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Chapter 23 People and Terms

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51156099ConservativeBelieves in little change as possible (if costly), anti-government
51156100LiberalBelieves government is solution, more comfortable with change
51156101Laissez-Fairegovernment out of economy
51156102Grover ClevelandPresident in 1884 and 1892, Democrat
51156103Stalwarts(Republican) Conservatives, led by Roscoe Conkling of NY, favored the old issues of the South
51156104Half Breeds(Republican) Liberals, led by James Blain of ME, favored new issues
51156105Roscoe Conklingled Stalwarts
51156106James Blaineled Half Breeds, Garfield appointed him as Secretary of State
51156107Bourbonsconservatives, democratic leaders in the South, this was a name dubbed on them by their enemies
51156108Party BossesControlled the political parties
51156109Mugwumps(Usually Republicans) Reformers who were liberal on social issues but held conservative economic views (like laissez-faire, tariff reform, sound money, civil service reform)
51156110Carl SchurzA mugwump, Secretary of Interior
51156111George William CurtisA mugwump, editor of Harper's Weekly
51156112E.L. GodkinA mugwump, editor of the Nation
51156113Rutherford B. HayesStalwart Republican, president 1877-1881
51156114John JayLed Presidential Commission of 1877
51156115Chester A. ArthurThe collector, and naval officer of Alonzo Cornell
51156116James A. GarfieldHalf Breed Republican, president 1881, shot and died
51156117Charles GuiteauShot Garfield
51156118Benjamin HarrisonStalwart Republican, president 1889-1893
51156119The Grange"Patrons of Husbandry", to allow farmers to discuss farm problems and to socialize
51156120Oliver Hudson KelleyFormed The Grange
51156121CooperativesBusinesses owned and operated by farmers
51156122Dr. Charles MacuneLed National Farmers' Alliance
51156123James WeaverPopulist Candidate, Democrat, chicken farmer
51156124William McKinleyStalwart Republican, president 1897-1901
51156125William Jennings BryanDemocrat and Populist Candidate for election of 1897
51156126Marcus Hannahelped McKinley win Presidency
51158194Political ConservatismStatus quo, big business rules, laissez faire
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Accounting Unit 3

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189913688Automated teller machine (ATM) -electronic machine from which cash deposits and withdrawals can be made
189913689Bank reconciliation -bringing into agreement a bank statement with a party's cash account records
189913690Bank statement -a report of deposits, withdrawals, and bank balances sent to a depositor by a bank
189913691Blank endorsement -an endorsement that consists only of the endorser's signature on the back of a check
189913692Checking account -a bank account from which payments can be ordered by a depositor
189913693Debit card -a bank card that automatically deducts the amount of the purchase from the checking account of the cardholder
189913694Deposit slip -a form prepared for the placement of cash (coins, bills, checks) into a checking account
189913695Dishonored check -a check that a bank refuses to pay
189913696Electronic funds transfer (EFT) -the use of a computer and telecommunications network to
189913697Petty cash -a system established by a business that keeps a small amount of cash on hand for making small payments
189913698Restrictive endorsement -an endorsement found on the back of a check restricting further transfer of a check's ownership
189913699Special endorsement -an endorsement indicating a new owner of a check; also known as an endorsement in full
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Challenge 1 American Government

This set has dates for terms, as well as constitution facts.

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156119428Magna Carta1215
156119429Columbus1492
156119430Jamestown1607
156119431Plymouth1620
156119432Lexington+Concord1775
156119433Declaration of Independence1776
156119434Saratoga1777
156119435Valley Forge1777
156119436Articles of Confederation1781
156119437Constitution1787, 1789
156119438Bill of Rights1791
156119439Cotton Gin1793
156119440Louisiana Purchase1803
156119441War of 18121812
156119442Missouri Compromise1820
156119443Monroe Doctrine1823
156119444Gold Rush1848
156119445Erie Canal1825
156119446Trail of Tears1831
156119447Manifest Destiny1840's
156119448Mexican War1846
156119449Seneca Falls1848
156119450Underground Railroad1810-1850
156119451Women's Suffrage1800's-1900's
156119452Civil War1861-1865
156119453Emancipation Proclamation1863
156119454Reconstruction1867-1877
156119455Transcontinental Railroad1863-1869
156119456Robber Barons1934
156119457Statue of Liberty1886
156119458Yellow Journalism1895-1898
156119459Spanish-American War1898
156119460Imperialism1850-1900
156119461Panama Canal1904-1914
156119462World War I1914-1918
156119463Spanish Flu1917-1920
156119464Isolationismearly 1900's
156119465Stock Market Crash1929
156119466Franklin Roosevelt1882-1945
156119467Eleanor Roosevelt1884-1962
156119468The Dust Bowl1930's
156119469Sandra Day O'Connor1930-2006
156119470Camp David1935
156119471New Deal1933-1936
156119472Social Security1935
156119473Pearl Harbor1941
156119474Hiroshima+Nagasaki1945
156119475United Nations1945
156119476Containment1946
156119477Marshal Plan1947-1951
156119478Korean War1950-1953
156119479Brown V. Board1954
156119480Cuban Missile Crisis1962
156119481Space Race1955-1969
156119482Kennedy Assassination1963
156119483Rosa Parks1913-2005
156119484Martin Luther King Jr.1929-1968
156119485Great Society1964-1965
156119486Berlin Wall1961-1989
156119487Neil Armstrong+Edwin Aldrin1969
156119488Watergate Trials1970's
1561194899/112001
156119490How many delegates were at the Constitutional Convention?55
156119491The Constitution was written in_______Pennsylvania
