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Hammurabi

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221564819Civic dutyThe well-being of many people (society) was more important than the right of the individual person.
221564820HonestySevere punishment were given to those who accused an innocent person of a crime.
221566967HierarchyThere were different punishment for the same crime, based on the guilty person's gender (male or female) and social class (how much power and wealth they had).
221566968Harsh punishmentGuilty people recieved harsh punishment based on retailiation; an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth
221566969Epic of GilgameshWorld's oldest story
221721025CuneiformSumerian writing
221721026Sumer inventionsIrrigation system, wagon wheel, plow, sailboat, mathematics/geometry, number system based on 60, and 12 month calender.
221721027StelaA large stone slab with writing carved on it (had Hammurabi's code on it)
221721028Y early civiliations started in river valleysFloods left silt which equals fertile soil, fish for food, freshwater (drinking, irrigation), easy to travel, and easy to trade goods and ideas.
221721029Services governments providedOrganize food supple, organize building projects, develope laws, and organize armies.
221721030Tigirs and Euphrates RiverWhich two rivers did the civiliation in mesopotamia develope.
221721031The land between the riversWhat does "Mesopotamia" mean
221721032Mediterranean Sea and Persian GulfMesopotamis is part of a large area called the Fertile Crescent; which two bodies of water does it stretch between.
221721033CitiesAs agriculture surplus increased, what larger form of settlement develope.
221721034City-stateAn independant state made up of a city and the land surrrounding farmland and villages.They are not part of any larger unit, they rule themselves.
221721035NationWhich is larger, a nation or a city-state.
221741910Built walls and organized armiesHow did Sumerian city-states protect themselves from attacks by other city-states.
221741911Polytheism, believing in more than 1 godSumerian's religous beliefs.
221741912Less chance of a civil warWhat is the advantage in a hereditary system for choosing a king.
221741913mud-brickMost common material used to constuct buildings in Sumer.
221741914FarmingWhat most people did for a living in Sumer.
221741915Upper class, middle class, and lower classWhat are the three social classes in sumer
221741916Upper classKings, priests, and government officials
221741917Middle classFarmers, artisians, fishers, and merchants
221741918Lower classSlaves
221741919How people became slavesCaptured during war, punishment for a crime, born to slave parents, and sold into slavery to pay pff their debts.
2217419202 ways men had more powerThey could go to school and headed the households (though both could run their own business)
221741921Y Mesop is called the cradle of civiliationsWas the world's first civiliation abd had many ideas and invenstions used by other, later civiliations from mesopotamia
221741922No longer ruled themselvesHow the Akkadian empire was different from Sumerian city-states
221741923Y Hammurabi's code was important1) It covered so many aspects (parts)of people lives, 2) everyone was forced to follow the same laws, 3) was written down so everyone could see it.
221741924Greece, Rome, and USThree civiliations that borrowed from Hammurabi's code
221741925How Hamm got the laws for his legal codeHe took what he believed were the best laws from each city-state and put them in one code
221741926Similarities between Ham and our lawsThey are written, they apply to (almost) everyone, they state what is wrong and what is the punishment, and they reflect the society's ideas of the right and wrong.
221741927Differences between Ham and our lawsDifferent classes recieved different punishments, much harshier punishment, and family members are punished.
221741928How Sumerians writeMade hundreds of wedge shaped marks cut onto damp clay tablets with sharp-ended reeds
221741929ZigguratA huge temple with giant tiers like on a wedding cake and usually dominated the city. At the top was a shrine, 1 entrance, and held the city's treasure.
221741930ShrineA special place to worship that only priest and prestesses could enter.
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The Influence of the Silk Roads

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184076598chinaThe Silk roads led to trade and ideas being spread throughout the empires of _________ India Rome Islam
184076599indiaThe Silk roads led to trade and ideas being spread throughout the empires of China _______ Rome Islam
184076600romeThe Silk roads led to trade and ideas being spread throughout the empires of China India _______ Islam
184076601islamThe Silk roads led to trade and ideas being spread throughout the empires of China India Rome _______
184076602goodsThe Silk Road spread ________ ideas
184076603ideasThe Silk Road spread goods ________
184076604camel caravansHow were goods transported along the Silk Road _______ ships
184076605shipsHow were goods transported along the Silk Road camel caravans _______
184076606indiansWho were the middle men on the Silk Road?
184076607light strong beautifulWhy was silk valued?
