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constitution Flashcards

Summary of
Constitutional Rights, Powers and Duties
Discussions of rights are sometimes confused concerning what are and are not rights of the people or powers of government or the duties of each. This is an attempt to summarize the rights, powers, and duties recognized or established in the U.S. Constitution, in Common Law as it existed at the time the U.S. Constitution was adopted, or as implied therein. Not included are certain "internal" rights and powers that pertain to the various elements of government within each level with respect to each other.
Personhood:[1]
"Persons" are one of the two main classes which are the subject of rights, powers, and duties, the other being "citizens". Persons may be "natural" or "corporate". "Citizens" are a subclass of "natural persons". Only persons have standing as parties under due process. Each government has the power to define what is and is not a "person" within its jurisdiction, subject to certain restrictions of Common Law and the Constitution, the 15th Amendment to which requires that it not exclude anyone based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Under Common Law existing at the time of the adoption of the U.S. Constitution, "natural personhood" was considered to begin at natural birth and end with the cessation of the heartbeat. But technology has created a new situation, opening the way for statute or court decision to extend this definition and set the conditions under which personhood begins and ends.
Each government may also establish, within its jurisdiction, "corporate persons" such as governmental entities, associations, corporations, or partnerships, in addition to the Common Law "natural" persons, but the "personhood" of such corporate entities is not created by the government. Its corporate personhood derives from the personhood of its members.

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255284768	jkbkjbkblk	hguyyygybogugyuuo
255284769	imnionyopnihiop;	i[The year is _____, our founding fathers have just ratified the Constitution of the United States of America they are finishing the welds on the USS Iron Democracy , the first iron-clad of the worlds governments. While other vessels would sink with either a smashed hull or a wooden deck set ablaze, the Iron Democracy will deflect the harsh blows and will have no rebellious spark to ignite her. The Constitution of the United States of America was revolutionary for its day. There was no king, or queen, emperor, ceacer , or pharaoh. No monarch to hold supreme, no man to be god but the majority of votes of one's peers to decide and declare and to delegate and so on. The constitution laid, In print,the terms of service of those in a position of power and the limits on what they could do. The Constitution also laid out the Rights of the People. These rights were the right to a freedom of speech, religion, press, The right to peaceably assemble
258557158	28th	The year is 1787, this is the year our founding fathers ratify the Constitution of the United States of America. They are finishing up the welds on the USS Iron Democracy. She will be the first iron-clad warship of the world's governments. While other vessels would sink with either a smashed hull from a broadside of a foreign invader, or a wooden deck set ablaze by a rebellious lantern, the Iron Democracy will deflect harsh blows and will have no rebellious spark to ignite her. But without her crew, her citizens, she is a wasted investment. (31 sec) As citizens of the United States of America, we are privileged with the rights granted to us by the Bill of Rights set in our nations Constitution. These rights are crucial to the functioning of our country and are a barrier to prevent circumstances which have repeated themselves throughout history in foreign lands. We as citizens have duties which come with these rights we. When the Constitution was passed there was no shortage of people who were willing to exercise the 1st Amendment and publish their opinions, but it is a fundamental duty that someone report on the current happenings of society. The media is a very important part of American society. It reports and analyzes to the common people current events such as election updates, natural disasters, leagal developments and other topics of relevancy. The second amendment guaranties us the right to own firearms Rights such as to assemble peaceably, keep and bear arms, express or publish one's opinions or those of others, practice one's religion, and to be secure in one's property against unreasonable searches and seizures. The Constitution of the United States of America was revolutionary for its day. There was no king, emperor, Caesar, or Pharaoh. No monarch to hold supreme rule, no mortal to be a mighty god or claim rights from but the majority of votes of one's peers to decide and declare and to delegate and so on. The constitution laid, in print, the terms of service of those in a position of power and the limits on what they could do. The Constitution also laid out the Rights of the People. These rights were the right to a freedom of speech, religion, press, the right to peaceably assemble

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Amendment Study Guide Flashcards

Amendment 1: What five freedoms are guaranteed by the first amendment? Explain each.
S-Speech (Freedom of speech is the right to speak freely in public places. BUT, you need to be responsible. For example, you cannot yell "fire" in a crowed area and cause panic.)
P-Press (Free press is the best protection against government abuses. Newspapers, magazines, radio, and television can publish any government wrongdoing so long as it is true. A lot of people use this as an opportunity to voice their opinion about the government. BUT, you can't publish false accusations or publish information that would be helpful to an enemy during wartime.)
R-Religion (Freedom to practice any religion or no religion at all. BUT, parents can't deny their children medical attention or vaccinations because of their religious beliefs.)
A-Assembly (Freedom to peacefully assemble with others like in parades, protest marches, and political rallies. BUT, you can't close public streets, buildings, or cause riots.)
P-Petition the government (ask the government to fix wrongs committed against them.)
Amendment 2: This amendment provides for "the right to bear arms." What does this mean?
Citizens have the right to own and carry weapons for use in state militias and for self-defense. BUT, there are RESTRICTIONS: the person can't be a felon (a person who committed a felony crime,) must be 18 years old or older, and have permission from the state to carry a gun. You CAN'T carry any weapon you want. For example, you can't carry a machine gun.
Amendment 3: Quartering of soldiers. What dose this mean?
A soldier cannot stay at a homeowner's house during peacetime or war WITHOUT the owner's consent. The owner MUST AGREE to quarter a soldier of the U.S. during peace. This prevents the government from forcing citizens to house soldiers similar to quartering British soldiers before the Revolution.
Amendment 4: This amendment protects against unreasonable search and seizure.

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286837127	guaranteed	secured by written agreement
286837128	accusations	claims or charges that a person is guilty of doing wrong or of breaking the law
286837129	indictment	an accusation of wrongdoing
286837130	arrest	the act of apprehending (especially apprehending a criminal)
286837131	demanding	requiring more than usually expected or thought due

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American Pageant 14th Edition chapters 23-24 Flashcards