156119492The _______ lists the goals of the Constitution.Preamble
156119493The ______ branch makes lawsLegislative
156119494Representatives must be at least ___ years old.25
156119495Representatives must be at least ___ years a US citizen.7
156119496Representatives must from the _____ in which they are electeddistrict
156119497Representatives serve a _____ year term.2
156119498Representation in the House of Representatives is based on the ______ of the state.Population
156119499The Head of the House of Representatives is the _________________.Speaker of the house
156119500Senators must be at least ____ years old30
156119501Senators must be _____ years a US citizen.9
156119502Senators must live in the ______ which they are elected from.state
156119503Senators serve a ___ year term.6
156119504The senate has _____ representation.equal
156119505There are ____ (how many) senators from each state.2
156119506The Head of the Senate is the __________.Vice President
156119507The Executive Branch ________ laws.enforces
156119508Presidents must be at least ____ years old.35
156119509Presidents must be a ______ US citizen.born
156119510Presidents must have lived in the US for ____ years.14
156119511The president serves a ____ year term.4
156119512The President can serve no more than ___ terms.2
156119513The Judicial branch _________ laws.interprets
156119514Judges serve for ______ (how long).life
156119515Powers given to the Federal Government are called __________ powersdelegated
156119516Powers kept for the states are called __________ powers.reserved
156119517Powers that are shared by the Federal and State governments are called ________ powersconcurrent
156119518Amendments are proposed by ______.2/3
156119519Amendments are approved by _____.3/4
156119520Article VI of the Constitution says the Constitution is the ______________.supreme law of the land
156119521The constitution was adopted _____ of the 13 states approved it.9
156119522There have been ______ amendments to the Constitution.27
156119523The first 10 amendments are called the ______________.Bill of Rights
156119524Who is the head of the executive branch?The president
156119525Who is in the judicial branch?supreme and federal courts
156119526Who is in the legislative branch?Congress
156119527What Check does the legislative branch have over the Executive branch?impeach
156119528What check does the president have over the legislative branch?Power of veto and recommend legislation.
156119529What Check does the president have over the judicial branch?appoints judges
156119530What check does the congress have over the judicial branch?approve judge appointments
156119531What check does the supreme court have over the legislative branch?Declare laws unconstitutional
156119532What check does the supreme court have over the executive branch?Declare actions unconstitutional
156119533Which amendment says that you can't be forced to testify against yourself?5
156119534The ____ amendment guarantees the freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.1
156119535The 2nd amendment guarantees the right to ___________bear arms
156119536The ____ amendment protects us from illegal search and seizure.4
156119537The 3rd amendment says that there shall be no quartering ____________ in homes during peacetime.of troops
156119538The 6th amendment says that if you are accused of a crime, you have a right to trial ___________.with jury
156119539Which amendment says there shall be no cruel and unusual punishment?8
156119540The 10th amendment says that rights not given to the federal government belong to the _______________.states and the people
156119541The 13 amendment freed the ______.Slaves
156119542The 14th amendment gave ___________ to slaves.citizenship
156119543The 15th amendment gave freedmen the right to ______.vote
156119544The 16th amendment made __________constitutional.income tax
156119545The 18th amendment made __________ illegal.prohibition
156119546Which amendment repealed the 18th amendment?21
156119547The ____ amendment limits the president to 2 terms.22
156119548Which amendment gave women the right to vote?19
156119549Which amendment said there would be no poll tax?24
156119550The 26th amendment gave 18 year-olds the right to _______.vote
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AP US History Touart- American Pageant (Chapter 24) Industry Comes of Age

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281541773Land grantsWhat was the primary method in which Congress paid the railroad companies for the construction of the railroads?
281541774Union Pacific and Central PacificWhat two companies constructed the first transcontinental railroad?
281541775Leland StanfordWho was the former governor of California and organizer of the Transcontinental Railroad?
281541776James HillWho constructed the Great Northern railroad and insured the prosperity of its surrounding area through the introduction of blooded bulls?
281541777Cornelius VanderbiltWho was the most successful builder of the New York Central a key eastern trunk line?
281541778The Grange (Patrons of Husbandry)What organization was the first to become active in trying to regulate the railroad monopolies by advocating state regulatory laws?
281541779Wabash v. IllinoisWhat was the Supreme Court decision that ruled that states could not regulate the railroads as it violated the Commerce Clause of the Constitution?
281541780Interstate Commerce Act (1887)What was the US government's first legislation attempting to regulate railroad traffic and rates?
281541781Alexander Graham BellWho was responsible for the development of the telephone?
281541782Thomas EdisonWho was responsible for the incandescent light bulb?
281544138vertical integrationWhat is the practice of controlling every step of the industrial production process in order to increase efficiency and limit competition?