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Greco-Roman Terms

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314803804polissophisticated Greek city-states.
314803805monarchypower in one person. (e.g. an all-powerful king)
314803806aristocracypower with the leading elites and nobles of society.
314803807oligarchypower with the economic elites of society.
314803808democracypower with the people.
314803809phalanxa formation where everyone creates a wall of shields and works together to protect each other.
314803810Spartaa Greek city which is based on militia and is more inland.
314803811Athensa Greek city which is on the coast and has a rich navy allowing fluent trade.
314803812Solonhe expands who can hold high office and creates the transition from an oligarchy to a democracy.
314803813tyranta person who takes office by force (dictator).
314803814Periclesthe leader at the height of Athenian democracy.
314803815Socratesusing a process now known as the Socratic method, he challenged the beliefs of citizens of Athens by posing a series of questions to help them seek truth and self-knowledge. brought before a jury of 501 citizens, he was condemned to death at 70 and drank a cup of hemlock.
314803816Platowith the death of his teacher, he was left with a life-long distrust of democracy. he set up the Academy where he emphasized the importance of reason. through rational thought, one could discover unchanging ethical values, recognize perfect beauty, and learn best how to organize society.
314803817Aristotlelike Plato and Socrates, he was suspicious of democracy which he thought would lead to mob-rule. he favored rule by a single strong and virtuous leader. he believed in the golden mean, or a moderate course between extremes. set up the Lyceum for the study of all branches of knowledge.
314803818tragediesplays that told stories of human suffering that usually ended in disaster. these, according to the Greeks, were to stir up and then relieve the emotions of pity and fear.
314803819Herodotusoften called "the Father of History". he collected primary accounts of the events he chronicled excluding biased ones.
314803820Thucydideshe wrote about the Peloponnesian War after he had lived through it and vividly described the war's savagery and corrupting influence on all those involved.
314803821patriciansmembers of the Roman landholding upper class.
314803822plebeiansmembers of the Roman lower class that included farmers, merchants, artisans and traders.
314803823consulstwo elected officials from the patricians who supervised the government and commanded the armies.
314803824dictatora ruler, in a time of war, who had complete control over a government.
314803825tribunesofficials elected by the plebeians to protect their interests in the senate.
314803826vetoa block on a government action.
314803827latifundialarge estates bought up by the newly wealthy Roman citizens after the conquering of new land.
314803828Tiberius and Gaius Gracchustwo young plebeians among the first to reform in the Roman Empire who were killed along with many of their followers.
314803829Julius Caesaran ambitious military commander who completed the conquest of Gaul. he became a very powerful dictator of Rome and spoke the famous words, "veni, vidi, vici" - "I came, I saw, I conquered."
314803830Augustusgrandnephew of Caesar who teamed up with Caesar's chief general, Mark Antony, to hunt down the murderer's of Caesar. in 31 BC, he defeated Antony and his ally Queen Cleopatra of Egypt. he laid the foundation of a stable government and chose officials based on skill as well as create a population census to make the tax system more fair.
314803831Pax Romanaduring this time from the rule of Augustus to Marcus Aurelius is what is known as the "Roman Peace". roman rule brought peace, order unity and prosperity to lands stretching from the Euphrates River to Britain.
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Mesopotamia and Egypt

To study for the test about Mesopotamia and Egypt

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212717749Name 5 developments of the SumeriansSimple geometry, simple algebra, calendar, and a simple clock, 360º in a circle.
212717750Where is the fertile crescent?It makes an arc from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea.
212717751Why did civilizations start in the fertile crescent?It's near the Tigris and Euphrates river, which provides water and food from animals living in and using the river, rivers flood keeping soil rich, and provide a way of transporting people and goods. The desert surroundings made this the best place to settle.
212717752Who were the top people in the Sumerian society?Ruling families, priests, top officials, and scribes.
212717753Why weren't scribes women?Because women stayed home to prepare for their lives as wives and mothers.
212717754What is a Ziggurat?A temple reaching to the heavens used for sacrifices to the gods.
212717755What is the difference between a Ziggurat and a Pyramid?Ziggurat, were used as temples for worship and sacrifice. The priests lived in the Ziggurats, and they were made for the living. Pyramids were built for the dead, and were never intended for anything but burial.
212717756What are key features of a Ziggurat?Large, stepped, reaching to the heavens, flattened out at the top for sacrifices.
