Phrases to NEVER Use in An English Essay It is easy to fog the message your essay is trying to put across by using technical terms or fancy words. In reality, these technical terms you're using are probably being overused or used incorrectly, and the fancy words may be inefficient, or may not be real words at all. When writing a good English essay, it is important to remember that simplicity is key; get your message across and get it across well. Using fewer, simple words will likely make your essay stronger.
AP US History Ch. 10-12 Flashcards
218888845 | Population Growth (1791) | Philadelphia was largest city in America. 90% was rural. 5% in the east | |
218888846 | George Washington | Unanimous election by Electoral College in 1789. Sec. of State was Thomas Jefferson. Adopted Bill of Rights. Established Judiciary Act of 1789 which created the Supreme Court (John Jay was first Justice) | |
218888847 | Alexander Hamilton | Secretary of treasury. Had Hamilton Proposal where states assumed all the nations debts together. Imposed a tariff law to raise revenue and protect infant industries. Also created excise tax (on whiskey notably). Proposed a national bank | |
218888848 | Whiskey Rebellion | In 1794, Pennsylvania challenged the government by revolting against the high excise tax on whiskey. George Washington crushed revolt, gained respect | |
218888849 | JDR's vs. Federalists | Federalists were pro-british who believed in a strong central government. Jeffersonians believed in states rights and weak central gov (pro-french) | |
218888850 | Battle of Fallen Timbers | British had supplied the Indians. General wayne crushed them and the indian confederacy gave up vast tracts of the North West | |
218888851 | Jays Treaty | John Jay made a deal with the British that the British had to pay for seizure of american ships but nothing about impressment or maritime seizures were talked about. Also US had to pay for pre-revolutionary debts | |
218888852 | Pinckney's Treaty | Spain gave American navigation of the Mississippi, the right of deposit at New Orleans, and large disputed territory in Florida | |
218888853 | George Washington Farewell address | Warned against political parties, and permanent alliances | |
218888854 | John Adams | Succeeded George Washington. Federalist who was hated by Hamilton. XYZ affair | |
218888855 | XYZ Affair | 3 envoys were sent to France to negotiate terms dealing with the Franco-American treaty and the french seizure of american merchant vessels. Privilage to talk to Talleyrand amounted to a 250,000 dollar bribe. Sent wave of anger in America | |
218888856 | Convention of 1800 | Ended alliance between America and France. America would pay for its own damages | |
218888857 | Alien Laws | The change of the residence requirements from 5 to 14 years | |
218888858 | Sedition Act | Freedom of speech/press was weakened, where people who talked bad about the government were imprisoned | |
218888859 | Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions | Supported compact theory, aimed to destroy alien and sedition acts | |
218888860 | Jefferson | Very Democratic/Republican. Won due to the 3/5's compromise which gave him more power in the South. Kicked out the excise tax. Repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801. Reduced military to a mere police force. | |
218888861 | Revolution of 1800 | Election of Jefferson, a "return to the original spirit of Revolution" | |
218888862 | Marbury v. Madison | Established that the Supreme Court had the right of Judicial Review. (decided what was constitutional or not) | |
218888863 | Tripolitan War | Small war against pirates of Tripoli. America paid $60,000 in ransom for captured Americans | |
218888864 | Spanish Betrayal | Spain took away the right of deposit for Americans which greatly angered farmers. | |
218888865 | Louisiana Purchase | Napoleon negotiated with James Monroe in Paris. Louisiana was ceded to the US for $15 million dollars. | |
218888866 | Aaron Burr | Ex-secretary of state who was dismissed in Jefferson's second term. He then turned on Jefferson and plotted the secession of New England and New York. Alexander Hamilton then foiled the plot and they dueled--- Hamilton refused to fire, and was killed. Later fled to France where he urged Napoleon to make peace with Britain and then attack the US | |
218888867 | Orders in Council | Closed European ports under french control to foreign shipping, including American, unless they stopped at a British port first | |