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306769969	Waving the bloody shirt	Republicans whipped up ethusiasm for Grant by eg\nergetically "Waving the bloody shirt"- that is, reviving gory memories of the Civil War- which became for the first time a prominent feature of a presidential campaign. The expression is said to have derived from a speech by Representative Benjamin F. Butler of Massachusetts, who allegedly waved before the House the bloodstained nightshirt of a Klan-flogged carpetbagger.
306769970	Tweed Ring	A symbol of Gilded Age corruption, "Boss" Tweed and his deputies ran the New York City Democratic party in the 1860s and swindled $200 million from the city through briber, graft, and vote-buying. Boss Tweed was eventually jailed for his crimes and died behind bars.
306769971	Credit Mobilier scandal	A construction company was formed by owners of the Union Pacific Railroad for the purpose of receiving government contracts to build the railroad at highly inflated prices-and profits. In 1872 a scandal erupted when journalists discoreved that the Credit Mobilier Company had bribed congressmen and even the Vice President in order to allow the ruse to continue.
306769972	Panic of 1873	A world wide depression that began in the United States when one of the nation's largest banks abruptly declared bankruptcy, leading to the collapse of thousands of banks and businesses. The crisis intensified debtors' calls for the unlimited coin-age of silver. Conflicts over monetary policy greatly influenced politics in the last quarter of the nineteenth century.
306769973	Gilded Age	A term given to the period 1865-1896 by Mark Twain, indicating both the fabulous wealth and the widespread corruption of the era.
306769974	Patronage	A system, prevalent during the Gilded Age, in which political parties granted jobs and favors to party regulars who delivered votes on election day. Patronage was both an essential wellspring of support for both parties and a source of conflict within the Republican party.
306769975	Compromise of 1877	The agreement that finally resolved the 1876 election and officially ended Reconstruction. In exchnage for the Republican candidate, Rutherford B. Hayes, winning the presidency, Hayes agreed to withdraw the last of the federal troops from the former Confederate states. This deal effectively completed the southern return to white-only, Democratic-dominates electoral politics.
306769976	Civil Rights Act of 1875	The last piece of federal civil rights legislation until the 1950s, the law promised blacks equal access to public accommodations and banned racism in jury selection, but the Act provided no means of enforcement and was therefore ineffective. In 1883m, the Supreme Court declared most of the Act unconstitutional.
306769977	Sharecropping	An agricultural system that emerged after the Civil War in which black and white farmers rented land and residences from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a certain "share" of each year's crop. Sharecropping was the dominant form of southern argiculture after the Civil War, and landowners manipulated this system to keep tenants in perpetual debt and unable to leave their plantations.
306769978	Jim Crow	System of racial segregation in the American SOuth from the end of Reconstruction until the mid-twentieth century. Based on the concept of "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites, the Jim Crow system sought to prevent racial mixing in oublic, including restaurants, movie theaters, and public transportation. An informal system, it was generally perpetuated by custom, violence, and intimidation.
306769979	Plessy v. Ferguson	An 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of segregation laws, saying that as long as blacks were provided with "separate but equal" facilities, these laws did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment. This decision provided legal justification for the Jim Crow system until the 1950s.
306769980	Chinese Exclusion Act	Federal legislation that prohibited most further Chinese immigration to the United States. This was the major legal restiction on immigration in U.S. history.
306769981	Pendleton Act	Congressional legislation that established the Civil Service Commision, which granted federal government jobs on the basis of examinations instead of political patronage, thus reigning in the spoils system.
306769982	Homestead Strike	A federal law that gave settlers 160 acres of land for about $30 if they lived on it for five years and improved it by, for instance, building a house on it. The act helped make land accessible to hundreds of thousands of westward-moving settlers, but many people also found disappointment when their land was infertile or they saw speculators grabbing up the best land.
306769983	Grandfather clause	A regualtion established in many southern states in 1890s that exempted from voting requirements (such as literacy tests and poll taxes) anyone who could prove that their ancestors (grandfathers) had been able to vote in 1860. Since slaves could not vote before the Civil War, these clauses guaranteed the right to vote to many whites while denying it to blacks.
306769984	Jay Gould	Jay Gould devised a plot to drastically raise the price of the gold market in 1869. On "Black Friday," September 24, 1869, the two bought a large amount of gold, planning to sell it for a profit. In order to lower the high price of gold, the Treasury was forced to sell gold from its reserves.
306769985	Horace Greeley	The Liberal Republican Party met in Cincinnati and chose Horace Greeley as their presidential candidate for the election of 1872. The Democratic Party also chose Greeley as their candidate.
306769986	Rutherford B. Hayes	The Republicans chose Rutherford B. Hayes as their presidential candidate for the election of 1876. There was an unclear victory so the Compromise of 1877 was passed. Rutherford B. Hayes became president and the federal troops were order out of the old Confederate states.
306769987	James A. Garfield	Because President Hayes was despised by his own Republican Party, James A. Garfield was chosen as the presidential candidate for the election of 1880. His vice-president was Chester A. Arthur, a former Stalwart. The Democrats chose Civil War hero, Winfield Scott. Garfield won the election of 1880, but was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau at a Washington railroad station. Guiteau, claiming to be a Stalwart, shot the president claiming that the Conklingites would now get all the good jobs now that Chester Arthur was President.The death of Garfield shocked politicians into reforming the spoils system.
306769988	Chester Arthur	Garfield's vice-president was Chester A. Arthur, a former Stalwart. Garfield was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau at a Washington railroad station. Guiteau, claiming to be a Stalwart, shot the president claiming that the Conklingites would now get all the good jobs now that Chester Arthur was President.
306769989	Grover Cleveland	The Democrats chose Grover Cleveland. Grover Cleveland was a very honest and admirable man. Cleveland won the election of 1884.
306769990	Thomas B. Reed	When the Democrats were prepared to stop all House business, the Speaker of the House, Thomas B. Reed, took control and intimidated the House to his imperious will. The Billion-Dollar Congress, named for its lavish spending, gave pensions to Civil War veterans, increased government purchases on silver, and passed the McKinley Tariff Act of 1890.
306769991	Tom Watson	Created the Grandfather clause and poll taxes.
306769992	William Jennings Bryan	Democratic congressman from Nebraska; won party's nomination for president in 1896 after giving famous "Cross of Gold" speech
306769993	J.P. Morgan	Introduced the practice of Interlocking directorates in order to eliminate banking competition in the 1890's.
306769994	Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois	A Supreme Court decision that prohibited states from regulating the railroads because the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce. As a result, reformers turned their attention to the federal government, which now held sole power to regulate the railroad industry.
306769995	Interstate Commerce Act	Congressional legislation that established the Inerstate Commerce Commision, compelled railroads to publish standard rates, and prohibited rebates and pools. Railroads quickly became adept at using the Act to achieve their own ends, but the Act gave the government an important means to regulate big business.
306769996	Vertical integration	The practice perfected by Andrew Carnegie of controlling every step of the industrial production process in order to increase efficiency and limit competition.
306769997	Horizontal integration	The practice perfected by John D. Rockefeller of dominating a particular phase of the production process in order to monopolize a market, often by forming trusts and alliances with competitors.
306769998	Trust	A mechanism by which one company grants control over its operations, through ownership of its stock, to another company. The Standard Oil Company became known for this practice in the 1870s as it eliminated its competition by taking control of smaller oil companies.
306769999	Interlocking directorates	The practice of having executives or directors from one company serve on the Board of Directors of another company. J.P. Morgan introduced this practice to eliminate banking competition in the 1890's.
306770000	Standard Oil Company	John D. Rockefeller's company, formed in 1870, which came to symbolize the trusts and monopolies of the Gilded Age. By 1877 Standard Oil controlled 95% of the oil refineries in the U.S. It was also one of the first multinational corporations, and at times distributed more than half of the company's kerosene production outside the U.S. By the turn of the century it had become a target for trust-busting reformers, and in 1911 the Supreme Court ordered it to break up into several dozen smaller companies.
306770001	Social Darwinists	Believers in the idea, popular in the late nineteenth century, that people gained wealth by "survival of the fittest." Therefore, the wealthy had simply won a natural competition and owed nothing to the poor, and indeed service to the poor would interfere with this organic process. Some social Darwinists also applied this theory to whole nations and races, explaining that powerful peoples were naturally endowed with gifts that allowed them to gain superiority over others. This theory provided one of the popular justifications for U.S. imperial ventures like the Spanish-American war.
306770002	Sherman Anti-Trust Act	A law forbade trusts or combinations in business, this was landmark legislation because it was one of the first Congressional attempts to regulate big business for the public good. At first the law was mostly used to restrain trade unions as the courts tended to side with companies in legal cases. In 1914 the Act was revised so it could more effectively be used against monopolistic corporations.
306770003	National Labor Union	The first national labor organization in U.S. history was founded in 1866 and gained 600,000 members from many parts of the workforce, although it limited the participation of Chinese, women, and blacks. The organization devoted much of its energy to fighting for an eight-hour workday before it dissolved in 1872.
306770004	Knights of labor	The second national labor orginaztion, organized in 1869 as a secret society and opened for public membership in 1881. The Knights were known for their efforts to organize all workers, regardless of skill level, gender, or race. After the mid-1880's their membership declined for a variety of reasons, including the Knight's participation in violent strikes and discord between skilled and unskilled members.
306770005	Haymarket Square	A May Day rally that turned violent when someone threw a bomb into the middle of the meeting, killing several dozen people. Eight anarchists were arrested for conspiracy contributing to the disorder, although evidence linking them to the bombing was thin. Four were executed, one committed suicide, and three were pardoned in 1893.
306770006	American Federation of labor	A national federation of trade unions that included only skilled workers, founded in 1886. Led by Samuel Gompers for nearly four decades, the AFL sought to negotiate with employers for a better kind of capitalism that rewarded workers fairly with better wages, hours, and conditions. The AFL's membership was almost entirely white and male until middle of the twentieth century.
306770007	Closed shop	A union-organizing term that refers to the practice of allowing only unionized employees to work for a particular company. The AFL became known for negotiating closed-shop agreements with employers, in which the employer would agree not to hire non-union members.
306770008	Cornelius Vanderbilt	A wealthy, corrupt railroad tycoon and innovator. Vanderbilt was one of the first in the industry to make rails out of steel instead of iron and also established a standard gauge for his railroads. Despite these innovations that led to the improvement of the railroad industry, he and his son were notorious "robber barons" who issued unfair rebates, hiked rates arbitrarily, and cared little for American consumers.
306770009	Alexander Graham Bell	Invented the telephone
306770010	Thomas Alva Edison	Thomas Alva Edison invented incandescent light bulb.
306770011	Andrew Carnegie	perfected the Vertical integration
306770012	John D. Rockefeller	Founder of the Standard Oil Company and also prefected the Horizontal integration.
306770013	Samuel Gompers	Led the American Federation of labor

