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7. Separation of Powers, Checks and Balances SS.7.C.1.7 Flashcards

SS.7.C.1.7 Describe how the Constitution limits the powers of government through separation of powers and checks and balances.

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1139989903	checks and balances	a principle of the federal government, according to the U.S. Constitution, that allows each branch of government to limit the power of the other branches	1
1139989904	constitutional government	a form of government based on a written set of laws that all citizens agree to; in this form of government, the constitution is the highest law of the land	2
1139989905	judicial review	the power of the U.S. courts to examine the laws or actions of the legislative and executive branches of the government and to determine whether such actions are consistent with the U.S. Constitution	3
1139989906	limited government	a government that has been limited in power by a constitution, or written agreement	4
1139989907	Marbury v. Madison	U.S. Supreme Court case that established judicial review	5
1139989908	separation of powers	the structure of the federal government, according to the U.S. Constitution, that sets up three branches with their own distinct powers and responsibilities	6

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Eukaryotic Cell Structure Flashcards

Eukaryotic Cell Structure

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1799733	organelle	specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell	0
1799734	cytoplasm	material inside the cell membrane—not including the nucleus	1
1799735	nucleus	contains nearly all the cell's DNA and with it the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules	2
1799736	nuclear envelope	layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell	3
1799737	chromatin	granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins	4
1799738	chromosome	threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next	5
1799739	nucleolus	small, dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of proteins begins	6
1799740	ribosome	small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein	7
1799741	endoplasmic reticulum	internal membrane system in cells in which lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified	8
1799742	Golgi apparatus	stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum	9
1799743	lysosome	cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell	10
1799744	vacuole	cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates	11
1799745	mitochondrion	cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use	12
1799746	chloroplast	organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy	13
1799747	cytoskeleton	network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement	14
1800024	centriole	one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope	15

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APUSH american pagent chapters 18 & 19 Flashcards