218888868 | Impressment | Forcible enlistment of sailors which was used by British | |
218888869 | Chesapeake Affair | British officer demanded four deserters but American Officer refused. British fired at the boat killin 3 americans. Infuriated US | |
218888870 | Embargo Act of 1807 | Forbade the export of all goods from the US. Failed though because US economy shook before those of the European powers | |
218888871 | Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 | Repealed the Embargo Act and this measure formally reopened trade with all the nations of the world, except Britain and France | |
218888872 | Madison | Took presidency in 1809. Stopped Non-intercourse act and signed Macon's bill No. 2 | |
218888873 | Macon's Bill No. 2 | This reopened American trade with all the world (if either France or Britain repealed their commercial restrictions, America would restore the embargo against the non-repealing nation). France jumped on the offer and restrictions were put on the British | |
218888874 | War Hawks | Detested impressment, Orders in Council, and the indian threat (especially those who were being supplied by British) Wanted to go to war with the British! | |
218888875 | William Henry Harrison | Routed the Shawnees and burned their settlement at the Battle of Tippecanoe. Marked end of Indian Confederacy. | |
218888876 | War of 1812 | Caused by impressment, Orders in Council, British armament of Indians, Chesapeake affair (etc.). Trio of invading forces from Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain. Americans took to the seas, they had better crews, thicker sides, heavier firepower. | |
218888877 | New York Invasion | Tom Macdonough snatched a victory on the Champlain Waterway which was momentous. British retreated | |
218888878 | Washington and New Orleans | British troops landed in the chesapeake region and set fire to the White House and the Capitol. Americans held strong in Baltimore and kept a firm grasp there. In 1814 British attempted to destroy New Orleans but Andrew Jackson led the Americans to victory in the Battle of New Orleans. | |
218888879 | Treaty of Ghent | Armistice between the British and Americans to stop fighting and restore conquered territory. No grievances were addressed. | |
218888880 | Hartford Convention | Federalists led a convention due to the wars terrible effects on commerce. New England's people were defiant and Federalists sought to address the grievances. Demanded financial assistance to compensate lost trade | |
218888881 | Rush-Bagot Agreement | Restricted naval armament on the Great Lakes | |
218888882 | Tariff of 1816 | first tariff in history for protection, not revenue | |
218888883 | Henry Clay | Found of the American System of 1824. This system had 3 main parts 1. strong banking system which would provide easy credit 2. Advocated a protective tariff where manufacturing could flourish 3. Tariff would provide funds for canals and roads | |
218888884 | James Monroe | Presidency in 1816. Continued virginia dynasty of Washington, Jefferson, and Madison. Provoked nationalism with his goodwill tour. | |
218888885 | Panic of 1819 | Brought deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and overcrowded debtors' prisons (Due to over-speculation of frontier lands) | |
218888886 | Land Act of 1820 | Buyer to purchase 80 acres at a minimum of $1.25 an acre | |
218888887 | Tallmadge Amendment | No more slaves should be brought to Missouri and for a gradual emancipation of slaves already there | |
218888888 | Missouri Compromise | Asserted that Missouri was a slave state. But then all of the states being created in the Louisiana Purchase would be non-slave states | |
218888889 | Judicial Nationalism | Bolstered the power of the federal government at the expense of the states | |
218896593 | Judicial Dikes | Bolstered judicial power against democratic or popular leader attacks on property rights | |
218896594 | Anglo-American Convention | Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with the canadians | |
218896595 | Andrew Jackson 1818 campaign | Swept across Florida and seized St. Marks and Pensacola. Led to Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819 where Spain ceded Florida and parts of Oregon for American claims in Texas | |
218896596 | Monroe Doctrine | Nonintervention and Noncolonization |
[Complete] EXAM: Washington's Administration, Monroe Doctrine, Territorial Expansion Flashcards
