praxis 2 high school social studies set, Sociology / Anthropology / Psychology
Terms : Hide Images
| 423479999 | Social mobility | The ability of individuals to move from one social standing to another. Social standing is based on degrees of wealth, prestige, education and power. | |
| 423480000 | Social Stratification | One of two components, together with agricultural surplus, which enables the formation of cities; the differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production, and prestige | |
| 423480001 | Socialization | The lifelong process by which people learn their culture and develop a sense of self. | |
| 423480002 | Primary Groups | Social groups, such as family or friends, composed of intimate face-to-face relationships that strongly influence the attitudes and ideals of those involved, groups that provide members with a sense of belonging and affection. | |
| 423480003 | Secondary Groups | Groups marked by impersonal, instrumental relationships (those existing as a means to an end)., groups that meet principally to solve problems | |
| 423480004 | Folkways | Informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture, norms for routine or casual interaction. | |
| 423480005 | Mores | The conventions that embody the fundamental values of a group, norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance. | |
| 423480006 | Beliefs | Specific ideas that people hold to be true | |
| 423480007 | Group Norms | Are rules that are designed to govern the behavior of the members. Are intended to integrate the actions of the group members. Are to reflect the appropriate behavior, attitudes, and perceptions of the the members. "Conformity and compliance are two intended purposes of instituting this in groups., guidelines that regulate how members act as well as how they interact with each other. | |
| 423480008 | Values | Beliefs of a person or social group in which they have an emotional investment (either for or against something). | |
| 423480009 | Laws | Enforceable rules of conduct in a society. | |
| 423480010 | Conformity | Acting according to certain accepted standards, adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. | |
| 423480011 | Deviance | A state or condition markedly different from the norm, behavior that departs from societal or group norms | |
| 423480012 | Role | The actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group. | |
| 423480013 | Positive Sanctions | Social approval for observing a norm, a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a prize. | |
| 423480014 | Negative Sanctions | Social disapproval for violating a norm, a punishment or threat of a punishment to promote conformity to norms. | |
| 423480015 | Institutions | The rules and procedures that provide incentives for political behavior, thereby shaping politics, organizations or activities that are self-perpetuating and valued for their own sake. | |
| 423480016 | Group | Any number of entities (members) considered as a unit | |
| 423480017 | Norms | Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members, shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations | |
| 423480018 | Status | A person's condition or position in the eyes of the law; relative rank or standing, especially in society; prestige | |
| 423480019 | Networks | A set of informal and formal social ties that links people to each other. | |
| 423480020 | Social Solidarity | The state of having shared beliefs and values among members of a social group, along with intense and frequent interaction among group members. | |
| 423480021 | Conflict | A state of opposition between persons or ideas or interests, an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals). | |
| 423480022 | Multicultural diversity | Unique characteristics of ethics groups | |
| 423480023 | Ethnocentrism | Tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior to all other cultures and groups, belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group. | |
| 423480024 | Sterotypes | A generalization,oversimplified view or opinion that members of a group rigidly apply to a thing,an idea,or another group. | |
| 423480025 | Biases | An inclination for or against a person, place, idea or thing that inhibits impartial judgment., a prejudice towards one particular point of view or ideology. | |
| 423480026 | Ideals | Beliefs of a person or social group in which they have an emotional investment (either for or against something), a principle or a way of behaving that is of a very high standard. | |
| 423480027 | Cultural Relativity | The recognition that all cultures develop their own ways of dealing with the specific demands of their environments, the need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which behavior takes place. | |
| 423480028 | Prejudice | A partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation, an opinion or strong feeling formed without careful thought or regard to the facts. | |
| 423480029 | Pluralism | The doctrine that reality consists of several basic substances or elements. | |
| 423480030 | Archaeology | Study of artifacts and relics of early mankind, the study of the remains of past cultures. | |
| 423480031 | Antropology | Scientific study of humankind in all its aspects, especially human evolution, development, and culture, Studying the orgins and development of people and their society. | |
| 423480032 | Physical Anthroplogy | Systematic study of humans and biological organisms | |
| 423480033 | Cultural Anthroplogy | It is the branch of anthropology that examines culture as a meaningful scientific concept. | |
| 423480034 | Enculturation | The process by which a society's culture is transmitted from one generation to the next and individuals become members of their society. | |
| 423480035 | Social Stratification | One of two components, together with agricultural surplus, which enables the formation of cities; the differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production, and prestige | |
| 423480036 | Subcultures | Groups that share in some parts of the dominant culture but have their own distinctive values, norms, language, and/or material culture. | |
| 423480037 | Dominant Cultures | Values, customs, and language established by the group or groups that traditionally have controlled politics and government in a society. | |