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1172319898	popular sovereignty	when the people who lived in the territory voted on wheither or not there would be slavery in that colony	1
1172319899	free soil party	was against slavery and for federal aid for internal improvements and free government homestead for settlers, forshadowed the emergence of the republican party	2
1172319900	Sutters mill	the place in California where gold was discovered, setting off the gold rush	3
1172319901	Underground railroad	a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada	4
1172319902	seventh of march speech	Webster's last great speech to the US Senate which called upon his fellow senators to give their full support to the Compromise of 1850	5
1172319903	William H Seward	senator of NY; antislavery and argued that God's moral law was higher than the constitution	6
1172319904	compromise of 1850	Forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act , banning slave trade in DC, admitting California as a free state, splitting up the Texas territory, and instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession, supported by Clay, Webster and Douglas	7
1172319905	Fugitive slave law of 1850	came from the Compromise of 1850; paid federal commissioners were appointed and given authority to issue warrants, gather, posses and force citizens to help catch runaway slaves; the slaves could not testify inthier own behalf, "Man-Stealing Law". shocked moderates into being antislaveryites	8
1172319906	personal liberty laws	Laws passed by Northern states forbidding the imprisonment of escaped slaves, angered Southerners	9
1172319907	Frank Pierce	Democrat candidate in 1852, prossouthern northerner won the election	10
1172319908	Kansas Nebraska Act	This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. People who were proslavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act. This began guerrilla warfare.	11
1172319909	Millard Filmore	In 1850, President Taylor died suddenly and Vice President Millard Fillmore took the presidency. President Fillmore signed the compromise of 1850	12
1172319910	Uncle Tom's Cabin	written by harriet beecher stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict. made the issue more real, people could understand the suffering of slaves	13
1172319911	Commondore Perry	forced Japan to end it's isolation and open up it's ports to the US	14
1172319912	Bleeding Kansas	A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.	15
1172319913	Senator Charles Sumner	gave a speech against slavery in congress, was later beat by Preston Brooks, a southern senator, showed the animosity between North and South	16
1172319914	Kansas border ruffians	proslavery Missourians who came to Kansas to vote, and attack the antislavery forces	17
1172319915	John Brown	An abolitionist who attempted to lead a slave revolt by capturing Armories in southern territory and giving weapons to slaves, was hung in Harpers Ferry after capturing an Armory	18
1172319916	Lecompton connstitution	kansas connstitution that allowed the people to vote for slavery, or no slavery (expansion, slaveholders already in kansas would be protected by law)	19
1172319917	Know Nothing Party	Secret Nativist political party that opposed Immigration during the 1840's and early 1850's. Officially called the American Party, nativist and protestant	20
1172319918	Dred Scott decision	Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled that Scott had no right to sue in federal court because african americans were not citizens; slaves were property and the property rights of their owners were protected in all states; congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in any territory, and the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional; slavery supporters rejoiced antislavery peole were stunned	21
1172319919	panic of 1857	Economic downturn caused by overspeculation of western lands, railroads, gold in California, grain. Mostly affected northerners, who called for higher tariffs and free homesteads	22
1172319920	Lincoln Douglas debates	1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate	23
1172319921	Crittenden compromise	1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden, offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans	24
1172319922	Fort Sumter	Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War	25
1172319923	Walker Tariff	A tariff for revenue bill that reduced that rates of the Tariff of 1842 from 32% to 25%.	26
1172319924	American colonization society	A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.	27
1172319925	Webster Ashburton treaty	Result of Arostook war, established Maine's northern border and boundaries of Great Lake states	28
1172319926	Aroostook war	The result of the conflict over The Caroline ship, which consisted of angry Americans and Canadians, mostly lumberjacks, began moving into the disputed Aroostook River region, causing a violent brawl.	29
1172319927	the Grimke sisters	Angelina and Sarah. Daughters of a South Carolina slave owner, they toured throughout the Northeast to campaign for the abolition of slavery	30
1172319928	Prigg vs PA	declared unconstitutional all fugitive slave laws enacted by the states on the ground that the federal law provided the exclusive remedy for the return of runaway slaves.	31
1172319929	Free soil party	Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.	32
1172319930	Stephen Douglas	Senator from Illinois, author of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Freeport Doctrine, argues in favor of popular sovereignty	33
1172319931	Freeport doctrine	Doctrine developed by Stephen Douglas that said the exclusion of slavery in a territory could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property. It was unpopular with Southerners, and thus cost him the election.	34

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american pagent 13th addition chapters 14 15 16 Flashcards

