AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

Phrases to NEVER Use in An English Essay It is easy to fog the message your essay is trying to put across by using technical terms or fancy words. In reality, these technical terms you're using are probably being overused or used incorrectly, and the fancy words may be inefficient, or may not be real words at all. When writing a good English essay, it is important to remember that simplicity is key; get your message across and get it across well. Using fewer, simple words will likely make your essay stronger.

AP US History Ch. 10-12 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
218888845Population Growth (1791)Philadelphia was largest city in America. 90% was rural. 5% in the east
218888846George WashingtonUnanimous election by Electoral College in 1789. Sec. of State was Thomas Jefferson. Adopted Bill of Rights. Established Judiciary Act of 1789 which created the Supreme Court (John Jay was first Justice)
218888847Alexander HamiltonSecretary of treasury. Had Hamilton Proposal where states assumed all the nations debts together. Imposed a tariff law to raise revenue and protect infant industries. Also created excise tax (on whiskey notably). Proposed a national bank
218888848Whiskey RebellionIn 1794, Pennsylvania challenged the government by revolting against the high excise tax on whiskey. George Washington crushed revolt, gained respect
218888849JDR's vs. FederalistsFederalists were pro-british who believed in a strong central government. Jeffersonians believed in states rights and weak central gov (pro-french)
218888850Battle of Fallen TimbersBritish had supplied the Indians. General wayne crushed them and the indian confederacy gave up vast tracts of the North West
218888851Jays TreatyJohn Jay made a deal with the British that the British had to pay for seizure of american ships but nothing about impressment or maritime seizures were talked about. Also US had to pay for pre-revolutionary debts
218888852Pinckney's TreatySpain gave American navigation of the Mississippi, the right of deposit at New Orleans, and large disputed territory in Florida
218888853George Washington Farewell addressWarned against political parties, and permanent alliances
218888854John AdamsSucceeded George Washington. Federalist who was hated by Hamilton. XYZ affair
218888855XYZ Affair3 envoys were sent to France to negotiate terms dealing with the Franco-American treaty and the french seizure of american merchant vessels. Privilage to talk to Talleyrand amounted to a 250,000 dollar bribe. Sent wave of anger in America
218888856Convention of 1800Ended alliance between America and France. America would pay for its own damages
218888857Alien LawsThe change of the residence requirements from 5 to 14 years
218888858Sedition ActFreedom of speech/press was weakened, where people who talked bad about the government were imprisoned
218888859Virginia and Kentucky ResolutionsSupported compact theory, aimed to destroy alien and sedition acts
218888860JeffersonVery Democratic/Republican. Won due to the 3/5's compromise which gave him more power in the South. Kicked out the excise tax. Repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801. Reduced military to a mere police force.
218888861Revolution of 1800Election of Jefferson, a "return to the original spirit of Revolution"
218888862Marbury v. MadisonEstablished that the Supreme Court had the right of Judicial Review. (decided what was constitutional or not)
218888863Tripolitan WarSmall war against pirates of Tripoli. America paid $60,000 in ransom for captured Americans
218888864Spanish BetrayalSpain took away the right of deposit for Americans which greatly angered farmers.
218888865Louisiana PurchaseNapoleon negotiated with James Monroe in Paris. Louisiana was ceded to the US for $15 million dollars.
218888866Aaron BurrEx-secretary of state who was dismissed in Jefferson's second term. He then turned on Jefferson and plotted the secession of New England and New York. Alexander Hamilton then foiled the plot and they dueled--- Hamilton refused to fire, and was killed. Later fled to France where he urged Napoleon to make peace with Britain and then attack the US
218888867Orders in CouncilClosed European ports under french control to foreign shipping, including American, unless they stopped at a British port first
218888868ImpressmentForcible enlistment of sailors which was used by British
218888869Chesapeake AffairBritish officer demanded four deserters but American Officer refused. British fired at the boat killin 3 americans. Infuriated US
218888870Embargo Act of 1807Forbade the export of all goods from the US. Failed though because US economy shook before those of the European powers
218888871Non-Intercourse Act of 1809Repealed the Embargo Act and this measure formally reopened trade with all the nations of the world, except Britain and France
218888872MadisonTook presidency in 1809. Stopped Non-intercourse act and signed Macon's bill No. 2
218888873Macon's Bill No. 2This reopened American trade with all the world (if either France or Britain repealed their commercial restrictions, America would restore the embargo against the non-repealing nation). France jumped on the offer and restrictions were put on the British
218888874War HawksDetested impressment, Orders in Council, and the indian threat (especially those who were being supplied by British) Wanted to go to war with the British!