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AP US History Chapter 11 Terms Flashcards

Terms for APUSH Chapter 11.

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496820946	William Clark and Meriwether Lewis	Went on an expedition North of the Louisana Purchase. They promoted further expansion west.
496820947	Albert Gallatin	Jefferson's Secretary of Treasury who was a financial wizard - reduced govt. spending through careful management.
496820948	Robert Livingston	He was the U.S. Minister to France from 1801 to 1804. He negotiated the purchase of the Louisiana Territory.
496820949	Zebulon Pike	An army officer who led an expedition into the southern part of the Louisiana Territory.
496820950	John Marshall	Created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court.
496820951	Aaron Burr	He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, he tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made him Vice President.
496820952	William Marbury	"Midnight Judge" appointed in the Judiciary Act of 1801. Sued government because he was never appointed, which resulted in famous Judicial Review.
496820953	Toussaint L'Overture	1803 - Led a slave rebellion which took control of Haiti, the most important island of France's Caribbean possessions. The rebellion led Napoleon to feel that New World colonies were more trouble than they were worth, and encouraged him to sell Louisiana to the U.S.
496820954	Samuel Chase	Supreme Court justice of whom the Democratic-Republican Congress tried to remove in retaliation of the John Marshall's decision regarding Marbury; was not removed due to a lack of votes in the Senate.
496820955	Patronage	Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support.
496820956	Impeachment	The political equivalent of an indictment in criminal law, prescribed by the Constitution.
496820957	Impressment	The act of coercing someone into government service.
496829282	Orders in Council	Edicts that closed European ports to foreign shipping unless they stopped first in a British port.
496829283	Embargo Act	Signed by Thomas Jefferson in 1807 to stop the export of all American goods and American ships from sailing for foreign ports.

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US History Chapter 11 Vocab Flashcards

The American Pageant, AP edition, 14th edition

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481897576	Revolution of 1800	Jefferson's view of his election to presidency. Jefferson claimed that the election of 1800 represented a return to what he considered the original spirit of the Revolution. Jefferson's goals for his revolution were to restore the republican experiment, check the growth of government power, and to halt the decay of virtue that had set in under Federalist rule.
481897577	Patronage	(politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support
481897578	Judiciary Act of 1801	One of the last important laws passed by the expiring Federalist Congress. It created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. This was Adams's last attempt to keep Federalists power in the new Republican Congress. His goal was for federalists to dominate the judicial branch of government.
481897579	Midnight Judges	The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.
481897580	Marbury v. Madison	The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, (the Judiciary Act of 1789).
481897581	Tripolitan War	instigated by the pasha of Tripoli who was disatisfied with his share of protection money; Jefferson reluctantly rose to the challenge and sent the U.S. Marine Corps to fight; after four years, Jefferson extorted a peace treaty with a bargain price of $60,000 which was used as ransom payments for captured Americans
481897582	Louisiana Purchase	The U.S., under Jefferson, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The U.S. gained control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size.
481897583	Corps of Discovery	Team of adventurers, lead by Meriwether Lewis and William Clart, sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore Louisiana Territory and find a water route to the Pacific. Louis and Clark brought back detailed accounts of the West;s flora fauna, and native populatrions, and their voyage demonstrated the viability of overland travel to the west.
481897584	Orders in council	British laws which led to the War of 1812. Orders-in-council passed in 1807 permitted the impressment of sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports from which Britain was excluded unless they first went to Britain and traded for British goods.
481897585	Impressment	British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service
481897586	Chesapeake Affair	1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.
481897587	Embargo Act	Act that forbade the export of goods from the U.S. in order to hurt the economies of the warring nations of France and Britain. The act slowed the economy of New England and the south. The act was seen as one of many precursors to war.
481897588	Non-Intercourse Act	1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.
481897589	Macon's Bill No. 2	1810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain.
481897590	War Hawks	Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.
481897591	Battle of Tippecanoe	Battle between Americans and Native Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West, but defeated by William Henry Harrison. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812.
481897592	Thomas Jefferson	He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States.
481897593	Sally Hemings	One of Jefferson's house slaves at Monticello. Jefferson fathered at least one of her children, but he never claimed them. He freed 2 of her children, but never Sally.
481897594	Albert Gallatin	He was Jefferson's secretary. Jefferson and Gallatin believed that to pay the interest on debt, there would have to be taxes. Taxes would suck money from industrious farmers and put it in the hands of wealthy creditors.
481897595	John Marshall	created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court
481897596	Samuel Chase	Supreme court justice of whom the Democratic-Republican Congress tried to remove in retaliation of the John Marshall's decision regarding Marbury; was not removed due to a lack of votes in the Senate.
481897597	Napoleon Bonaparte	Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.
481897598	Robert R. Livingston	(1746-1813) American lawyer, politician, and diplomat from New York. Known as "The Chancellor." He administered the presidential oath of office to George Washington.
481897599	Toussaint L'Ouvertune	was the leader of the Haitian Revolution,Toussaint led enslaved blacks in a long struggle for independence over French colonizers, abolished slavery, and secured "native" control over the colony, Haiti
481897600	Meriwether Lewis	United States explorer and soldier who lead led an expedition from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia River (1774-1809)
481897601	William Clark	United States explorer who (with Meriwether Lewis) led an expedition from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia River
481897602	Aaron Burr	served as the 3rd Vice President of the United States. Member of the Republicans and President of the Senate during his Vice Presidency. He was defamed by the press, often by writings of Hamilton. Challenged Hamilton to a duel in 1804 and killed him.
481897603	James Madison	Strict constructionist, 4th president, father of the Constitution, leads nation through War of 1812
481897604	Tecumseh	A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.
481897605	Tenskwatawa ("The Prophet")	Told Indians to be scared of white culture's corruption. Caused indian religious revival, and united the Indians.; dies at the Battle of Tippecanoe. His brother was Tecumseh, the chief of Shawnees. United all tribes of Mississippi Valley in Tecumseh Confederacy to protect what was left of indian lands.

