To study for the test about Mesopotamia and Egypt
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| 212717749 | Name 5 developments of the Sumerians | Simple geometry, simple algebra, calendar, and a simple clock, 360º in a circle. | |
| 212717750 | Where is the fertile crescent? | It makes an arc from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea. | |
| 212717751 | Why did civilizations start in the fertile crescent? | It's near the Tigris and Euphrates river, which provides water and food from animals living in and using the river, rivers flood keeping soil rich, and provide a way of transporting people and goods. The desert surroundings made this the best place to settle. | |
| 212717752 | Who were the top people in the Sumerian society? | Ruling families, priests, top officials, and scribes. | |
| 212717753 | Why weren't scribes women? | Because women stayed home to prepare for their lives as wives and mothers. | |
| 212717754 | What is a Ziggurat? | A temple reaching to the heavens used for sacrifices to the gods. | |
| 212717755 | What is the difference between a Ziggurat and a Pyramid? | Ziggurat, were used as temples for worship and sacrifice. The priests lived in the Ziggurats, and they were made for the living. Pyramids were built for the dead, and were never intended for anything but burial. | |
| 212717756 | What are key features of a Ziggurat? | Large, stepped, reaching to the heavens, flattened out at the top for sacrifices. | |
| 212717757 | What was the danger of living so close to rivers? | Flooding. Flooding may sweet crops, buildings, livestock, and people along. | |
| 212717758 | How were leaders originally determined in Sumer? | The most courageous and resourceful people were the first ruler, then it became hereditary. | |
| 212717759 | Name four things city-state rulers were in charge of. | Upkeep of city walls, irrigation systems, leading army into war, and enforcing laws. | |
| 212717760 | What's it called when you believe in more than one god? | Polytheistic | |
| 212717761 | What was the Sumerian view of afterlife? | That it was a grim place of no return. | |
| 212717762 | Did Sumerians have scribes? | Yes. They invented what may the the earliest known form of writing. | |
| 212717763 | Name the 8 points of a civilization | Writing, cities, arts and architecture, public works, job specialization, well-organized central government, complex religion, and social classes. | |
| 212717764 | Why is writing an important part of a civilization? | To keep record of marriage, ceremonies, and more. | |
| 212717765 | What was your status determined by? | Clothing, servants, and land. | |
| 212717766 | Land= | Power which = status which = land. | |
| 212717767 | Why are arts and architecture an important part of a civilization? | Represented core beliefs of the religion. | |
| 212717768 | Why are public works an important part of a civilization? | They help cities function. | |
| 212717769 | Name some "public works" | Bridges, walls, and road maintenance | |
| 212717770 | Why is job specialization an important part of a civilization? | Because there are too many jobs for everyone to do, so you need to specialize. | |
| 212717771 | What is a city-state? | A city and surrounding villages ruled by one person | |
| 212717772 | What is an empire? | Multiple cities ruled by one person | |
| 212717773 | What are steppes? | Unfertile fields used for grazing. | |
| 212717774 | When did history begin? | When it was first recorded. | |
| 212717775 | What is an artifact? | Anything historical. | |
| 212717776 | What were the social classes in ancient Egypt? | Pharaoh, high priests and priestesses, nobles, merchants, scribes, artisans, and peasants. | |
| 212717777 | Did women have many or little rights in ancient Egypt, in comparison to other ancient cultures? | Many. | |
| 212717778 | Name three accomplishments of the ancient Egyptians. | Developing hieroglyphics and demotic, developing a form of geometry and algebra, and writing stories like The Tale of Sinuhe. | |
| 212717779 | Who was Ptah-Hotep? | A wise Vizier who wrote a book to train young officials | |
| 212717780 | Who was Rameses II? | The most powerful Pharaoh of the New Kingdom. He extended his rule all the way to Syria. | |
| 212717781 | What is the preservation of the dead through embalming and wrapping the body in linen called? | Mummification | |
| 212717782 | What was the Egyptian simple form of writing for everyday use called? | Demotic | |