212717757What was the danger of living so close to rivers?Flooding. Flooding may sweet crops, buildings, livestock, and people along.
212717758How were leaders originally determined in Sumer?The most courageous and resourceful people were the first ruler, then it became hereditary.
212717759Name four things city-state rulers were in charge of.Upkeep of city walls, irrigation systems, leading army into war, and enforcing laws.
212717760What's it called when you believe in more than one god?Polytheistic
212717761What was the Sumerian view of afterlife?That it was a grim place of no return.
212717762Did Sumerians have scribes?Yes. They invented what may the the earliest known form of writing.
212717763Name the 8 points of a civilizationWriting, cities, arts and architecture, public works, job specialization, well-organized central government, complex religion, and social classes.
212717764Why is writing an important part of a civilization?To keep record of marriage, ceremonies, and more.
212717765What was your status determined by?Clothing, servants, and land.
212717766Land=Power which = status which = land.
212717767Why are arts and architecture an important part of a civilization?Represented core beliefs of the religion.
212717768Why are public works an important part of a civilization?They help cities function.
212717769Name some "public works"Bridges, walls, and road maintenance
212717770Why is job specialization an important part of a civilization?Because there are too many jobs for everyone to do, so you need to specialize.
212717771What is a city-state?A city and surrounding villages ruled by one person
212717772What is an empire?Multiple cities ruled by one person
212717773What are steppes?Unfertile fields used for grazing.
212717774When did history begin?When it was first recorded.
212717775What is an artifact?Anything historical.
212717776What were the social classes in ancient Egypt?Pharaoh, high priests and priestesses, nobles, merchants, scribes, artisans, and peasants.
212717777Did women have many or little rights in ancient Egypt, in comparison to other ancient cultures?Many.
212717778Name three accomplishments of the ancient Egyptians.Developing hieroglyphics and demotic, developing a form of geometry and algebra, and writing stories like The Tale of Sinuhe.
212717779Who was Ptah-Hotep?A wise Vizier who wrote a book to train young officials
212717780Who was Rameses II?The most powerful Pharaoh of the New Kingdom. He extended his rule all the way to Syria.
212717781What is the preservation of the dead through embalming and wrapping the body in linen called?Mummification
212717782What was the Egyptian simple form of writing for everyday use called?Demotic
212717783What was the Egyptian form of picture writing?Hieroglyphics
212717784Why were Egyptians compelled to develop practical geometry?To draw field boundaries
212717785What can we learn about Egyptian life by studying The Tale of Sinuhe?How Egyptians viewed themselves.
231666034Explain how the Nile River played a key role in the development of Egyptian civilization.It developed their lands and made them fertile, as well as allowing life to exist in the middle of the desert, and uniting upper and lower Egypt.
231666035Support this statement- During the period of Egyptian history called the Old Kingdom, rulers organized a strong centralized state.They had strong Pharaohs during the Old Kingdom. They preserved justice and order, and had viziers that were great helps to the Pharaohs. They built large pyramids, showing strength and organization, as well as distributed responsibilities.
231666036Support this statement- The Middle Kingdom was a turbulent period in the history of Egypt.The irregular Nile flooding caused crop failure, which caused power struggle and corruption, which lead to Nubia and the Hyksos invading.
231666037Support this statement- During the New Kingdom, strong Pharaohs united a vast empire that stretched to the Euphrates River.During the New Kingdom, they drove out the Hyksos, and reassured their power. They ruled mostly in peace. Queen Hatshepsut ordered expeditions to Punt, and Rameses the second came to power and expanded his rule to Syria.
231666038Support this statement- For centuries, the relations of Egypt and the southern kingdom of Nubia rocked back and forth between trade and warfare.When both nations were at peace, resources were plenty, and life was good they had a prosperous trading relationship. However, when one nation had need and the other was prospering, or either showed weakness, they turned on each other and invaded.
231666039DeltaTriangular marshland formed by silt deposits.
231666040PharaohEgyptian ruler with absolute power. Viewed as god-on-earth.
231666041VizierChief minister and advisor to the Pharaoh.
231666042Name some Egyptian godsOsiris, Ra, Isis, Set...
231666043HyksosForeign invaders of Egypt in 1700 B.C.
231666044HatshepsutWoman who claimed herself Pharaoh and lived and ruled in peace for many years.
231666045Dates of the Old Kingdom2700-2200 B.C.