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553984372	cotton kingdom	term for the south that emphasized its economic dependence on a single staple product	1
553984373	lords of the loom	prosouthern new england textile owners who were economically tied to the southern lords of the lash	2
553984374	sir walter scott	british novelist whose romantic vision of a feudal society made him highly popular in the south	3
553984375	free blacks	the poor vulnerable group that was the object of prejudice in the north and depised as a third race in the south	4
553984376	american slavery as it is	theodore dwight welds powerful antislavery book	5
553984377	black belt	the area of the south where most slaves were held stretching from south carolina across the louisiana	6
553984378	american colonization society	organization founded in 1817 to send blacks back to africa	7
553984379	lane rebels	group of theology students led by theodore dwight weld who were expelled for abolitionist activity and later became leading preachers of the antislavery gospel	8
553984380	the liberator	william lloyd garrisons fervent aolitionist newspaper that preached an immediate end to slavery	9
553984381	american antislavery society	garrisonian abolitionist organization founded in 1833 that included the eloquent wendell phillips as a leader	10
553984382	gag resolution	strict rule passed by prosouthern congressmen in 1836 to prohibit all discussion of slavery in the house of reps	11
553984383	free soilers	northern antislavery politicans like lincoln who rejected radical abolitionism but sought to prohibit he expansion of slavery in the western territories	12
553984384	harriet beecher stowe	author of an abolitionist novel that portrayed the separation of slave families by auction	13
553984385	nat turner	visionary black preacher whose bloody slave rebellion in 1831 tightened the reins of slavery in the south	14
553984386	liberia	west african republic founded in 1822 by freed blacks from the us	15
553984387	theodore dwight weld	leader of the lane rebels who wrote the powerful antislavery work american slavery as it is	16
553984388	lewis tappan	wealthy ny abolitionist merchant whose home was demolished by a mob in 1834	17
553984389	lane theological seminary	midwestern instituition whose president expelled 18 students for organizing a debate on slavery	18
553984390	william lloyd garrison	leading radical abolitionist who burned the constitution as a covenant with death and an agreement with hell	19
553984391	david walker	black abolitionist writer who called for a bloody end to slavery in an appeal of 1829	20
553984392	sojourner truth	ny free black woman who faught for emancipation and womens rights	21
553984393	martin delany	black abolitionist who visited west africa in 1859 to examine sites where blacks might relocate	22
553984394	frederick douglass	escaped slave amd great black abolitionist who fought to end slavery through political action	23
553984395	virginia legislature	site of the last major southern debate over slavery and emancipation 1831-1832	24
553984396	john quincy adams	former president who fought for the right to discuss slavery in congress	25
553984397	elijah lovejoy	illinois editor whose death at the hands of a mob made him an abolitionist martyr	26
554041938	deism	liberal religious belief held by many of the founding fathers that stressed rationalism and moral behavior rather than christian revelation	27
554041939	2nd great awakening	religious revival that began on the frontier and swept eastward stirring an evangelical spirit in many areas of american life	28
554041940	methodist and baptist	the 2 religious denominations that benefited from the evangelical revivals of the early nineteenth century	29
554041941	mormons	religious group founded by joseph smith that eventually established a cooperative commonwealth in utah	30
554041942	seneca falls convention	memorable 1848 meeting in ny where women made an appeal based on the dec of independence	31
554041943	new harmony	commune established in new harmony indiana by scottish industrialist robert owen	32
554041944	brook farm	intellectual comune in mass. based on plain living and high thinking	33
554041945	monticello	jeffersons stately self designed home in virginia that became a model of american architecture	34
554041946	knickerbockers	ny literary movement that drew on both regional and national themes	35
554041947	transcendentalism	philosophical and literary movement centered in ne. that greatly influenced many american writers of the early 19th cent.	36
554041948	civil disobedience	the doctrine promoted by american writer thoreau in an essay of the same name that later influenced gandhi and martin luther king jr	37
554041949	leaves of grass	walt whitmans shocking collection of emotional poems	38
554041950	scarlet letter	a disturbing ne. masterpiece about adultury and guilt in the old puritan era	39
554041951	moby dick	the great but commercially unsuccessful novel about captain ahabs obsessive pursuit of a white whale	40
554041952	little women	masterpiece of ne. writer louia may alcott	41
554041953	dorothea dix	reformer who substantially improved conditions for the mentally ill	42
554041954	brigham young	the mormon moses who led persecuted latter day saints to their promised land in utah	43
554041955	elizabeth cady stanton	leading feminist who wrote the declaration of sentiments in 1848 and pushed for womens sufferage	44
554041956	lucretia mott	quaker womens rights advocate who also strongly supported abolition of slavery	45
554041957	emily dickinson	reclusive ne. poet who wrote about love death and immortality	46
554041958	charles g finney	influential evangelica revivalist of the 2nd great awakening	47
554041959	robert owen	idealistic scottish industrialist whose attempt at a communal utopia in the us failed	48
554041960	john humphrey noyes	leader of a radical ny commune that practiced complex marriage and eugenic birth control	49
554041961	mary lyon	pioneering womens educator founder of mount holyoke seminary in mass.	50
554041962	louisa may alcott	novelist whose tales of family life helped economically support her own struggling transcendentalist family	51
554041963	james fenimore cooper	path breaking american novelist who contrasted the natural person of the forest with the values of modern civilization	52
554041964	ralph waldo emerson	second rate poet and philosopher but first rate promoter of transcendentalist ideals and american culture	53
554041965	walt whitman	bold unconventional poet who celebrated american democracy	54
554041966	edgar allen poe	eccentric southern born genius whose tales of mystery suffering and the supernatural departed from general american literary trends	55
554041967	herman melville	ny writer whose romantic sea tales were more popular than his dark literary masterpiece	56
554111556	ireland	nation where a potato famine in the 1840s led to a great migration of its people to america	57
554111557	ancient order of hiberians	semisecre irish organization that became a benevolent society aiding irish immigrants in america	58
554111558	48ers	liberal german refugees who fled failed democratic revolutions and came to america	59
554111559	know nothings	americans who protested and sometimes rioted against roman catholic immigrants	60
554111560	industrial revolution	the transformation of manufacturing that began in britain about 1750	61
554111561	cotton gin	whitneys invention that enhanced cotton production and gave new life to black slavery	62
554111562	limited liability	principle that permitted individual investors to risk no more capital in a business venture than their own share of a corporations stock	63
554111563	telegraph	morses invention that provided instant communication across distance	64
554111564	women and children	common source of early factory labor often underpaid whipped and brutally beaten	65
554111565	unions	working peoples organizations often considered illegal under early american law	66
554111566	mechanical reaper	mccormicks invention that vastly increased the productivity of the american grain farmer	67
554111567	national road	the only major highway constructed by the fed gov before the civil war	68
554111568	steamboat	fultons invention that made river transportation a two day affair	69
554111569	erie canal	clintons big ditch that transformed transportation and economic life across the great lakes region from buffalo to chicago	70
554111570	clippers	short lived american ships replaced by tramp steamers	71
554111571	samuel slater	immigrant mechanic who initiated american industrialization by settin up his cotton spinning factory in 1791	72
554111572	eli whitney	yankee mechanical genius who revolutionized cotton production and created the system of interchangable parts	73
554111573	elias howe	inventer of a machine that revolutionized the ready made clothing industry	74
554111574	samuel morse	developed the first reliable system ofor instant communication across distance	75
554111575	commonwealth v hunt	pioneering mass. supreme court decision that declared labor unions legal	76
554111576	cyrus mccormick	inventor of the mechanical reaper that transformed grain growing into a buisness	77
554111577	robert fulton	developer of a folly that made rivers two way streams of transportation	78
554111578	cyrus field	wealthy ny manufacturer who laid the first temporary transatlantic cable in 1858	79
554111579	molly maguires	radical secret irish labor union of the 1860s and 1870s	80
554111580	dewitt clinton	ny governor who built the erie canal	81

