | |
| 483558917 | the Prophet | A shawnee indian leader whose brother was Tecumseh | |
| 483558918 | Tecumseh | a famous chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement (1768-1813) | |
| 483558919 | William Clark | American explorer who aided Meriwether Lewis in an expedition through the Louisiana Purchase | |
| 483558920 | Meriwether Lewis | partner with William Clark to explore the Louisiana Purchase | |
| 483558921 | Henry Clay | Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however. | |
| 483558922 | James Monroe | He was the fifth President of the United States. He is the author of the Monroe Doctrine. Proclaimed that the Americas should be closed to future European colonization and free from European interference in sovereign countries' affairs. It further stated the United States' intention to stay neutral in European wars | |
| 483558923 | Napolean Bonaparte | Ruler of France, sold Louisisana to the Americans after reciving it from the Spanish | |
| 483558924 | Robert Livingston | He was the U.S. Minister to France from 1801 to 1804. He negotiated the purchase of the Louisiana Territory. | |
| 483558925 | Albert Gallatin | Jefferson's Sec. of Treasury and a financial genius --> helped to cut the national debt nearly in half | |
| 483558926 | Zebulon Pike | explored upper Mississippi River, Arkansas River, parts of present-day Colorado and New Mexico. Viewed Mtn peaks above Colorado Plains. Mountain today called Pikes Peak. | |
| 483558927 | John Marshall | Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835. Presided over cases such as Marbury V. Madison; judicial review | |
| 483558928 | Samuel Chase | a strong supporter of the American Revolution, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, an ardent Federalist, and the only Supreme Court Justice ever to be impeached. A lawyer by proffesion, in 1796 he was appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court by president Washington. This was after he served as Chief Justice of the General Court of Maryland in 1791. In 1804, for alleged prejudice against the Jeffersonians in treason and sedition trials. The senate, however, in a decision that indicated reluctance to remove judges for purely political reasons, did not convict him, and he remained on the court until his death. | |
| 483558929 | Thomas Jefferson | 3rd President; leader of Democratic-Republicans; created Jeffersonian republicanism; 1st President to take office in Washington D.C. | |
| 483558930 | William Marbury | named a justice of the peace for the District of Columbia; sued Madison when he learned that his commission was being shelved by Madison (Secretary of State) | |
| 483558931 | James Madison | 4th President; Secretary of State; lead nation through War of 1812 | |
| 483558932 | Toussaint L'Ouverture | was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti. In a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator. | |
| 483558933 | John Quincy Adams | Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work. | |
| 483558934 | Judiciary Act of 1789 | law that set up the national court system | |
| 483558935 | Battle of Austerlitz | battle between Austria, Russia, and France; the French under Napoleon defeated the Russian armies of Czar Alexander I and the Austrian armies of Emperor Francis II | |
| 483558936 | Judiciary Act of 1801 | passed by Federalist congress; created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial, One of the last important laws passed by the expiring Federalist Congress. It created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. This was Adams's last attempt to keep Federalists power in the new Republican Congress. His goal was for federalists to dominate the judicial branch of government. | |
| 483558937 | Orders in Council | closed European ports under French control to foreign shipping, unless the vessels 1st stopped at a British port | |
| 483558938 | Revolution of 1800 | Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution." | |
| 483558939 | Midnight Judges | a nick name given to group of judges that was appointed by John Adams the night before he left office. He appointed them to go to the federal courts to have a long term federalist influence, because judges serve for life instead of limited terms | |
| 483558940 | Chesapeake incident | 1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664. | |
| 483558941 | Marbury v. Madison | This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review | |
| 483558942 | Embargo Act | Act that forbade the export of goods from the U.S. in order to hurt the economies of the warring nations of France and Britain. The act slowed the economy of New England and the south. The act was seen as one of many precursors to war. | |
| 483558943 | Louisiana Purchase Treaty | 1803, the U.S. spends $15 million to buy a large amount of land from the west of the Mississippi from France; doubled the size of the United States | |
| 483558944 | Non-Intercourse Act | Allowed Americans to carry on trade with all nations except Britian and France. | |
| 483558945 | Mosquito Fleet | It is the term used to describe the United States Navy's fleet of small gunboats, leading up to and during the War of 1812. | |
| 483558946 | American System (1820s) | Henry Clay's three-pronged system to promote American industry. Clay advocated a strong banking system, a protective tariff and a federally funded transportation network. | |
| 483558947 | Anglo-American Convention (1818) | Signed by Britain and the United States, the pact allowed New England fishermen access to Newfoundland fisheries, established the northern border of Louisiana territory and provided for the joint occupation of the Oregon Country for ten years. | |
| 483558948 | Cohens v. Virginia (1821) | Case that reinforced federal supremacy by establishing the right of the Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme courts in questions involving the powers of the federal government. | |
| 483558949 | Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) | Convention of major European powers to redraw the boundaries of continental Europe after the defeat of Napoleonic France. | |
| 483558950 | Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) | Supreme Court case that sustained Dartmouth University's original charter against changes proposed by the New Hampshire state legislature, thereby protecting corporations from domination by state governments. | |
| 483558951 | Era of Good Feelings (18116-1824) | Popular name for the period of one-party, Republican, rule during James Monroe's presidency. The term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery and the national bank. | |
| 483558952 | Fletcher v. Peck (1810) | Established firmer protection for private property and asserted the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws in conflict with the federal Constitution. | |
| 483558953 | Florida Purchase Treaty (Adams-Onís Treaty) (1819) | Under the agreement, Spain ceded Florida to the United States, which, in exchange, abandoned its claims to Texas. | |
| 483558954 | Treaty of Ghent (1815) | Ended the War of 1812 in a virtual draw, restoring prewar borders but failing to address any of the grievances that first brought America into the war. | |
| 483558955 | Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) | Suit over whether New York State could grant a monopoly to a ferry operating on interstate waters. The ruling reasserted that Congress had the sole power to regulate interstate commerce. | |
| 483558956 | Hartford Convention (1814-1815) | Convention of Federalists from five New England states who opposed the War of 1812 and resented the strength of Southern and Western interests in Congress and in the White House. | |