218888875William Henry HarrisonRouted the Shawnees and burned their settlement at the Battle of Tippecanoe. Marked end of Indian Confederacy.
218888876War of 1812Caused by impressment, Orders in Council, British armament of Indians, Chesapeake affair (etc.). Trio of invading forces from Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain. Americans took to the seas, they had better crews, thicker sides, heavier firepower.
218888877New York InvasionTom Macdonough snatched a victory on the Champlain Waterway which was momentous. British retreated
218888878Washington and New OrleansBritish troops landed in the chesapeake region and set fire to the White House and the Capitol. Americans held strong in Baltimore and kept a firm grasp there. In 1814 British attempted to destroy New Orleans but Andrew Jackson led the Americans to victory in the Battle of New Orleans.
218888879Treaty of GhentArmistice between the British and Americans to stop fighting and restore conquered territory. No grievances were addressed.
218888880Hartford ConventionFederalists led a convention due to the wars terrible effects on commerce. New England's people were defiant and Federalists sought to address the grievances. Demanded financial assistance to compensate lost trade
218888881Rush-Bagot AgreementRestricted naval armament on the Great Lakes
218888882Tariff of 1816first tariff in history for protection, not revenue
218888883Henry ClayFound of the American System of 1824. This system had 3 main parts 1. strong banking system which would provide easy credit 2. Advocated a protective tariff where manufacturing could flourish 3. Tariff would provide funds for canals and roads
218888884James MonroePresidency in 1816. Continued virginia dynasty of Washington, Jefferson, and Madison. Provoked nationalism with his goodwill tour.
218888885Panic of 1819Brought deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and overcrowded debtors' prisons (Due to over-speculation of frontier lands)
218888886Land Act of 1820Buyer to purchase 80 acres at a minimum of $1.25 an acre
218888887Tallmadge AmendmentNo more slaves should be brought to Missouri and for a gradual emancipation of slaves already there
218888888Missouri CompromiseAsserted that Missouri was a slave state. But then all of the states being created in the Louisiana Purchase would be non-slave states
218888889Judicial NationalismBolstered the power of the federal government at the expense of the states
218896593Judicial DikesBolstered judicial power against democratic or popular leader attacks on property rights
218896594Anglo-American ConventionAmericans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with the canadians
218896595Andrew Jackson 1818 campaignSwept across Florida and seized St. Marks and Pensacola. Led to Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819 where Spain ceded Florida and parts of Oregon for American claims in Texas
218896596Monroe DoctrineNonintervention and Noncolonization

[Complete] EXAM: Washington's Administration, Monroe Doctrine, Territorial Expansion Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
67194385What foreign policy powers does the President have?negotiate treaties, appoint ambassadors, meet with foreign heads of state
67194386How are treaties made?President can negotiate treaties or direct others too and the treaties are ratified by 2/3 of the Senate
67194387What are the responsibilities of the Secretary of State?Oversees the U.S State Department, the Foreign Service, participates in high level negotiations with other countries and can be used to promote the President's foreign policy
67194388Who is currently are Secretary of State?Hillary Clinton
67194389How does the U.S Secretaries get their job?Nominated by the President confirmed by the Senate
67194390Who is the U.S ambassador of the U.N?Susan Rice
67194391Name the First Seven Presidents in Order!George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson
67199671Who ran against Washington in the Election of 1788?John Adams
67199672Who was Washington's Vice President?John Adams
67199673What year did the Washington Administration begin?1789
67199674What law, passed by Congress in 1789, set up the Federal Court system?The Judiciary Act
67199675Who did Washington appoint to be the first Chief Justice?John Jay along with the other 6 justices
67199676What political party was Washington a member of?None (no political parties back then. he is the only president not a member of one)
67199677What were the first parties?The Democratic-Republicans and the Federalists
67199678Who was the Secretary of Treasury back during Washingtons Administration?Alexander Hamilton
67199679Who was the Secret. of State back during Washingtons Administration?Thomas Jefferson