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american pagent chapter 15 Flashcards

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1005706247	deism	relieved on science rather than bible, denied the divinity of christ, believed in a supreme being that created the universe	1
1005706248	unitarianism	god existed only in one person, appealed to intellectuals	2
1005706249	peter cartwright	traveling preacher who converted many people to christianity	3
1005706250	charles grandison finney	one of the greatest revivalist preachers	4
1005706251	second great awakening	religion grows in the US, lines between classes and regions widened, issue of slavery split churches apart	5
1005706252	joseph smith	formed the church of jesus christ of latter-day saints (mormons). led them to illinois	6
1005706253	brigham young	after joseph smith was killed he led the mormons to utah to avoid persecution	7
1005706254	public education	tax supported school for the young. government could controll the future of the country by instilling beliefs and values in the minds of the young.	8
1005706255	horace mann	secretary of the mass board of education in MA, campaigned effectively for a better schooling system	9
1005706256	southern education	first state supported universities in the south. TJ founded the University of VA	10
1005706257	Emma Willard	secondary womens schools, opened Troy female Seminary	11
1005706258	age of reform	gradually abolish debtors prisions, crimminal codes softened, number of capital offenses reduced	12
1005706259	dorthy dix	traveled the country, visiting different asylums, her protests resulted in improved conditions for the mentally ill	13
1005706260	william ladd	formed the America Peace Society	14
1005706261	demon rum "old deluder"	problem of drinking found in women, clergymen, members of congress	15
1005706262	temperance society	persuaded drinkers to stop drinking, because alcohalism tore down family structure	16
1005706263	neal s. dow	"father of prohibition" thought that alcohol should be outlawed, supported the maine law which banned the manufacture and sale of liquor in ME. begining of prohibition	17
1005706264	women revolt	women could not vote and could not retain property after they were married, therefore women actually started to avoid marriage	18
1005706265	robert owen	founded the communal society in order to seek human betterment, however all untopias failed	19
1005706266	american medicine	american doctors and dentists used laughing gas and anesthetics	20
1005706267	dixie	battle hymn of confederates	21
1005706268	american literature	after the the war of independance american liturature recieved a boost in from the wave of nationalism	22
1005706269	washington irving	first american to win international recognition as a literary figure	23
1005706270	james fenimore cooper	the first american novelist to gain world fame	24
1005706271	transcendentalist movement	resulted from a liberalizing of the puritan theology. rejected the theory that all knowledge comes to the mind through the senses. traits: self reliance, self culture, self discipline	25
1005706272	ralph waldo emerson	transcendentalist poet and philosopher; urged american writers to forget european traditions and write about american interests	26
1005706273	henry david thoreau	transcendentalist who believed that one should reduce his bodily want so as to gain time for a pursuit of truth through study and meditation	27
1005706274	henry wadsworth longfellow	one of the most famous poets to come from american wrote for the refined class, was adopted by the less-cultured class	28
1005706275	edgar allan poe	wrote with a pessimistic tone not like the literature at the time	29
1005706276	herman melville	writer of the novel Moby Dick	30
1005706277	american historians	country needs to have existed independantly for quite some time for it to develop a history	31