67194385 | What foreign policy powers does the President have? | negotiate treaties, appoint ambassadors, meet with foreign heads of state | |
67194386 | How are treaties made? | President can negotiate treaties or direct others too and the treaties are ratified by 2/3 of the Senate | |
67194387 | What are the responsibilities of the Secretary of State? | Oversees the U.S State Department, the Foreign Service, participates in high level negotiations with other countries and can be used to promote the President's foreign policy | |
67194388 | Who is currently are Secretary of State? | Hillary Clinton | |
67194389 | How does the U.S Secretaries get their job? | Nominated by the President confirmed by the Senate | |
67194390 | Who is the U.S ambassador of the U.N? | Susan Rice | |
67194391 | Name the First Seven Presidents in Order! | George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson | |
67199671 | Who ran against Washington in the Election of 1788? | John Adams | |
67199672 | Who was Washington's Vice President? | John Adams | |
67199673 | What year did the Washington Administration begin? | 1789 | |
67199674 | What law, passed by Congress in 1789, set up the Federal Court system? | The Judiciary Act | |
67199675 | Who did Washington appoint to be the first Chief Justice? | John Jay along with the other 6 justices | |
67199676 | What political party was Washington a member of? | None (no political parties back then. he is the only president not a member of one) | |
67199677 | What were the first parties? | The Democratic-Republicans and the Federalists | |
67199678 | Who was the Secretary of Treasury back during Washingtons Administration? | Alexander Hamilton | |
67199679 | Who was the Secret. of State back during Washingtons Administration? | Thomas Jefferson | |
67199680 | Who was the Secret. of War back during Washington's Administration? | Henry Knox | |
67199681 | Who was the Attorney Gerneral of Washington's administration? | Edmund Randolph | |
67199682 | What precedents did Washington set? | One was being called "Mr President" (avoiding any appearance of royalty) another was the cabinet, serving two terms, and the annual State of the Union Address | |
67199683 | What was Alexander Hamilton'd plan for the economy? | To create bonds and the national dept. To have new tarriffs, create the Bank of the U.S, new taxes, and repay the national debt | |
67199684 | What is a tarriff? | a tax on foreign goods entering the country | |
67199685 | How did Alexander Hamilton win the South's support for his economic plan? | The Nation's Capital was put in the South | |
67199686 | What did Washington's handling of the Whiskey Rebellion demonstrate about the new government? | That the new national government was strong and had no toleration for dissagreements of the government with violence | |
67199687 | Who was the President during the war of 1812? | James Madison | |
67199688 | What two countries were at war in the War of 1812? | Britain and the U.S | |
67199689 | When was the War of 1812? | 1812-1814 | |
67199690 | What were the causes of the War of 1812? | American impressement of sailors and disruption of trade by British. Also the belief of War Hawks that Britain was inciting Native Amercican to fight against Americans | |
67199691 | What future President became a war hero in the war of 1812? and WHAT battle? | Andrew Jackson and the Battle of New Orleans | |
67199692 | What peace treaty ended the War of 1812? | The Treaty of Ghent | |
67199693 | What was the Louisiana Purchase? | Territory purchased by the U.S from France in 1803 for 15 million dollars | |
67199694 | How big is the Louisiana Territory? | 828,000 square miles | |
67199695 | What country sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States? | France | |
67199696 | What territory did the Louisiana Purchase gave the United States Control of? | The Mississippi River, the port of New Orleans and vast lands between the Mississippi River and the Rockies | |
67199697 | Who explored the Louisiana Territory? | The Lewis and Clark expedition | |
67850230 | What was the Monroe Doctrine? | a doctrine which stated that further efforts made by European powers made to colonize in the Americas or interfere with the independence of emerging Latin America the United States would meet them with military forces. In return, U.S will not colonize in Europe | |
67850231 | What president issued the Monroe Doctrine? | James Monroe | |