| 212717783 | What was the Egyptian form of picture writing? | Hieroglyphics | |
| 212717784 | Why were Egyptians compelled to develop practical geometry? | To draw field boundaries | |
| 212717785 | What can we learn about Egyptian life by studying The Tale of Sinuhe? | How Egyptians viewed themselves. | |
| 231666034 | Explain how the Nile River played a key role in the development of Egyptian civilization. | It developed their lands and made them fertile, as well as allowing life to exist in the middle of the desert, and uniting upper and lower Egypt. | |
| 231666035 | Support this statement- During the period of Egyptian history called the Old Kingdom, rulers organized a strong centralized state. | They had strong Pharaohs during the Old Kingdom. They preserved justice and order, and had viziers that were great helps to the Pharaohs. They built large pyramids, showing strength and organization, as well as distributed responsibilities. | |
| 231666036 | Support this statement- The Middle Kingdom was a turbulent period in the history of Egypt. | The irregular Nile flooding caused crop failure, which caused power struggle and corruption, which lead to Nubia and the Hyksos invading. | |
| 231666037 | Support this statement- During the New Kingdom, strong Pharaohs united a vast empire that stretched to the Euphrates River. | During the New Kingdom, they drove out the Hyksos, and reassured their power. They ruled mostly in peace. Queen Hatshepsut ordered expeditions to Punt, and Rameses the second came to power and expanded his rule to Syria. | |
| 231666038 | Support this statement- For centuries, the relations of Egypt and the southern kingdom of Nubia rocked back and forth between trade and warfare. | When both nations were at peace, resources were plenty, and life was good they had a prosperous trading relationship. However, when one nation had need and the other was prospering, or either showed weakness, they turned on each other and invaded. | |
| 231666039 | Delta | Triangular marshland formed by silt deposits. | |
| 231666040 | Pharaoh | Egyptian ruler with absolute power. Viewed as god-on-earth. | |
| 231666041 | Vizier | Chief minister and advisor to the Pharaoh. | |
| 231666042 | Name some Egyptian gods | Osiris, Ra, Isis, Set... | |
| 231666043 | Hyksos | Foreign invaders of Egypt in 1700 B.C. | |
| 231666044 | Hatshepsut | Woman who claimed herself Pharaoh and lived and ruled in peace for many years. | |
| 231666045 | Dates of the Old Kingdom | 2700-2200 B.C. | |
| 231666046 | Nickname of the Old Kingdom | Pyramid Age. Pyramids were constructed first in the Old Kingdom, and were made to bury the royalty. (mainly the Pharaoh) | |
| 231666047 | What is the name of the valley the Pharaohs were buried in? | Valley of the Kings | |
| 231666048 | Dates of Middle Kingdom | 2050-1800 B.C. | |
| 231666049 | How long was the intermediate period between the Old and Middle Kingdoms? | 150 yrs. | |
| 231666051 | What is an intermediate period? | The time between kingdoms when we can not say it was DEFINITELY one kingdom or another. | |
| 231666053 | Name one achievement of the Old Kingdom. | Pyramids | |
| 231666055 | Name one achievement of the Middle Kingdom. | Irrigation projects, learned new technology from the Hyksos. | |
| 231666057 | Name one achievement of the New Kingdom. | Expanded to Syria, expeditions to Punt, drove out the Hyksos. | |
| 231666059 | What is cultural diffusion? | When one culture rubs off on another. | |
| 231666061 | Dates of New Kingdom | 1550-1100 B.C. | |
| 231666063 | How long was the intermediate period between the Middle and New Kingdoms? | 450 yrs. | |
| 231666065 | Nickname of the Middle Kingdom. | Turbulent Era | |
| 231666067 | Nickname of the New Kingdom. | Empire Age. Because it was made up of empires. There were many strong Pharaohs, and Egypt's first Queen, Queen Hatshepsut. | |
| 231666069 | What is the name of the Pharaoh who ruled as a King, but then revealed herself to be a Queen? | Queen Hatshepsut. | |
| 231682242 | How did Queen Hatshepsut die? | Gum infection that entered her bloodstream | |
| 231682243 | Who tried to remove Queen Hatshepsut from history? | Thutmose the Third | |
| 231682244 | Dates of the Kingdoms. | 2700-2200 (Old), 2050-1800 (Middle), 1550-1100 (New) B.C. | |
| 231682245 | The Egyptians believed what would happen after death? | They would go to the hall of Osiris to face judgement and see if they could go to the afterlife in the Happy Field of Food. Their hearts were weighed agains Ma'at's feather of truth, and if they passed judgement they went to the fields. If not, they were condemned to be eaten by the Eater of the Dead. | |