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AP US History Chapter 12 Terms Flashcards

Terms for APUSH Chapter 12.

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497835699	William Henry Harrison	Govenor of the Indiana territory, that fought against Tecumseh and the Prophet in the battle of Tippecanoe
497835700	Francis Scott Key	United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812; wrote "The Star Spangled Banner"
497835701	Andrew Jackson	The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.
497835702	Washington Irving	Author, diplomat, wrote The Sketch Book, which included "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," the first American to be recognized in England (and elsewhere) as a writer
497835703	James Monroe	He was the fifth President of the United States. He is the author of the Monroe Doctrine. Proclaimed that the Americas should be closed to future European colonization and free from European interference in sovereign countries' affairs. It further stated the United States' intention to stay neutral in European wars
497835704	James Fenimore Cooper	American novelist who is best remembered for his novels of frontier life, such as The Last of the Mohicans (1826).
497835705	John Marshall	Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835. Presided over cases such as Marbury V. Madison
497835706	John C. Calhoun	(1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class.
497835707	John Quincy Adams	Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.
497835708	Daniel Webster	a senator from Massachusettes and the most powerful speaker of his time who was involved in the Webster-Hayne debate
497835709	McCulloch v. Maryland	Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law
497835710	Cohens v. Virginia	Cohens found guilty of selling illegal lottery tickets and convicted, but taken to supreme court, and Marshall asserted right of Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme court decisions.
497835711	Gibbons v. Ogden	steamboat case that gave broad interpretation to "interstate commerce"
497835712	Battle of Horseshoe Bend	fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, effectively ending the Creek War.
497835713	Fletcher v. Peck	Supreme Court has the power to declare state laws unconstitutional (Yazoo Land Act)
497835714	Dartmouth College v. Woodward	(1819)(New hamp. tried to take over a college by revising a charter)charters are protected under the contract clause of the U.S. constitution(marshall)
497835715	Era of Good Feeling	An political era when the Federalist party faded away and there were almost no divisions; James Monroe was President
497835716	Missouri Compromise	an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories
497835717	Hartford Convention	Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence
497835718	Battle of Plattsburgh	Battle where Thomas McDonough defeated the British in the North
497835719	Treaty of Ghent	Treaty that ended the War of 1812 and maintained prewar conditions
497835720	Tallmadge Amendment	This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South. User-contributed
497835721	Monroe Doctrine	A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.
497835722	Land Act of 1820	authorized a buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres at a minimum of $1.25 per acre in cash, it also brought about cheap transportation and cheap money
497835723	Battle of the Thames	Battle at which Tecumseh died in, which ended the Indian confederation
497835724	Constitution	a written plan of government
497835725	Florida Purchase Treaty	1819 - Under the Adams-Onis Treaty, Spain sold Florida to the U.S., and the U.S. gave up its claims to Texas. gave american southwest to spain
497835726	panic of 1819	A natural post-war depression caused by overproduction and the reduced demand for goods after the war. However, it was generally blamed on the National Bank
497835727	Treaty of 1819	This treaty between the Spanish and the Americans ceded Spanish-claimed Florida to America in return for the cession of Texas to the Spanish
497835728	Virginia dynasty	Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809), James Madison (1809-1817), James Monroe (1817-1825). All presidents from virginia.
497835729	Bonus Bill of 1817	would have parceled out $1.5 M to the states for internal improvements
497835730	Tariff of 1816	A protective tariff designed to help American industries
497835731	Second Bank of the United States	This institution was chartered in 1816 under President Madison and became a depository for federal funds and a creditor for (loaning money to) state banks. It became unpopular after being blamed for the panic of 1819, and suspicion of corruption and mismanagement haunted it until its charter expired in 1836. Jackson fought against this institution throughout his presidency, proclaiming it to be an unconstitutional extension of the federal government and a tool that rich capitalists used to corrupt American society.
497835732	Ohio fever	European immigrants bought large amounts of cheap west American land.
497835733	isolationism	a policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations

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Praxis 2 Social Studies (0081) American History Flashcards