281541783Andrew CarnegieWhich industrialist is most associated with steel and vertical integration?
281544139trustWhat is a mechanism by which one company grants control over its operations, through ownership of its stock, to another company?
281544140horizontal integrationWhat is the term for the practice of dominating a particular phase of the production process in order to monopolize a market often by forming trusts and alliances with competitors?
281541784John D. RockefellerWhich monopolist exploited the oil industry through the technique of horizontal integration?
281544141interlocking directorateWhat is the practice of having executives from one company serve on the Board of Directors of another company?
281541785U.S. Steel, J.P. MorganTwo-part What was America's first billion dollar corporation and who was the gifted banker who organized it?
281541786Sherman Anti-Trust ActWhat was the legislation passed in 1890 that forbade combinations in restraint of trade, but was ineffective at regulating monopolies?
281541787Gospel of WealthWhat was the philosophy that the wealthy were rich because God ordained it and thus they should live morally?
281541788Social DarwinismWhat was the intellectual belief that the wealthy were the fittest of human nature and thus destined to have supremacy?
281541789Henry GradyWho was the Southern newspaper editor who tirelessly promoted industrialization as the salvation of the economically backward South?
281544142Pittsburgh plusWhat was the name of the pricing system that developed for American manufactured steel that secured advantageous rates to one particular location in the country?
281541790James DukeWho was the founder of American Tobacco Company and the first monopolist of mass produced cigarettes?
281541791Gibson GirlWhat became the new image of the athletic and independent woman of the 1890s?
281541792iron clad oath (or yellow dog contract)What is the term for an employer requirement that workers promise to not join a union under threat of dismissal?
281541793injunctionWhat is a court order forcing workers to return to their jobs?
281541794National Labor UnionWhat was the first major labor union in America with membership of 600,000?
281544143Knights of LaborWhat was the second national labor organization, organized in 1869 as a secret society and later opened to all workers both skilled and unskilled?
281541796Terence PowderlyWho was the eloquent leader of the Knights of Labor that made substantial gains in the 1880s before it suddenly collapsed?
281541797Haymarket SquareWhat was the site of a terrorist attack that struck an end to the Knights of Labor?
281541795John AltgeldWho was the Illinois governor who pardoned the anarchists convicted of bombing a Chicago gathering?
281544144AFL (American Federation of Labor)What was organized as a union of unions that included only skilled workers in 1886?
281541798Samuel GompersWho was the most famous pragmatic leader of the AFof L in the latter 19th and early 20th century?
281544145closed shopWhat is a practice of allowing only unionized employees to work for a particular company?
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Ch. 10 Bacteria and Viruses

Study terms for Chapter 10, Bacteria and Viruses.

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14275710endosporethick-walled, dormant spore inside a bacterial cell
14275711eukaryotean organism whose cell has a nucleus
14275712cyanobacteriabacteria that contains chlorophyll
14275713Bacteriathe domain with the most organisms
14275714Archaeathe domain whose members prefer extreme environments
14275715binary fissionasexual reproduction in single-celled organisms in which it splits into two single-celled organisms
14275716prokaryotea single-celled organism with no nucleus
14275717flagellahair-like or whip-like parts used for locomotion
14275718methane makera type of archaea that lives in swamps and animal intestines
14275719heat lovera type of archaea that lives in ocean vents and hot springs
14275720decomposeran organism that breaks down dead plant/animal matter
14275721produceran organism that uses the sun's energy to produce its own food
14275722pathogenic bacteriabacteria that cause harm
14275723antibioticmedicine used to treat many bacterial diseases
14275724genetic engineeringchanges in the genes of any organism
14275725nitrogen fixationthe process by which bacteria change nitrogen in the air into a form that plants can use
14275726lactosemilk sugar
14275727bioremediationthe use of microorganisms to make hazardous material safe
14275728lytic cyclea cycle in which a virus attacks a host then causes it to make viruses
14275729hosta living organism that a virus or parasite lives on/in
14275730vaccinationa substance that helps prevent viral infections
14275731antiviral medicinea type of medicine that keeps viruses from reproducing
14275732lysogenic cyclea cycle in which a virus's genes live in a host but are inactive for a period of time
14275733protein coatprotects the genetic information inside a virus and helps the virus enter its host
14275734coccispherical shape of some bacteria
14275735bacillirod-shape of some bacteria
14275736spirillaspiral shape of some bacteria
14277345consumeran organism that eats other organisms for its food/energy
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AP U.S. American Pageant Terms Ch 1-3

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378918858Marco PoloAfter fighting to take control of the Holy Land from the Muslims in the 11th through the 14th century, Europeans had begun to long for Asian goods, such as silk, medicines, perfumes, spices, and sugar. It was during this time that an Italian adventurer, Marco Polo, returned to Europe in 1295 and began to tell stories about his twenty-year travel to China in jail. Through his book (The Travels of Marco Polo), explorers became even more excited and sought to find a way to China.
378918859Christopher ColumbusItalian sailor persuaded the Spanish monarchs (King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella) to allow him three ships (the Niña , the Pinta, and the Santa María), Columbus and his crew ran into the "Indies" and on October 12, 1492 (six weeks after setting sail). However, it became clear that Columbus had not found India, but instead reached the Bahamas; thus, discovering a new continent. His discover eventually led to the Columbian Exchange, America or The New World, supplying the raw materials such as precious metals and fertile soil for the cultivation of sugar.