67199680Who was the Secret. of War back during Washington's Administration?Henry Knox
67199681Who was the Attorney Gerneral of Washington's administration?Edmund Randolph
67199682What precedents did Washington set?One was being called "Mr President" (avoiding any appearance of royalty) another was the cabinet, serving two terms, and the annual State of the Union Address
67199683What was Alexander Hamilton'd plan for the economy?To create bonds and the national dept. To have new tarriffs, create the Bank of the U.S, new taxes, and repay the national debt
67199684What is a tarriff?a tax on foreign goods entering the country
67199685How did Alexander Hamilton win the South's support for his economic plan?The Nation's Capital was put in the South
67199686What did Washington's handling of the Whiskey Rebellion demonstrate about the new government?That the new national government was strong and had no toleration for dissagreements of the government with violence
67199687Who was the President during the war of 1812?James Madison
67199688What two countries were at war in the War of 1812?Britain and the U.S
67199689When was the War of 1812?1812-1814
67199690What were the causes of the War of 1812?American impressement of sailors and disruption of trade by British. Also the belief of War Hawks that Britain was inciting Native Amercican to fight against Americans
67199691What future President became a war hero in the war of 1812? and WHAT battle?Andrew Jackson and the Battle of New Orleans
67199692What peace treaty ended the War of 1812?The Treaty of Ghent
67199693What was the Louisiana Purchase?Territory purchased by the U.S from France in 1803 for 15 million dollars
67199694How big is the Louisiana Territory?828,000 square miles
67199695What country sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States?France
67199696What territory did the Louisiana Purchase gave the United States Control of?The Mississippi River, the port of New Orleans and vast lands between the Mississippi River and the Rockies
67199697Who explored the Louisiana Territory?The Lewis and Clark expedition
67850230What was the Monroe Doctrine?a doctrine which stated that further efforts made by European powers made to colonize in the Americas or interfere with the independence of emerging Latin America the United States would meet them with military forces. In return, U.S will not colonize in Europe
67850231What president issued the Monroe Doctrine?James Monroe
67850232What is impressment?When the British kidnapped American soldiers and forced them into the British navy
67850233What are Bonds?Bonds are a certificate that promises to repay the loaned money on a certain date.
67850234What is National Debt?It is the total amount of money that a government owed to others.
67850235What is the Bank of the United States?A bank that the government deposited money from taxes. The Bank encouraged economic growth.
67850236What are War Hawks?They are members of Congress, mainly from the South and the West, who want to go to war to britain (War of 1812)
67850237What were the causes of the War of 1812?The impressment of American soldiers, and the belief that Britain was inciting Native Americans to attack U.S on its frontier
67850238What are some things that happen during the War of 1812?The U.S tries to invade Canada (again) and fail. And the British attack Washington D.C and burns the White House (luckily the portrait of G.W was saved
67850239Who wrote the Star Spangled Banner?Francis Scott Key
67850240The Star Spangled Banner was based on what famous battle in the War of 1812?The Battle of Fort McHenry
67850241What did the War off 1812 prove about the U.S's navy?That the U.S navy can hold its own against other navies
67850242What did the British or the U.S get out of the Treaty of Ghent?Neither side gains territory, but the British stop impressing sailors and America gains confidence
67850243Why was the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans so important to the Americans?They were vital to the U.S for shipping, navigation and trade. Without New Orleans, U.S would go into an economic downfall due to the loss of trade by western farmers
67850244What plans did Napoleon have for the Louisiana Territory?Napolean wanted Louisiana to be a place to grow food for the people in Haiti, for Haiti who was growing sugar cane
67850245Why did Napoleon sell the Louisiana Purchase?Because the people of Haiti won the Haitian Revolution in which they gained freedom from France who tried to get slavery back into their country. Without a place to grow sugar cane, Louisiana was not neccessary
67850246How much did the United States pay for the Louisiana Territory?$15,000,000
67850247Who was President of the United States during the Louisiana Purchase?Thomas Jefferson
