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American Pageant Chapter 10 Vocab Flashcards

Key terms, people, and events from Chapter 10 of the 13th edition of the American Pageant.

1142788961	Excise Tax	Tax on manufactured goods; i.e. whiskey	1
1142788962	Republicans (Jeffersonians)	Party led by Jefferson, made up of mostly middle class and poor; best government was one that governed least	2
1142788963	Protective Tariff	Tariff (tax on imported goods) for the purpose of raising money and protecting American businesses.	3
1142788964	Federalists (Political Party)	Party led by Hamilton, believed the wealthy should run country, supported strong government, government should encourage business	4
1142788965	Bank of the US	Created by Alexander Hamilton, 20% would be owned by government, helped stimulate economy; caused conflict in Washington's cabinet	5
1142788966	Nullification	Belief that states could void federal laws if they felt they were unconstitutional	6
1142788967	Alien and Sedition Acts	Passed by Federalist Congress to limit number of citizens and punish those that spoke out against government.	7
1142788968	Jay's Treaty	Temporarily eased tensions between Britain and US. Britain promised to leave posts in America	8
1142788969	Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions	Thomas Jefferson and James Madison's reaction to Alien and Sedition Acts. Wanted states to nullify those acts.	9
1142788970	Alexander Hamilton	Federalist, had a financial plan to bail out the US economy; created a bank.	10
1142788971	Judiciary Act of 1789	Established the Supreme Court with John Jay as chief justice and 5 associate judges	11
1142788972	Treaty of Greenville	Treaty between US and Natives; Many natives left Ohio and Indiana	12
1142788973	Whiskey Rebellion	Made up of distillers that were upset with Excise taxes, quickly crushed by Washington	13
1142788974	Washington's Farewell Address	Encouraged America to remain neutral and follow an isolationist policy; warned of the dangers of political parties	14
1142788975	XYZ Affair	Attempt by French to extort money from John Marshall (Future Chief Justice), plan failed, Marshall comes back a hero	15
1142788976	Pinckney's Treaty	Improved relations with Spain, allowed Americans access to Mississippi River	16
1142788977	Strict Interpretation	Following the Constitution as it is exactly written	17
1142788978	Loose Interpretation	Allowing for a broader interpretation of the Constitution	18

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Ch. 16 Reconstructing A Nation Flashcards

A People and a Nation: A History of the United States, Chapter 16 Reconstruction: An Unfinished Revolution, 1865-1877

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1499740626	Carpetbaggers	Derogatory nickname southerners gave to northerners who moved south after the Civil War, perceiving them as greedy opportunists who hoped to cash in on the South's plight.	1
1499740627	Civil Rights Act of 1875	Designed to desegregate public places but lacked enforcement provisions.	2
1499740628	congressional Reconstruction	The process by which the Republican controlled Congress sought to make the Reconstruction of the ex-Confederate states longer, harsher, and under congressional control.	3
1499740629	Enforcement Acts	Laws that sought to protect black voters and made violations of civil and political rights a federal offense and sought to end Ku Klux Klan violence.	4
1499740630	Fifteenth Amendment	Prohibited states from denying the vote to any citizen on account of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude."	5
1499740631	Fourteenth Amendment	Defined U.S. citizens as anyone born or naturalized in the United States, barred states from interfering with citizens' constitutional rights, and stated for first time that voters would be male.	6
1499740632	Freedmen's Bureau	Created by Congress in March 1865, this agency had responsibility for the relief, education, and employment of former slaves as well as white refugees.	7
1499740633	Impeachment	Process to remove a president from office; attempted but failed in the case of Andrew Johnson.	8
1499740634	Ku Klux Klan	A terrorist organization established by six Confederate war veterans that sought to reestablish white supremacy in the South, suppress black voting, and topple Reconstruction governments.	9
1499740635	scalawag	Term used by conservative southerners to describe other white southerners who were perceived as aiding or benefiting from Reconstruction.	10
1499740636	Sharecropping	A system where landowners and former slaves managed a new arrangement, with laborers paying with a portion of their crops for the right to work their own land, thereby usually ending up in permanent debt.	11
1499740637	Thirteenth Amendment	The Constitutional amendment that abolished slavery; passed by Congress in 1865.	12

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AP US Chapter 8: America Secedes from the Empire, 1775-1783 Flashcards