378918860Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)The treaty in which Pope Alexander XI made the line of demarcation between Spain and Portugal. The ending result included the West going to Spain (which included America with its gold and silver) and the East to Portugal (Africa, Asian, and Brazil). The Spanish, with their new land to control, gave birth to the Spanish Conquistadores, who vowed to be work for God, gold, and glory, began searching for gold, "converting" Christians, and making history. This, of course, led to many voyages with explorers who became famous such as Vasco de Nuniez Balboa's achievement in crossing the Panama and discovering the Pacific Ocean, Juan Ponce de Leon finding of Florida, Ferdinand Magellan becoming the first to circumnavigate the world, Francisco Coronado chancing upon the Grand Canyon, Hernando de Soto discovering the Mississippi River, and Francisco Pizarro sending the new found gold and silver back to Spain, leading to the commercial banking system and capitalism, as well as the destruction of the Incas in Peru (1592).
378918861Spanish ArmadaIn 1588, under command of Philip II of Spain, tried to hinder the Protestant Reformation with his Spanish Armada, but was destroyed by smaller, better lead, more maneuverable English ships known as the Protestant wind. The Spanish defeat by the English, marked the decline of the Spanish navy and the beginning of England's golden age.
378918862Black LegendThe myth about the Spanish derives from their history with the Indians as people who came only to convert/ kill them, steal gold, and infect them with smallpox. Though all of this is true, the Spanish also established culture, law, religion, and language with the Indians, Their presence laid the foundation for a intermarriage and the incorporation of Indian culture with their own; thus, laying down the blocks for Spanish-speaking nations.
378918863Sir Walter Raleighlanded in Roanoke Island off the coast of a state he named "Virginia", after the Queen. In 1585, he started a colony for England in which the people mysteriously vanished.
378918864Joint- stock companyThey enabled "adventurers" to invest and receive capital. One of the joint-stocks, the Virginia Company, received a charter from King James 1 which allowed the second and third sons to make money and begin the colonization of America.
378918865John Smiththe leader of the second trip to America who is coined with the phrase, "He who shall not work shall not eat" and changed the once gold-hungry colonists to settlers of the land. He was also kidnapped by the Indians but saved by Pocahontas who helped establish peace between the two groups.
378918866Lord De La Warrordered the settlers to return to Jamestown after they tried to return home and declared war against the Indians using "Irish tactics". After sending the settlers back, the colonists became successful after harvesting tobacco crops
378918867John Rolferesponsible for popularizing the tobacco crops by perfecting the methods of raising and curing it, making Virginia prosperous. John Rolfe married Pocahontas, which consequently created a peace settlement of the First Anglo-Powhatan War in 1614. However, as tensions rose and war broke out again, he was killed in by the Indians in 1622. The after math of the Second Anglo-Powhatan War in 1644 lead the endangerment of many Indians in which Powhatan people were considered extinct and the Indians were killed due to disease, disorganization, and disposability and foreshadowed the fate of the rest of Indians.
378918868House of BurgessesThe assembly authorized by the London Company in 1619 that influenced the miniature parliaments to sprout as well. The House of Burgess scared James I so terribly that he revoked the charter of the Virginia Company and put the royal colony directly under his control.
378918869Lord Baltimorefounded Maryland in 1634 to make money and create a refuge for the Catholics. The population in Maryland grew with Catholics; however, it created tension between the Christian and the Catholics. As a result the Act of Toleration was passed in 1649 and offered protection to Catholics but was more strict against those people who did not believe in Jesus.
378918870Indentured servantsThey were apprentices, poor people who committed themselves to work for a set number of years.
378918871Iroquois ConfederacyFounded in the 1500's by Deganawida and Hiwatha, the confederacy's aim was territorial supremacy. Over time they grew to include five nations: the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and the Senecas and destroyed their enemies: the Hurons, Eries and Petuns, yet sometimes adopted losing nations such as the Tuscaroras. Once the American Revolution broke out, the Iroquois Confederation was left to pick sides. Since most sided with the British, when England lost, many left and moved to other places. However, after enduring the French, English and Dutch for fur trade, they were later defeated by Europeans diseases and alcoholism.
378918872Visible SaintsThe "visible saints" were people who felt the stirrings of grace in their soul, and felt that they could demonstrate its presence to their fellow Puritans. It was believed by the strictest Puritans that only the visible saints could be admitted to the church; however, this conflicted with the king's subjects going to church who were not as pure as the rest of the Puritans.
378918873SeparatistsBecause of the merging of unpurified Puritans, the Separatists did not want to be soiled by them. The Separatists then broke away from the Church of England by seeing America as t heir refuge by riding the Mayflower in 1620, landing in Plymouth Bay, away from their original destination of Virginia and away from English authority.
378918874Mayflower CompactOnce arriving, the Puritans found themselves no longer under English control. They then drafted a constitution (agreement) where majority rules, known as the Mayflower Compact. In doing so, they took the first step towards self-government.