231666046Nickname of the Old KingdomPyramid Age. Pyramids were constructed first in the Old Kingdom, and were made to bury the royalty. (mainly the Pharaoh)
231666047What is the name of the valley the Pharaohs were buried in?Valley of the Kings
231666048Dates of Middle Kingdom2050-1800 B.C.
231666049How long was the intermediate period between the Old and Middle Kingdoms?150 yrs.
231666051What is an intermediate period?The time between kingdoms when we can not say it was DEFINITELY one kingdom or another.
231666053Name one achievement of the Old Kingdom.Pyramids
231666055Name one achievement of the Middle Kingdom.Irrigation projects, learned new technology from the Hyksos.
231666057Name one achievement of the New Kingdom.Expanded to Syria, expeditions to Punt, drove out the Hyksos.
231666059What is cultural diffusion?When one culture rubs off on another.
231666061Dates of New Kingdom1550-1100 B.C.
231666063How long was the intermediate period between the Middle and New Kingdoms?450 yrs.
231666065Nickname of the Middle Kingdom.Turbulent Era
231666067Nickname of the New Kingdom.Empire Age. Because it was made up of empires. There were many strong Pharaohs, and Egypt's first Queen, Queen Hatshepsut.
231666069What is the name of the Pharaoh who ruled as a King, but then revealed herself to be a Queen?Queen Hatshepsut.
231682242How did Queen Hatshepsut die?Gum infection that entered her bloodstream
231682243Who tried to remove Queen Hatshepsut from history?Thutmose the Third
231682244Dates of the Kingdoms.2700-2200 (Old), 2050-1800 (Middle), 1550-1100 (New) B.C.
231682245The Egyptians believed what would happen after death?They would go to the hall of Osiris to face judgement and see if they could go to the afterlife in the Happy Field of Food. Their hearts were weighed agains Ma'at's feather of truth, and if they passed judgement they went to the fields. If not, they were condemned to be eaten by the Eater of the Dead.
231682246What process did Egyptians develop to preserve the dead?Mummification. In this process they removed the internal organs, dried out the body, and wrapped it in clean linen to preserve it.
231682247How did the ancient Egyptians view their Pharaoh? (ESSAY, only this just has a simple answer)As god-on-earth
231682248What is the pyramid shaped temple built by the Sumerians called?a Ziggurat
231682249The need to keep records in Egypt led to the development of....Hieroglyphics and Demotic writing
231682250Teaching a belief in one god is known as...Monotheism
231682251Sumer was made up of...City-states
231682252Who was the Egyptian Queen who encouraged trade along the eastern Mediterranean?Queen Hatshepsut
231682253What is the Epic of Gilgamesh?A collection of stories, one of which is a poem that tells of a great flood that destroys the world.
231682254Who was the Pharaoh that spread Egyptian rule northward towards Syria?Rameses the second
231682255What was the Cod of Hammurabi?A code of laws set by Hammurabi the King of Babylon. This code made punishment the same for everyone, instead of the one who was wronged choosing the punishment. This code was made public for all to see.
231682256What TWO geographic features had the greatest influence on ancient Egypt?The Nile and the desert.
231682257What group of Egyptians made up the largest social class?Peasants (farmers)
231682258What was a result of the movement of people across the Fertile Crescent?Cultural diffusion
231682259Did the Sumerians view their rulers differently than the Egyptians viewed theirs?Yes- Sumerian rulers communicated with the Gods, whereas Egyptian rulers WERE gods.
231682260Who was the king that encouraged Babylonian learning?Nebuchadnezzar (Made the hanging gardens of Babylon) (Neh-ba-ka-nezz-er)
231682261According to Torah, who united the Hebrew tribes into a single nation?King David
231682262Who was the ruler that united the Persian empire?Emperor Darius. Created providences and gave them the freedom of culture and to choose their own laws.
231704702Who was the first king of Egypt?King Menes- he united upper and lower Egypt and established the first dynasty.
231704703What is the overall length of the Nile River?4000 miles
231704704For how many miles does the Nile River border Egypt?600 miles
231704705At its widest point, what is the width of Egypt's Nile River valley?12 miles
231704706Egyptian people referred to the Nile River valley as the...Black land- because the soil was rich from silt
231704707Why are Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt named such?Lower- where delta meets sea river is lowest (actually in north) Upper- in the south, the river rises into the mountains in central Africa where it begins.