67850248What French leader did the U.S. negotiate with to buy the Louisiana Territory? and who were the people who negotiated it?Napoleon while Robert Livingston and James Monroe negotiated it well with Thomas Jefferson
67850249What was Jefferson's dilemma in making the Louisiana Purchase?Jefferson's dilema was that the constitution didn't give the president authority for land acquisition, but buying Louisiana would mean better national security and more territory to farm
67850250Who opposed the Louisiana Purchase, and why?The Federalists really opposed the Louisiana Purchase because it wasn't in the constitution to have the president buy land. But truely, they didn't want to be outnumbered in Congress so they didn't want more Western and Southern states
67850251How did the U.S. acquire Florida?We made a treaty with Spain [The Adams Onis Treaty] saying that if we get Florida and let go claims of Texas, that they can have 5 million dollars and a wee bit of the Louisiana Territory
67850252What did the U.S. gain as a result of the Treaty of 1819? What did Spain gain?The U.S gained Florida while the Spanish gained 5 million dollars, a wee bit of Louisiana, and Texas
67850253Who owned Texas BEFORE the U.S annexed it and AFTER the Texas Revolution?The Lone Star Republic of Texas
67850254Why did Americans settle in Texas?The Americans settled in Texas because Moses Austin made a deal with Spain which was if they granted them land, they would live in Texas in that land (Moses Austin died so the treaty was transfered to Stephen Austin his son)
67850255Why did Spain agree to Americans settling into Texas?Because they needed more people in Texas to have better national security
67850256What tensions developed between the Texans and the Mexican Government? (What does Santa Ana do?)Well Santa Anna stopped immigration from the U.S, gave new taxes and tariffs, out lawed slavery, made all religions be catholic, and abolishes the constitution
67850257Why didn't the U.S. annex Texas as soon as they had declared independence from Mexico?Because Northerners didn't want another slave holding state into the union and Andrew Jackson doesn't want to risk a war with Mexico
67853108When did the U.S. finally annex Texas?The U.S annexes Texas 1845 in once James Polk takes office
67853109Who was President when Texas was annexed it?James Polk
67853110Who was the president of Texas before Texas was annexed?Sam Houston
67853111What is the Alamo?a 13 day siege of Texas soldiers garrisoned at the Alamo (an old spanish mission) All of the Texans died. (Including Jum Boey and Davy Crockett)
67853112What was the Battle of San Jacinto's catch phrase?"Remember the Alamo?"
67853113How does Texas win the Texas Revolution?Sam Houston and the Texas army wins the Battle of San Jacinto and captures Santa Anna
67853114What is MANIFEST DESTINY?It is the belief that the U.S should be a bicostal nation (from the pacific to the atlantic ocean)
67853115What were the causes of the Mexican War?The main causes of the Mexican War was that they were upset with the U.S for annexing Texas and had arguements about the boundaries of Texas
67856026Who had territorial claims to Oregon country before it became part of the U.S.?Parts of Oregon was claimed by U.S while others were claimed by British
67856027What did "54/40 or Fight" mean?It means that, since 54/40 is Oregons latitude and longitude, they want all of Oregon or they will fight Britain to get it
67856028What compromise was made with the British to acquire Oregon?Since there was a threat of war with Mexico, U.S compromises with britain to split the oregon country at 49th parallel
67856029Who was President of the United States when Oregon became part of the U.S.?James Polk
67856030Who was President of the U.S. when the U.S. made the Gadsden Purchase?Franklin Pierce
67856031How did the U.S. acquire Alaska?We purchased it from Russia for $7,200,000
67856032How did the U.S. acquire Hawaii?The U.S annexes the Republic of Hawaii in 1898 but doesn't really become a u.s territory tell 1900
68069564What do the Federalists believe in?Industrialization, a strong national government, Britain, broad interpretation of the constitution (wants the bank of U.S), the north
68069565What do the Democratic Republicans believe in?Agriculture, limited national government, France, Strict interpretation of the Constitution, the south
68069566Who was the Federalists Leader?Alexander Hamilton
68069567Who was he Democratic Republicans Leader?Thomas Jefferson
68069568What was the ADAMS-ONIS TREATY?Was the treaty that gave the United States Florida
68070548Why was Spain willing to negotiate the transfer of Florida to the U.S.?They were fighting rebels in Latin America and didn't want to risk war with the U.S.