| 483558957 | Land Act of 1820 | Fueled the settlement of the Northwest and Missouri territories by lowering the price of public land. Also prohibited the purchase of federal acreage on credit, thereby eliminating one of the causes of the Panic of 1819. | |
| 483558958 | loose construction | Legal doctrine which holds that the federal government can use powers not specifically granted or prohibited in the Constitution to carry out its constitutionally-mandated responsibilities. | |
| 483558959 | McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) | Supreme Court case that strengthened federal authority and upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States by establishing that the State of Maryland did not have power to tax the bank. | |
| 483558960 | Missouri Compromise (1820) | Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state but preserved the balance between North and South by carving free-soil Maine out of Massachusetts and prohibiting slavery from territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, north of the line of 36°30. | |
| 483558961 | Monroe Doctrine (1823) | Statement delivered by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets. | |
| 483558962 | Battle of New Orleans (1815) | Resounding victory of American forces against the British, restoring American confidence and fueling an outpouring of nationalism. Final battle of the War of 1812. | |
| 483558963 | panic of 1819 | Severe financial crisis brought on primarily by the efforts of the Bank of the United States to curb overspeculation on western lands. It disproportionately affected the poorer classes, especially in the West, sowing the seeds of Jacksonian Democracy. | |
| 483558964 | peculiar institution | Widely used term for the institution of American slavery in the South. Its use in the first half of the 19th century reflected a growing division between the North, where slavery was gradually abolished, and the South, where slavery became increasingly entrenched. | |
| 483558965 | Rush-Bagot agreement (1817) | Signed by Britain and the United States, it established strict limits on naval armaments in the Great Lakes, a first step in the full demilitarization of the U.S.-Canadian border, completed in the 1870s. | |
| 483558966 | Russo-American Treaty (1824) | Fixed the line of 54°40' as the southernmost boundary of Russian holdings in North America. | |
| 483558967 | Tallmadge amendment (1819) | Failed proposal to prohibit the importation of slaves into Missouri territory and pave the way for gradual emancipation. Southerners vehemently opposed the amendment, which they perceived as a threat to the sectional balance between North and South. | |
| 483558968 | Tariff of 1816 | First protective tariff in American history, created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812. | |
| 483558969 | War of 1812 (1812-1815) | Fought between Britain and the United States largely over the issues of trade and impressment. Though the war ended in a relative draw, it demonstrated America's willingness to defend its interests militarily, earning the young nation newfound respect from European powers. |
Ultrasound Terms Flashcards
General terms used for ultrasound images
Terms : Hide Images
| 444109826 | Acoustic Enhancement | "Increased echo amplitude" or "posterior through transmission" visualized posterior to a structure that does not attenuate (decreased, stop, impede, or absorb) the sound beam. Considered a type of sonographic artifact. -- Bright posterior through transmission | |
| 444109827 | ALARA [low as reasonably achievable] | Prudent use of diagnostic sonogrpahy; dictates that the output level and exposure time to ultrasound is minimized while obtaining diagnostic data. | |
| 444109828 | Anterior [Ventral] | Situated at or directed toward the front. A structure in front of another structure. | |
| 444109829 | Acoustic Impedance | Resistance a material provides to the passage of a sound wave. "Bone portrays more _______ _______ than tissue." | |
| 444109830 | Acoustic Shadows | "Reduced echo amplitude" or echo "drop off" posterior to a structure that attenuates [decreases, stops, impedes or absorbs] the cound beam. Margins of the shadow are generally sharp and well defined. Considered a type of sonographic artifact. | |
| 444109831 | Anechoic | Appearance: - Echo-Free on an image - 0 echoes, Black | |
| 444109832 | Artifact | Are echo features or structures observed on images that are unassociated with the structure imaged | |
| 444109833 | Ascites | Accumulation of serous fluids anywhere in the abdominopelvic cavity. | |
| 444109834 | Attenuation | Decreased in the intensity of the sound beam as it passes through a structure, caused by absorption, scatter or beam divergence. | |
| 444109835 | Axial [short axis] [view or section] | At right angles to longitudinal sections | |
| 444109836 | Beam Divergence | Widening of the sound beam as it travels | |
| 444109837 | Calipers [electronic] | 2 or more measurement cursors that can be manipulated to calibrate the distance BTN echoes of interest on the screen. | |
| 444109838 | Color Flow Doppler | Doppler shift information in a two-dimensional presentation superimposed on a real-time gray scale anatomic cross-sectional image. | |
| 444109839 | Complex Mass | Abnormal mass w/in the body composed of both tissue and fluid. | |
| 444109840 | Contralateral | Situated on or affecting the opposite side. | |
| 444109841 | Contrast | A comparison to show differences. | |
| 444109842 | Coronal Scanning Planes | Any plane parallel to the long axis of the body and perpendicular to sagittal scanning planes. | |
| 444109843 | Coupling Agent | Substance used to reduce air BTN the transducer and surface of the skin. | |
| 444109844 | Crura of diaphragm | Right & Left crus or fibromuscular bands arising from the lumbar vertebrae that insert into the central tendon of the diaphragm. | |
| 444109845 | Cystic | Describes the sonographic appearance of the a fluid collection with in the body and does not meet the criteria to be considered a true cyst. | |
| 444109846 | Deep | Internal. Situated away from the surface. | |
| 444109847 | Depth of penetration | Maximum distance the sound beam travels from the transducer through a medium. | |
| 444109848 | Diffuse disease | Infiltrative disease throughout an organ that disrupts the otherwise normal sonographic appearance of the organ parenchyma. | |
| 444109849 | Distal | Situated farthest from the point of origin. | |
| 444109850 | Doppler (effect) | Change in observed sound frequency caused by relative motion between the source of the sound or reflector and the observer. | |
| 444109851 | Echogenic | Describes a structures that is able to produce echoes or echo pattern. Hyperechoic, hypoechoic, and anechoic are the terms used to qualify either an abundance or absence of echoes displayed by a structure in a sonographic image. | |
| 444109852 | Echopenic | Few echos. ex. Bile-filled gallbladder may appear _________. | |
| 444109853 | Echo Texture | Describes the sonographic appearance of soft tissue structures within the body. | |
| 444109854 | Extraorgan Pathology | Abnormal disease process that originates out side of an organ. | |
| 444109855 | Focal/ Multifocal Change | Disease process confined to isolated areas of an organ. | |
| 444109856 | Focal Zone | Point at which the sound beam is the narrowest and the resolution is the best. | |
| 444109857 | Gray Scale | Scale of achromatic colors having multiple gradations from white to black. | |
| 444109858 | Heterogeneous | Describes an irregular or mixed echo patterns of organ parenchyma on a sonogrpahic image. | |