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American Pagent Chapter 12 Flashcards

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234950299	Treaty Of Ghent	December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border	0
234950300	Hartford Convention	Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence	1
234950301	Second Bank Of The United States	chartered in 1816, much like its predecessor of 1791 but with more capital; it could not forbid state banks from issuing notes, but its size and power enabled it to compel the state banks to issue only sound notes or risk being forced out of business.	2
234950302	Rush - Bagot Agreement	The treaty laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary between the U.S. and British North America. This agreement was indicative of improving relations between the United States and Great Britain in the period following the War of 1812, treaty between the United States and Britain enacted in 1817 (signed April 28-29, 1817 in Washington, DC). The treaty provided for the demilitarization of the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, where many British naval arrangements and forts still remained	3
234950303	American System	an economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves	4
234950304	Panic Of 1819	Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.	5
234950305	Dartmouth College v. Woodward	This 1819 Marshall Court decision was one of the earliest and most important U.S. Supreme Court decisions to interpret the contracts clause in Article I, Section 10 of the Constitution. The case arose from a dispute in New Hampshire over the state's attempt to take over Dartmouth College. By construing the Contract Clause as a means of protecting corporate charters from state interventions, Marshall derived a significant constitutional limitation on state authority. As a result, private corporations enjoyed protection from state legislature. Marshall encouraged the emergence of unregulated private economic actor as a major participant in a growing national economy.	6
234950306	McCulloch v. Maryland	1819, Cheif justice John Marshall shows the limit of the US constition and of the authority of the federal and state govts. One side was opposed to establishment of a national bank and challenged the authority of federal govt to establish one. Supreme court ruled that power of federal govt was supreme and states couldn't interfere	7
234950307	Oliver Hazard Perry	"We during the War of 1812. Won battle on Lake Erie against the British. After the battle, he sent William Henry Harrison a note that said this famous quote.have me the enemy, and they are ours." Naval hero who helped keep the British from invading by the lakes and helped boost nationalsim	8
234950308	Thomas Macdonough	Commanded the weaker American fleet and challenged the British. He made the British army retreat, saving New York from conquest	9
234950309	William Henry Harrison	Govenor of the Indiana territory, that fought against Tecumseh and the Prophet in the battle of Tippecanoe	10
234950310	Francis Scott - Key	United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812 while on a Britih ship trying to find a doctor	11
234950311	Gibbons v. Ogden	The case was started when New York tried to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives only Congress the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights.	12
234950312	Fletcher v. Peck	Supreme Court case which protected property rights and asserted the right to invalidate state laws in conflict with the Constitution	13
234950313	Prosser's Rebellion	1800, A large slave uprising inspired by a slave revolt in the Caribbean. Prosser, a slave with blacksmith skills, had been allowed to travel extensively for work. Over the his travels he organized hundreds of slaves into a rebellion. It led to increased criticism of slavery in the north, and tightening of slave laws in the south.	14
234950314	Missouri Compromise	Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state and causing the breakdown of equilibrium in the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. The compromise let Maine join as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery.	15
234950315	Land Act Of 1820	authorized a buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres at a minimum of $1.25 an acre. The West also demanded cheap transportation and cheap money.	16
234950316	Monroe Doctrine	A statement on foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. Which was written after a alliance offer from Britan	17
234950317	Russo - American Treaty of 1824	This treaty between Russia and America set the southern borders of Russian holdings in America at the line of 54 degrees- 40', the southern tip of Alaska.	18
234950318	Adams - Onis Treaty	Spain ceded Florida to the United States and gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory	19
234950319	Andrew Jackson	The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.	20
234950320	Washington Irving	Author, diplomat, wrote The Sketch Book, which included "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," the first American to be recognized in England (and elsewhere) as a writer	21
234950321	James Fenimore Cooper	United States novelist noted for his stories of American Indians and the frontier life (1789-1851)	22
234950322	Daniel Webster	Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union.	23