67850232 | What is impressment? | When the British kidnapped American soldiers and forced them into the British navy | |
67850233 | What are Bonds? | Bonds are a certificate that promises to repay the loaned money on a certain date. | |
67850234 | What is National Debt? | It is the total amount of money that a government owed to others. | |
67850235 | What is the Bank of the United States? | A bank that the government deposited money from taxes. The Bank encouraged economic growth. | |
67850236 | What are War Hawks? | They are members of Congress, mainly from the South and the West, who want to go to war to britain (War of 1812) | |
67850237 | What were the causes of the War of 1812? | The impressment of American soldiers, and the belief that Britain was inciting Native Americans to attack U.S on its frontier | |
67850238 | What are some things that happen during the War of 1812? | The U.S tries to invade Canada (again) and fail. And the British attack Washington D.C and burns the White House (luckily the portrait of G.W was saved | |
67850239 | Who wrote the Star Spangled Banner? | Francis Scott Key | |
67850240 | The Star Spangled Banner was based on what famous battle in the War of 1812? | The Battle of Fort McHenry | |
67850241 | What did the War off 1812 prove about the U.S's navy? | That the U.S navy can hold its own against other navies | |
67850242 | What did the British or the U.S get out of the Treaty of Ghent? | Neither side gains territory, but the British stop impressing sailors and America gains confidence | |
67850243 | Why was the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans so important to the Americans? | They were vital to the U.S for shipping, navigation and trade. Without New Orleans, U.S would go into an economic downfall due to the loss of trade by western farmers | |
67850244 | What plans did Napoleon have for the Louisiana Territory? | Napolean wanted Louisiana to be a place to grow food for the people in Haiti, for Haiti who was growing sugar cane | |
67850245 | Why did Napoleon sell the Louisiana Purchase? | Because the people of Haiti won the Haitian Revolution in which they gained freedom from France who tried to get slavery back into their country. Without a place to grow sugar cane, Louisiana was not neccessary | |
67850246 | How much did the United States pay for the Louisiana Territory? | $15,000,000 | |
67850247 | Who was President of the United States during the Louisiana Purchase? | Thomas Jefferson | |
67850248 | What French leader did the U.S. negotiate with to buy the Louisiana Territory? and who were the people who negotiated it? | Napoleon while Robert Livingston and James Monroe negotiated it well with Thomas Jefferson | |
67850249 | What was Jefferson's dilemma in making the Louisiana Purchase? | Jefferson's dilema was that the constitution didn't give the president authority for land acquisition, but buying Louisiana would mean better national security and more territory to farm | |
67850250 | Who opposed the Louisiana Purchase, and why? | The Federalists really opposed the Louisiana Purchase because it wasn't in the constitution to have the president buy land. But truely, they didn't want to be outnumbered in Congress so they didn't want more Western and Southern states | |
67850251 | How did the U.S. acquire Florida? | We made a treaty with Spain [The Adams Onis Treaty] saying that if we get Florida and let go claims of Texas, that they can have 5 million dollars and a wee bit of the Louisiana Territory | |
67850252 | What did the U.S. gain as a result of the Treaty of 1819? What did Spain gain? | The U.S gained Florida while the Spanish gained 5 million dollars, a wee bit of Louisiana, and Texas | |
67850253 | Who owned Texas BEFORE the U.S annexed it and AFTER the Texas Revolution? | The Lone Star Republic of Texas | |
67850254 | Why did Americans settle in Texas? | The Americans settled in Texas because Moses Austin made a deal with Spain which was if they granted them land, they would live in Texas in that land (Moses Austin died so the treaty was transfered to Stephen Austin his son) | |
67850255 | Why did Spain agree to Americans settling into Texas? | Because they needed more people in Texas to have better national security | |
67850256 | What tensions developed between the Texans and the Mexican Government? (What does Santa Ana do?) | Well Santa Anna stopped immigration from the U.S, gave new taxes and tariffs, out lawed slavery, made all religions be catholic, and abolishes the constitution | |