| 444109859 | Homogeneous | Describes uniform or similar echo patterns of organ parenchyma on a sonogrpahic image. | |
| 444109860 | Hyperechoic | Comparative term used to describe an area in a sonographic image where the echoes are brighter relative to surrounding structure. --Lots of echoes BRIGHT WHITE | |
| 444109861 | Hypoechoic | Comparative term used to describe an area in a sonographic image where the echoes are not as bright relative to surrounding structures. --Not so many echoes GRAY - DARK | |
| 444109862 | Inferior (caudal) | Toward the feet. Situated below or directed downward. A structure lower than another structure. | |
| 444109863 | Infiltrative Disease | Diffuse disease process that spreads throughout an entire organ. | |
| 444109864 | Interface | Boundary between two materials or structures. -- bright sonographic appearance of fat. | |
| 444109865 | Intraorgan Pathology | Abnormal disease process that originates within an organ. | |
| 444109866 | Intraperitioneal | Abdominopelvic structures enclosed in the sac formed by the parietal peritoneum. | |
| 444109867 | Ipsilateral | Situated on or affecting the same side. --Spleen and left kidney are ___________. | |
| 444109868 | Isogenic / Isosonic | Comparative term used to describe an area in a sonographic image where the echo patterns are equal in echogenicity. | |
| 444109869 | Lateral | Pertaining to the right or left of the middle or midline of the body. Describes a structure situated at, on or toward the side. | |
| 444109870 | Localized Disease | Represents a circumscribed mass or multiple masses. | |
| 444109871 | Long axis (view or section) | Represents the longest length of a structure. | |
| 444109872 | Longitudinal | Pertains to length; running lengthwise. | |
| 444109873 | Mass | Circumscribed disease process. -- A cyst is a ______. | |
| 444109874 | Medial | Situated at, on or toward the middle or midline of the body. | |
| 444109875 | Medium | Any material through which sound waves travel. | |
| 444109876 | Mesentary | A double fold of peritoneum that connects intraperitoneal organs to the abdominal cavity wall. | |
| 444109877 | Mirror Image Artifact (non-doppler) | Sonographic image of the structure is duplicated in an atypical position and appears as a mirror image of the original. | |
| 444109878 | Necrotic | Degeneration or "death" of tissue. -- Many complex masses are __________. | |
| 444109879 | Neoplasm | New, abnormal growth of existing tissues; either benign or malignant. | |
| 444109880 | Orthogonal | Right angles; perpendicular. | |
| 444109881 | Paranchyma | Tissue composing an organ. | |
| 444109882 | Peritoneum | Thin sheet of tissue that lines the peritoneal cavity and secretes serous fluid. | |
| 444109883 | Pleural Effusion | A collection of fluid inside the lungs. | |
| 444109884 | Posterior (dorsal) | Situated at or directed toward the back. A structure behind another structure. | |
| 444109885 | Proximal | Situated closest to the point of origin or attachment. | |
| 444109886 | Retroperitoneum | Area of the abdominopelvic cavity located behind or posterior to the peritoneum. | |
| 444109887 | Reverberation | Image artifact cause when sound waves pass through and beyond a structure whose acoustic impedance is noticeably different than an adjacent structure, causing a huge amount of reflection back to the transducer. | |
| 444109888 | Reverberation | ____________ is a common artifact seen on images when scanning intercostally. Generally, an image of a structure (in this case a rib) is repeated, with the repeated image taken at an equal distance from the other. | |
| 444109889 | Midsagittal and Parasagittal scanning planes | Any plane parallel to the long axis of the body and perpendicular to coronal scanning planes. | |
| 444109890 | Septations | Thin, membranous includsion with in a mass. | |
| 444109891 | Solid Mass | Abnormal mass within the body composed of one thing, tissue. | |
| 444109892 | Sonogram | Pictorial record with ultrasound | |
| 444109893 | Sonologist | Physician who interprets a sonogram. | |
| 444109894 | Superficial | External. Situated toward the surface | |
| 444109895 | Superior (cranial) | Toward the head. | |
| 444109896 | Systemic | Pertains to the body as a whole | |
| 444109897 | TGC (time-gain compensation) | Increase in receiver gain with time to compensate for loss in echo amplitude, usually due to attenuation, with depth. | |
| 444109898 | Through Transmission | "Increased echo amplitude" or "acoustic enhancement" visualized posterior to a structure that does not attenuate (decrease, stop, impede or absorb) the sound beam. Considered a type of sonographic artifact. | |
| 444109899 | Transmission | Term implying passage of energy through a material. | |
| 444109900 | Transverse scanning plans | Any plane perpendicular to the long axis of the body. | |
| 444109901 | True Cyst (simple cyst) | Abnormal mass within the body composed of fluid. | |
| 444109902 | Ultrasound | Sound at frequencies above 20 kilohertz or above the range of human hearing. |
Medical Physics Final Flashcards
Electricity-Neurons-Heart
Terms : Hide Images
| 392131341 | What are 4 Characteristics of an Action Potential? | 1) All-or-none Respone 2) Propagation without attenuation 3) Constant amplitude of discharge (for given neuron) 3) Refractory period = 2-5msec | |
| 392131342 | What's the normal refractory period for cardiac muscle? | 250msec! | |
| 392131343 | How does the membrane act like a capacitor? (2 traits) | 1) Stores charge 2) Supports a strong electric field within the membrane | |
| 392131344 | What is the charge of the solution outside a membrane? (charge, etc) | Outside membrane 1) Electric field = 0 2) Solution is ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL | |
| 392131345 | What does the Na/K pump do? | -CREATES CONC. GRADIENT - Active process Na+ = Pumped OUT K+ = Pumped IN | |
| 392131346 | What parameter is needed for the NERST equation to work and thus define the membrane potential of a cell? | -Only ONE ion species can have appreciable permeability "If only one ion species has appreciable permeability, the membrane potential is given by the NERST equation." | |
| 392131347 | What does the membrane potential depend on if MULTIPLE IONS can permeate the cell? (x2) | 1) The permeability of the membrane to each ION 2) The [Conc] Gradients of each ION across the membrane. | |
| 392131348 | In the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation for multiple ions within the neuron (Na, K, Cl), what does RT/F equal? | RT/F = 61.5mV R= ideal gas constant; F=Faraday's constant; T= 37C | |
| 392131349 | What are the equilibrium potentials of each ion AND where does it concentrate when concerning a neuron: 1) K+ 2) Na+ 3) Cl- | 1) K+ = -90mV (conc's inside) 2) Na+ = +60mV (conc's outside) 3) Cl- = -70mV (conc's outside) | |
| 392131350 | What are the concentrations of Na+ and K+ governed by? | Na+ / K+ PUMP! | |
| 392131351 | In a resting neuron, which ion has greater permeability, AND, which ion passively adjusts to the membrane potential? | Resting Neuron... K+ Permeability ==> MUCH GREATER than Na+ Permeability Cl- [conc] ==> Adjusts passively to Vm | |
| 392131352 | What is the resting membrane potential in a a typical neuron?!? | -70mV | |
| 392131353 | Concerning Neurons... How does lethal injection work? | Neurons = very sensitive to EXTRACELLULAR Potassium! Inject High [conc] of Potassium ==> membrane potential abolished | |
| 392131354 | -- What equation predicts the Vm x [K+] relationship during lethal injection? -- Graphically depict the relationship as [K+] increases... | -- Goldman equation predicts the Vm x [K+] relationship | |