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David Meyers Chapter 2 Vocab Flashcards

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207428485	Neuron	a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system. (p. 49)	0
207428486	Sensory Neurons	neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord. (p. 49)	1
207428487	Motor Neurons	neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands. (p. 49)	2
207428488	Interneurons	neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs. (p. 49	3
207428489	Dendrite	the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body. (p. 49	4
207428490	Axon	the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands. (p. 49)	5
207428491	Myelin Sheath	layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next. (p. 49)	6
207428492	Action Potential	a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. (p. 49)	7
207428493	Threshold	the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse. (p. 50)	8
207428494	Synapse	the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft. (p. 51)	9
207428495	Neurotransmitters	chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse. (p. 51)	10
207428496	Reuptake	a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron. (p. 51)	11
207428497	Endorphins	"morphine within"—natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure. (p. 53)	12
207428498	Nervous System	the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems. (p. 55)	13
207428499	Central Nervous System (CNS)	the brain and spinal cord. (p. 55)	14
207428500	Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)	the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body. (p. 55)	15
207428501	Nerves	bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs. (p. 55)	16
207428502	Somatic Nervous System	the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system. (p. 55)	17
207428503	Autonomic Nervous System	the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms. (p. 55)	18
207428504	Sympathetic Nervous System	the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. (p. 55)	19
207428505	Parasympathetic Nervous System	the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy. (p. 56)	20
207428506	Reflex	a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response. (p. 57)	21
207428507	Endocrine Nervous System	the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. (p. 58)	22
207428508	Hormones	chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues. (p. 58)	23
207428509	Adrenal Glands	a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and nor-epinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress. (p. 59)	24
207428510	Pituitary Gland	the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. (p. 59)	25
207428511	Lesion	tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue. (p. 61)	26
207428512	Electroencephalogram (EEG)	an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. (p. 61)	27
207428513	PET (Positron Emission Tomography)	a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task. (p. 62)	28
207428514	MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)	a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy. (p. 62)	29
207428515	fMRI (functinoal MRI)	a technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function. (p. 62)	30
207428516	Brainstem	the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions. (p. 63)	31
207428517	Medulla	the base of the brainstem; controls heart-beat and breathing. (p. 63)	32
207428518	Reticular Formation	a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal. (p. 63)	33
207428519	Thalamus	the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla. (p. 64)	34
207428520	Cerebellum	the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance. (p. 64)	35
207428521	Limbic System	neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives. (p. 65)	36
207428522	Amygdala	two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion. (p. 65)	37
207428523	Hypothalamus	a neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward. (p. 66)	38
207428524	Cerebral Cortex	the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center. (p. 68)	39
207428525	Glial Cell	cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons. (p. 68)	40
207428526	Frontal Lobes	portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments. (p. 68)	41
207428527	Parietal Lobes	portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position. (p. 68)	42
207428528	Occipital Lobes	portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields. (p. 68)	43
207428529	Temporal Lobes	portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear. (p. 68)	44
207428530	Motor Cortex	an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements. (p. 69)	45
207428531	Sensory Cortex	area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations. (p. 71)	46
207428532	Association Areas	areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking. (p. 72)	47
207428533	Plasticity	the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience. (p. 73)	48
207428534	Neurogenesis	the formation of new neurons. (p. 74)	49
207428535	Corpus Callosum	the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them. (p. 75)	50
207428536	Split Brains	a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them. (p. 75)	51