231704708What discovery occurred in1799 A.D.?The discovery of the Rosetta stone, which had hieroglyphics, demotic, and greek writing, and became the key to understanding hieroglyphics.
231704709Define theocraticPolitical and religious functions combined.
231704710How did Egyptian artifacts survive for thousands of years?The climate is dry and hot, which is perfect for preserving things.
231704711During what months did the Nile River flood?July-September
231704712How much land was covered by this flooding?6 miles
231704713What was the primary food and drink?Bread and beer
231704714What system of exchange was used in place of money?Barter
231704715What did Sumerians believe about the afterlife?It was a dark and desperate place that they feared.
231704716What is the difference between the Sumerian and Egyptian view of the afterlife? (ESSAY QUESTION)Sumerian- dark and feared. Egyptian- happy, live forever.
231704717Why did the Sumerians have a dark view on the afterlife?Because the floods they constantly endured took away everything in their everyday lives. They were constantly losing crops, houses, and other belongings. This made them believe that the afterlife could be no better.
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Chinese and Roman Empires

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38938813Jesusprophet who preached
38938814Pontius Pilatecrucified Jesus
38938815PaulJew - set up church
38938816Gentilesnon-jews
38938817Emperor Constantineended persecution of christians, reunited empire, epiphany on battlefield for christianity, moved capital from Byzantium (turkey) to Constantinople
38938818Emperor Diocletionlast major emperor to persecute christians
38938819Emperor Julianrestored old polytheism
38938820Emperor Theodosiusbanned jagan ceremonies
38938821Popehead of catholic church
389388224 booksMatthew, Mark, Luke, and John
38938823Third Century Crisisperiod of political and military problems, leader changes
38938824catholic (chart)universal, latin, western, cross right way, Rome
38938825orthodox (chart)traditional universal, Byzantine, Greek, eastern, cross reverse, constantinople
38938826Qinwarring state of wei valley, created by violence
38938827Shi Huangdifounder of Qin Empire, china's first emperor
38938828constantinople toRome
38938829Handynasty of China, ruled for 400 years
38938830Han - canalsShang Hei to tenjing to beijing
38938831(below great wall)Han
38938832Chang'anfirst capital city for the Han
38938833ancestor beliefworship
38938834women - lower classless affected
38938835weivalley, Qin homeland, less urbanized
38938836legalismstrict discipline, political way of thinking, authority is supreme
38938837primogenitureright of oldest son to in herit property
38938838liu bangfirst han ruler
38938839emperor wuexpanded territory
38938840qin did thisunified china
38938841unify how?common: language, coins, weight and measures, laws, axle length
38938842gentrypeasants to aristocrats
38938843aristocratssecond in wealth
38938844slavery: chinacontracts, less harsh, legal rights, army, other chinese
38938845slavery: romeprisoners of war, harsher
38938846china and romeagriculture, enemies, internal collapse, slaves, language, coin, army expansion, roads, women suppression, social classes
38938847chinese inventionsbronze, steel, crossbow trigger, cavalry, horse collar, paper, roads, canals, silk, watermill, cast iron
38938848decline: chinaresistance from nomads, military burden, official corruption, peasants without taxes, money for unloyal soliders
38938849Romulusshe-wolf, founded/first king of rome
38938850latinroman language
38938851senatewealthy families
38938852council of elderssenatorial class
38938853council of nicaeasolved conflicts in catholic church
38938854res publicapublic posession / republic
38938855roman senatefirst to the kings, served for life
38938856patricians vs. plebeiansconflict of the orders
38938857patricianselite, reforms
38938858plebeiansstrike, keypoints
38938859paterfamiliasoldest male
38938860women in romechildren, paterfamilia control
38938861numinainvisible, shapeless forces
38938862pax deorumpeace of the Gods
38938863roman solder's equipmentbody armor, shield, spear, and sword
38938864roman battle formationsubdivided into independent units
38938865latifundiabroad estates, farmers lost land while at battle
38938866gaius mariusnew man, land to peasants for military
38938867princepfirst among equals
38938868octavianjjulius caesar's grandnephew and heir, changed the system of government and destroyed all rulers
38938869roman principateperiod after roman republic, dictator, military > senate
38938870augustustitle of octavian
38938871equitesitalian merchants and landowners, second only to the senatorial class
38938872law of the twelve tablessupplemented by decrees, bills, and proclamations, basis of roman law
38938873praetorlocal judge
38938874two consulsgoverment organized, one year
38938875francegaul
38938876powpeasants didn't have work
38938877carthaginian wartwo battles, winner is Rome
38938878carthage isphoenician
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Classical Civilizations: India

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110708238HimalayasMountain region marking the northern border of the Indian subcontinent; site of the Aryan settlements that formed small kingdoms or warrior republics.