AP US chapter 8 studyguide

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468454327	mercenary	a professional soldier who serves in a foreign army for pay	1
468454328	indictment	a formal written accusation charging someone with a crime	2
468454329	dictatorship	a form of government characterized by absolute state power and the unlimited authority of the ruler	3
468454330	neutral	a nation or person not taking sides in a war	4
468454331	civilian	a citizen not in military service	5
468454332	traitor	one who betrays a country by aiding an enemy	6
468454333	confiscate	to seize private property for public use, often as a penalty	7
468454334	envoy	a messenger or agent sent by a government on official business	8
468454335	rabble	a mass of disorderly and crude common people	9
468454336	arsenal	a place for making or storing weapons and ammunition	10
468454337	isolationist	concerning the belief that a country should take little or no part in foreign affairs, especially through alliances or wars	11
468454338	hereditary	passed down from generation to generation	12
468454339	blockade	the isolation of a place by hostile ships or troops	13
468454340	privateer	a private vessel temporarily authorized to capture or plunder enemy ships in wartime	14
468454341	graft	taking advantage of one's official position to gain money or property by illegal means	15
468454342	during the period of fighting between April 1775 and July 1776, the colonists claimed that their goal was...	to restore their rights within the British Empire	16
468454343	George Washington proved to be an especially effective commander of american forces in the Revolution because...	of his integrity, courage, and moral forcefulness	17
468454344	the bold American military strategy that narrowly failed in December 1775 involved...	an invasion of Canada by generals Arnold and Montgomery	18
468454345	many of the German hessian soldiers hired by King George III to fight for the British...	had little loyalty to the British cause and ended up deserting	19
468454346	Thomas Paine's appeal for a new republican form of government attracted many Americans because...	their own experience with local and colonial democratic governance had prepared them for the idea	20
468454347	Paine's Common Sense was crucial in convincing many Americans that what they should fight for was...	an independent and republican America separate from Britain	21
468454348	the loyalists were particularly strong among...	conservative and well-off Americans	22
468454349	Besides George Washington, the most militarily effective American officer in the early campaigns of 1776 and 1777 was...	General Benedict Arnold	23
468454350	The Battle of Saratoga was a key turning point of the War for Independence because...	it brought about crucial French assistance to the Revolutionary cause	24
468454351	The primary reason that Americans were willing to enter a military and diplomatic alliance with France in 1778 was...	the practical self-interest of needing assistance to defeat the British	25
468454352	the British especially relied on the numerous Loyalists to aid them in fighting the Patriots...	in the Carolinas	26
468454353	most of the Six Nations of the Iroquois under Joseph Brant fought against the American revoluntionaries because...	they believed that a victorious Britain would contain westward American expansions	27
468454354	The British defeat at Yorktown was brought about by George Washington's army and...	the French navy under Admiral de Grasse	28
468454355	In the peace negotiations at Paris, the French wanted the Americans...	to aquire only the territory east of the Appalachian Mountains	29
468454356	The British yielded the Americans a generous peace treaty that included the western territories primarily because of...	the desire of the weak Whig ministry in London for friendly future relations with the United States	30
468454357	Second Continental Congress	the body that chose Washington commander of the Continental Army	31
468454358	Canada	the British colony that Americans invaded in hopes of adding it to the rebellious thirteen	32
468454359	Common Sense	the inflammatory pamphlet that demanded independence and heaped scorn on "the Royal Brute of Great Britain"	33
468454360	Declaration of Independence	the document that provided a lengthy explanation and justification of Richard Henry Lee's resolution that was passed by Congress on July 2, 1776	34
468454361	Rebels	the term(s) by which the American Patriots were commonly known, to distinguish them from the American "Tories"	35
468454362	Loyalists	another name for the American Tories	36
468454363	Anglican	the church body most closely linked with Tory sentiment, except in Virginia	37
468454364	Hudson River	the river valley that was the focus of Britain's early military strategy and the scene of Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga in 1777	38
468454365	Armed Neutrality	term for the alliance of Catherine the Great of Russia and other European powers who did not declare war but assumed a hostile neutrality toward Britain	39
468454366	South Carolina	the region that saw some of the Revolution's most bitter fighting, from 1780 to 1782, between American General Greene and British General Cornwallis	40
468454367	Privateers	"legalized pirates" more than a thousand strong, who inflicted heavy damage on British shipping	41
468454368	Whigs	British political party that replaced Lord North's Tories in 1782 and made a generous treaty with the United States	42
468454369	Mississippi River	the western boundary of the United States established in the Treaty of Paris	43
468454370	militia	the irregular American troops who played a crucial role in swaying the neutral civilian population toward the Patriot cause	44
468454371	Holand	the other European nation besides France and Spain that supported the American Revolution by declaring war on Britain	45
468454372	George Washington	a weathly virginian of great character and leadership abilities who served his country without pay	46
468454373	Bunker Hill	military engagement that led King George III officially to delcare the colonists in revolt	47
468454374	Benedict Arnold	brilliant American general who invaded Canada, foiled Burgoyne's invasion, and then betrayed his country in 1780	48
468454375	Thomas Paine	a radical British immigrant who put an end to American toasts to King George	49
468454376	Richard Henry Lee	fiery Virginian and author of the official resolution of July 2, 1776, formally authorizing the colonies' independence	50
468454377	Thomas Jefferson	author of an explanatory indictment, signed on Jul 4, 1776, that accused George III of establishing a military dictatorship	51
468454378	Loyalists	Americans who fought for King George and earned the contempt of Patriots	52
468454379	General Burgoyne	blundering British general whose slow progress south from Canada ended in disaster at Saratoga	53
468454380	General Howe	British general who chose to enjoy himself in New York and Philadelphia rather tha nvigorously pursue the American enemy	54
468454381	Benjamin Franklin	American diplomat who forged the alliance with France and later secured a generous peace treaty	55
468454382	George Rogers Clark	leader whose small force conquered key British forts in the West	56
468454383	John Paul Jones	american naval commander who successfully harassed British shipping	57
468454384	Saratoga	the decisive early battle of the revolution that led to the alliance with France	58
468454385	Yorktown	the British defeat that led to the fall of North's government and the end of the war	59
468454386	Joseph Brant	Mohawk chief who led many Iroquois to fight with Britain against American revolutionaries	60