68070549What is ANNEXATION?Annexation means adding a new territory to a country
68072010What was the Treaty that ended the Mexican-American War?TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO
68072011Why did the U.S. need the territory acquired as a result of the Gadsden Purchase?Because they wanted to construct a Transcontinental Railroad
68072012What was the Gadsden Purchase?It was where the U.S purchased a part of the Mexican Cession for 10 million dollars to build a transcontinental rail road

US History-Chapters 2 & 3 Review Sheet-English Colonies and Colonial America Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
493775099Albany Plan of Uniona plan devised by Ben Franklin -said that all 13 colonies should unite under british rule and come together in case of war -british later did not approve because they were afraid they could not control all 13 colonies-revolt -colonies did not like it because they felt they lost their autonomy
493775100Bacon's RebellionNathaniel Bacon raised an army and attacked native americans -looted plantations, seized and burned Jamestown -ended when Bacon died from sudden illness
493775101Chartercertificate of permission to establish a colony
493775102Dutch West India Companya group of dutch traders who established new netherland and appointed its government
493775103Fundamental Orders of Connecticutfirst written constitution in the colonies
493775104Great Awakeningseries of religious revivals that swept through the colonies in the mid 18th century-new lights vs. old lights
493775105House of Burgessesfirst representative body in the americas with the power to make laws and raise taxes
493775106joint-stock companybusiness venture run by investors would would share in profits and losses
493775107mayflower compactagreement on the mayflower establishing a self-governing colony based on majority rule of male church members
493775108mercantilismeconomic policy under which a nation becomes wealthy by exporting more than importing -colonies exist to benefit the mother country
493775109middle passagevoyage across the atlantic to the americas that killed many captured and enslaved people
493775110navigation actsparliament, 1651 laws promote "wealth, safety, and strength" of england -limited colonial trade -negatively impacted southern colonies -northern ship-makers and merchants prospered
493775111new england waycooperation and relationship between church and state
493775112proclamation of 1763document that ordered colonial settlers east of appalaccian mountains-could not go west -did go west because britain did not have a big enough army to stop them -unsuccessful
493775113proprietary colonyenglish colony granted by the crown to an individual group
493775114puritanspeople who wanted to purify the anglican church of all catholic rituals and traditions -strict social codes
493775115quakerspeople who took a stand against slavery and later became a powerful group of abolitionists -women equal to men -pacifists -religiously tolerant
493775116slave codesafricans inferior to whites -designed to help prevent escape and revolt by forbidding learning, meetings, and owning weapons
493775117treaty of parisit ended the french and indian war -britain got many victories including canada and great lakes region and ohio river valley -french were kicked out of north america -made the mississippi river a boundary between british and spanish claims in north america
493775118anne hutchinsoncame to boston with her family -nurse and midwife -claimed that religious insights came directly from God -charged with weakening church's authority -banished and moved to rhode island and later to long island
493775119William Pennquaker who received land from charles II
493775120john winthropgovernor of the massachussetts bay colony

Chapter 8 Confederation to Constitution Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
224963803republicA form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting.
224963804Articles of ConfederationThis document, the nation's first constitution, was adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1781 during the Revolution. The document was limited because states held most of the power, and Congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage.
224963805The Northwest OrdinanceThis set up a government for the Northwest Territory, guaranteed basic rights to settlers, and outlawed slavery there. It also provided for the vast region to be divided into separate territories in the future. It provided a way to admit new states to the nation: once a territory had a population of 60,000 free settlers, it could ask Congress to be admitted as a new state.
224963806The Land Ordinance of 1785This set up a system for settling the Northwest Territory. Divided land into townships with with 36 sections (1 square mile each) and set aside land for public schools.