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Campbell Biology 9th Edition - Chapter 37 Flashcards

Soil and Plant Nutrition

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1200543915	humus	partially decomposed organic matter	1
1200543916	topsoil	Mixture of humus, clay, and other minerals that forms the crumbly, topmost layer of soil.	2
1200543917	soil horizons	horizontal layers that reveal a soil's history, characteristics, and usefulness	3
1200543918	loams	Soils containing a mixture of clay, sand, silt, and humus. Good for growing most crops.	4
1200543919	cation exchange	A process in which positively charged minerals are made available to a plant when hydrogen ions in the soil displace mineral ions from the clay particles.	5
1200543920	sustainable agriculture	Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil- restoring crops with cash crops and reducing in-puts of fertilizer and pesticides.	6
1200543921	fertilization	the addition of minerals to soil	7
1200543922	no-till agriculture	growth of crops without plowing the soil to prevent erosion and loss of nutrients	8
1200543923	Contour tillage	a way of planting that is creates a spiral instead of rows	9
1200543924	Phytoremediation	A method employed to clean up a hazardous waste site that uses plants to absorb and accumulate toxic materials	10
1200543925	essential element	In plants, a chemical element that is required for the plant to grow from a seed and complete the life cycle, producing another generation of seeds.	11
1200543926	hydroponic culture	A method in which plants are grown without soil by using mineral solutions.	12
1200543927	macronutrients	nutrients required in large amounts	13
1200543928	micronutrients	Nutrients required in small or trace amounts. Some examples are phosphorus, sulfur, and potassium.	14
1200543929	nitrogen cycle	the transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere	15
1200543930	Rhizobacteria	soil bacteria with especially large populations in the rhizosphere	16
1200543931	rhizosphere	The soil region close to plant roots and characterized by a high level of microbiological activity.	17
1200543932	bacteroids	A form of rhizobium contained within the vesicles formed by the root cells of a root nodule.	18
1200543933	nitrogen fixation	process by which certain bacteria convert nitrogen gas to ammonia	19
1200543934	crop rotation	the system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land	20
1200543935	Mycorrhizae	symbiotic relationships between fungal hyphae and plant roots	21
1200543936	arbuscular mycorrhizae	A distinct type of endomycorrhiza formed by glomeromycete fungi, in which the tips of the fungal hyphae that invade the plant roots branch into tiny treelike structures called arbuscles.	22
1200543937	ectomycorrhizae	A type of mycorrhizae in which the mycelium forms a dense sheath, or mantle, over the surface of the root. Hyphae extend from the mantle into the soil, greatly increasing the surface area for water and mineral absorption.	23
1200543938	epiphyte	plant that derives moisture and nutrients from the air and rain, Plant that is not rooted in soil but instead grows directly on the body of another plant	24

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A test on macromolecules; identify the macromolecule/subunit that corresponds to each of the following descriptions; identify the type of bond.
Can also contain questions pertaining to the structure of the macromolecules.