| 392131355 | Define an Action Potential. | Action Potential is a self-propagating depolarization-repolarization wave of the axon (not the dendrites). | |
| 392131356 | What is depolarization caused by? | Opening Na+ Channels ==> Na+ IN Closing of K+ Channels ==> K+ IN (prevents repolarization) | |
| 392131357 | Depict an Action Potential. Include a time-scale, charges inside and out, and repolarization of the axon. | ... | |
| 392131358 | What can alter membrane permeability (just one). | Changes in Membrane Potential! | |
| 392131359 | Voltage-gated channels | ... | |
| 392131360 | Will a Na+ Channel Protein be closed or open at -65mV? What about -40mV? | Na+ channel @ -65mV ==> CLOSED Na+ channel @ -40mV ==> OPEN | |
| 392131361 | "An Action Potential is a complex, non-linear phenomenon" ==> -- It ALTERS membrane Permeability -- TRIGGERS Na+ influx ==> further alters membrane potential ==> further alters membrane permeability, etc, etc | ... | |
| 392131362 | When does a neuron generate an AP? | When the AXON HILLOCK has reached a potential that EXCEEDS a well-defined threshold level | |
| 392131363 | What can account for referred pain or masking of pain? | Convergent inputs of neurons into other neurons | |
| 392131364 | What are 2 differences between a dendritic current and an AP? | 1) Dendritic signals can be graded ==> Have variable amplitude AND 2) Can be Excitatory (depolarizing) or Inhibitory (hyperpolarizing) | |
| 392131365 | What do local anesthetics effect on a neuron? | Local anesthetics INHIBIT changes in permeability | |
| 392131366 | What equation is used for the Electrical model of a Neuron? | Neuronal Electrical Model = Cable Equation N.E.M. = Cable | |
| 392131367 | What's the transmission rate of a 1) myelinated neuron and 2) an unmylenated neuron? | Myelinated = 20-100 m/sec Unlmyelinated = 2-5 m/sec | |
| 392131368 | M.S. Disease (x4) | 1) age = 20-40 2) Leading cause of major disability in working age adults 3) Autoimmune 4) attack and remission cycle | |
| 392131369 | Synaptic Transmission being two steps... | 1) Electrical = AP 2) Chemical = synaptic transmission | |
| 392131370 | Synaptic transmission properties (x3) | 1) Neurotransmitters alter perability ==> inject current into dendrite 2) 1-way transmission ==> Axon->Dendrite 3) Graded input (variable amplitude) & Excitatory or Inhibitory | |
| 392131371 | What are Body Surface Potentials and what are they do to? | EEG & ECG = Body Surface Potentials Body surface potentials are due to widespread IONIC CURRENT FLOW in a RESISTIVE MEDIUM ==> governance by OHM'S LAW | |
| 392131372 | 2 ways to describe Body Surface Potentials ==> 1) Nerve and muscle cells act like tiny current sources 2) Body is like a bag of conducting solution with appreciable sensitivity | ... | |
| 392131373 | What are EEGs recording from a neuron? | Record signals that arise from DENDRITIC ACTIVITY | |
| 392131374 | Alpha-wave EEG | 8-12 Hz ==> Relaxed wakefulness ((approx. 100 uV in amplitude)) most posterior scalp | |
| 392131375 | Delta-wave EEG | <4 Hz (pathological) | |
| 392131376 | Theta-wave EEG | 4-7 Hz ==> Drowsiness | |
| 392131377 | Beta--wave EEG | >13, alert wakefulness (PFC) | |
| 392131378 | Sharp spike EEGs may be indicative of ... (x2) | Epilepsy and/or Seizure disorders | |
| 392131379 | Large, slow waves may be indicative of ... (x4 -- LISI) | Lesion, Injury, Stroke, Infection | |
| 392131380 | NREM Sleep | 4 stages with distinctive EEG for each stage --> EEG slows with deeper (delta wave) sleep | |
| 392131381 | Electrocardiography (ECG) measurement | Heart depolarization produces current flow and differences in potential outside the heart. ECG records DIFFERENCES IN POTENTIALS | |
| 392131382 | Describe how a 3-Lead ECG works | --Location of 3 leads ==> Left Arm (LA), Right Arm (RA), and Left Leg (LG) -- ECG measure the difference in potential between electrodes due to current flow along the direction of the leads. I = V(LA)-V(RA) II = V(LL)-V(RA) III= V(LL)-V(LA) | |
| 392131383 | What are the 3 components of the Cardiac cycle and what electrical component do they correspond to? | P-Wave ==> Atria Depolarization QRS-Complex ==> Ventricular Depolarization T-Wave ==> Ventricular Repolarization | |
| 392131384 | What is the SA node and where is it located? What is it responsible for? | Sinoatrial Node = SA-Node --Primary pacemaker ==> initiates Heartbeat --silent on an ECG --depolarize the atria (P-WAVE) | |
| 392131385 | The amplitude of the ECG is on the order of 1 mV | ... | |
| 392131386 | Describe the timing of the electrical and mechanical events of a heartbeat. | 1) SA node fires 2) Atria Depolarize & Fill 3) AV node slowly conducts impulse ((receive signal from SA)) 4) Ventricles Fill 5) Purkinje fibers conduct rapid impulse throughout the ventricles 6) Ventricular contraction | |
| 392131387 | QRS-complex | --Ventricular depolarization & atria repolarization (masked by vent. depol) | |
| 392131388 | T-wave | Ventricular repolarization | |
| 392131389 | What do the P-wave and QRS-complex initiate and precede? | Atrial AND Ventricular Contraction | |
| 392131390 | What are Impulses formed by? | Pacemaker cells! Leaky ion channels ==> Spontaneous cell depolarization | |
| 392131391 | AV Node DOES fire if SA node fails | ... | |
| 392131392 | What are 3 types of arrythmias | 1 -- Abnormal impulse formation and conduction 2 -- Abnormal conduction due to block at AV node (like an open circuit) 3 -- Abnormal conduction due to Extraneous Atrioventricular Connection ("Short Circuit") | |
| 392131393 | What's an example of "Abnormal impulse formation and conduction" arrythmia? | Ventricular Fibrillation= V-FIB ==> Chaotic, ineffective beating - cause of death & secondary to heart attacks --due to multiple ECTOPIC FOCI THROUGHOUT (ischemic) HEART or abnormal conduction pattern that does not die out ==> Treated by applying a large Depol. to heart | |
| 392131394 | When is a pacemaker used? | In the case of a Complete/3rd Degree AV Blockage ==> Impulse is BLOCKED at AV-NODE ==> causes Ventricular rate to be lower than atrial rate --Pacemaker fixes problem --Congenital | |
| 392131395 | What is Reentrant supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)? | SVT is an example of of extraneous atrioventricular connections that cause abnormal conduction --abnormal "accessory" pathway (AP) between atria and ventricles -- Fixed via ablation of accessory pathway in cardiac-cath lab | |
| 392131396 | What is ectopic focus in terms of heart impulses? | Ectopic focus = Injured and/or irritated cells fire ==> Abnormal pacemaker |
Apush Chapter 26 Flashcards
The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution
Thomas Bailey: The American Pageant
13th Edition
Terms : Hide Images
| 326629419 | Indian Reservations | In the 1860's the US government began herding indians into smaller and smaller reservations to get them out of our hair. | |
| 326629420 | "Indian Wars" | Ranged from colonial times to the Wounded Knee massacre and "closing" of the American frontier in 1890, generally resulted in the conquest of American Indians and their assimilation or forced relocation to Indian reservations | |
| 326629421 | Colonel J.M. Chivington | Ordered the militia to massacre about 400 Indians in cold blood at Sand Creek, Colorado in 1864 who posed no threat (the Chivington Massacre). | |
| 326629422 | Bozeman Trail | 1866- a Sioux war party ambushed Capt. William J. Fetterman's command of 81 soldiers and civilians who were constructing the Bozeman trail to Montana. There were no survivors. | |