From a practice test
Sources: Internet - various
Book: Give me liberty, Foner

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423477076	Bacon's Rebellion of 1676	Friction between English settlers and Native Americans
423477077	Articles of Confederation	Goal that was clearly expressed was a limit on the power of the national government. This document, the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781during the revolution. the document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage
423477078	British Colony of Virginia in the 17th Century	It was disctive because it had a popularly elected legislature.
423477079	The Appalachian Plateau	Was one of the regions of the South that had the strongest pro-Union sentiments at the outbreak of the Civil War.
423477080	Stamp Act of 1765	Primarily intended on paying for the military defense of the colonies. Parilament required that all revenue stamps be affixed to all colonial printed matter.
423477081	White men of middle income	A group that gained the most political power as a result of the American Revolution.
423477082	Anti-Federalists	Were opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it lacked a bill of rights. Opponents of the Constitution who saw it as a limitation on individual and states' rights, their demands led to the addition of the a Bill of Rights to the document.
423477083	William Lloyd Garrison	Was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist, voluntaryist, and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the radical abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator, and as one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society, he promoted "immediate emancipation" of slaves in the United States.
423477084	John Brown	Was an American abolitionist, who advocated and practiced armed insurrection as a means to end all slavery. He led the Pottawatomie Massacre in 1856 in Bleeding Kansas and made his name in the unsuccessful raid at Harpers Ferry in 1859.
423477085	Frederick Douglass	American abolitionist, women's suffragist, editor, orator, author, statesman, minister and reformer. Escaping from slavery, he made strong contributions to the abolitionist movement, and achieved a public career that led to his being called "The Sage of Anacostia" and "The Lion of Anacostia". Is one of the most prominent figures in African American and United States history.
423477086	The Gilded Age	Refers to the era of rapid economic and population growth in the United States during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction era of the late 19th century (1865-1901). Is most famous for the creation of a modern industrial economy. Characterized by robber barrons, panics, and political corruption.
423477087	Migration to the trans-Mississipppi southwest	Increased scale of cotton production during the 1830s and 1840s in the United States.
423477088	Abolitionism	Was a movement in western Europe and the Americas to end the slave trade and set slaves free. The slave system aroused little protest until the 18th century,
423477089	John Mercer Langston	Was an American abolitionist, attorney, educator, and political activist. Together with his older brothers Gideon and Charles, he became active in the Abolitionist movement. He helped runaway slaves to escape to the North along the Ohio part of the Underground Railroad. In 1858 he and Charles partnered in leading the Ohio Anti-Slavery Society.
423477090	Nativism	Favors the interests of certain established inhabitants of an area or nation as compared to claims of newcomers or immigrants. Typically means opposition to immigration or efforts to lower the political or legal status of specific ethnic or cultural groups because the groups are considered hostile or alien to the natural culture, and it is assumed that they cannot be assimilated.
423477091	Isolationism	Is a foreign policy which combines a non-interventionist military policy and a political policy of economic nationalism (protectionism). In other words, it asserts both of the following: Non-interventionism & Protectionism
423477092	Non-interventionism	Political rulers should avoid entangling alliances with other nations and avoid all wars not related to direct territorial self-defense.
423477093	Protectionism	There should be legal barriers to control trade and cultural exchange with people in other states.
423477094	Temperance movement	Is a social movement against the use of alcoholic beverages. Its movements may criticize excessive alcohol use, promote complete abstinence, or pressure the government to enact anti-alcohol legislation.
423477095	Jefferson Davis (June 3, 1808 - December 6, 1889	Was an American military officer, statesman and leader of the Confederacy during the American Civil War, serving as the president of the Confederate States of America for its entire history, 1861 to 1865.
423477096	A Century of Dishonor (1881), by Helen Hunt Jackson,	Chronicles the experiences of Native Americans in the United States, focusing on examples of injustices.
423477097	The Last of the Mohicans, James Fenimore Cooper,	The story takes place in 1757, during the French and Indian War (the Seven Years' War), when France and Great Britain battled for control of the North American colonies. During this war, the French called on allied Native American tribes to fight with the more numerous British colonists.
423477098	Logan's Lament	He was a leader of the Mingo Indians. He was a war leader but often urged his fellow natives not to attack whites settling in the Ohio Country. His attitude changed on May 3, 1774, when a group of Virginia settlers murdered approximately one dozen Mingos. Among them were his mother and sister. He demanded that the Mingos and their allies, principally the Shawnee Indians, take revenge for the deaths of his loved ones. He wrote a famous speech and sent it to the English, refusing to come to negotiate peace.
423477099	Uncle Tom's Cabin	Is an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe which inspired people in the North to join antislavery campaigns.
423477100	United States and Mexico War in 1846	Was sparked by the factor of a continuing dispute over the southern boundary of Texas.
423477101	Ronald Regan's Platform in 1980	Decreasing taxes and government regulation.
423477102	Sharecropping System	Dominant agricultural model in the post-Civil War South. Is a system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land (e.g., 50% of the crop).
423477103	Plantation	Is a large farm or estate, usually in a tropical or subtropical country, where crops are grown for sale in distant markets, rather than for local consumption. Dominated southern agriculture from the mid-eighteenth century to the Civil War. These large farms, employing twenty or more slaves, produced staple crops (cotton, rice, tobacco) for domestic and foreign markets.
423477104	The Sedition Act of 1918	Imposed harsh punishments for expressing ideas disloyal to the United States.
423477105	European immigrants	This group came to the United States between 1815 and 1860 because it was attracted to the availability of inexpensive land and higher wages.
423477106	Interstate Commerce Commision	Former independent agency of the U.S. government, established in 1887; it was charged with regulating the economics and services of specified carriers engaged in transportation between states. Surface transportation under the it's jurisdiction included railroads, trucking companies, bus lines, freight forwarders, water carriers, oil pipelines, transportation brokers, and express agencies. After his election in 1904, Theodore Roosevelt demonstrated support of progressive reforms by strengthening this.
423477107	Northern Securities Company	Was an important United States railroad trust formed in 1902 by E. H. Harriman, James J. Hill, J.P. Morgan, J. D. Rockefeller, and their associates. The company controlled the Northern Pacific Railway, Great Northern Railway, Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, and other associated lines. The company was sued in 1902 under the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 by President Theodore Roosevelt; one of the first anti-trust cases filed against corporate interests instead of labor.
423477108	Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890	Requires the United States Federal government to investigate and pursue trusts, companies and organizations suspected of violating the Act. It was the first Federal statute to limit cartels and monopolies, and today still forms the basis for most antitrust litigation by the United States federal government. However, for the most part, politicians were unwilling to use the law until Theodore Roosevelt's Presidency (1901-1908). The purpose of the act was to oppose the combination of entities that could potentially harm competition, such as monopolies or cartels.
423477109	INS- (Immigration and Naturalization Service)	Protected and enforced the laws of naturalization, the process by which a foreign-born person becomes a citizen. It also tackled illegal entrance into the United States, preventing receipt of benefits such as social security or unemployment by those ineligible to receive them, and investigated, detained, and deported those illegally living in the United States.
423477110	Herbert Hover's initial response to the Great Depression	Voluntary measures by businesses and private relief efforts.
423477111	W. E. B. Du Bois	An American civil rights activist. He became the head of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1910, becoming founder and editor of the NAACP's journal The Crisis. He rose to national attention in his opposition of Booker T. Washington's ideas of social integration between whites and blacks, campaigning instead for increased political representation for blacks in order to guarantee civil rights, and the formation of a Black elite that would work for the progress of the African American race. He was willing to form alliances with progressive White Americans in pursuit of civil rights.