110708239MonsoonRainy season in southern Asia when the southwestern monsoon blows, bringing heavy rains
110708240Vedic AgeThe period from 1500 B.C.E. to 500 B.C.E. during which the Aryans created the Vedas - a collection of hymns, chants, ritual instructions, and other religious teachings.
110708241Epic Age1000-500 B.C.E. in India. The two important epics of the time were Mahabharata and Ramayana.
110708242AryanA member of the prehistoric people who spoke Proto-Indo European
110708243Indus RiverThe earliest Indian civilization, dating back to 2500 B.C.E., began in the valley of this river in the northwestern part of the subcontinent of south Asia
110708244GangesRiver sacred to the Hindus with bad flooding.
110708245SanskritAn Indo-European language that was the language of the Vedas, developed by Aryans
110708246VedasSacred texts in the Hindu religion, they are a set of four collections of hymns and religious ceremonies transmitted by memory through the centuries by Aryan priests
110708247Rig-VedasFirst epic, contains 1028 poems and hymns dedicated to Aryan gods.
110708248Mahabharata(Hinduism) a sacred epic Sanskrit poem of India dealing in many episodes with the struggle between two rival families
110708249RamayanaA Hindu epic written in Sanskrit that describes the adventures of the king Rama and his queen
110708250UpanishadsA group of writings sacred in Hinduism concerning the relations of humans, God, and the universe.
110708251VarnasAryan social classes
110708252Caste SystemsA set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation, but also and his/her position in society
110708253BrahminsPriests, at the top of the Aryan-made caste system
110708254SudrasThe second lowest in the caste system made up of peasants and farmers; most of the Indian population
110708255UntouchablesLowest level of the indian society; not considered a part of the caste system; did degrading jobs
110708256IndraChief deity of the Aryans; depicted as a colossal, hard-drinking warrior.
110708257Chandragupta MauryaKing, founder of the Mauryan Empire
110708258Mauryan EmpireThe first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes.
110708259AshokaThird ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing.
110708260DharmaThe law of moral consequences
110708261KushansDynasty that succeeded the Mauryas in northwestern India; sponsors of Buddhism; empire did not extend to Ganges River valley.
110708262GuptasA dynasty that united the indian states after the Mauryan empire in 3rd century C.E.
110708263Gupta EmpireGolden Age of India; ruled through central government but allowed village power; restored Hinduism
110708264HinduismAn eastern religion which evolved from an ancient Aryan religion in which followers strive to free their soul from reincarnation until the soul is finally freed. This religion is practiced primarily in India.
110708265KarmaIn Hindu belief, all the actions that affect a person's fate in the next life
110708266GurusOriginally referred to as Brahmans who served as teachers for the princes of the imperial court of the Guptas
110708267VishnuA Hindu god considered the preserver of the world
110708268ShivaAn important Hindu deity who in the trinity of gods was the Destroyer
110708269ReincarnationHinduism and Buddhism, the process by which a soul is reborn continuously until it achieves perfect understanding
110708270Bhagavad GitaA Hindu holy book where the god Krishna teaches the importance of selflessness, performing religious duties, and of devotion to God.
110708271Siddhartha GautamaThe founder of buddhism, the Buddha
110708272NirvanaThe lasting peace that Buddhists seek by giving up selfish desires
110708273BuddhismA world religion or philosophy based on the teaching of the Buddha and holding that a state of enlightenment can be attained by suppressing worldly desire
110708274Kamasutra(Hinduism) an ancient Sanskrit text giving rules for sensuous and sensual pleasure and love and marriage in accordance with Hindu law
110708275StupasStone shrines built to house pieces of bone and personal possessions said to be relics of the Buddha; preserved Buddhist architectural forms.
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Classical Civilizations: China

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110577041Yin and YangTwo forces in the universe, according to Chinese Theory: Yin is the passive, negative force, and Yang the active, positive force
110577042DaoThe proper "way" Chinese kings were expected to rule under the mandate of heaven.
110577043DynastyA line of rulers who belong to the same family.