378918875Protestant EthicInvolved serious commitment to work and to engagement in worldly pursuits.
378918876QuakersKnown as the Religious Society of Friends, they were a religiously strict, believed in living a simple life, and did neither swore nor partook in military action. They were often persecuted for their way of life, which lead them to establish Pennsylvania by William Penn.
378918877New England ConfederationA short-lived Puritan military alliance against the Indians, French, and Dutch between the Bay, Plymouth, and New Haven colonies, as well as runaway slaves and servants. However, the Confederation aggravated Charles II and thus the Dominion of New England and the Navigation Laws were created.
378918878Navigations LawsLaws that prohibited foreign shipping from the colonies, so that England reaped the benefits. The Navigations Laws led to smuggling and led to the Glorious Revolution.
378918879Glorious RevolutionThe overthrowal of King James II, led to revolts in New England and the relaxing of the Navigation Laws
378918880Dutch West India Companycaptured a fleet of Spanish treasure ships in 1628, established outposts in Africa, a sugar industry in Brazil, New Netherland, and the Manhattan Island
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AP European History Chapter 10 Review Flashcards

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69329902GrandiThe old rich, the nobles, and merchants who traditionally ruled the city of Florence
69329903Popolo grossoThe emergent new rich merchant class of capitalists and bankers in Florence. Also known as "fat people."
69329904Popolo minutoThe "little people" or the lower Florentine economic classes.
69329905Ciompi RevoltA great successful revolt of the poor in 1378. Resulted in a 4 year reign of power by the lower Florentine classes.
69329906Cosimo de' MediciThe wealthiest Florentine. Manipulated Florence from behind the scenes by influencing the Constitution and election.
69329907Lorenzo the MagnificentThe grandson of Cosimo de' Medici. Ruled Florence in a nearly totalitarian fashion. As the podesta, he maintained law and order.
69329908SignoriaInitially made up of six members and later of eight members, this council governed Florence.
69329909PodestaThe title Lorenzo the Magnificent held. The purpose of the office was to maintain law and order. Executive, military, and judicial authority was possessed by the officeholder.
69329910CondottieriThese military brokers provided mercenary armies for despots in Florence.
69329911MachiavelliAuthor of "The Prince," this man detailed how to obtain power, how to use it, and how to keep it.
69329912The PrinceNicolo Machiavelli's masterpiece. Machiavelli explained how to obtain power, how to use it, and how to keep it.
69329913Leonardo BruniThis Florentine first gave the name "humanitas" or "humanity," to the learning that resulted from the scholarly pursuits of the Renaissance. A pupil of Manuel Chrysoloras.
69329914Manuel ChrysolorasA Byzantine scholar who opened the world of Greek scholarship to a generation of young Italian humanists when he taught at Florence.
69329915PetrarchThe "father of humanism." He celebrated ancient Rome in his "Letters to the Ancient Dead." Also wrote a Latin epic poem named "Africa" and a set of biographies of famous Roman men called "Lives of Illustrious Men."
69329916Letters to the Ancient DeadPetrarch's masterpiece to celebrate ancient Rome.
69329917AfricaPetrarch's Latin epic poem.
69329918Lives of Illustrious MenA set of biographies of famous Roman men by Petrarch.
69329919Dante AlighieriAuthor of "Vita Nuova" and "Divine Comedy."
69329920Vita NuovaAn expression of medieval genre of courtly love by Dante Alighieri.
69329921Divine ComedyAn epic poem detailing the Christian afterlife by Dante Alighieri
69329922Giovanni BoccaccioA student of Petrarch, he was also a pioneer of humanist studies. Authored "Decameron."
69329923Decameron100 often bawdy tales by three men and seven women in a country retreat from the plague that ravaged Florence. A stinging social commentary and a sympathetic look at human behavior. Written by Giovanni Boccaccio.
69329924Baldassare CastiglioneThe author of "Book of the Courtier."
69329925Book of the CourtierWritten by Baldassare Castiglione, this was a practical guide for the nobility at the court of Urbino. It embodies the highest ideals of Italian humanism: knowledge of languages and history, athleticism, military skills, musical skills, and chivalry.
69329926Christine de PisanThis famous noblewoman wrote "The City of Ladies."
69329927The City of LadiesA chronicle of the accomplishments of the great women of history. Written by Christine de Pisan.
69329928Florentine AcademyNot a formal school, but an informal gathering of influential Florentine humanists who devoted themselves to the revival of the works of Plato and Neoplatonists.
69329929Lorenzo VallaThe author of the standard Renaissance text on Latin philology and the "Elegances of the Latin Language," and "Donation of Constantine."
69329930Elegances of the Latin LanguageThis work truly embodied the ideas of its author, Lorenzo Valla, by revealing the explosive character of the new learning.
69329931ErasmusThe "prince of the humanists." Easily the most famous of the northern humanists. Published dialogues under the title "Colloquies."
69329932GiottoThe father of Renaissance painting. Painted a more natural world than his Byzantine and Gothic predecessors.
69329933Leonardo da VinciThe true Renaissance man. A painter, a military engineer, a physician, and a botanist. But you know him better for the Mona Lisa.
69329934RaphaelRevered by art historians for his masterpiece "The School of Athens," this talented painter's premature death cut short his promising artistic career.
