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Chapter 1: The Nature and Method of Economics

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126353839EconomicsSocial science. Assumes infinite wants, but goods and services are limited, so that there are not enough resources to fulfill our wants.
126353840Rational Self InterestPeople make decisions based on what is best for them.
126353841ScarcityResources are limited.
126353842Opportunity CostIn order to get something I want, I must give up the ability to get something else.
126353843Marginal AnalysisStudy of the change in decision making when the economy changes slightly.
126353844Ceteris ParibusAssumes "all other things equal", making it possible to study economics.
126353845USA Economic GoalsEconomic Growth, Full Employment, Economic Efficiency, Price Level Stability, Economic Freedom, Equitable Distribution of Money, Economic Security, Balance of Trade
126353846Trade OffsThings/Goals we sacrifice in order to get something else.
126353847Macroeconomicsstudy of economics as a whole and basic subdivisions such as the government, households, and markets.
126353848MicroeconomicsStudy of specific, smaller units of the economy such as the price of one product of the output of one worker.
126353849AggregateTotal
126353850Positive EconomicsFocuses on facts that are currently testable.
126353851Normative EconomicsFocuses on what the economy should or could be.
126353852Consumer GoodsSatisfy our immediate needs or wants.
126353853Capital GoodsGoods for the future. Ex: factory.
126353854LandNatural resources such as forests and oil.
126353855CapitalManufactured goods that aide in producing consumer goods.
126353856InvestmentWhen capital is purchased.
126353857LaborThe physical and mental talents available in producing goods.
126353858Entrepreneurial AbilityIncludes initiative, decision making, innovation, and risk bearing.
126353859FOPFactors of Production/Inputs: Land, Capital, Labor, Entrepreneurial Ability
126353860Rental IncomeMoney received from supplying land(raw materials).
126353861Interest IncomeMoney received from renting machinery or capital(loaning money).
126353862WagesIncome from labor.
126353863ProfitIncome from entrepreneurial ability. Can be negative.
126353864Full EmploymentAll Factors of Production are in use.
126353865Full ProductionAchieving maximum output.
126353866Productive EfficiencyProduction of goods in the least expensive way.
126353867Allocative EfficiencyProducing the right group of goods.
126358301PPFProduction Possibilities Frontier: Demonstrates that we must produce less of one good if we choose to produce more of another good.
126358302UnderutilizationWhen a country is not fully employing its resources.
126358303Law of Increasing Opportunity CostThe more of a product is produced, the greater the opportunity cost.
126358304Marginal CostCost of producing one more unit.
126358305Marginal BenefitBenefit of producing one more unit.
126358306Market SystemCapitalism: Incorporates Rational Self Interest, Economic Freedom, competition for limited resources, and sometime "Laissez-faire".
126358307Command SystemSocialism/Communism: Government decides how much and what to produce, and controls all Factors of Production. North Korea and Cuba.
126358308Circular Flow ModelExplains Market System. Resources are traded between Households, Resource Market, Businesses, and the Product Market.
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Economics-The Nature and Method of Economics(CH.1)

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293391480Economicsthe social science concerned with the efficient use of scarce resources to achieve maximum satisfaction of economic wants
293391481Economic perspectiveeconomic way of thinking; a viewpoint that envisions individuals and institutions making rational decisions by comparing the marginal benefits and marginal costs associated with their actions
293391482Marginal AnalysisThe comparison of marginal ("extra" or "additional") benefits and marginal costs, usually for decision making
293391483Scientific MethodThe procedure for the systematic pursuit of knowledge involving the observation of facts and the formulation and testing of hypotheses to obtain theories, principles, and laws
293391484Theoretical EconomicsThe process of deriving and applying economic theories and principles
293391485Principlesstatements about economic behavior or the economy that enable prediction of the probable effects of certain actions.