110577044ZhouThe imperial dynasty of China from 1122 to 221 BC, notable for the rise of Confucianism and Taoism.
110577045Middle KingdomChinese term for land between the two main river civilizations.
110577046Mandate of HeavenA political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source
110577047Sons of HeavenZhou rulers
110577048Mandarin ChineseThe dialect of Chinese spoken in Beijing and adopted as the official language for all of China
110577049QinDynasty that came to power in China in 221 B.C. under which the first true empire of China was created
110577050Shi HuangdiFounder of the Qin dynasty and China's first emperor
110577051Great Wall of ChinaA system of fortified walls with a roadway along the top, constructed as a defense for China against the nomads of the regions that are now Mongolia and Manchuria: completed in the 3rd century b.c., but later repeatedly modified and rebuilt. 2000 mi. (3220 km) long
110577052HanImperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy
110577053Wu TiHan "Warrior Emperor" who greatly expanded the empire, drove out Huns
110577054BureaucracySystem of managing government through departments run by appointed officials
110577055Chinese BureaucracyLasted from Han Dynasty into 20th century
110577056ConfuciusChinese philosopher, administrator, and moralist. His social and moral teachings, collected in the Analects , tried to replace former religious observances
110577057LegalismChinese philosophy developed by Hanfeizi; taught that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws
110577058DaoismPhilosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course ("path") of natural events
110577059LaoziFounder of Daoism
110577060MandarinsMembers of the elite class of civil servents in Chinese government
110577061Silk RoadAn ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean (4,000 miles)
116483974Chinese DynastiesXia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han
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Ch. 5 Eurasian Cultural Traditions 500 BCE - 500 CE

Test #2 Exam

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245360172Which of the world's philosophical or religious traditions were influenced by Zorastrianism?Christianity and Islam were influenced by Zorastrianism.
245360173What features or basis beliefs do Buddhism and Hinduism have in common?The idea that ordinary life is an illusion, the concepts of karma, and rebirth, the goal of overcoming the incessant demands of the ego, the practice of meditation, the hope for final release from the cycle of rebirth.
245360174In philosophical Hinduism, what are Brahman and moksha?Brahman is the world soul, the final and ultimate reality. Moksha is liberation from illusory perception of a separate existence.
245360175For what reasons did Buddhism decline in India?Buddhism decline in India perhaps in part because the mounting wealth of monasteries and the economic interests of their leading figures separated them from ordinary people. The most important reason for Buddhism's decline in India was the growth of a new kind of popular Hinduism, which the masses found more accessible than the elaborate sacrifices of the Brahimins or the philosophical of intellectuals.
245360176Explain the unusual religious cohesiveness of the Hebrews.Belief in One True God, idea of covenant, ten commandments, and justice and morality. This is all created Extraordinary Religious Cohesiveness. Meaning, Hebrew has some connections with other religions such as Christianity, Jews, and Islam.
245360177What role does the idea of covenant play in the Hebrew religion?They believe that if they are loyal to God, He will bring blessing and fortunes.
245360178How do you explain the growth and early success of the Christian church?Saint Paul went to Rome to convert Romans into Christians. The message of early Christian spread gradually within the Roman Empire.
245360179In the story of the persecution of the Christians in the early church, who were the key Roman emperors?Constantine and Theodosius.
245360180In what ways did Christianity change in the five centuries after the death of Jesus?The earliest converts were usually lower-stratum people - artisans, traders, and a considerable number of woman - mostly from towns and cities, while scattering, of wealthier, more prominent, and better educated people subsequently gained the ranks of Christians.
245360181Who was Confucius, and what are the basic tenets of Confucianism?Confucius was prominent figure in creating Confucianism. If the superior party in each of these relationships behaved with sincerity, benevolence, and genuine concern for the others, then the inferior party would be motivated to respond with deference.
245360182How and why did Confucianism evolve? For what reasons is Confucianism significant?After Legalism died out, Qin dynasty opened door to the adoption of Confucianism in bureaucracy preparing young men to gain official position. Confucian ideas were reformist.
245360183Laozisixth century BCE archivist. Gave rise to Daoism
245360184Karmahuman souls migrated from body to body over many lifetimes, depending on one's action.
245360185ten commandmentsBible law. key commandments: 1. Thou shalt have no other gods before me. 2. Thou shalt not make unto me any graven image. 3. Thou shalt not taken the name of the Lord thy God in vain.
