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| 378918858 | Marco Polo | After fighting to take control of the Holy Land from the Muslims in the 11th through the 14th century, Europeans had begun to long for Asian goods, such as silk, medicines, perfumes, spices, and sugar. It was during this time that an Italian adventurer, Marco Polo, returned to Europe in 1295 and began to tell stories about his twenty-year travel to China in jail. Through his book (The Travels of Marco Polo), explorers became even more excited and sought to find a way to China. | |
| 378918859 | Christopher Columbus | Italian sailor persuaded the Spanish monarchs (King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella) to allow him three ships (the Niña , the Pinta, and the Santa María), Columbus and his crew ran into the "Indies" and on October 12, 1492 (six weeks after setting sail). However, it became clear that Columbus had not found India, but instead reached the Bahamas; thus, discovering a new continent. His discover eventually led to the Columbian Exchange, America or The New World, supplying the raw materials such as precious metals and fertile soil for the cultivation of sugar. | |
| 378918860 | Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) | The treaty in which Pope Alexander XI made the line of demarcation between Spain and Portugal. The ending result included the West going to Spain (which included America with its gold and silver) and the East to Portugal (Africa, Asian, and Brazil). The Spanish, with their new land to control, gave birth to the Spanish Conquistadores, who vowed to be work for God, gold, and glory, began searching for gold, "converting" Christians, and making history. This, of course, led to many voyages with explorers who became famous such as Vasco de Nuniez Balboa's achievement in crossing the Panama and discovering the Pacific Ocean, Juan Ponce de Leon finding of Florida, Ferdinand Magellan becoming the first to circumnavigate the world, Francisco Coronado chancing upon the Grand Canyon, Hernando de Soto discovering the Mississippi River, and Francisco Pizarro sending the new found gold and silver back to Spain, leading to the commercial banking system and capitalism, as well as the destruction of the Incas in Peru (1592). | |
| 378918861 | Spanish Armada | In 1588, under command of Philip II of Spain, tried to hinder the Protestant Reformation with his Spanish Armada, but was destroyed by smaller, better lead, more maneuverable English ships known as the Protestant wind. The Spanish defeat by the English, marked the decline of the Spanish navy and the beginning of England's golden age. | |
| 378918862 | Black Legend | The myth about the Spanish derives from their history with the Indians as people who came only to convert/ kill them, steal gold, and infect them with smallpox. Though all of this is true, the Spanish also established culture, law, religion, and language with the Indians, Their presence laid the foundation for a intermarriage and the incorporation of Indian culture with their own; thus, laying down the blocks for Spanish-speaking nations. | |
| 378918863 | Sir Walter Raleigh | landed in Roanoke Island off the coast of a state he named "Virginia", after the Queen. In 1585, he started a colony for England in which the people mysteriously vanished. | |
| 378918864 | Joint- stock company | They enabled "adventurers" to invest and receive capital. One of the joint-stocks, the Virginia Company, received a charter from King James 1 which allowed the second and third sons to make money and begin the colonization of America. | |
| 378918865 | John Smith | the leader of the second trip to America who is coined with the phrase, "He who shall not work shall not eat" and changed the once gold-hungry colonists to settlers of the land. He was also kidnapped by the Indians but saved by Pocahontas who helped establish peace between the two groups. | |
| 378918866 | Lord De La Warr | ordered the settlers to return to Jamestown after they tried to return home and declared war against the Indians using "Irish tactics". After sending the settlers back, the colonists became successful after harvesting tobacco crops | |
| 378918867 | John Rolfe | responsible for popularizing the tobacco crops by perfecting the methods of raising and curing it, making Virginia prosperous. John Rolfe married Pocahontas, which consequently created a peace settlement of the First Anglo-Powhatan War in 1614. However, as tensions rose and war broke out again, he was killed in by the Indians in 1622. The after math of the Second Anglo-Powhatan War in 1644 lead the endangerment of many Indians in which Powhatan people were considered extinct and the Indians were killed due to disease, disorganization, and disposability and foreshadowed the fate of the rest of Indians. | |
| 378918868 | House of Burgesses | The assembly authorized by the London Company in 1619 that influenced the miniature parliaments to sprout as well. The House of Burgess scared James I so terribly that he revoked the charter of the Virginia Company and put the royal colony directly under his control. | |
| 378918869 | Lord Baltimore | founded Maryland in 1634 to make money and create a refuge for the Catholics. The population in Maryland grew with Catholics; however, it created tension between the Christian and the Catholics. As a result the Act of Toleration was passed in 1649 and offered protection to Catholics but was more strict against those people who did not believe in Jesus. | |
| 378918870 | Indentured servants | They were apprentices, poor people who committed themselves to work for a set number of years. | |
| 378918871 | Iroquois Confederacy | Founded in the 1500's by Deganawida and Hiwatha, the confederacy's aim was territorial supremacy. Over time they grew to include five nations: the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and the Senecas and destroyed their enemies: the Hurons, Eries and Petuns, yet sometimes adopted losing nations such as the Tuscaroras. Once the American Revolution broke out, the Iroquois Confederation was left to pick sides. Since most sided with the British, when England lost, many left and moved to other places. However, after enduring the French, English and Dutch for fur trade, they were later defeated by Europeans diseases and alcoholism. | |
| 378918872 | Visible Saints | The "visible saints" were people who felt the stirrings of grace in their soul, and felt that they could demonstrate its presence to their fellow Puritans. It was believed by the strictest Puritans that only the visible saints could be admitted to the church; however, this conflicted with the king's subjects going to church who were not as pure as the rest of the Puritans. | |
| 378918873 | Separatists | Because of the merging of unpurified Puritans, the Separatists did not want to be soiled by them. The Separatists then broke away from the Church of England by seeing America as t heir refuge by riding the Mayflower in 1620, landing in Plymouth Bay, away from their original destination of Virginia and away from English authority. | |
| 378918874 | Mayflower Compact | Once arriving, the Puritans found themselves no longer under English control. They then drafted a constitution (agreement) where majority rules, known as the Mayflower Compact. In doing so, they took the first step towards self-government. | |
| 378918875 | Protestant Ethic | Involved serious commitment to work and to engagement in worldly pursuits. | |
| 378918876 | Quakers | Known as the Religious Society of Friends, they were a religiously strict, believed in living a simple life, and did neither swore nor partook in military action. They were often persecuted for their way of life, which lead them to establish Pennsylvania by William Penn. | |
| 378918877 | New England Confederation | A short-lived Puritan military alliance against the Indians, French, and Dutch between the Bay, Plymouth, and New Haven colonies, as well as runaway slaves and servants. However, the Confederation aggravated Charles II and thus the Dominion of New England and the Navigation Laws were created. | |
| 378918878 | Navigations Laws | Laws that prohibited foreign shipping from the colonies, so that England reaped the benefits. The Navigations Laws led to smuggling and led to the Glorious Revolution. | |
| 378918879 | Glorious Revolution | The overthrowal of King James II, led to revolts in New England and the relaxing of the Navigation Laws | |
| 378918880 | Dutch West India Company | captured a fleet of Spanish treasure ships in 1628, established outposts in Africa, a sugar industry in Brazil, New Netherland, and the Manhattan Island |