293391486GeneralizationsStatement of the nature of the relationship between two or more sets of facts
293391487Other things equal assumptionThe assumption that factors other than those being considered are held constant
293391488Policy EconomicsThe formulation of courses of action to bring about desired economic outcomes or to prevent undesired occurrences
293391489TradeoffA sacrifice of some or all of one economic goal, good, or service to achieve some other goal, good, or service
293391490MacroeconomicsThe part of economics concerned with the economy as a whole; with such major aggregates as the household, business, and government sectors; and with measures of the total economy
293391491Aggregatethe whole amount
293391492MicroeconomicsThe part of economics concerned with such individual units as industries, firms, and households and with individual markets, specific goods and services, and product and resource prices
293391493Positive economicsThe analysis of facts or data to establish scientific generalizations about economic behavior
293391494Normative economicsThe part of economics involving value judgments about what the economy should be like; focused on which economic goals and policies should be implemented; policy economics
293391495Fallacy of compositionThe false notion that what is true for the individual (or part) is necessarily true for the group (or whole)
293391496after this, therefore because of this, fallacyidea that a thing occurred specifically because of the thing right before it happened. eg. 3rd period caused lunch. not true; post hoc ergo propter hoc
293391497horizontal axisThe "left-right" or "west-east" axis on a graph or grid
293391498vertical axisThe "up-down" or "north-south" axis on a graph or grid
293391499direct relationshipThe relationship between two variables that change in the same direction, for example, product price and quality supplied
293391500inverse relationshipThe relationship between two variables that change in opposite directions, for example, product price and quantity demanded
293391501independent variableThe variable causing a change in some other (dependent) variable
293391502dependent variableA variable that changes as a consequence of a change in some other (independent) variable; the "effect" or outcome
293391503slope of a straight lineThe ratio of vertical change (the rise or fall) to horizontal change (the run) between any two points on a line. The slope of an upward-sloping line is positive, reflecting a direct relationship between two-variables; the slope of a downward-sloping line is negative, reflecting an inverse relationship between two variables
293391504vertical interceptThe point at which a line meets the vertical axis of a graph
293897258AggregationThe combining of individual units or data into one unit or number. For example, all prices of individual goods and services are combined into a price level or all units of output are combined into real gross domestic product.
297904318Marginal benefitthe additional benefit to a consumer from consuming one more unit of a good or service
297904319Marginal costthe additional cost to a firm of producing one more unit of a good or service
297904320Economic growth1st economic goal; produce more and better goods and services, or, more simply, develop a higher standard of living
297904321Full employment2nd economic goal; provide suitable jobs for all citizens who are willing and able to work
297904322Economic efficiency3rd economic goal; achieve the maximum fulfillment of wants using the available productive resources
297904323Price level stability4th economic goal; avoid large upswings and downswings in the general price level; that is, avoid inflation and deflation
297904324Economic freedom5th economic goal; guarantee that businesses, workers, and consumers have a high degree of freedom in their economic activities
297904325Equitable distribution of income6th economic goal; ensure that no group of citizens faces poverty while most others enjoy abundance
297904326Economic security7th economic goal; provide for those who are chronically ill, disabled, laid off, aged, or otherwise unable to earn minimal levels of income
297904327Balance of trade8th economic goal; seek a reasonable overall balance with the rest of the world in international trade and financial transactions
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College Applications: Early Decision vs. Early Action
By: Course-Notes.Org
Sep 05, 2012
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Applying for the college of your choice can be somewhat tricky. Each college has their own set of rules, regulations, and guidelines concerning the application process. It is vitally important to know what you're getting into before you begin applying. Submitting an application that is incomplete, or incorrect, is a waste of everyone's time. Colleges want to see that you can do the research and complete the task properly. In effect, they are testing you before you even get accepted.