67850257 | Why didn't the U.S. annex Texas as soon as they had declared independence from Mexico? | Because Northerners didn't want another slave holding state into the union and Andrew Jackson doesn't want to risk a war with Mexico | |
67853108 | When did the U.S. finally annex Texas? | The U.S annexes Texas 1845 in once James Polk takes office | |
67853109 | Who was President when Texas was annexed it? | James Polk | |
67853110 | Who was the president of Texas before Texas was annexed? | Sam Houston | |
67853111 | What is the Alamo? | a 13 day siege of Texas soldiers garrisoned at the Alamo (an old spanish mission) All of the Texans died. (Including Jum Boey and Davy Crockett) | |
67853112 | What was the Battle of San Jacinto's catch phrase? | "Remember the Alamo?" | |
67853113 | How does Texas win the Texas Revolution? | Sam Houston and the Texas army wins the Battle of San Jacinto and captures Santa Anna | |
67853114 | What is MANIFEST DESTINY? | It is the belief that the U.S should be a bicostal nation (from the pacific to the atlantic ocean) | |
67853115 | What were the causes of the Mexican War? | The main causes of the Mexican War was that they were upset with the U.S for annexing Texas and had arguements about the boundaries of Texas | |
67856026 | Who had territorial claims to Oregon country before it became part of the U.S.? | Parts of Oregon was claimed by U.S while others were claimed by British | |
67856027 | What did "54/40 or Fight" mean? | It means that, since 54/40 is Oregons latitude and longitude, they want all of Oregon or they will fight Britain to get it | |
67856028 | What compromise was made with the British to acquire Oregon? | Since there was a threat of war with Mexico, U.S compromises with britain to split the oregon country at 49th parallel | |
67856029 | Who was President of the United States when Oregon became part of the U.S.? | James Polk | |
67856030 | Who was President of the U.S. when the U.S. made the Gadsden Purchase? | Franklin Pierce | |
67856031 | How did the U.S. acquire Alaska? | We purchased it from Russia for $7,200,000 | |
67856032 | How did the U.S. acquire Hawaii? | The U.S annexes the Republic of Hawaii in 1898 but doesn't really become a u.s territory tell 1900 | |
68069564 | What do the Federalists believe in? | Industrialization, a strong national government, Britain, broad interpretation of the constitution (wants the bank of U.S), the north | |
68069565 | What do the Democratic Republicans believe in? | Agriculture, limited national government, France, Strict interpretation of the Constitution, the south | |
68069566 | Who was the Federalists Leader? | Alexander Hamilton | |
68069567 | Who was he Democratic Republicans Leader? | Thomas Jefferson | |
68069568 | What was the ADAMS-ONIS TREATY? | Was the treaty that gave the United States Florida | |
68070548 | Why was Spain willing to negotiate the transfer of Florida to the U.S.? | They were fighting rebels in Latin America and didn't want to risk war with the U.S. | |
68070549 | What is ANNEXATION? | Annexation means adding a new territory to a country | |
68072010 | What was the Treaty that ended the Mexican-American War? | TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO | |
68072011 | Why did the U.S. need the territory acquired as a result of the Gadsden Purchase? | Because they wanted to construct a Transcontinental Railroad | |
68072012 | What was the Gadsden Purchase? | It was where the U.S purchased a part of the Mexican Cession for 10 million dollars to build a transcontinental rail road |
US History-Chapters 2 & 3 Review Sheet-English Colonies and Colonial America Flashcards
493775099 | Albany Plan of Union | a plan devised by Ben Franklin -said that all 13 colonies should unite under british rule and come together in case of war -british later did not approve because they were afraid they could not control all 13 colonies-revolt -colonies did not like it because they felt they lost their autonomy | |
493775100 | Bacon's Rebellion | Nathaniel Bacon raised an army and attacked native americans -looted plantations, seized and burned Jamestown -ended when Bacon died from sudden illness | |
493775101 | Charter | certificate of permission to establish a colony | |
493775102 | Dutch West India Company | a group of dutch traders who established new netherland and appointed its government | |
493775103 | Fundamental Orders of Connecticut | first written constitution in the colonies | |