| 326629423 | Colonel Custer | Found gold in the Black Hills of South Dakota (Sioux land). Hordes of Gold seekers invaded the Sioux reservation in search of gold. This caused Sitting Bull and the Sioux go on the warpath, completely decimating Custer's Seventh Calvary at Little Big Horn in the process | |
| 326629424 | The Nez Perce Indians | revolted when gold seekers made the government shrink their reservation by 90%, and after a torturous battle, Chief Joseph finally surrendered his band after a long trek across the Continental Divide. | |
| 326629425 | Helen Hunt Jackson | Wrote "A century of Dishonor" and "Ramona," creating sympathy for the Indians. Humanitarians wished to help indians "walk the white mans road," while hard liners wanted to kick their sorry asses out of 'merica! | |
| 326629426 | Battle of Wounded Knee | the "ghost dance" was brutally stamped out by us troops. Women and children were killed too. This battle marked the end of the Indian Wars. Most Indians were dead or on reservations. | |
| 326629427 | Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 | 1887- If the Indians behaved (farmers on reservations), then they could get citizenships after 25 years. Reservation land not allotted to the Indians was sold to railroads under the act. They lost half the they owned in 1880 by 1900. | |
| 326629428 | 1934 Indian Reorganization Act | Was the first US policy towards the indians helping their population grow and rebound. It basically replaced the Dawes Severalty Act. | |
| 326629429 | "fifty Niners" | Fled to Pike Peak in Colorado when gold struck. | |
| 326629430 | Comstock Lode in Nevada | Gold and silver found in 1859 worth more than $340 million | |
| 326629431 | "lucky strikes" | smaller gold allures that brought people to Montana, Idaho, and other western states. | |
| 326629432 | The "long drive" | Cowboys who drove the cattle thousands of miles to the train station to be slaughtered at a meat packing facility. | |
| 326629433 | Barbed-wire | Joseph Glidden developed a way of making fencing cheaply by twisting together sections of wire into barbed points. It was used in the great plains and ended the era of the open range. | |
| 326629434 | Wyoming Stock-Growers' Association | started among Wyoming cattle ranchers to standardize and organize the cattle industry, and grew so large that it controlled the state legislature. | |
| 326629435 | The Homestead Act | 1862- Allowed people to get as much as 160 acres of land in return for living on it for years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30, or it allowed people to get land after only six months residence for about $1.25 and acre. It got people to move to the Great Plains; however, it really was not a great deal, because the plain life was not so great. Families often were destroyed by droughts, grasshoppers, lack of supplies, or debt, or all of the above. | |
| 326629436 | John Wesley Powell | explorer and geologist who warned that traditional agriculture could not succeed west of 100th meridian | |
| 326629437 | "dry farming" | using shallow cultivation methods. Unfortunately, after some time this created a finely pulverized surface soil that contribute to the "dust bowl." A Russian species of wheat was used that was drought resistant. | |
| 326629438 | "Sooners" | In 1889, people who illegally claimed land by sneaking past government officials before the land races began | |
| 326629439 | Turner Thesis | The historian Frederick Jackson Turner argued that the frontier was the key factor in the development of American democracy and institutions; he maintained that the frontier served as a "safety valve" during periods of economic crisis. | |
| 326629440 | Yellowstone | the first national park being opened (1872) after people started realizing that land is not infinite. | |
| 326629441 | The "safety valve theory" | the frontier was like a safety valve for folks who, when it became too crowded in their area, could simply pack up and leave, moving west. Few city dwellers actually did this, but it helped pipe up wages in the cities. The bosses figured, if they can get free land, why work for us. | |
| 326629442 | The Grange | 1867- Founded by Oliver H. Kelley to improve the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities. Eventually it spread to claim over 800,000 members (1875) and changed its goals to include the improvement of the collective plight of the farmer. Most successful in the upper Mississippi Valley. Got congress to pass Granger Laws. | |
| 326629443 | The Greenback Labor Party | Also attracted farmers and in 1878 the Greenback Laborites polled over a mil votes and elected 14 members of congress. | |
| 326629444 | Granger Laws | Grangers state legislatures in 1874 passed law fixing maximum rates for freight shipments. The railroads responded by appealing to the Supreme Court to declare these laws unconstitutional | |
| 326629445 | Farmers' Alliance | 1870's- was another coalition of farmers hating on the banks and railroads. It only aimed at land owning farmers and left tenant farmers in the dark. The believed in the nationalization of railrads, the abolition of nat. banks, a graduated income tax, and a new federal sub-treasury for farmers. | |
| 326629446 | Populists | Led by Ignatius Donnelly and Mary Elizabeth Lease. They attracted hurt farmers and eventually they would combine with the Farmers' alliance to make the populists party. The Panic of 1839 pissed them off more. | |
| 326629447 | "General" Jacob Coxey | set out for Washington in 1894 with a demand that the government relieve unemployment by an inflationary public works program | |
| 326629448 | the Pullman Strike | Led by Eugene Debs in Chicago was very dramatic. Debs helped organize the workers of the Pullman Palace Car Company. the company was screwed by the Panic of 1893 and cut wages by 1/3. The workers striked, but the US Attorney General Richard Olney called in Fed. Troops to break up the strike, because it was screwing with the US Mail system. Debs went to prison for 6 months and was a leading Socialist in America. | |
| 326629449 | William McKinley | 1896- leading republican candidate who had served in congress representing Ohio. He was conservative in business and his platform was for the gold standard, although, his personal opinion was different. He believed in bi-metalism. | |
| 326629450 | William Jennings Bryan | The "Boy Orator of the Platte" who was an advocate of free silver. He was nominated as the Democratic Candidate after his "Cross of Gold Speech." The Democratic ticked wished for unlimited coinage of silver with the ratio of 16 silver ounces worth as much as one ounce of gold. | |
| 326629451 | Election of 1896 | Republican William McKinley defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan in 1896. Bryan was the nominee of the Democrats, the Populist Party, and the Silver Republicans.Economic issues, including bimetallism, the gold standard, Free Silver, and the tariff, were crucial. | |
| 326629452 | Dingley Tariff Bill | passed in 1897, proposed new high tariff rates to generate enough revenue to cover the annual Treasury deficits. This replaced the Wilson-Gorman law |
The American Pageant: Chapter 26 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 158626224 | Western Indians offered strong resistance to white expansion through their effective use of | repeating rifles and horses | |
| 158626225 | Inter-tribal warfare among Plains Indians increased in the late century because of | growing competition for the rapidly dwindling hunting grounds | |
| 158626226 | The federal government's attempt to confine Indians to certain ares through the formal treaties was largely ineffective because | the nomadic Plains Indians largely rejected the idea of formal authority and defined territory | |