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Renaissance Art

Covers the Italian Renaissance and Northern Renaissance

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94514529Early RenaissancePart of the Italian Renaissance that saw an introduction of perspective and new skills in developing sculpture
94514530High Renaissancepost-1494 to 1527, part of the Italian Renaissance that saw artists MASTER perspective and other skills
94514531Donatellofather of scuplture; his best known work is the bronze David
94514532GiottoFather of Renaissance Art; first to attempt perspective; he is best known for his series on St. Francisis of Asisi
94514533Masaccioa great Early Renaissance painter who attempted to build upon the "father's" work; Tribute Money is a good example of his work
94514534Botticelligreatest of the Early Renaissance painters; his Primavera and Birth of Venus are examples of his work, but his religious conversion saw him attempt to destroy many of his images
94514535BrunelleschiFather of Renaissance architecture; his Duomo illustrates the first attempt at a European dome since antiquity
94514536da Vincione of the "big three" of the High Renaissance; his Mona Lisa and Last Supper are examples of his work, but he is best known for his well roundedness
94514537Michelangelopainted the story of Genesis on the ceiling of hte Sistine Chapel, but his best work is in scuplture; work included David and Moses
94514538Raphaelone of the big three of the High Renaissance; his attempt to use pudginess to add softness in his Madonna series demonstrate a connection to the Late Renaissance; best known painting is the School of Athens
94514539Bramante(1444-1514)High Renaissance architect who worked on the dome of St. Peter's Basilica(with Michelangelo) as well as the "Tempietto." St. Peter's Basilica is in the Vatican City, Rome; dome is 138ft in diameter; most perfect dome; greatest example of the High Renaissance (borrowed from another user)
94514540DurerCombined Italian techniques with the artistic traditions of their homelands. Painted realistic portraits, religious themes, landscapes, and scenes of daily life. (borrowed from another user)
94514541van EyckFlemish painter who may have been the first to use oil paint in the North; his best known work is the "Marriage"
94514542Brueghela Flemish painter who attempted to add value to the common man and attempted to realistically demonstrate landscapes; his best known work may be "The Beggars"
94514543HolbeinNorthern Renaissance painter best known for his portraits of Erasmus, More, and Henry VIII
94514544Erasmus"Prince of the Humanists;" established Christian Humanism in his books such as Praise of Folly and Julius Excluded from Heaven
94514545MoreEnglish humanist who wrote Utopia; he attempted to criticize the English society by demonstrating a "perfect" society where there was no greed, no private property
94514546RabelaisFrench writer whose comic adventure Gargantua and Pantagruel satirized outdated customs; his hoped to challenge the Medieval Catholic Church to reorganize its beliefs and work to create a "utopia" rather than outdated traditions
94515263Christian Humanisma movement that developed in Northern Europe during the Renaissance combining classical learning (humanism) with the goal of reforming the Catholic Church
94515264Sac of Romemarked the end of the High Renaissance
94515265Italian Warsthe beginning of these marked the end of the Early Renaissance, displacing Florence as the center of the cultural world
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Italian Renaissance Vocabulary and People

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158376566Patronperson who financially supports the arts
158376567Humanisma Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements
158376568Humanitiesstudy of subjects taught in ancient Greece and Rome, such as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history
158376569Perspectivetechnique that shows three dimensions on a flat surface
158376570de'MediciItalian statesman and scholar who supported many artists and humanists including Michelangelo and Leonardo and Botticelli (1449-1492)
158376571Petrarchone of the first humanists, lived from 1304 to 1374, famous scholar/teacher/poet, believed that classical writings (greek and roman) should be studied and imitated
158376572da VinciItalian Renaissance artist that painted The Last Supper and Mona Lisa, he was also an engineer, architect, sculptor, and scientist.
158376573MichelangeloItalian Renaissance artist that painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling and sculpted the statue of David.
158376574Raphael(1483-1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.
158376575MachiavelliItalian Renaissance writer, described government in the way it actually worked (ruthless). He wrote The Prince (the end justifies the mean).
160078148engravingart form in which an artist etches a design on a metal plate with acid and then uses the plate to make multiple prints
160078149vernaculareveryday language of ordinary people
160078150Utopiancharacteristic of an ideal society; visionary
160078151Durera leading German painter and engraver of the Renaissance (1471-1528)
160078152van Eyckfirst to use oils in painting
160078153BruegelPainted everyday scenes of peasant life such as weddings and harvests. Flemish.
160078154ErasmusDutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe
160078155MoreEnglish humanist and author of Utopia
160078156CervantesAuthor of Don Quixote
160078157GutenbergInventor of the printing press
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Unit 2 Colonies & Revolution

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82175227JamestownFirst permanent English settlement in America
82175228tobaccoCash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown
82175229House of BurgessesIn 1619 this became the first form of representative government in the American colonies
82175230indentured servantPoor laborer who agreed to work without pay for a certain period of time in exchange for passage to America
82175231triangular tradea trade route that exchanged goods between England, the West Indies, the American colonies, and West Africa
82175232mercantilismAn economic system in which colonies are used as a source of natural resources and trade ONLY with the mother country
82175233raw materialssupplies or physical resources necessary to produce a tangible good, such as cotton or timber
82175235Mayflower CompactA document written by the Pilgrims establishing themselves as a political society and setting guidelines for self-government.