423477112	Marcus Garvey	Inspired by what he heard he returned to Jamaica and established the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and published the pamphlet, The Negro Race and Its Problems. He was influenced by the ideas of Booker T. Washington and made plans to develop a trade school for the poor similar to the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama.
423477113	Huey Newton	Was co-founder and leader of the Black Panther Party for Self Defense, an African-American organization established to promote Black Power, civil rights and self-defense.
423477114	Malcolm X	Was an African-American Muslim minister, public speaker, and human rights activist. To his admirers, he was a courageous advocate for the rights of African Americans, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans
423477115	Taft Hartley Act (1947)	Passed over President Harry Truman's veto, the law contained a number of provisions to weaken labor unions, including the banning of closed shops. It imposed a federally mandated "cooling-off period" on strikes judged to endanger national security.
423477116	The New Deal	Was a series of economic programs passed by Congress during the first term of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States, from 1933 to his reelection in 1937. The programs were responses to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call the 3 Rs: relief, recovery and reform. It attempted to improve the economy through large-scale spending on relief and reform.
423477117	Gibbons v. Ogden, (1824)	Was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce was granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled against the State of New York's gathering of steamboat monopolies.
423477118	Miranda v. Arizona ( 1966 )	U.S. Supreme Court decision required police to advise persons in custody of their rights to legal counsel and agaisnt self-incrimination.
423477119	Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)	U.S. Supreme Court decision gauranteeing legal counsel for indigent felony defendents.
423477120	Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)	Was a United States Supreme Court case holding that criminal suspects have a right to counsel during police interrogations under the Sixth Amendment.
423477121	Communitarianism	Social reform movement of the nineteenth century driven by the belief that by establishing small communities based on common ownership of property, a less competitive and individualistic society could be developed.
423477122	Deindustrialization	Term describing decline of manufacturing in old industrial areas in the late twentieth century as companies shifted production to low wage centers in the South and West or in other countries.
423477123	The First Great Awakening	Fervent religious revival movement in the 1720s through the 40s that was spread throughout the colonies by ministers like New England Congregationalist Jonathan Edwards and English revivalist George Whitefield. Was a period of heightened religious activity in the British North American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s.
423477124	Fundamentalism	Anti-modernist Protest movement started in the early twentieth century that proclaimed the literal truth of the Bible, the name came from the Fundamentals, published by conservative leaders.
423477125	Individualism	Term that entered the language in the 1820s to describe the increasing emphasis on the pursuit of personal advancement and private fulfillment free of oustide interference.
423477126	Jay's Treaty	Treaty with Britain negotitated in 1794 by Chief Justice John Jay; Britain agreed to vacate forts in the Northwest Territories, and festering disagreements (border with Canada, prewar debts, shipping claims) would be settled by commission.
423477127	Indian Removal Act ( 1830 )	Signed by President Andrew Jackson, the law premitted the negotiation of treaties to obtain the Indians' lands in exchange for their relocation to what would become Oklahoma.
423477128	Liberalism	Originally, political philosophy that emphasized the protection of liberty by limiting power of government interference with the natural rights of citizens; in the twentieth century, belief in an activist government promoting greater social and economic equality.
423477129	Manifest Destiny	Phrase first used in 1845 to urge annexation of Texas used thereafter to encourage American settlement of European colonial and Indian lands in the Great Plains and the West and, more generally, as justification for American empire.
423477130	Mercantilism	Policy of Great Britain and other imperial powers of regulating the economies of colonies to benefit the mother country.
423477131	Marshall Plan	U.S. program for the reconstruction of post-World War II Europe through massive aid to former enemy nations as well as allies.
423477132	Nat Turner	Led the most important slave uprising in nineteenth-century America. The rebellion he led killed about sixty white people in Virginia in 1831.
423477133	New Freedom	Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.
423477134	Ostend Manifesto	Memorandum written in 1854 from Ostend, Beligium, by the U.S. mininsters to England, France, and Spain recommending purchase or seizure of Cuba in order to increase the United States lave holding territory.
423477135	Progressivism	Broad-based reform movement, 1900-1917, that sought governmental action in solving problems in many areas of American life, including education, public health, the economy, the environment, labor, transportation, and politics.
423477136	Unitarianism	Late-eighteenth-century liberal offshoot of the New England Congregationalist Church; rejecting the Trinity, It professed the oneness of God and the goodness of rational man.
423477137	Townshend Acts (1767)	Parliamentary measures (named for the chancellor of the Exchequer) that taxed tea and other commodities, and established a Board of Custom Commisioners and colonial vice-admiralty courts.
423477138	Monroe Doctrine	President James Monroe's declaration to Congress on December 2, 1823, that the American continents would thenceforth closed to European colonization, and that the U.S. would not interfere in European affairs.
423477139	Muckrackers	Writers who exposed corruption and abuses in politics, business, child labor and more. Primarily in the 20th century, their popular books and magazine articles spurred public interest in reform.
423477140	Montgomery bus boycott	Sparked by Rosa Park's arrest on December 1, 1955, for refusing to surrender her seat to a while passenger, a successful year-long boycott protesting segragation on city buses; led by the Reverend Marin Luther King.
423477141	Copperheads	Republican term for northerners opposed to the Civil War; it derived from the name of a poisonous snake.
423477142	Containment	General U.S. strategy in the Cold War that called for containing Soviet expansion; originally devised by U.S. dipolomat George Kennan.
423477143	Cotton Gin	Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, the machine separated cotton seeds from cotton fiber, speeding cotton processing and making profitable the cultivation of the more hardy, led to the dramatic nineteenth century expansion of slavery in the South.
423477144	King George	Leader of England during the American revolutionary war and was blamed for the loss of the 13 colonies.
423477145	John Adams	America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained." Lawyer who defended British soldiers in the Boston Massacre trial.
423477146	Thomas Paine	Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man
423477147	Thomas Jefferson	He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States.
423477148	Greenville Acts	Britain was facing serious debt issues, and was in danger of a destabilized economy. These were a series of acts designed to tax the colonies, which included the Stamp Act (1765), Quartering Act (1765), currency act (1764), Declatory Act (1766), and Revenue act (1764).
423477149	Intolerable Acts	In response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses
423477150	Proclomation of 1763	Law created by British officials that prohibited colonists from settling in areas west of the Appalachian Mountains
423477151	Battle of Saratoga	Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.
423477152	Battle of Yorktown	Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.
423477153	Battle of Lexington and Concord	The first military engagement of the Revolutionary War. It occurred on April 19, 1775, when British soldiers fired into a much smaller body of minutemen on Lexington green.
423477154	Treaty of Paris	Agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent contry
423477155	The Federalist Papers	Series of newspaper articles written by John Hay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton which enumerated arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of the anti-federalists
423477156	The Dawes Act	Passed by Congress in 1887. Its purpose was to Americanize the Native Americans. The act broke up the reservations, gave some of the land to Native Americans. The government was to sell the remainder to white settlers and use the income from that sale for Native Americans to buy farm equipment. But by 1932 white settlers had taken 2/3 of reservation territory, and Native Americans received no money from the sale of the reservations.
423477157	The Platt Ammendment	Platt Amendment (1901) Amendment to Cuban constitution that reserved the United States' right to intervene in Cuban affairs and forced newly independent Cuba to host American naval bases on the island.
423477158	Yellow Journalism	Sensationalism in newspaper publishing that reached a peak in the circulation between Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst in 1890. Each newspaper's accounts events in Havana harbor in 1898 that led to the Spanish-American War.
423477159	Roe v. Wade (1973)	Abortion rights fall within the privacy implied in the 14th amendment