| 158626227 | The warfare that led up to the Battle of the Little Big Horn was set off by | white intrusions after the discovery of gold in the sacred Black Hills | |
| 158626228 | Indian resistance was finally subdued because | the coming of the railroad led to the destruction of the buffalo and the Indians' way of life | |
| 158626229 | The federal government attempted to force Indians away from their traditional values and customs by | creating a network of children's boarding schools and white "field matrons" | |
| 158626230 | Both the minding and cattle frontiers saw | a movement from individual operations to large-scale corporate businesses | |
| 158626231 | The problem of developing agriculture int eh arid West was solved most successfully through | the use of irrigation from dammed western rivers | |
| 158626232 | The "safety valve" theory of the frontier holds that | unemployed city dwellers could move west and thus relieve labor conflict in the East | |
| 158626233 | Which one of these factors did not make the trans-Mississippi West a unique part of the American frontier experience? | the problem of applying new technologies in a hostile wilderness | |
| 158626234 | By the 1880s, most western farmers faced hard times because | they were forced to sell their grain at low prices in a depressed world market | |
| 158626235 | Which of the following was not among the political goals advocated by the Populist Party in the 1890s? | Creation of a national system of unemployment insurance and old-age pensions | |
| 158626236 | The U.S. government's response to the Pull man strike aroused great anger form organized labor because | is seemed to represent "government by injunction" designed to destroy labor unions | |
| 158626237 | William Jennings Bryan gained the Democratic nomination in 1896 because he strongly advocated | unlimited coinage of silver in order to inflate currency | |
| 158626238 | McKinley defeated Bryan primarily because he was able to win the support of | eastern wage earners and city dwellers | |
| 158626239 | Major northern Plains Indian nation that fought and eventually lost a bitter war against the U.S. Army, 1876-1877 | Sioux | |
| 158626240 | Southwestern Indian tribe lied by Geronimo that carried out some of the last fighting against white conquest | Apaches | |
| 158626241 | Generally poor areas where vanquished Indians were eventually confined under federal control | Reservations | |
| 158626242 | Indian religious movement, originating out of the sacred Sun Dance that the federal government attempted tos tamp out in 1890 | Ghost Dance | |
| 158626243 | Federal law that attempted to dissolve tribal landholding and establish Indians as individual farmers | Dawes Severalty Act | |
| 158626244 | Huge silver and gold deposit that brought wealth and statehood to Nevada | Comstock Lode | |
| 158626245 | General term for the herding of cattle from the grassy plains to the railroad terminals of Kansas, Nebraska, and Wyoming | Long Drive | |
| 158626246 | Federal law that offered generous land opportunities to poorer farmers but also provided the unscrupulous with opportunities for hoaxes and fraud | Homestead Act | |
| 158626247 | Improved type of fencing that enabled farmers to enclose land on the treeless plains | barbed wire | |
| 158626248 | Former "Indian Territory" where "sooners" tried to get the jump on "boomers" when it was opened for settlement in 1889 | Oklahoma | |
| 158626249 | Third political party that emerged int eh 1890s to express rural grievances and mount major attacks on the Democrats and Republicans | populists | |
| 158626250 | Popular pamphlet written by William Hope Harvey that portrayed pro-silver arguments triumphing over the traditional views of bankers and economics professors | Coin's Financial School | |
| 158626251 | Bitter labor conflict in Chicago that brought federal intervention and the jailing of union leader Eugene V. Debs | Pullman Strike | |
| 158626252 | Spectacular conventions speech by a young pro-silver advocate that brought him the Democratic nomination in 1896 | Cross of Gold Speech | |
| 158626253 | Popular term for those who favored the "status quo" in metal money and opposed the pro-silver Byranites in 1896 | Goldbugs |
AP US History Chapter 14 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 248654973 | cotton gin | a machine that would separate the seed from the short-staple cotton fiber that was fifty times more effective than the handpicking process. It was constructed by Eli Whitney. It was developed in 1793 in Georgia. It was used all over the South. | |
| 248654974 | cotton gin | brought a miraculous change to the U.S. and the world. Practically overnight the production of the cotton was very profitable. Not only the South prospered, but the North as well. Many acres were cleared westward to make more room for cotton. | |
| 248654975 | boston associates | group of Boston families who joined to form one of the earliest and most powerful joint-capital ventures. They eventually came to dominate the textile industry, the railroad, insurance, and banking business' in all of Massachusetts | |
| 248654976 | boston associates | considered their textile mill in Lowell, Massachusetts a showplace factory. The labor there was mostly New England farm girls who were supervised on and off the job and worked from "dark to dark | |
| 248654977 | clipper ships | American boats, built during the 1840's in Boston, that were sleek and fast but inefficient in carrying a lot of cargo or passengers. British steamers were more efficient than these ships and so Britain remained the #1 naval power. | |
| 248654978 | general incorporation law | created to greatly help in "building" capitalism. It stated that businesspeople could create a corporation if they complied with the terms of the law. It was a great boost to capitalism. It was signed in New York in 1848 to save businesspeople the need to apply for characters form the legislature. | |
| 248654979 | pony express | A Mail carrying service; ran from 1860-1861; was established to carry mail speedily along the 2000 miles from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California; they could make the trek in 10 days. | |
| 248654980 | mcCormick | Born in Rockbridge County, Virginia on 1809, he was very interested in helping out the fellow farmer. In 1831, he revolutionized the farming industry by inventing the mechanical reaper. He later improved upon it and patented it in 1834. He then started a company that manufactured this reaper and sold it on the market. He became tremendously rich doing this and later married. He was very generous to his nearby churches and schools. | |
| 248654981 | whitney | was born in Massachusetts. He was a mechanical genius that graduated from Yale. After college he traveled to Georgia to be a tutor while preparing for the law. While in Georgia he was told that the South would make a lot of money if someone could invent a machine to separate the seed from cotton. within 10 days he had made one | |
| 248654982 | fulton | A painter/ engineer who got financial backing to build a powerful steam engine (Clermont). But in 1807 the boat made the 150 mile run from New York City up the Hudson River to Albany in 32 hours. Within a few years hechanged all of America's navigable streams into two-way arteries and forever changed the way the West and the South could transport their goods. | |
| 248654983 | industrial revolution | Began in the 1750's in Britain with a group of inventors perfecting textile machines. These British developments eventually found their way into American Industry. Factories were made to work with the South's raw textiles Industrialization started in the North because of its dense population, reliance of shipping, and its number of seaports The rapid rivers of the North also provided power for turning the cogs of machines The majority of the industrialization occurred between the 1790's and the 1860's | |