82175249Middle Passagethe journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas, so called because it was the middle portion of the triangular trade route
82175289Puritansa group of people who sought freedom from religious persecution in England by founding a colony at Massachusetts Bay; known for faith and hard work
82852408William PennEnglishman and Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania for religious freedom
82852410finished productsEnglish colonies were forced to buy these only from England (also called manufactured goods)
82909334cash cropsEasily grown and sold for a large profit; such as wheat, indigo, rice, tobacco, and cotton
82909335port citiesplaces on or near a coastline that were vital to trade, such as Boston, New York and Philadelphia
82909337joint stock companyA business in which investors pool their wealth in order to turn a profit; how Jamestown was funded
82909338plantationA large farm worked by many laborers; cash crops were grown here
82909339PilgrimsSeparatists who fled England because of religious persecution and landed at Plymouth Rock in 1620
82909340Toleration Actlaw that was passed in Maryland to guarantee religious freedom
82909341MassachusettsColony most associated with religious intolerance
82909342New EnglandRegion whose economy was dominated by trade, whaling, lumber and fishing
82909343MiddleRegion were religious tolerance was most often found
82909344SouthernRegion with the warmest climate and most fertile soil for growing crops
82909347mother countryA term used to refer to the nation from which colonists emigrated; in the U.S., this term refers to England
82909348colonyGroup of people who settle in a distant land but are still ruled by the government of their native land.
83005328Join or DieCartoon showing the colonies as a divided snake; Franklin urged unity in 1754 to help the colonies survive
83042638French and Indian WarBritish defeated the French, gained "western" territories, but were in debt; began to tax the colonists
83042639Proclamation Line of 1763Forbade colonists to settle beyond Appalachian mtns; made colonists mad because they thought they were being oppressed
83045086salutary neglectGreat Britain's decision to not interfere in her colony's affairs and allow them to set up their own colonial governments
83045087Stamp ActA law passed by British Parliament in 1765 which required all colonists to buy a stamp for certain paper they bought (documents, almanac, dice)
83070536Stamp Act Congressmet in NYC in 1765 to protest the Stamp Act; this meeting and action was a major step to colonial unity and resistance of British authority.
83070537boycottan organized campaign to refuse to buy certain products
83070538"no taxation without representation"Motto used by colonists to protest taxing by Parliament without any representatives there
83070539quarteringthis term refers to the housing and feeding of soldiers
83070540Intolerable Actsa series of laws enacted by Parliament in 1774 to punish Massachusetts colonists for the Boston Tea Party (also called Coercive Acts)
83070541Parliamentthe lawmaking body of British government
83070542Boston Tea PartyA 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.
830705431st Continental Congress1774 - delegates met and agreed to an economic boycott of GB; published a list of rights and grievances; petitioned King George for redress of those grievances
830705442nd Continental CongressCongress of American leaders which first met in 1775, declared independence in 1776, and helped lead the United States during the Revolution
83070548loyalista person who supported the British cause in the American Revolution; a Tory
83070549patriotA person who supported the colonists during the American Revolution
83070550Common Sensea pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation
83070552Declaration of Independencethe document approved by representatives of the American colonies in 1776 that stated their grievances against the British monarch and declared their independence.
83070553natural rightsAccording to John Locke, these are life, liberty and property. Government's job is to protect these rights, and if these rights are NOT protected, people have the right to rebel.
83070554social contractthe notion that society is based on an agreement between government and the governed in which people agree to give up some rights in exchange for the protection of others
83070557George WashingtonCommander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War
83070558Thomas JeffersonMain author of the Declaration of Independence
83070559John LockeEnglish philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" and who also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property
83070561King George IIIKing of Great Britain during the American Revolution (he)
83075866grievanceA complaint in which one party seeks redress, that is, correction, perceived wrong from another party
83075867Committees of Correspondenceway for the 13 colonies to communicate through letters with each other about what was goin on in their colonies
83075868Sons of LibertyA radical political organization formed after the passage of the Stamp Act to protest various British acts; organization used both peaceful and violent means of protest.