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APUSH Chapter 12 Terms: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism Flashcards

The American Pageant-AP Edition by Kennedy/Cohen

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469517161	Washington	D.C. 1814, English forces took over Washington, D.C. after the Battle of Bladensburg. They burned government buildings along with the presidential mansion. This battle had no strategic significance and caused little impact on the nation since information traveled slowly.
469517162	Francis Scott Key	He composed the song, "The Star Spangled Banner" after witnessing the English attack on Fort McHenry in 1814. This became the U.S. national anthem.
469517163	Hartford Convention 1814	Nine Federalist representatives from the New England states met to voice their opposition to the war with England. The Federalists also opposed to limit the power of Congress to make war, to admit new states, and to impose embargoes. They also proposed to limit a president's term, to restrict states from consecutively electing presidents, and to abrogate the 3/5 clause in the Constitution.
469517164	Treaty of Ghent 1815	This treaty was between the U.S. and England and ended the War of 1812. It provided for the mutual restoration of all conquests and made no mention of maritime lows or other issues for which the U.S. has gone to war.
469517165	Battle of New Orleans 1815	Andrew Jackson met an army of 10,000 English troops at new Orleans and lost only a few men to England's loss of 2,000 men. The victory at New Orleans, which was actually fought after the war officially ended, made Jackson an instant military hero and helped him become president by 1828.
469517166	National Cumberland Road	Begun in 1811 and finished in 1818, this was the first national road and the first road to lead to the West. It ran from Maryland to West Virginia and was eventually extended to Illinois.
469517167	Second U.S. Bank 1816	This bank was formed by James Monroe but was mismanaged. The bank formed the basis of one of the issues in the election of 1832. Henry Clay wanted it re-charted but Jackson vetoed the bank charter and won his second term.
469517168	Bonus Bill of 1816	This bill would have allotted S1.5 million for internal improvements when the U.S. government chartered the Second U.S. Bank.
469517169	Tariff of 1816	This tariff was created as a response to the British flood of "cheap-priced" goods into the U.S. market. New England pressured the U.S. government to place a protective tariff that would shelter its infant industries. In retaliation, England raised her tariffs on Southern exports.
469517170	Daniel Webster	He was a presidential candidate from Massachusetts in the election of 1824, but dropped out of the race to allow John Q. Adams the majority in New England. Webster also debated Robert Y. Hayne on states' rights and federalism. He opposed the high duties of the Tariff of 1816. He was an advocate of strong national government, earning him the title, "defender of the constitution."
469517171	Adams-Onis Treaty 1819	Also known as the Florida Purchase Treaty, John Q. Adams convinced Spain to sell East Florida to the U.S. for $5 million.
469517172	Panic of 1819	This was the first depression in the U.S. Other depressions were to follow in approximately twenty-year intervals. The depression began when the Second U.S. Bank attempted to stop inflation by collecting currency from state banks that were too reckless in loaning to land speculators. The state banks did not have enough gold to back their currency so they had to call in their loans. This liquidated debtors and caused banks and businesses to close.
469517173	Henry Clay	Speaker of the House 1811-1814, 1815-1820, 1823-1825. Clay supported a protective tariff that would pay for roads and canals to link the U.S. together. He also wanted to build the Maysville Road between Virginia and Kentucky. Known as the 'Great Compromiser," Clay helped negotiate the Missouri Compromise in 1820, the Compromise Tariff in 1833, and the Compromise of 1850.
469517174	Era of Good Feelings	This describes an era that was full of tranquility and prosperity. This era began after the War of 1812 and lasted until the panic of 1819. During this time, there was a sound economy and the U.S. was politically united behind the Democratic-Republican Party. However, many sectional problems also existed.
469517175	Tallmadge Amendment 1819	Missouri's request for admission as a slave state threatened to upset the equal balance between slave and free states. The bill was amended permitting the entry of Missouri to forbid further importation of slaves into that state. It provided, too, for the emancipation of resident slaves at the age of 25 who were born after the state's admission to the Union. The amendment was defeated in the Senate where the South was in control.
469517176	Missouri Compromise 1820	This compromise allowed Missouri to come into the Union in 1820 as a slave state if Maine came in as a free state (thus balancing the number of slave and free states). It also created the 36'30' line that divided future northern free states from southern slave states.
469517177	James Monroe	President 1817-1825, because the Federalist party had dissolved and most people belonged to the Democratic-Republican party during his administration, his two terms became known as the "Era of Good Feelings." The country prospered with the growth of industry and settlement in the West. During his terms in office, Monroe oversaw the Panic of 1819, the Monroe Doctrine, the purchase of Florida, and the Missouri Compromise.
469517178	John Quincy Adams	President 1824-1828. He was Secretary of State under James Monroe and later became president in the election of 1824 as voted by the House of Representatives when none of the candidates running for president received a majority vote. He was also the author of the Monroe Doctrine and founder of the National Republicans. His presidency was marked by much controversy from the beginning. He advocated national construction of highways, canals, public buildings.
469517179	Monroe Doctrine 1823	Written by John Q. Adams, this doctrine stated that Europeans could not intervene in the Western Hemisphere. In exchange, the U.S. would not interfere with existing European colonies and wars. If Europe intervened, the U.S. would interpret this as dangerous to U.S. national security and take appropriate action.
469517180	Russo-American Treaty 1824	In this treaty, Russia dropped her claim to Oregon because America supplied Russia's Alaskan territories with much-needed equipment and supplies. Russia's claim on the Western Hemisphere went only to the 54 40' line.
469517181	James Fenimore Cooper	Novelist and social critic, Cooper is best known for The Leather stocking Tales and Last of the Mohicans. Cooper was the first author to seriously portray American scenes and characters.
469517182	Washington Irving	Writer who concentrated on humorous stories to satirical essays to history and biography. Best known for The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.
469517183	Fletcher v. Peck 1810	Supreme Court case in which, for the first time, the Court declared a state law unconstitutional. The decision was the first step in establishing the supremacy of the Constitution and federal laws over state governments and laws.
469517184	McCulloch v. Maryland 1819	Landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court ruling that when federal and state powers conflict, federal powers prevail.
469517185	Dartmouth College v. Woodward 1819	Supreme court decision in which Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the charters of business corporations are contracts and are guaranteed under the U.S. Constitution. The Court ruled that a state may not interfere with the obligations of a contract.
469517186	Gibbons v. Ogden 1824	Supreme Court decision that interpreted the interstate power of Congress. Written by Chief Justice John Marshall, it stated that national law was superior to state law when the two conflict.

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Praxis 2 Social Studies Study Guide Flashcards

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Praxis 2 Social Studies (0081) Sociology / Anthropology / Psychology Flashcards