69329935MichelangeloThis melancholy genius is known for masterpieces such as David and frescoes for the Sistine Chapel.
69329936Treaty of LodiThis agreement brought Milan and Naples in an alliance with Florence against Venice.
69329937Ludovico il MoroThis Milanese despot joined the League of Venice in hopes of thwarting a French invasion.
69329938Charles VIIIHe succeeded Louis XI. Marched through and conquered Naples and Florence. Unfortunately for this French monarch, the cities united to oust his attack.
69329939Girolamo SavonarolaThis radical Dominican preacher convinces most the fearful Florentines that the French king's arrival was a long-delayed and fully justified vengeance on their immortality.
69329940Pope Alexander VIThe corrupt Borgia pope and ally to the French under Louis XII against Italy.
69329941Cesare BorgiaThe son of Pope Alexander VI. When his father agreed to abandon the League of Venice, Cesare Borgia received the sister of the king of Navarre in marriage, a union that greatly enhanced Borgia military strength.
69329942Pope Julius IIThis strong opponent of the Borgia family succeeded Alexander VI as Pope. He suppressed the Borgias and placed their newly conquered lands in Romagna under papal jurisdiction.
69329943Ferdinand of AragonThe husband of Isabella of Castile. The Spanish king. The duo conquered the Moors, Christianized Spain, and made their country into a perennial world power. Additionally they initiated the Age of Discovery/Exploration.
69329944Isabella of CastilleThe wife of Ferdinand of Aragon. The Spanish queen. The duo conquered the Moors, Christianized Spain, and made their country into a perennial world power. Additionally they initiated the Age of Discovery/Exploration.
69329945MestaA government organization that ran the kingdom of Castile's sheep-farming industry.
69329946HermandadA powerful league of cities and towns, which served Ferdinand and Isabella against stubborn landowners.
69329947ConversosConverted Jews who were monitored by the Inquisition.
69329948MoriscosMuslims who were monitored by the Inquisition.
69329949War of the RosesA conflict between the House of Lancaster and the House of York. The Tudors emerged as victors and rulers of England.
69329950Henry VIThe Lancastrian monarchy of this man was consistently challenged by the duke of York.
69329951Edward IVSon of the duke of York, he successfully seized power and instituted a strong-army rule that lasted more than twenty years. Briefly interrupted by Henry VI's short-lived restoration.
69329952Richard IIIThe brother of Edward IV, he usurped the throne from Edward's son. The new Tudor dynasty portrayed him as a villain who had murdered Edward's sons.
69329953Henry VIIThe first monarch of the new Tudor dynasty.
69329954Court of the Star ChamberHenry VII's means of disciplining the nobility. A special instrument of the royal was known as this.
69329955Golden BullA agreement between the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and the major German territorial rulers. It established a seven-member electoral college which functioned as an administrative body.
69329956ReichstagAn imperial diet/national assembly of seven electors among the German states.
69329957ElectorsSeven of these made up the Reichstag along with the non-electoral princes and the 65 imperial free cities in the Holy Roman Empire.
69329958Reuchlin AffairA man who had converted from Judaism to Christianity attached Johann Reuchlin's writings. Many humanists marched to Reuchlin's defense. "Letters of Obscure Men" was born from it
69329959Letters of Obscure MenRising from the Reuchlin Affair, this piece was a merciless satire of monks and Scholastics to which von Hutten contributed.
69329960Thomas MoreThe English humanist who wrote "Utopia."
69329961UtopiaWritten by Thomas More, it is a conservative criticism of contemporary society.
69329962Act of SupremacyDeclared that Henry VIII was the only head of the Church of England.
69329963Francisco de CisnerosSpanish leader of the Protestant Reformation wrote the "Complutensian Polygot Bible."
69329964Bartholomew DiasOpened the Portuguese Empire in the East when he rounded the Cape of Good Hope.
69329965Prince Henry "the Navigator"The Portuguese prince who sponsored the Portuguese exploration of the African coast.
69329966Vasco de GamaThis Portuguese explorer reached the coast of India and returned with a cargo worth sixty times the cost of the voyage.
69329967Amerigo VespucciThe namesake of North and South America for first exploring the areas.
69329968MayansA civilization which flourished in the Yucatan region. They built large cities with immense pyramids and were fascinated by math and astronomy.
69329969AztecsSettled in Mexico. A violent civilization that was ultimately conquered by Cortes.
69329970IncansAnother great Native American civilization. Settled in Peru. Conquered by Pizarro.
69329971CortesHe landed on the coast of Mexico and beat the Aztecs.
69329972PizarroHe landed on the western coast of South America and beat the Incas.
69329973HaciendaThe major rural and agricultural institution of the Spanish colonies.
69329974PeninsularesPersons originally born in Spain.
69329975CreolesPersons of Spanish descent born in America.
69329976EncomiendaA formal grant of the right to the labor of a specific number of Indians for a particular period of time.
69329977ConquistadorA Spanish explorer who "conquered" native peoples.
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The American Pageant Ch. 1

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121239128When did the Ice Age take place?Roughly 35,000 years ago
121239129Bering StraightOne theory of the origins of the first Americans. A land bridge from Eurasia to Alaska, which people crossed for some 25,000 years.