83075869tyrannyoppressive government that employs cruel and unjust use of power and authority
198768538Boston Massacrea clash between British soldiers and Boston colonists in 1770, in which five of the colonists were killed.
199334144Anthony Johnsonblack indentured servant that finish his servitude and became wealthy land owner in Virgina in the 1600s
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Chapter 2

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214601125Columbian ExchangeThe exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
214601126Gold CoastRegion of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana, named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward.
214601127RenaissanceThe great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history.
214601128ReconquistaThe Reconquering of Spain from the Muslims in 1492 by Ferdinand and Isabella. This unified Spain into a powerful nation-state.
214601129Ferdinand & IsabellaThe king and queen of Spain who gave Columbus the funds that he needed to find a route to Asia.
214601130Enclosure MovementThe process by which British landlords consolidated or fenced in common lands to increase the production of cash crops. The Enclosure Acts led to an increase in the size of farms held by large landowners.
214601131Market economyAn economic system in which people choose freely what to buy and sell.
214601132Joint-stock companyA company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.
214601133Protestant ReformationReligious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant church.
214601134Henry VIIIEnglish king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage.
214601135SeparatistsSub-group of the Puritans who vowed to break completely with the Church of England, also known as pilgrims.
214601136PilgrimsEnglish Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620.
214601137Mayflower CompactA document written aboard the Mayflower by the Pilgrims, establishing themselves as a political society and setting guidelines for self-government.
214601138Squanto & SamosetNative Americans who helped teach the Plymouth colonists about farming.
214601139PuritansA religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.
214601140AnglicansBelonged to church of England and came to America, "purified" version of Catholics.
214601141Conversion experienceAn experience to turn one towards God and away from sin, to search to understand and to do what God desires.
214601142Prince Henry the NavigatorPrince of Portugal who established a school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.
214601143Trans-Atlantic slaveryThe time period of when African slaves were brought to the new European colonies of North America.
214601144Christopher ColumbusItalian explorer who sailed to the Caribbean trying to find a western route to Asia.
214601145Treaty of TordesillasBoundaries established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.
214601146Vasco da GamaPortuguese explorer who sailed around Africa to India.
214601147John CabotItalian-born navigator who claimed the coast of New England, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland for England.
214601148Vasco Nunez de BalboaSpanish explorer who led an expedition across Panama and discovered the Pacific Ocean.
214601149Cortes & PizarroConquered the great American empires, the Aztecs and Incas.
214601150Encomienda systemSystem in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians and demand their labor in exchange for protecting them.
214601151Columbian ExchangeThe global transfer of plants, animals, and diseases that occurred during the European colonization of the Americas.
214601152St. AugustineFirst Spanish settlement, established in Florida.
214601153Northwest PassageThe supposed "all water" route that cut across North America and connected the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.
214601154Samuel de ChamplainFrench explorer in Nova Scotia who established Quebec.
214601155Spanish ArmadaThe great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588 who were defeated by the English.
214601156Elizabeth IReestablished Protestantism as the state religion of England and she led the defeat of the Spanish Armada.
214601157Roanoke ColonyAlso called the "Lost Colony." It was funded by Sir Walter Raleigh and disappeared when the ships came back after the Spanish Armada attack.
214601158Virginia Company of LondonJoint-stock company that sent English settlers to Jamestown.
214601159John SmithHelped to found and govern Jamestown. His leadership helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.
214601160PowhatanThe Native American tribe that helped the Jamestown colony. They taught them how to plant crops and how to survive.
214601161John RolfeHe brought tobacco to Jamestown, which saved this colony from failing, and he also was married to Pocahontas
214601162Starving Time(1609-1610) Jamestown settlers starved because they had not planted crops.
214601163PocahontasDaughter of Chief Powhatan, who acted as an intermediary between settlers and the Native Americans.
214601164Headright systemThe Virginia Company's system in which settlers and the indentured servants who came with them each received 50 acres of land.
