Cells notes
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| 138800963 | Prokaryotic Organisms | Bacteria and Archae (Small cells) | |
| 138800964 | Eukaryotic Organisms | Protists, Animals, Plants, and Fungi | |
| 138800965 | Components of Eukaryotic Cells | Cytosol Plasma membrane Cell wall Organelles | |
| 138800966 | Cytosol | Intracellular fluid | |
| 138800967 | Plasma Membrane | Cell membrane Surrounds cell and some organelles | |
| 138800968 | Cell Wall contains: | Cellulose Chitin *Rigid structures for support | |
| 138800969 | Cellulose | Plants (polymer of glucose) | |
| 138800970 | Chitin | Fungi (modifies polysaccharide) | |
| 138800971 | Ribosomes | "Lumps" of RNA (ribosomal RNA) and protein, 2 subunits Involved in synthesis of proteins using RNA as templates Endoplasmic reticulum (attached) | |
| 138800972 | Cytosol | Cytosolic proteins (just floating free) | |
| 138800973 | Nuclear membrane of membrane-bound organellels | Double membrane (nuclear envelope) Contains nuclear pore complexes Allows RNA and proteins to pass through | |
| 138800974 | Chromatin of membrane-bound organelles | DNA and associated proteins Supported by nuclear matrix Strands of proteins and RNA meshwork | |
| 138800975 | Nucleolus of membrane-bound organelles | Made of RNA and proteins Synthesis of ribosome's | |
| 138800976 | Endomembrane system | Makes proteins and lipids Membranous sacks and tubes | |
| 138800977 | Components of the Endomembrane system | Endoplasmic reticulum Vessicles Golgi complex | |
| 138800978 | Endoplasmic Reticulum | Attached to nuclear envelope | |
| 138800979 | Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | Studded with ribosomes | |
| 138800980 | Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is the Synthesis of: | Secreted proteins (exocytosis) Cell membranes (lipids and proteins) Some other organs | |
| 138800981 | Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | No ribosomes Tubular, not flat sacks | |
| 138800982 | Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulim is the Synthesis/Metabolizing of: | Synthesizing lipids Metabolizing drugs and hydocarbons "Cyp" enzymes | |
| 138800983 | Vessicles | Transport of materials Cell membranes ↔ extracellular fluid Between ER and golgi and other organelles | |
| 138800984 | Golgi Complex | Looks like a "stack of pancakes" Vesicles fuse on one side (CIS) and bud off other side (TRANS) Proteins transported from stack to stack Golgi is used for modifying proteins Eg. Adding/removing carbon hydrates (glycoproteins) | |
| 138800985 | What type of Endoplasmic Recticulum are Proteins and Phospholipids | Rough ER | |
| 138800986 | Order of the Endomembrane System | Bud into vesicles → golgi, vessicles→ outside cell membrane and other organelles | |
| 138800987 | Vacuoles | Large, mostly stationary, membrane-bound sacs Eg. Plant-central vacuole | |
| 138800988 | Functions of Vacuoles | Responsible for maintaining hydrostatic pressure which keeps the plant rigid Functions as a storage compartment for pigments and toxins | |
| 138800989 | Lysosomes | Has an acidic pH inside Contains digestive enzymes which will digest certain components of cells Will fom from budding off the golgi apparatus | |
| 138800990 | Functions of Lysosomes | Fuse with phagocytic vessicles (aka phagosome food vacuoles) Autophagy (eating itself)- digest worn out organelles (eg. Mitochondria) | |
| 138800991 | Energy-Related organelles | Mitochondria Chloroplasts | |
| 138800992 | Mitochondria | Oxidize carbohydrates and lipids to make ATP and use O2 which releases energy Can be used to build macromolecules | |
| 138800993 | What type of membrane does Mitochondria have | Double membrane (inner and outer) Inner is folded into Cristae Matrix in center Has a singular DNA molecule (circular) | |
| 138800994 | Chloroplasts | Found in plants in algae Where photosynthesis takes place | |
| 138800995 | Thylakroids | "pancake- shaped" sacs inside the chloroplasts Around the thylakroids→ stroma (empty space) | |
| 138800996 | What type of membrane does Chloroplasts have | Double membrane (inner and outer) Single circular DNA molecule | |
| 138800997 | Cytoskeleton | Meshwork of fibrous proteins | |
| 138800998 | Microfilaments | Made of actin Supporting the cell (reinforcement) Changing the cell shape (sliding filaments) | |
| 138800999 | Microtubules | Hollow tubes of the protein tubulin support the cell Function like "tracks" for transporting vessicles Motor proteins bind to vessicles "walk" along microtubules | |
| 138801000 | Intermediate filaments | Reinforcing the cell and nuclear membrane hold organelles in place | |
| 138801001 | Eukaryokes Cilia | Located on the outside of the cell Short, numerous and hair-like Move protists Found on epithelia (internal "skin" single cell layer) Move fluids around Cigarette smoke destroys cilia | |
| 138801002 | Eukaryokes Flagella | Located on the outside of the cell Long, whip-like A cell only has one or a few Used for swimming (sperm) | |
| 138801003 | Structure of Cilia and Flagella | Surrounded by cell membrane Doublets of mirotubles 9 doublets around the outisde A single pair on the inside A 9 + 2 arrangement | |
| 138801004 | Prokaryotic cells Cell Wall | Made of peptidoglycons, polysaccharides, and polypeptides Capsule is made of glycolipids (made up of carbohydrates and lipids) | |
| 138801005 | Prokaryotic cells Flagella | Evolved independently from eukaryotes flagella They spin around and pull the cell through the water Bacteria could have 1 or more flagella (if present) Could have pilli (which is not cilia) used for attachment to environment and exchange of plasmids | |
| 138803559 | Nucleoid | Is not a true nucleus, does not have a nuclear envelope May have a singular circular chromosome (DNA) | |
| 138803560 | Plasmids | Are small, circular, extra chromosomal DNA molecules Do not contain essential genes May contain genes that allow survival in stressful environment (Eg. Exchanging antibiotic resistance) Closest thing to sexual reproduction | |
| 138803561 | Some membrane-bound organelles | Contains some, but more limited than in Eukaryotes a. Photosynthetic-membranes b. Magnet-sensing c. Some enzymatic reactions | |
| 138803562 | Internal features of Prokaryotic cells | Nucleoid Ribosome Plasmids Some membrane-bound organelles Cytoskeleton | |
| 138808022 | Cytoskeleton | Limited to the periphery of the cell Does not have an extensive cytoskeleton | |
| 138808023 | Characteristics of Prokaryotes | Has no nucleus Has limited cytoskeleton Has limited organelles Has an extensive cytoskeleton Peptidoglycon cell wall | |
| 138808024 | Characteristics of Eukaryotes | Has a nucleus Has an extensive amount of organelles Has an extensive cytoskeleton Has a cellulose cell wall for plants and a chitin cell wall for fungi | |
| 138808025 | Deveolpment of Oganellels- Endomembrane System | Developed through the enfolding of cell membrane which lead to the Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, and nuclear envelope | |
| 138808026 | Mitochondria | Mitochondria came from purple bacteria | |
| 138808027 | Chloroplast | Chloroplast came from photosynthetic bacteria | |
| 138808028 | Evidence of the Endosymbiont theory | Single circular chromosome The presence of a double membrane The size of mitochondria and chloroplasts are about the size of bacteria Chloroplasts and mitochondria can divide by binary fission which are the only organelles to do so |