| 248654984 | limited liability | that applies to the principles of the corporation. This started in a big way in the early 1800's for most Americans. It basically refers to the fact that a business with public stock can fail without any one person losing all of their money. It lowers the risk of new business ventures. | |
| 248654985 | slater | He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories. | |
| 248654986 | whig party | party that formed for those who opposed Jackson's views. It was created in the 1830s and the 1840s. When Jackson was elected, Clay and Calhoun formed a party for those who opposed Democratic views. The first Whig to become president was Harrison in the 1840 election. | |
| 248654987 | independent treasury | Martin Van Buren passed the "Divorce Bill" in 1840 which created --------------- that took the government's funds out of the pet banks that Jackson created and put them in vaults in several of the largest cities. This way the funds would be safe from inflation and denied to the state banks as revenue. | |
| 248654988 | pet banks | were state banks; existed in the 1830's; state banks that received federal funds from Jackson. These funds were from the removal of the deposits in the BUS in order to insure of the bank's demise when its charter ran out. These banks then loaned money and printed paper to increase spending, which lead to inflation. Jackson attempts to stop this inflation with the Specie Circular, which lead to the Panic of 1837 | |
| 248654989 | force bill | Bill passed by the Congress in 1833. (aka "Bloody Bill" to the southerners) This bill allows the US president to use the Army and the Navy to collect federal tariff duties. (If necessary) It is an attachment to the Nullification Crisis during this time. | |
| 248654990 | seminole | They lived in Florida. They waged a seven years war against the Americans to try and remain in the east instead of being forcibly removed to the west. They were tricked into a truce where their chief Osceola was captured. Most were moved to Oklahoma while others remained hidden in the everglades. | |
| 248654991 | divorce bill | bill proposed by Martin Van Buren; idea: federal money in a separate bank vault so it would not be connected with the ups and downs of the federal economy; barley pass in 1840 by Democrats, then repealed when Whigs came into power a year later. | |
| 248654992 | bank of the us | charter was renewed. Because of the economic recession of the 1810's, the bank suffered great mismanagement until 1822 when Nicholas Biddle, a Philadelphia financier, became its president. Andrew Jackson, in 1831, vetoed the charter act to renew the bank's charter which would expire in 1836. This made the government to store all its funds to the state banks (aka King Andrew's pet banks). | |
| 248654993 | lone star state | Texas was first ruled by Spain for over 300 years as a part of Mexico. When Mexico became an independent country in 1821, Texas became a Mexican State and new settlers from the United States were welcomed . The large influx of Americans led to skirmishes with Mexican troops. After a successful war of independence against Mexico, Texans raised the Lone Star flag over their own republic in 1836. Their government was recognized by the United States and several other European countries. In 1845 Texas accepted annexation by the United States and was admitted as the 28th state. | |
| 248654994 | favorite son | referred to the Whig candidates of 1836 that were not nationally known. They were only popular in their home states. The Whigs tried to use these men to scatter the vote and force the House of Representatives to choose the President. | |
| 248654995 | tariff of 1832 | tariff passed in 1832; passed to meet Southern demands about previous tariffs; failed because it didn't meet demands but it did do away with the worst of the abominations of 1828 and lowered tariff of 1824 by ten percent; caused Nullification Crisis; was amended by the Compromise Tariff of 1833 | |
| 248654996 | specie circular | was a decree which stated that all public lands must be purchase with gold or silver money, because the BUS was collapsing and the paper money floating around was almost worthless. This decree caused a run on the banks for gold and silver and, in turn, ignited the Panic of 1837. | |
| 248654997 | slavocracy | what the north used to refer to the south's system of slavery. | |
| 248654998 | tariff of 1833 | a compromise bill. It would gradually reduce the tariff of 1832 by10% over an8 year period. It would be a 20-25% tax on dutiable goods. Henry Clay wrote the bill. It ended the nullification crisis when South Carolina accepted the compromise. | |
| 248654999 | panic of 1837 | Nations first economic depression. Banks loaned too much money out for Western expansion and they began to fail one by one. Hardship was acute and widespread and hundreds of banks collapsed. Martin Van Buren (who was president at the time) tried to "divorce" the government from banking altogether. This idea was not highly supported but the Independent Treasury Bill passed congress in 1840. Although the Whigs repealed it the next year, the scheme was reenacted by the democrats in 1846. | |
| 248655000 | annexation | A method used by the government to acquire and establish sovereignty over new territory | |
| 248655001 | antislavery | wide spread idea (with most of its supporters being in the New England areas) in the 1800's. the North readily opposed the idea of slavery, because it was abusive and their economy didn't rely on it These societies were actually more numerous south of Mason and Dixon's line. | |
| 248655002 | black hawk | The leader of the Illinois tribes of Indians in the 1830's. When the Indians were uprooted, and forced out of their homes, he led the Indians in resisting the move. However, he wasn't powerful enough, because in 1832 they were brutally defeated, and forced to move into Oklahoma. | |
| 248655003 | travis | colonel during the Texas Revolution. He fought on the side of the Texans against the Mexicans in 1836 at the Alamo in San Antonio, Texas | |
| 248655004 | nullification | right by the states to declare something issued by the national gov't as constitutional or unconstitutional, (as stated in the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions). Calhoun tried to protect the minority (south), instead of seceding. He tried to settle them down without destroying the nation | |
| 248655005 | clay | A National Republican and chief gladiator in the presidential contest of 1832. Threw himself behind the Senate's move to re-charter the bank. Was able to pass a compromise bill that would slowly reduce the 1832 Tariff. When and Where: he came from Kentucky and strongly disliked Jackson. he had 50,000 dollars in funds for " life insurance" with the Bank of the United States. Lost the presidential election in 1832:the rich people did not create enough support to elect him president. | |
| 248655006 | houston | Mexicans and Texans were in conflict over issues such as slavery and immigration. In 1836 the Texans declared their independence from Mexico and made him their commander in chief. Santa Anna, the dictator of Mexico, resented this American decree and charged into Texas with Mexican forces. He and his troops initially retreated, but eventually they defeated the Mexican army and captured Santa Anna. | |