214601165OpechancanoughChief of the Powhatan after Chief Powhatan died who was angry that the English were taking the Native Americans land. He lead an attack against the settlers.
214601166Virginia General AssemblyFounded in 1619, it was the first elected legislative body in English America giving settlers the opportunity to control their own government.
214601167House of BurgessesThe first official legislative assembly in the colonies.
214601168New NetherlandA colony founded by the Dutch in the New World. It became New York after England took over.
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Ap Bio Chapter 6

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207163576actinA globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells.
207163577aminopeptidaseAn enzyme found within the small intestine that splits off one amino acid at a time, beginning at the opposite end of the polypeptide containing a free carboxyl group.
207163578basal bodyA eukaryotic cell organelle consisting of a 9 + 0 arrangement of microtubule triplets; may organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum; structurally identical to a centriole.
207163579cell fractionationThe disruption of a cell and separation of its organelles by centrifugation.
207163580cell wallA protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists. In plant cells, the wall is formed of cellulose fibers embedded in a polysaccharide-protein matrix. The primary cell wall is thin and flexible, whereas the secondary cell wall is stronger and more rigid and is the primary constituent of wood.
207163581central vacuoleA membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development.
207163582centrioleA structure in an animal cell composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 + 0 pattern. An animal cell usually has a pair of centrioles involved in cell division.
207163583centrosomeMaterial present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells, important during cell division; the microtubule-organizing center.
207163584chloroplastAn organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.
207163585chromatinThe complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope.
207163586chromosomeA threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins. See chromatin.
207163587ciliumA short cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane.
207163588collagenA glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom.
207163589contractile vacuoleA membranous sac that helps move excess water out of the cell.
207163590crista(plural, cristae) An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.
207163591cytoplasmThe entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, and bounded by the plasma membrane.
207163592cytoplasmic streamingA circular flow of cytoplasm, involving myosin and actin filaments, that speeds the distribution of materials within cells.
207163593cytoskeletonA network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical and transport functions.
207163594cytosolThe semifluid portion of the cytoplasm.
207163595desmosomeA type of intercellular junction in animal cells that functions as an anchor.
207163596dyneinA large contractile protein forming the side-arms of microtubule doublets in cilia and flagella.
207163597electron microscope (EM)A microscope that focuses an electron beam through a specimen, resulting in resolving power a thousandfold greater than that of a light microscope. A transmission electron microscope (TEM) is used to study the internal structure of thin sections of cells. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the fine details of cell surfaces.
207163598endomembrane systemThe collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.
207163599eukaryotic cellA type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles, present in protists, plants, fungi, and animals; also called eukaryote.
207163600extracellular matrix (ECM)The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides.
207163601fibronectinA glycoprotein that helps cells attach to the extracellular matrix.
207163602flagellum(plural, flagella) A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion. The flagella of prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in both structure and function.
207163603food vacuoleA membranous sac formed by phagocytosis.
207163604gap junctionA type of intercellular junction in animal cells that allows the passage of material or current between cells.
207163605glycoproteinA protein covalently attached to a carbohydrate.
207163606Golgi apparatusAn organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum.
207163607granum(plural, grana) A stacked portion of the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis.
207163608integrinA receptor protein built into the plasma membrane that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton.
207163609intermediate filamentA component of the cytoskeleton that includes all filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments.
207163610light microscope (LM)An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens.
207163611lysosomeA membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
207163612microfilamentA solid rod of actin protein in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction.
207163613microtubuleA hollow rod of tubulin protein in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and in cilia, flagella, and the cytoskeleton.
207163614middle lamellaA thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young plant cells.
207163615mitochondrial matrixThe compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle.
207163616mitochondrion(plural, mitochondria) An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration.
207163617myosinA type of protein filament that interacts with actin filaments to cause cell contraction.
207163618nuclear envelopeThe membrane in eukaryotes that encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm.
207163619nuclear laminaA netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus.
207163620nucleoidA dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
207163621nucleolus(plural, nucleoli) A specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes.
207163622nucleus(1) An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons. (2) The chromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell. (3) A cluster of neurons.
207163623organelleOne of several formed bodies with specialized functions, suspended in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
207163624peroxisomeA microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide.