493775104 | Great Awakening | series of religious revivals that swept through the colonies in the mid 18th century-new lights vs. old lights | |
493775105 | House of Burgesses | first representative body in the americas with the power to make laws and raise taxes | |
493775106 | joint-stock company | business venture run by investors would would share in profits and losses | |
493775107 | mayflower compact | agreement on the mayflower establishing a self-governing colony based on majority rule of male church members | |
493775108 | mercantilism | economic policy under which a nation becomes wealthy by exporting more than importing -colonies exist to benefit the mother country | |
493775109 | middle passage | voyage across the atlantic to the americas that killed many captured and enslaved people | |
493775110 | navigation acts | parliament, 1651 laws promote "wealth, safety, and strength" of england -limited colonial trade -negatively impacted southern colonies -northern ship-makers and merchants prospered | |
493775111 | new england way | cooperation and relationship between church and state | |
493775112 | proclamation of 1763 | document that ordered colonial settlers east of appalaccian mountains-could not go west -did go west because britain did not have a big enough army to stop them -unsuccessful | |
493775113 | proprietary colony | english colony granted by the crown to an individual group | |
493775114 | puritans | people who wanted to purify the anglican church of all catholic rituals and traditions -strict social codes | |
493775115 | quakers | people who took a stand against slavery and later became a powerful group of abolitionists -women equal to men -pacifists -religiously tolerant | |
493775116 | slave codes | africans inferior to whites -designed to help prevent escape and revolt by forbidding learning, meetings, and owning weapons | |
493775117 | treaty of paris | it ended the french and indian war -britain got many victories including canada and great lakes region and ohio river valley -french were kicked out of north america -made the mississippi river a boundary between british and spanish claims in north america | |
493775118 | anne hutchinson | came to boston with her family -nurse and midwife -claimed that religious insights came directly from God -charged with weakening church's authority -banished and moved to rhode island and later to long island | |
493775119 | William Penn | quaker who received land from charles II | |
493775120 | john winthrop | governor of the massachussetts bay colony |
Chapter 8 Confederation to Constitution Flashcards
224963803 | republic | A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting. | ![]() |
224963804 | Articles of Confederation | This document, the nation's first constitution, was adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1781 during the Revolution. The document was limited because states held most of the power, and Congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage. | |
224963805 | The Northwest Ordinance | This set up a government for the Northwest Territory, guaranteed basic rights to settlers, and outlawed slavery there. It also provided for the vast region to be divided into separate territories in the future. It provided a way to admit new states to the nation: once a territory had a population of 60,000 free settlers, it could ask Congress to be admitted as a new state. | |
224963806 | The Land Ordinance of 1785 | This set up a system for settling the Northwest Territory. Divided land into townships with with 36 sections (1 square mile each) and set aside land for public schools. | |
224963807 | Shay's Rebellion | This conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes. | |
224963808 | James Madison | A co-author of the Federalist Papers, he was an influential delegate of the Constitutional Convention later to be called the Father of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. By writing the Bill of Rights, he secured the faith of those who were not sure about the Constitution. | |
224963809 | Constitutional Convention | The meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia called to revise the Articles of Confederation. It instead designed a new plan of government, the US Constitution. | ![]() |
224963810 | Virginia Plan | Virginia delegate James Madison's plan of government, in which states got a number of representatives in Congress based on their population. | ![]() |