121239130Incas/Mayans/AztecsNative American peoples who shaped advanced cultures. and built large cities. Depended on the cultivation of maize. Characterized by religious sacrifices and far-flung commerce.
121239131Pueblo IndiansResided in the American southwest. These people built intricate irrigation systems to water their cornfields; also built multi-storied terraced buildings. Pueblo = village. However, their societies were not as dense of complex as those of the Aztecs in Mexico.
121239132Matrilinear cultureCharacteristic of Native American cultures; women held substantial authority, and as such, a lot of power and possessions passed down the female side of the family line.
121239133Number of Native Americans that lived in 1492No more than 4 million
121239134First Europeans to reach New WorldScandinavians, roughly 1000 AD. Did not live there long.
121239135Reasons for North American explorationChristian crusades = introduction to silk, drugs, perfume, spices, etc. Renaissance = curiosity about new lands. Reformation = desire for religious freedom. Monarchs wanted new sources of $$$. Technological advances made travel easier.
121239136Marco PoloItalian adventurer; returned to Europe in 1295 and gave fanciful stories of his travels in "China". Doubtful that he ever even WENT to China, but it's whatevs.
121239137caravelA ship developed by Portuguese mariners that could overcome northerly winds and south-flowing currents, making southward travel accessible.
121239138First people to navigate beyond Sahara DesertPortuguese
121239139Madeira, Canaries, Sao Tome, PrincipeCoastal African trading posts
121239140Vasco de GamaA Portuguese explorer who reached rounded the tip of Africa and reached India in 1498 and returned home with an array of jewels and spices. Tickled the public's curiosity about foreign lands.
121239141Ferdinand and IsabellaTwo Spanish soveriegns who married and helped strengthen the Spanish empire. Spanish became determined to beat the Portuguese in tapping the wealth of the Indies. Needed to look Westward.
121239142Christopher ColumbusAn Italian navigator who convinced the Spanish monarchs to outfit him w/ three ships. He wanted to travel westward and reach India. Got to America on 10/12/1492. Didn't quite work out, but he died thinking he did.
121239143ConquistadoresConquerers; Spain became the dominant power in 1500s. Traveled to the New World in search of the 3 G's - Gold, God, and Glory.
121239144Treaty of TordesillasAn agreement between Spain and Portugal that divided the world in half. The reason why Brazil is today a Portuguese-speaking country!
121239145Ferdinand MagellanA conquistadore who, between 1519 and 1522, was the first person to circumnavigate the globe.
121239146Juan Ponce de LeonExplored Florida, but was killed.
121239147Francisco CoronadoBetween 1540 and 1542, this dude searched areas between Arizon and New MExico for "golden cities" aka pueblos. Discovered the Grand Canyon and buffalo.
121239148Hernando de SotoAnother dude in search of gold, traveling from Florida westward to Arkansas River. He mistreated the Indians, and died of fever and wounds. His troops had to dump his body in the river so that Indians wouldn't mess with it.
121239149encomiendaA Spanish institution, wherein the government "commended" Indians to colonists for the purpose of Christianization. It was essentially slavery.
121239150Hernan CortesSet sail from Cuba in 1519 bound for Mexico. The Aztec empire greeted him as a God and offered him gold and housing. In 1521, the Spanish finally took rule of the Aztec empire. He wasn't such a nice guy, and probably was killed by the Aztecs after he exhausted their warm welcome.
121239151mestizosPeople of mixed Indian and European heritage. Responsible for today's mixed Mexican culture of Old World and New World.
121239152John CabotSent by the English king Henry VII to explore the Northeastern US after the Spanish's success in the New World.
121239153St. Augustine, FloridaA fortress erected by the Spanish in 1565 to fend off the French from the Caribbean. The oldest continually inhabited European settlement in the US.
121239154Pope's RebellionA 1680 Indian uprising wherein the Pueblo peoples had enough supression, and burned every Catholic Church in colonial New Mexico. They killed hundreds of Spanish settlers. Took half a century for the Spanish to reclaim New Mexico.
121239155Black LegendThe belief that the Spanish only tortured and killed Indians, stole gold, infected native peoples with smallpox, and ultimately did nothing good.
121239156Francisco PizzaroCrushed the Incas of Peru in 1532, adding a huge portion of land to the New World Spanish empire. Notably, his taking silver from the dead Incas sparked mass inflation in Spain and began the system of capitalism.
121239157Mound buildersNative American peoples who used a "three-sister" farming technique of beans, squash, and maize. This rich diet produced some of the highest population densities on the continent.
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Chapter 10

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211299148Renaissancethe period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world, lasting from about 1300 to 1600
211299149City-statesan autonomous state consisting of a city and surrounding territory
211299150Humanismthe doctrine emphasizing a person's capacity for self-realization through reason;, a philosophy in which interests and values of human beings are of primary importance;, an intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements
211299151Vernacularbeing or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language
211299152Florentine AcademyNot a formal school, but an informal gathering of influential Florentine humanists who devoted themselves to the revival of the works of Plato and Neoplatonists.
211299153PlatonismThis taught that reality was in mental ideas, not in tangible objects.