| 248655007 | tyler | as Vice-President to William Henry Harrison in the election of 1840 as a Whig. Harrison was elected, but shortly died, so he became the first Vice-President to take the office of a dead President. The position gave him experience for becoming President later | |
| 248655008 | calhoun | joined with Henry Clay against President Jackson, forming the beginning of the Whig Party. The Whigs along with the Democrats, began the two-system party | |
| 248655009 | santa anna | Mexican dictator who in 1835 wiped out all local rights in Texas and started to raise an army to put down the Texans. With six thousand men he swept through Texas till he was finally defeated by Sam Houston's army. He then signed two treaties dealing with the border of Texas and the withdrawal of Mexican troops | |
| 248655010 | Osceola | : Leader of the Seminole Indians When and Where: The Seminole Indians in Florida were engaged in a bitter guerrilla war that proved to be the costliest Indian conflict.(1835-1842) Fifteen hundred American soldiers lost their lives in the battle. The war ended when the Americans captured he and held him captive. he eventually died in captivity. Why: Split up the Seminole tribe into the Everglades and Oklahoma. | |
| 248655011 | van buren | became our eighth president in 1836. He was doomed from the start, though, as the people thought he was only "mediocre" and the democrats hated him. He was also left to deal with some very difficult situations, such as a developing depression. he tried to do his best through such things as the controversial "Divorce Bill," but his efforts were futile, as he is not our most memorable president. | |
| 248655012 | jackson | seventh president, supported mostly but the West and South (the common people). He had no formal education. His beliefs were simple, but his military background often influenced him. He introduced the spoil's system into American gov't, or rotation in office as he called it. His cabinet was called the "kitchen cabinet" because they were thought of as his friends, not political office holders. | |
| 248655013 | harrison | 1) He was pushed into presidential race. He was a war hero and was not nominated for his ability. 2)1840 Presidential elections. 3) 1st Whig President & 1st President to die in office. | |
| 248655014 | biddle | nicknamed "Czar Nicholas I," he was president of the Bank of the United States. He was known for his massive loans as bribes ("Emperor Nick of the Bribery Bank"). Jackson wanted to weaken the Bank and him, so he gradually stopped making deposits, instead stowing his money in his "pet banks." Jackson destroyed the Bank in 1832. |
AP US History Chapter 14 Vocabulary Flashcards
Vocabulary for Chapter 14 of The American Pageant, 13th Edition.
Terms : Hide Images
| 109519328 | Samuel Slater | 1768-1835, U.S. industrialist, born in England. | |
| 109519329 | Cyrus McCormick | United States inventor and manufacturer of a mechanical harvester | |
| 109519330 | Eli Whitney | An American inventor of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Invented the cotton gin, a device for processing raw cotton. | |
| 109519331 | Robert Fulton | American engineer and inventor who developed the first useful submarine and torpedo (1800) and produced the first practical steamboat (1807). | |
| 111329453 | Samuel F.B. Morse | U.S. artist and inventor: developer of the first successful telegraph in the U.S.; inventor of the most commonly used telegraphic code system. | |
| 111329454 | DeWitt Clinton | United States politician who as governor of New York supported the project to build the Erie Canal | |
| 111329455 | Catharine Beecher | U.S. educator: advocated educational rights for women. | |
| 111329456 | George Catlin | U.S. painter who advocated enviornmental protection | |
| 111329457 | nativism | the policy of protecting the interests of native inhabitants against those of immigrants. | |
| 111329458 | Cult of domesticity | The idea among middle and upper class white American women during the 1800s that they had to be the center of the domestic sphere and the perfect wives and mothers | |
| 111329459 | factory system | a manufacturing method for a standardized product or products in which fixed capital, raw material, and labor operations are centralized and sophisticated machinery is often used | |
| 111329460 | german forty eighters | German imagrants who came to America after the failed revolutions in Germany | |
| 111329461 | domestic feminism | the beliefe that women had the right to complete freedom within the home | |
| 112443225 | market revolution | a drastic change in the manual labor system originating in south (but was soon moved to the north) and later spread to the entire world. | |
| 112443226 | cotton gin | a machine for separating the fibers of cotton from the seeds. | |
| 112443227 | Clermont | Robert Fulton's first commercial steamboat | |
| 112443228 | Boston Associates | a loosely linked group of investors. They included Nathan Appleton, Patrick Tracy Jackson, Abbott Lawrence, and Amos Lawrence, often related directly or through marriage, they were based in Boston, Massachusetts. By 1845, there were 31 textile companies—located in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and southern Maine—produced one-fifth of all textiles in the United States. | |
| 112443229 | clipper ships | a sailing ship built and rigged for speed, esp. a type of three-masted ship with a fast hull form and a lofty rig, built in the U.S. from c1845, and in Great Britain from a later date, until c1870, and used in trades in which speed was more important than cargo capacity. | |
| 112443230 | Ancient Order of Hibernians | is an Irish Catholic fraternal organization. Its purpose is to act as guards to protect Catholic Churches from anti-Catholic forces in the mid 19th century, and to assist Irish Catholic immigrants, especially those who faced discrimination or harsh coal mining working conditions. | |
| 112521795 | Rendezvous | Each summer traders ventured from St. Louis to a verdant Rocky Mountain valley, made camp, and waited for the trappers and Indians to arrive with beaver pelts to swap for manufactured goods from the East. | |
| 112521796 | Laws of Free Incorporation | Allowed businessemen to create a new corporation without first obtaining a charter from the state legislature. | |
| 112521797 | Scab | a worker who refuses to join a labor union or to participate in a union strike, who takes a striking worker's place on the job, or the like. | |
| 112521798 | Commonwealth v. Hunt | in March 1842, Chief Justice Lemuel Shaw ruled that unions were legal organizations and had the right to organize a strike. | |
| 112521799 | Tammany Hall | the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in controlling New York City politics and helping immigrants, most notably the Irish, rise up in American politics from the 1790s to the 1960s. | |
| 112521800 | American Party | prominent from 1853 to 1856, whose aim was to keep control of the government in the hands of native-born citizens: so called because members originally professed ignorance of the party's activities. | |
| 112521801 | John Jacob Astor | U.S. capitalist and fur merchant. | |
| 112521802 | Black forties | term used to describe the 1840s, when the potato famine struck Ireland and caused the mass imigration of Irish to America. | |
| 112521803 | Porkopolis | coined around 1835, when Cincinnati was the country's chief hog packing center, and herds of pigs traveled the streets. | |
| 112521804 | Clinton's Big Ditch | Nickname given to the Eire Canal by the citizens of New York. | |
| 112521805 | Iron Horse | a locomotive. |
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