207163625phagocytosisA type of endocytosis involving large, particulate substances, accomplished mainly by macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells.
207163626plasma membraneThe membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition.
207163627plasmodesma(plural, plasmodesmata) An open channel in the cell wall of plant through which strands of cytosol connect from an adjacent cell.
207163628plastidOne of a family of closely related plant organelles that includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts (leucoplasts).
207163629primary cell wallA relatively thin and flexible layer first secreted by a young plant cell.
207163630prokaryotic cellA type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.
207163631proteoglycanA glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells, rich in carbohydrate.
207163632pseudopodium(plural, pseudopodia) A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding.
207163633ribosomeA cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits.
207163634rough ERThat portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.
207163635scanning electron microscope (SEM)A microscope that uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a sample to study details of its topography.
207163636secondary cell wallA strong and durable matrix often deposited in several laminated layers for plant cell protection and support.
207163637smooth ERThat portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.
207163638stromaThe fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.
207163639thylakoidA flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.
207163640tight junctionA type of intercellular junction in animal cells that prevents the leakage of material between cells.
207163641tonoplastA membrane that encloses the central vacuole in a plant cell, separating the cytosol from the vacuolar contents, called cell sap; also known as the vacuolar membrane.
207163642transmission electron microscope (TEM)A microscope that passes an electron beam through very thin sections; primarily used to study the internal ultrastructure of cells.
207163643transport vesicleA tiny membranous sac in a cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell.
207163644vesicleA sac made of membrane inside of cells.
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Final Review: Articles of Confederation to the Constitution

This set of flashcards covers the early years of United States history until the creation of the US Constitution

Terms : Hide Images
73228369Articles of ConfederationPlan for United States government in which states joined together in a loose union---under this plan the states had the most power and the central (federal) government was weak
73228371Shays' RebellionFarmers in Massachusetts, led by Daniel Shays, rebelled against the state government because many were in debt and were losing their farms----showed the central (federal) government was weak
73228372Constitutional ConventionMeeting held in Philadelphia to initially revise the Articles of Confederation. Founding Fathers decided an entire new plan of government, or constitution, was needed.
73228373James MadisonAuthored the Virginia Plan. Many principles of the Constitution are based on his ideas. Madison is known as the "Father of the Constitution"
73228374Virginia PlanPlan that called for 3 branches of government, with a 2 house legislature that had representation in both houses determined by population---this plan favored large states
73228375New Jersey PlanPlan that called for 3 branches of government with a 1 house legislature in which representation for each state was equal---this plan favored small states
73228376CompromiseA way of settling problems in which both sides give in a little
73228377Great CompromisePlan created by Roger Sherman that solved the conflict between the two plans that were presented. There would be 2 houses in the legislature, the House of Representatives, with representatives being determined by state population, and a Senate, with each state having an equal number of representatives (2).
73228378Three-fifths CompromiseSouthern states wanted slave to be counted in population, northern states did not, the compromise reached would count each slave as 3/5ths of a person.
73228379FederalismThe sharing of power between a central (federal) government and its political subdivisions, or states
73228380AntifederalistsPeople who opposed the Constitution because they thought the federal government had too much power over states and that people had a loss of individual freedoms.
73228381Separation of PowersThe government is divided into 3 separate branches in order to keep any one branch from becoming too powerful
73228382Check and BalancesEach branch of government has certain powers over the others to keep balance among the branches. An example is that the President (executive branch) can veto a law proposed by Congress (legislative branch)
73228383Bill of RightsThe first 10 amendments, or additions, to the Constitution. These describe the rights Americans have under their government.
73258322Founding Fathers/FramersDelegates to the Constitutional Convention who were among America's most educated people at the time
73258323Electoral CollegeThe body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice-president
73258324CensusOfficial count of the people, done every 10 years in the US
73258325Requirements to become PresidentMust be born in the US, age 35 or older, must have lived in the US for at least 14 years
73258326Amendmenta change in, or addition to, a constitution or law
181118030Ratification of ConstitutionAfter the Constitution was signed, it had to be approved by at least 9 states in order to go into effect.
181118199Bill of RightsThe first ten amendments to the Constitution
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