224963811 | New Jersey Plan | New Jersey delegate William Paterson's plan of government, in which states got an equal number of representatives in Congress | ![]() |
224963812 | Great Compromise | the agreement by which Congress would have two houses, the Senate (where each state gets equal representation-two senators) and the House of Representatives (where representation is based on population). | ![]() |
224963813 | Three-Fifths Compromise | Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment) | ![]() |
224963814 | federalism | A system of government in which power is shared between federal and state governments. | ![]() |
224963815 | Federalists | Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution. | ![]() |
224963816 | Antifederalists | People who opposed the Constitution. They thought it took too much power away from the states and did not guarantee rights for the people. | ![]() |
224963817 | George Mason | He opposed the Constitution because it didn't protect individual rights. His opposition led to the inclusion of the Bill of Rights. | ![]() |
224963818 | Bill of Rights | The first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution, containing a list of individual rights and liberties, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press. | |
224963819 | Ratification of the Constitution | Required 9 out of 13 states to ratify (approve) the Constitution before it became the law of the land. | ![]() |
APUSH Flashcards
Cells Flashcards
Cells notes
138800963 | Prokaryotic Organisms | Bacteria and Archae (Small cells) | |
138800964 | Eukaryotic Organisms | Protists, Animals, Plants, and Fungi | |
138800965 | Components of Eukaryotic Cells | Cytosol Plasma membrane Cell wall Organelles | |
138800966 | Cytosol | Intracellular fluid | |
138800967 | Plasma Membrane | Cell membrane Surrounds cell and some organelles | |
138800968 | Cell Wall contains: | Cellulose Chitin *Rigid structures for support | |
138800969 | Cellulose | Plants (polymer of glucose) | |
138800970 | Chitin | Fungi (modifies polysaccharide) | |
138800971 | Ribosomes | "Lumps" of RNA (ribosomal RNA) and protein, 2 subunits Involved in synthesis of proteins using RNA as templates Endoplasmic reticulum (attached) | |
138800972 | Cytosol | Cytosolic proteins (just floating free) | |
138800973 | Nuclear membrane of membrane-bound organellels | Double membrane (nuclear envelope) Contains nuclear pore complexes Allows RNA and proteins to pass through | |
138800974 | Chromatin of membrane-bound organelles | DNA and associated proteins Supported by nuclear matrix Strands of proteins and RNA meshwork | |
138800975 | Nucleolus of membrane-bound organelles | Made of RNA and proteins Synthesis of ribosome's | |
138800976 | Endomembrane system | Makes proteins and lipids Membranous sacks and tubes | |
138800977 | Components of the Endomembrane system | Endoplasmic reticulum Vessicles Golgi complex | |
138800978 | Endoplasmic Reticulum | Attached to nuclear envelope | |
138800979 | Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | Studded with ribosomes | |
138800980 | Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is the Synthesis of: | Secreted proteins (exocytosis) Cell membranes (lipids and proteins) Some other organs | |
138800981 | Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | No ribosomes Tubular, not flat sacks | |
138800982 | Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulim is the Synthesis/Metabolizing of: | Synthesizing lipids Metabolizing drugs and hydocarbons "Cyp" enzymes | |
138800983 | Vessicles | Transport of materials Cell membranes ↔ extracellular fluid Between ER and golgi and other organelles | |
138800984 | Golgi Complex | Looks like a "stack of pancakes" Vesicles fuse on one side (CIS) and bud off other side (TRANS) Proteins transported from stack to stack Golgi is used for modifying proteins Eg. Adding/removing carbon hydrates (glycoproteins) | |
138800985 | What type of Endoplasmic Recticulum are Proteins and Phospholipids | Rough ER | |
138800986 | Order of the Endomembrane System | Bud into vesicles → golgi, vessicles→ outside cell membrane and other organelles | |
138800987 | Vacuoles | Large, mostly stationary, membrane-bound sacs Eg. Plant-central vacuole | |
138800988 | Functions of Vacuoles | Responsible for maintaining hydrostatic pressure which keeps the plant rigid Functions as a storage compartment for pigments and toxins | |