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986217978	Proteins	Contain C,H,O,N,P,S atoms.	1
986217979	Nucleic Acids	Contain information for protein synthesis.	2
986217980	Choline	Phospholipids consist of a phosphate group, glycerol head, fatty acid tail, and what else?	3
986217981	Proteins	Are found in cell membrane as sites of active transport.	4
986217982	Lipids	The functions include cushioning and hormones.	5
986217983	Phosphodiester Bond	A covalent bond formed between the phosphorus atom in a phosphate group and two sugar groups joined with ester bonds.	6
986217984	Peptide Bond	A bond formed between two amino acids.	7
986217985	Disulfide Bridge	A linkage formed between the R groups of two Cysteines.	8
986217986	Proline	An amino acid that causes kinks/bends in protein structures.	9
986217987	Cutin	A lipid which commonly covers the outer surface of plants and fruit.	10
986217988	Glycosidic Linkage	Specific name of the linkage between monosaccharides.	11
986217989	Dehydration Synthesis	A process which joins two monosaccharides together.	12
986217990	Hydrolysis	Process in which two monosaccharides are split.	13
986217991	Antiparallel	DNA strands are said to run ... to each other.	14
986217992	Purines	The two-ringed bases are called...	15
986217993	A,G	Bases that are purines.	16
986217994	C,T,U	Bases that are pyrimidines.	17
986217995	Ester Linkage	Linkage between fatty acid and a glycerol.	18
986217996	Cellulose, Chitin	Carbohydrates which humans cannot digest.	19
986217997	Lipids	One of the functions is long-term energy storage.	20
986217998	Nucleic Acid	Nucleotides are the subunits of this macromolecule.	21
986217999	Carbohydrates	The functions are short-term energy storage and structural support.	22
986218000	Carbohydrates	This group of macromolecules contains only polar regions, but larger molecules are slightly less polar.	23
986218001	Isomers	Glucose, fructose, and galactose are called what according to their chemical structure?	24
986218002	Hydrogenation	The process by which manufacturers create "bad" fats from "good" fats.	25
986218003	Saturated	Hydrogenated fats are...	26
986218004	Proteins	Their structure can be either fibrous or globular.	27
986218005	Starch	Contains alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkages,	28
986218006	Cellulose	Makes up cell walls of plants.	29
986218007	Chitin	Glucose polymer with an amino acid attacthed to each glucose unit; similar structure to cellulose, so humans can't digest it; major structural component of the exoskeleton of arthropods; found in the cell walls of fungi	30
986218008	Cellulose	Contains ß 1-4 glycosidic linkages.	31

87368408	qualitative measurement	measurments that have to do with the amount of substance, not numerical value	0
87368409	quantitative measurment	characteristic involves a numerical measurement	1
87368410	accuracy	the extent to which a given measurement agrees with the standard value for that measurement	2
87368411	precision	the extent to which a given set of measurements of the same sample agree with their mean	3
87368412	density	mass per unit volume	4
87368413	matter	something that occupies space	5
87368414	mass	a body of coherent matter, usually of indefinite shape and often of considerable size	6
87368415	weight	a system of units for expressing heaviness or mass	7
87368416	volume	the amount of space, measured in cubic units, that an object or substance occupies	8
87368417	pure substance	a kind of matter that cannot be separated into other kinds of matter by any physical or chemical process	9
87368418	atom	are the basis for everything in the Universe	10
87368419	molecule	an electrically neutral group of at least two atoms in a definite arrangement held together by very strong (covalent) chemical bonds	11
87368420	element	a component or constituent of a whole or one of the parts into which a whole may be resolved by analysis	12
87368421	compound	composed of two or more parts, elements	13
87368422	solid	having three dimensions (length, breadth, and thickness	14
87368423	liquid	composed of molecules that move freely among themselves but do not tend to separate like those of gases	15
87368424	gas	a substance possessing perfect molecular mobility and the property of indefinite expansion	16
87368425	physical property	any property used to characterize matter and energy and their interactions	17
87368426	chemical property	characteristic of a substance that becomes known during a chemical reaction	18
87368427	physical change	when objects undergo a change that does not change their chemical nature	19
87368428	chemical change	substances are changed into different substances	20
87368429	mixture	an aggregate of two or more substances that are not chemically united and that exist in no fixed proportion to each other	21
87368430	heterogeneous mixture	made up by two or more different substances which are (mixed) together but are not combined chemically	22
87368431	homogeneous mixture	a mixture made up of two or more elements that are chemically combined.	23
87368432	mole	6.02x10^23	24
87717876	Exothermic Heat	Heat is given off. ex: fireworks	25
87717877	Endothermic Heat	Heat is absorbed. ex: cooking a hamburger	26

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