224963807Shay's RebellionThis conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes.
224963808James MadisonA co-author of the Federalist Papers, he was an influential delegate of the Constitutional Convention later to be called the Father of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. By writing the Bill of Rights, he secured the faith of those who were not sure about the Constitution.
224963809Constitutional ConventionThe meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia called to revise the Articles of Confederation. It instead designed a new plan of government, the US Constitution.
224963810Virginia PlanVirginia delegate James Madison's plan of government, in which states got a number of representatives in Congress based on their population.
224963811New Jersey PlanNew Jersey delegate William Paterson's plan of government, in which states got an equal number of representatives in Congress
224963812Great Compromisethe agreement by which Congress would have two houses, the Senate (where each state gets equal representation-two senators) and the House of Representatives (where representation is based on population).
224963813Three-Fifths CompromiseAgreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment)
224963814federalismA system of government in which power is shared between federal and state governments.
224963815FederalistsSupporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution.
224963816AntifederalistsPeople who opposed the Constitution. They thought it took too much power away from the states and did not guarantee rights for the people.
224963817George MasonHe opposed the Constitution because it didn't protect individual rights. His opposition led to the inclusion of the Bill of Rights.
224963818Bill of RightsThe first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution, containing a list of individual rights and liberties, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press.
224963819Ratification of the ConstitutionRequired 9 out of 13 states to ratify (approve) the Constitution before it became the law of the land.

Cells Flashcards

Cells notes

Terms : Hide Images
138800963Prokaryotic OrganismsBacteria and Archae (Small cells)
138800964Eukaryotic OrganismsProtists, Animals, Plants, and Fungi
138800965Components of Eukaryotic CellsCytosol Plasma membrane Cell wall Organelles
138800966CytosolIntracellular fluid
138800967Plasma MembraneCell membrane Surrounds cell and some organelles
138800968Cell Wall contains:Cellulose Chitin *Rigid structures for support
138800969CellulosePlants (polymer of glucose)
138800970ChitinFungi (modifies polysaccharide)
138800971Ribosomes"Lumps" of RNA (ribosomal RNA) and protein, 2 subunits Involved in synthesis of proteins using RNA as templates Endoplasmic reticulum (attached)
138800972CytosolCytosolic proteins (just floating free)
138800973Nuclear membrane of membrane-bound organellelsDouble membrane (nuclear envelope) Contains nuclear pore complexes Allows RNA and proteins to pass through
138800974Chromatin of membrane-bound organellesDNA and associated proteins Supported by nuclear matrix Strands of proteins and RNA meshwork
138800975Nucleolus of membrane-bound organellesMade of RNA and proteins Synthesis of ribosome's
138800976Endomembrane systemMakes proteins and lipids Membranous sacks and tubes
138800977Components of the Endomembrane systemEndoplasmic reticulum Vessicles Golgi complex
138800978Endoplasmic ReticulumAttached to nuclear envelope
138800979Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumStudded with ribosomes
138800980Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is the Synthesis of:Secreted proteins (exocytosis) Cell membranes (lipids and proteins) Some other organs
138800981Smooth Endoplasmic ReticulumNo ribosomes Tubular, not flat sacks
138800982Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulim is the Synthesis/Metabolizing of:Synthesizing lipids Metabolizing drugs and hydocarbons "Cyp" enzymes
138800983VessiclesTransport of materials Cell membranes ↔ extracellular fluid Between ER and golgi and other organelles
138800984Golgi ComplexLooks like a "stack of pancakes" Vesicles fuse on one side (CIS) and bud off other side (TRANS) Proteins transported from stack to stack Golgi is used for modifying proteins Eg. Adding/removing carbon hydrates (glycoproteins)
138800985What type of Endoplasmic Recticulum are Proteins and PhospholipidsRough ER