138800989 | Lysosomes | Has an acidic pH inside Contains digestive enzymes which will digest certain components of cells Will fom from budding off the golgi apparatus | |
138800990 | Functions of Lysosomes | Fuse with phagocytic vessicles (aka phagosome food vacuoles) Autophagy (eating itself)- digest worn out organelles (eg. Mitochondria) | |
138800991 | Energy-Related organelles | Mitochondria Chloroplasts | |
138800992 | Mitochondria | Oxidize carbohydrates and lipids to make ATP and use O2 which releases energy Can be used to build macromolecules | |
138800993 | What type of membrane does Mitochondria have | Double membrane (inner and outer) Inner is folded into Cristae Matrix in center Has a singular DNA molecule (circular) | |
138800994 | Chloroplasts | Found in plants in algae Where photosynthesis takes place | |
138800995 | Thylakroids | "pancake- shaped" sacs inside the chloroplasts Around the thylakroids→ stroma (empty space) | |
138800996 | What type of membrane does Chloroplasts have | Double membrane (inner and outer) Single circular DNA molecule | |
138800997 | Cytoskeleton | Meshwork of fibrous proteins | |
138800998 | Microfilaments | Made of actin Supporting the cell (reinforcement) Changing the cell shape (sliding filaments) | |
138800999 | Microtubules | Hollow tubes of the protein tubulin support the cell Function like "tracks" for transporting vessicles Motor proteins bind to vessicles "walk" along microtubules | |
138801000 | Intermediate filaments | Reinforcing the cell and nuclear membrane hold organelles in place | |
138801001 | Eukaryokes Cilia | Located on the outside of the cell Short, numerous and hair-like Move protists Found on epithelia (internal "skin" single cell layer) Move fluids around Cigarette smoke destroys cilia | |
138801002 | Eukaryokes Flagella | Located on the outside of the cell Long, whip-like A cell only has one or a few Used for swimming (sperm) | |
138801003 | Structure of Cilia and Flagella | Surrounded by cell membrane Doublets of mirotubles 9 doublets around the outisde A single pair on the inside A 9 + 2 arrangement | |
138801004 | Prokaryotic cells Cell Wall | Made of peptidoglycons, polysaccharides, and polypeptides Capsule is made of glycolipids (made up of carbohydrates and lipids) | |
138801005 | Prokaryotic cells Flagella | Evolved independently from eukaryotes flagella They spin around and pull the cell through the water Bacteria could have 1 or more flagella (if present) Could have pilli (which is not cilia) used for attachment to environment and exchange of plasmids | |
138803559 | Nucleoid | Is not a true nucleus, does not have a nuclear envelope May have a singular circular chromosome (DNA) | |
138803560 | Plasmids | Are small, circular, extra chromosomal DNA molecules Do not contain essential genes May contain genes that allow survival in stressful environment (Eg. Exchanging antibiotic resistance) Closest thing to sexual reproduction | |
138803561 | Some membrane-bound organelles | Contains some, but more limited than in Eukaryotes a. Photosynthetic-membranes b. Magnet-sensing c. Some enzymatic reactions | |
138803562 | Internal features of Prokaryotic cells | Nucleoid Ribosome Plasmids Some membrane-bound organelles Cytoskeleton | |
138808022 | Cytoskeleton | Limited to the periphery of the cell Does not have an extensive cytoskeleton | |
138808023 | Characteristics of Prokaryotes | Has no nucleus Has limited cytoskeleton Has limited organelles Has an extensive cytoskeleton Peptidoglycon cell wall | |
138808024 | Characteristics of Eukaryotes | Has a nucleus Has an extensive amount of organelles Has an extensive cytoskeleton Has a cellulose cell wall for plants and a chitin cell wall for fungi | |
138808025 | Deveolpment of Oganellels- Endomembrane System | Developed through the enfolding of cell membrane which lead to the Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, and nuclear envelope | |
138808026 | Mitochondria | Mitochondria came from purple bacteria | |
138808027 | Chloroplast | Chloroplast came from photosynthetic bacteria | |
138808028 | Evidence of the Endosymbiont theory | Single circular chromosome The presence of a double membrane The size of mitochondria and chloroplasts are about the size of bacteria Chloroplasts and mitochondria can divide by binary fission which are the only organelles to do so |
AP WORLD HISTORY - STUDY SET Flashcards
AP WORLD HISTORY - STUDY SET Flashcards
AP WORLD HISTORY Flashcards
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