| 423480038 | Cognitive Theory | Psychological perspective that focuses on mental processes: how people perceive and mentally represent the world around them and solve-problems. | |
| 423480039 | Behavioral Psychology | A branch of psychology that focuses on observable actions, particularly stimulus-response methods. | |
| 423480040 | Humanistic Psychology | Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people; used personalized methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth | |
| 423480041 | Abnormal Psychology | The field of psychology concerned with the assessment, treatment, and prevention of maladaptive behavior. | |
| 423480042 | Sigmund Freud | Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis, 1856-1939; Field: psychoanalytic, personality; Contributions: id/ego/superego, reality and pleasure principles, ego ideal, defense mechanisms, psychoanalysis, transference. | |
| 423480043 | Transference | The process whereby emotions are passed on or displaced from one person to another (psychoanalysis). | |
| 423480044 | Carl Jung | 1875-1961; Field: neo-Freudian, analytic psychology; Contributions: people had conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy, not just sexual; Studies: dream studies/interpretation | |
| 423480045 | Jean Piaget | 1896-1980; Swiss developmental psychologist who proposed a four-stage theory of cognitive development based on the concept of mental operations | |
| 423480046 | Ivan Pavlov | A Russian researcher in the early 1900s who was the first research into learned behavior (conditioning) who discovered classical conditioning. | |
| 423480047 | B.F. Skinner | Pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that everything we do is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments. He is famous for use of his operant conditioning aparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pidgeons and rats., Studied observable behaviors rather than thought - reinforcement - rewarding good behavior. | |
| 423480048 | Erik Erickson | Developmental Psychology: Psychosocial stage theory of development (eight stages) | |
| 423480049 | Identity crisis | Distress and disorientation (especially in adolescence) resulting from conflicting pressures and uncertainty about and one's self and one's role in society. | |
| 423480050 | Perception | Becoming aware of something via the senses | |
| 423480051 | Social Cognition | Mental processes associated with people's perceptions of, and reactions to, other people. | |
| 423480052 | Latent Learning | Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. | |
| 423480053 | Classical Conditioning | A learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus. | |
| 423480054 | Identity Formation | Erikson; stage of adolescence where teens are to develop a stable sense of self necessary to make the transition from dependence on other to dependence on oneself | |
| 423480055 | Schizophrenia | Any of several psychotic disorders characterized by distortions of reality and disturbances of thought and language and withdrawal from social contact. | |
| 423480056 | Dissociative Identity Disorder | A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder. | |
| 423480057 | Paranoid Personality Disorder | Type of personality disorder characterized by extreme suspiciousness or mistrust of others | |
| 423480058 | Major Depressive Disorder | A mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminishes interest or pleasure in most activities (Most common psychologoical disorder in the United States). | |
| 423480059 | Utopias | Reformers founded these ideal communities to realize their spiritual and moral potential and to escape from competition, communities designed to create perfect societies. | |
| 423480060 | Reactionary Groups | Refers to viewpoints that seek to return to a previous state (the status quo ante) in a society. The term is meant to stand in opposition to and as one end of a political spectrum whose opposite pole is "radicalism". | |
| 423480061 | Cultural Diffusion | The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another. | |
| 423480062 | Culture Clash | Is experienced when an individual experiences conflict between the beliefs, values and expectations of their primary culture and a new culture in which they must function. | |
| 423480063 | Deindividualism | Abandoning normal restraints to the power of the group, doing together what we would not do alone | |
| 423480064 | Prosocial Behavior | Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior | |
| 423480065 | Pluralistic Ignorance | A false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding | |
| 423480066 | Self-Fulfilling Prophecy | Is a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true, by the very terms of the prophecy itself, due to positive feedback between belief and behavior. | |
| 423480067 | Ascribed Status | Social position a person receives at birth or involuntarily later in life | |
| 423480068 | Split Brain | A condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them. Research states that the left hemisphere is responsible for spoken language. | |
| 423480069 | Sensitive Development Period | Critical Period in development is a period of time which an organism typically needs to be exposed to a particular stimulus in order for proper development to occur. | |
| 423480070 | Correlational Research | A research strategy that identifies the relationships between two or more variables in order to describe how these variables change together. One advantage is that it helps psychologists make predictions. | |
| 423480071 | Negative Reinforcement | Increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs. This technique is used to increase the frequency of behavior. | |
| 423480072 | Habituation | A general accommodation to unchanging environmental conditions, decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. | |
| 423480073 | Punishment | An event that decreases the behavior that it follows. | |
| 423480074 | Serial-Position Effect | A term coined by Hermann Ebbinghaus, refers to the finding that recall accuracy varies as a function of an item's position within a study list. When asked to recall a list of items in any order (free recall), people tend to begin recall with the end of the list, recalling those items best (the recency effect). Among earlier list items, the first few items are recalled more frequently than the middle items (the primacy effect). |