| 231682246 | What process did Egyptians develop to preserve the dead? | Mummification. In this process they removed the internal organs, dried out the body, and wrapped it in clean linen to preserve it. | |
| 231682247 | How did the ancient Egyptians view their Pharaoh? (ESSAY, only this just has a simple answer) | As god-on-earth | |
| 231682248 | What is the pyramid shaped temple built by the Sumerians called? | a Ziggurat | |
| 231682249 | The need to keep records in Egypt led to the development of.... | Hieroglyphics and Demotic writing | |
| 231682250 | Teaching a belief in one god is known as... | Monotheism | |
| 231682251 | Sumer was made up of... | City-states | |
| 231682252 | Who was the Egyptian Queen who encouraged trade along the eastern Mediterranean? | Queen Hatshepsut | |
| 231682253 | What is the Epic of Gilgamesh? | A collection of stories, one of which is a poem that tells of a great flood that destroys the world. | |
| 231682254 | Who was the Pharaoh that spread Egyptian rule northward towards Syria? | Rameses the second | |
| 231682255 | What was the Cod of Hammurabi? | A code of laws set by Hammurabi the King of Babylon. This code made punishment the same for everyone, instead of the one who was wronged choosing the punishment. This code was made public for all to see. | |
| 231682256 | What TWO geographic features had the greatest influence on ancient Egypt? | The Nile and the desert. | |
| 231682257 | What group of Egyptians made up the largest social class? | Peasants (farmers) | |
| 231682258 | What was a result of the movement of people across the Fertile Crescent? | Cultural diffusion | |
| 231682259 | Did the Sumerians view their rulers differently than the Egyptians viewed theirs? | Yes- Sumerian rulers communicated with the Gods, whereas Egyptian rulers WERE gods. | |
| 231682260 | Who was the king that encouraged Babylonian learning? | Nebuchadnezzar (Made the hanging gardens of Babylon) (Neh-ba-ka-nezz-er) | |
| 231682261 | According to Torah, who united the Hebrew tribes into a single nation? | King David | |
| 231682262 | Who was the ruler that united the Persian empire? | Emperor Darius. Created providences and gave them the freedom of culture and to choose their own laws. | |
| 231704702 | Who was the first king of Egypt? | King Menes- he united upper and lower Egypt and established the first dynasty. | |
| 231704703 | What is the overall length of the Nile River? | 4000 miles | |
| 231704704 | For how many miles does the Nile River border Egypt? | 600 miles | |
| 231704705 | At its widest point, what is the width of Egypt's Nile River valley? | 12 miles | |
| 231704706 | Egyptian people referred to the Nile River valley as the... | Black land- because the soil was rich from silt | |
| 231704707 | Why are Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt named such? | Lower- where delta meets sea river is lowest (actually in north) Upper- in the south, the river rises into the mountains in central Africa where it begins. | |
| 231704708 | What discovery occurred in1799 A.D.? | The discovery of the Rosetta stone, which had hieroglyphics, demotic, and greek writing, and became the key to understanding hieroglyphics. | |
| 231704709 | Define theocratic | Political and religious functions combined. | |
| 231704710 | How did Egyptian artifacts survive for thousands of years? | The climate is dry and hot, which is perfect for preserving things. | |
| 231704711 | During what months did the Nile River flood? | July-September | |
| 231704712 | How much land was covered by this flooding? | 6 miles | |
| 231704713 | What was the primary food and drink? | Bread and beer | |
| 231704714 | What system of exchange was used in place of money? | Barter | |
| 231704715 | What did Sumerians believe about the afterlife? | It was a dark and desperate place that they feared. | |
| 231704716 | What is the difference between the Sumerian and Egyptian view of the afterlife? (ESSAY QUESTION) | Sumerian- dark and feared. Egyptian- happy, live forever. | |
| 231704717 | Why did the Sumerians have a dark view on the afterlife? | Because the floods they constantly endured took away everything in their everyday lives. They were constantly losing crops, houses, and other belongings. This made them believe that the afterlife could be no better. |