211299154Virtuethe quality of doing what is right and avoiding what is wrong
211299155Christian Humanisma movement that developed in northern Europe during the renaissance combining classical learning with the goal of reforming the catholic church
211309362MasaccioThe renaissance artist who led the way in establishing a new style of employing deep space, modeling , and anatomical correctness.He used light and dark imagery to illustrate different feelings and emotions
211309363DonatelloOne of the first and best Renaissance sculptors. He was also one of the first artists to sell his works.famous for his lifelike sculptures (1386-1466)
211309364DaVinciwas sculptor, painter, architect, inventor, and mathematician. considered well-rounded universal person.
211309365Michaelangelopainter, sculptor, and architect; painting on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
211309366RaphaelItalian painter whose many paintings exemplify the ideals of the High Renaissance (1483-1520)
211309367GrunewaldGerman painter who ignored classicism and painted expressively and intensely
211309368Durera leading German painter and engraver of the Renaissance (1471-1528)
211309369VanEyckwho was one of the first painters to use oils.detail and distance;
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APUSH american pageant ch. 5-6

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210432244pennsylvania dutcherronious name for colonial Germans. They had fled religious persecution and the ravages of war.
210432245scots-irishpeople from the scotish lowlands who migrated to the america and filled in the backcountry around the appalachians. they are known for being lawless and rogue, and they have no loyalty to the british crown
210432246Paxton BoysAn uprising of frontiersmen in Pennsylvania who massacred (nonviolent) Conestoga Indians. Governor attempted to try those involved, but they were never tried This showed the bias against frontiersmen in the eastern government, and prompted 600 frontiersmen to march on Philadelphia.
210432247regulator movementIt was a movement during the 1760's by western North Carolinians, mainly Scots-Irish, that resented the way that the Eastern part of the state dominated political affairs. They believed that the tax money was being unevenly distributed. Many of its members joined the American Revolutionists.
210432248triangular tradenew england goods would go to the gold coast of africa to be traded for slaves, which would go to to the west indies to be traded for raw materials, which would go back to new england to be made into manufactured goods. significance: made a lot of people really rich
210432249Molasses acta law passed by the British government restricting trade between the colonies and the French West Indies. it was not successful because the colonists were able to bribe and smuggle their way around it. This law shows the British tightening control over the colonies
210432250College of William and Maryestablished in 1693 at Williamsburg by the Anglicans, institution of higher learning, originally to train clergy
210432251congregational churchA church grown out of the Puritan church, was established in all New England colonies but Rhode Island. It was based on the belief that individual churches should govern themselves
210432252the great awakeningthe first spontaneous mass movement in the colonies. originally based on religious revivalism started by John Edwards, George Whitefield, and the Faithful Narrative. Its influences were felt in the colonies and England. It was more of a colonial press war than an actual religious movement. It brought unity to the colonies through the press because they were all reading the same things.
210432253Poor Richard's Almanackpublished by Ben Franklin from 1732-1758. it was a conglomeration of common sayings and facts. 2nd most read to the bible in American colonies.
210432254John Peter Zengercharged with seditious libel for printing something about a corrupt New York governor that was true. This leads to freedom of speech and press to expose arbitrary power
210432255colonial assembliesconsisted of a 2-house legislation: the upper house was appointed by the king or proprietors, and the lower house was elected by the people
210432256Lord Cornburycousin of Queen Anne, governor of New Jersey and New York. he was a drunk, a spendthrift, an embezzler, and an overall awful governor.
210432257mustersmilitia drills. socializing mixed with organizing an army
210432258Edict of NantesHenry IV granted religious toleration to Huguenots in 150 French cities to end the War of Three Henrys
210432259Samuel de Champlain"Father of New France" - founded Quebec
210432260Huron Indiansbefriended the French in Quebec, got them into a battle against the iroquois. Significance: the French couldn't get into the Americas past the Ohio valley because the Iroquois were too powerful and they were not allies.
210432261concurs de boisFrench beaver trappers
210432262Antoine Cadillacfounded Detroit
210432263Robert LaSalleFrench explorer that founded Louisiana and named it after Louis XIV
210432264Peace of Utrecht (1713)British gained Acadia (Nova Scotia), Hudson Bay, and Newfoundland from France at the end of the War of Spanish Succession began a period of salutary neglect from England colonists gained some trading rights with the Spanish
210432265War of Jenkins' Ear1739: between British and Spanish in the Caribbean and Georgia. the colonial part of the War of Austrian Succession. France allied with Spain. 1748: peace! made New England angry, French held on to Louisbourg
210432266William Pitt"Great Commoner," good orator. Attacked the West Indies, then Quebec-Montreal. used many young leaders led troops to the first British victory of the French And Indian War at Louisbourg
210432267James WolfeEnglish general that defeated the french at Quebec
210432268Marquis de MontcalmFrench general who was defeated at Quebec,
210432269Proclamation of 1763A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.
211155797albany congress1754 Intercolonial congress. Urged the crown to take direct control of Indian relations beyond the boundaries of the colonies. Drafted a plan of confederation for the continental colonies. was not ratified by any colony and parliament did not accept it. 7 of 13 colonies were present
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