praxis 2 high school social studies set, Sociology / Anthropology / Psychology

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423479999	Social mobility	The ability of individuals to move from one social standing to another. Social standing is based on degrees of wealth, prestige, education and power.
423480000	Social Stratification	One of two components, together with agricultural surplus, which enables the formation of cities; the differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production, and prestige
423480001	Socialization	The lifelong process by which people learn their culture and develop a sense of self.
423480002	Primary Groups	Social groups, such as family or friends, composed of intimate face-to-face relationships that strongly influence the attitudes and ideals of those involved, groups that provide members with a sense of belonging and affection.
423480003	Secondary Groups	Groups marked by impersonal, instrumental relationships (those existing as a means to an end)., groups that meet principally to solve problems
423480004	Folkways	Informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture, norms for routine or casual interaction.
423480005	Mores	The conventions that embody the fundamental values of a group, norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance.
423480006	Beliefs	Specific ideas that people hold to be true
423480007	Group Norms	Are rules that are designed to govern the behavior of the members. Are intended to integrate the actions of the group members. Are to reflect the appropriate behavior, attitudes, and perceptions of the the members. "Conformity and compliance are two intended purposes of instituting this in groups., guidelines that regulate how members act as well as how they interact with each other.
423480008	Values	Beliefs of a person or social group in which they have an emotional investment (either for or against something).
423480009	Laws	Enforceable rules of conduct in a society.
423480010	Conformity	Acting according to certain accepted standards, adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
423480011	Deviance	A state or condition markedly different from the norm, behavior that departs from societal or group norms
423480012	Role	The actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group.
423480013	Positive Sanctions	Social approval for observing a norm, a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a prize.
423480014	Negative Sanctions	Social disapproval for violating a norm, a punishment or threat of a punishment to promote conformity to norms.
423480015	Institutions	The rules and procedures that provide incentives for political behavior, thereby shaping politics, organizations or activities that are self-perpetuating and valued for their own sake.
423480016	Group	Any number of entities (members) considered as a unit
423480017	Norms	Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members, shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations
423480018	Status	A person's condition or position in the eyes of the law; relative rank or standing, especially in society; prestige
423480019	Networks	A set of informal and formal social ties that links people to each other.
423480020	Social Solidarity	The state of having shared beliefs and values among members of a social group, along with intense and frequent interaction among group members.
423480021	Conflict	A state of opposition between persons or ideas or interests, an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals).
423480022	Multicultural diversity	Unique characteristics of ethics groups
423480023	Ethnocentrism	Tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior to all other cultures and groups, belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group.
423480024	Sterotypes	A generalization,oversimplified view or opinion that members of a group rigidly apply to a thing,an idea,or another group.
423480025	Biases	An inclination for or against a person, place, idea or thing that inhibits impartial judgment., a prejudice towards one particular point of view or ideology.
423480026	Ideals	Beliefs of a person or social group in which they have an emotional investment (either for or against something), a principle or a way of behaving that is of a very high standard.
423480027	Cultural Relativity	The recognition that all cultures develop their own ways of dealing with the specific demands of their environments, the need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which behavior takes place.
423480028	Prejudice	A partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation, an opinion or strong feeling formed without careful thought or regard to the facts.
423480029	Pluralism	The doctrine that reality consists of several basic substances or elements.
423480030	Archaeology	Study of artifacts and relics of early mankind, the study of the remains of past cultures.
423480031	Antropology	Scientific study of humankind in all its aspects, especially human evolution, development, and culture, Studying the orgins and development of people and their society.
423480032	Physical Anthroplogy	Systematic study of humans and biological organisms
423480033	Cultural Anthroplogy	It is the branch of anthropology that examines culture as a meaningful scientific concept.
423480034	Enculturation	The process by which a society's culture is transmitted from one generation to the next and individuals become members of their society.
423480035	Social Stratification	One of two components, together with agricultural surplus, which enables the formation of cities; the differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production, and prestige
423480036	Subcultures	Groups that share in some parts of the dominant culture but have their own distinctive values, norms, language, and/or material culture.
423480037	Dominant Cultures	Values, customs, and language established by the group or groups that traditionally have controlled politics and government in a society.
423480038	Cognitive Theory	Psychological perspective that focuses on mental processes: how people perceive and mentally represent the world around them and solve-problems.
423480039	Behavioral Psychology	A branch of psychology that focuses on observable actions, particularly stimulus-response methods.
423480040	Humanistic Psychology	Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people; used personalized methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth
423480041	Abnormal Psychology	The field of psychology concerned with the assessment, treatment, and prevention of maladaptive behavior.
423480042	Sigmund Freud	Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis, 1856-1939; Field: psychoanalytic, personality; Contributions: id/ego/superego, reality and pleasure principles, ego ideal, defense mechanisms, psychoanalysis, transference.
423480043	Transference	The process whereby emotions are passed on or displaced from one person to another (psychoanalysis).
423480044	Carl Jung	1875-1961; Field: neo-Freudian, analytic psychology; Contributions: people had conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy, not just sexual; Studies: dream studies/interpretation
423480045	Jean Piaget	1896-1980; Swiss developmental psychologist who proposed a four-stage theory of cognitive development based on the concept of mental operations
423480046	Ivan Pavlov	A Russian researcher in the early 1900s who was the first research into learned behavior (conditioning) who discovered classical conditioning.
423480047	B.F. Skinner	Pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that everything we do is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments. He is famous for use of his operant conditioning aparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pidgeons and rats., Studied observable behaviors rather than thought - reinforcement - rewarding good behavior.
423480048	Erik Erickson	Developmental Psychology: Psychosocial stage theory of development (eight stages)
423480049	Identity crisis	Distress and disorientation (especially in adolescence) resulting from conflicting pressures and uncertainty about and one's self and one's role in society.
423480050	Perception	Becoming aware of something via the senses
423480051	Social Cognition	Mental processes associated with people's perceptions of, and reactions to, other people.
423480052	Latent Learning	Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
423480053	Classical Conditioning	A learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus.
423480054	Identity Formation	Erikson; stage of adolescence where teens are to develop a stable sense of self necessary to make the transition from dependence on other to dependence on oneself
423480055	Schizophrenia	Any of several psychotic disorders characterized by distortions of reality and disturbances of thought and language and withdrawal from social contact.
423480056	Dissociative Identity Disorder	A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.
423480057	Paranoid Personality Disorder	Type of personality disorder characterized by extreme suspiciousness or mistrust of others
423480058	Major Depressive Disorder	A mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminishes interest or pleasure in most activities (Most common psychologoical disorder in the United States).
423480059	Utopias	Reformers founded these ideal communities to realize their spiritual and moral potential and to escape from competition, communities designed to create perfect societies.
423480060	Reactionary Groups	Refers to viewpoints that seek to return to a previous state (the status quo ante) in a society. The term is meant to stand in opposition to and as one end of a political spectrum whose opposite pole is "radicalism".
423480061	Cultural Diffusion	The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another.
423480062	Culture Clash	Is experienced when an individual experiences conflict between the beliefs, values and expectations of their primary culture and a new culture in which they must function.
423480063	Deindividualism	Abandoning normal restraints to the power of the group, doing together what we would not do alone
423480064	Prosocial Behavior	Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior
423480065	Pluralistic Ignorance	A false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding
423480066	Self-Fulfilling Prophecy	Is a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true, by the very terms of the prophecy itself, due to positive feedback between belief and behavior.
423480067	Ascribed Status	Social position a person receives at birth or involuntarily later in life
423480068	Split Brain	A condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them. Research states that the left hemisphere is responsible for spoken language.
423480069	Sensitive Development Period	Critical Period in development is a period of time which an organism typically needs to be exposed to a particular stimulus in order for proper development to occur.
423480070	Correlational Research	A research strategy that identifies the relationships between two or more variables in order to describe how these variables change together. One advantage is that it helps psychologists make predictions.
423480071	Negative Reinforcement	Increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs. This technique is used to increase the frequency of behavior.
423480072	Habituation	A general accommodation to unchanging environmental conditions, decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation.
423480073	Punishment	An event that decreases the behavior that it follows.
423480074	Serial-Position Effect	A term coined by Hermann Ebbinghaus, refers to the finding that recall accuracy varies as a function of an item's position within a study list. When asked to recall a list of items in any order (free recall), people tend to begin recall with the end of the list, recalling those items best (the recency effect). Among earlier list items, the first few items are recalled more frequently than the middle items (the primacy effect).

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