245360186Edict of Milan313 CE Constantine makes Christianity the primary religion of the Roman Empire, issued by Constantine in 313, ended the "great persecution" and legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire
245360187Theodosius Imade Christianity the religion of the Roman Empire in 380 AD, declared Christianity the official religion of the Empire
245360188Analectsa record of the words and acts of the central Chinese thinker and philosopher Confucius and his disciples
245360189Torah(Judaism) the scroll of parchment on which the first five books of the Hebrew Scripture is written
245360190Decian persecutionunder the emperor Decius was one in which the imperial Roman government issued tickets (libellus) indicating that, as per requirement, citizens had sacrificed (sacrificati) or burned incense (thurificati); and libellatici (certificates) certifying that apostates had renounced Christianity.
245360191Babylonian Captivitythe deportation of the Jews to Babylonia by Nebuchadnezzar in 586 BC
245360192Ban ZhaoAncient China's greatest woman scholar. Wrote Lessons for Women - a book of moral advice for unmarried palace ladies
245360193Yahweha name for the God of the Old Testament as transliterated from the Hebrew consonants YHVH
245360194Bhakti(Hinduism) loving devotion to a deity leading to salvation and Nirvana
245360195bodhisattvasfuture Buddhas. As the ideal types for Mahayana Buddhism; being who have experienced enlightenment but, motivated by compassion, stop short of entering nirvana so as to help others achieve it.
245360196Vedassacred texts in the Hindu religion, they are a set of four collections of hymns and religious ceremonies transmitted by memory through the centuries by Aryan priests
245360197ConstantineRoman Emperor (4th century A.D.) who promoted tolerance to all religions in the Roman Empire and legalized Christianity
245360198Saint Paulalong with the Apostles and the writers of the Gospel, this man helped spread Jesus' teachings
245360199UpanishadsA group of writings sacred in Hinduism concerning the relations of humans, God, and the universe.
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APW Chapter 4--topics of Eurasian Empires, Empires, Classical Era Empires, and Eurasian Empires

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215758775When did the first empires develop?during the era of the first civilizations
215758776What were the Eurasian empires of the "classical era"?Akkadian Empire, Babylonian Empire, Assyrian Empire, and Egypt -- all central to world history for 4000 years
215758777What is an empire?has: political system with coercive power; larger more aggressive states
215758778What were the larger more aggressive states of an empire like?conquered other states, use their resources; included multiple people and cultures; no clear line between empires and small multiethnic states
215758779What were the Eurasian empires of the classical era?Persian Empire - Iran; Greek Empire of Alexander the Great - Greece; Roman Empire - Italy; Chinese Empire (Qin and Han) - China; India - (Mauryan and Gupta Empires)
215758780common problems facing the classical empires?1. would they impose their culture on people? 2. would they rule conquered people directly or through local elites? 3. how should they extract wealth while maintained order?
215758781What is the biggest common factor among the classical empires?ALL EVENTUALLY COLLAPSED
215758782What makes empires so appealing?imposing size; blood and violence of conquering; satisfaction of watching fall of the mighty; stimulated exchange of ideas, cultures, and values; people and security encouraged development, commerce, and culture mixing
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Antigone By Sophocles

SAT Words #1-28

Terms : Hide Images
255622262accordagreement, state of harmony
255622263appeaseto pacify
255622264auguryan omen or prophecy
255622265basenessunworthiness, vileness
255622266beguileto deceive, to mislead, to persuade with charm
255622267belieto contradict, to give false impression
255622268bequeathto hand down, to give or leave in a will
255622269championto defend or support
255622270chastento discipline, to use punsihment to correct behavior
255622271dauntto intimidate, to dismay
255622272defileto make dirty, to desecrate
255622273desolatedeserted, barren
255622274edifyinginstructing and improving spiritually
255622275fertileable to reproduce
255622276giddydizzy
255622277gravityseriousness, importance
255622278grievoussorrowful, characterized by suffering
255622279guiledeceitfulness, duplicity
255622280haughtyarrogant, excessively proud & vain
255622281heedlessdisregarding, thoughtless
255622282ignoblewithout honor
255622283impelto urge or move forward (usually with moral pressure)
255622284infernalrelating to hell
255622285ingenuitycleverness, inventiveness
255622286insolenceinsulting or contemptuous behavior
255622287inviolablesecure from violation
255622288lamentto mourn or express sorrow
255622289lineageline of descent
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