138800986Order of the Endomembrane SystemBud into vesicles → golgi, vessicles→ outside cell membrane and other organelles
138800987VacuolesLarge, mostly stationary, membrane-bound sacs Eg. Plant-central vacuole
138800988Functions of VacuolesResponsible for maintaining hydrostatic pressure which keeps the plant rigid Functions as a storage compartment for pigments and toxins
138800989LysosomesHas an acidic pH inside Contains digestive enzymes which will digest certain components of cells Will fom from budding off the golgi apparatus
138800990Functions of LysosomesFuse with phagocytic vessicles (aka phagosome food vacuoles) Autophagy (eating itself)- digest worn out organelles (eg. Mitochondria)
138800991Energy-Related organellesMitochondria Chloroplasts
138800992MitochondriaOxidize carbohydrates and lipids to make ATP and use O2 which releases energy Can be used to build macromolecules
138800993What type of membrane does Mitochondria haveDouble membrane (inner and outer) Inner is folded into Cristae Matrix in center Has a singular DNA molecule (circular)
138800994ChloroplastsFound in plants in algae Where photosynthesis takes place
138800995Thylakroids"pancake- shaped" sacs inside the chloroplasts Around the thylakroids→ stroma (empty space)
138800996What type of membrane does Chloroplasts haveDouble membrane (inner and outer) Single circular DNA molecule
138800997CytoskeletonMeshwork of fibrous proteins
138800998MicrofilamentsMade of actin Supporting the cell (reinforcement) Changing the cell shape (sliding filaments)
138800999MicrotubulesHollow tubes of the protein tubulin support the cell Function like "tracks" for transporting vessicles Motor proteins bind to vessicles "walk" along microtubules
138801000Intermediate filamentsReinforcing the cell and nuclear membrane hold organelles in place
138801001Eukaryokes CiliaLocated on the outside of the cell Short, numerous and hair-like Move protists Found on epithelia (internal "skin" single cell layer) Move fluids around Cigarette smoke destroys cilia
138801002Eukaryokes FlagellaLocated on the outside of the cell Long, whip-like A cell only has one or a few Used for swimming (sperm)
138801003Structure of Cilia and FlagellaSurrounded by cell membrane Doublets of mirotubles 9 doublets around the outisde A single pair on the inside A 9 + 2 arrangement
138801004Prokaryotic cells Cell WallMade of peptidoglycons, polysaccharides, and polypeptides Capsule is made of glycolipids (made up of carbohydrates and lipids)
138801005Prokaryotic cells FlagellaEvolved independently from eukaryotes flagella They spin around and pull the cell through the water Bacteria could have 1 or more flagella (if present) Could have pilli (which is not cilia) used for attachment to environment and exchange of plasmids
138803559NucleoidIs not a true nucleus, does not have a nuclear envelope May have a singular circular chromosome (DNA)
138803560PlasmidsAre small, circular, extra chromosomal DNA molecules Do not contain essential genes May contain genes that allow survival in stressful environment (Eg. Exchanging antibiotic resistance) Closest thing to sexual reproduction
138803561Some membrane-bound organellesContains some, but more limited than in Eukaryotes a. Photosynthetic-membranes b. Magnet-sensing c. Some enzymatic reactions
138803562Internal features of Prokaryotic cellsNucleoid Ribosome Plasmids Some membrane-bound organelles Cytoskeleton
138808022CytoskeletonLimited to the periphery of the cell Does not have an extensive cytoskeleton
138808023Characteristics of ProkaryotesHas no nucleus Has limited cytoskeleton Has limited organelles Has an extensive cytoskeleton Peptidoglycon cell wall
138808024Characteristics of EukaryotesHas a nucleus Has an extensive amount of organelles Has an extensive cytoskeleton Has a cellulose cell wall for plants and a chitin cell wall for fungi
138808025Deveolpment of Oganellels- Endomembrane SystemDeveloped through the enfolding of cell membrane which lead to the Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, and nuclear envelope
138808026MitochondriaMitochondria came from purple bacteria
138808027ChloroplastChloroplast came from photosynthetic bacteria
138808028Evidence of the Endosymbiont theorySingle circular chromosome The presence of a double membrane The size of mitochondria and chloroplasts are about the size of bacteria Chloroplasts and mitochondria can divide by binary fission which are the only organelles to do so

Pages

Subscribe to CourseNotes RSS

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!