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Tom Watson and the Populists Flashcards

Vocabulary

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1325526712	Populist Party	U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies	1
1325526713	Racism	Belief that one race is superior to another	2
1325526714	Fraud	A deliberate deception intended to secure an unfair or unlawful gain	3
1325526715	White Power	Ku Klux Klan	4
1325526716	Farmer's Alliance	A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy	5

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Meyer's Psychology for AP* Unit 6 - Learning Flashcards

Vocab flashcards for Meyer's Psychology for AP* Unit 6 on Learning

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584219056	Learning	A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience.	1
584219057	Habituation	decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation	2
584219058	Associative learning	Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be 2 stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)	3
584219059	Conditioning	The process of learning associations	4
584219060	Classical conditioning	A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events	5
584219061	Behaviorism	The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not (2)	6
584219062	Unconditioned response (UR)	In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salvation when food is in the mouth	7
584219063	Unconditioned stimulus (US)	In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally--naturally and automatically--triggers a response	8
584219064	Conditioned response (CR)	In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)	9
584219065	Conditioned stimulus (CS)	In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response	10
584219066	Acquisition	In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the CR. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.	11
584219067	Higher-order conditioning	A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (AKA second-order conditioning).	12
584219068	Extinction	The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a CS; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.	13
584219069	Spontaneous recovery	The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished condition response.	14
584219070	Generalization	The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for a stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.	15
584219071	Discrimination	In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus	16
584219072	Learned helplessness	The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.	17
584219073	Respondent behavior	Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus	18
584219074	Operant conditioning	A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher	19
584219075	Law of effect	Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely	20
584219076	Operant chamber	In operant conditioning research, a chamber (AKA as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking	21
584219077	Shaping	An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations	22
584219078	Discriminative stimulus	In operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)	23
584219079	Reinforcer	In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows	24
584219080	Positive reinforcement	Increasing behaviors by presenting a stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response	25
584219081	Negative reinforcement	Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (NR IS NOT PUNISHMENT)	26
584219082	Primary reinforcer	An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need	27
584219083	Conditioned reinforcer	A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer	28
584219084	Continuous reinforcement	Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs	29
584219085	Partial (intermittent) reinforcement	Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement	30
584219086	Fixed-ratio schedule	In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.	31
584219087	Variable-ratio schedule	In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses	32
584219088	Fixed-interval schedule	In OC: A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elabsed	33
584219089	Variable-interval schedule	In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intrevals	34
584219090	Punishment	An event that decreases the behavior that it follows	35
584219091	Positive punishment	following an undesired response by adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of the behavior reoccurring	36
584219092	Negative punishment	following an undesired response by removing a pleasant stimulus this is also called a time out and reduces the likelihood of the behavior reoccurring	37
584219093	Cognitive map	A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.	38
584219094	Latent learning	Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it	39
584219095	Insight	A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem	40
584219096	Intrinsic motivation	A desire to preform a behavior effectively for its own sake	41
584219097	Extrinsic motivation	A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment	42
584219098	Instinctive drift	Repetition of an sequence by delaying food reinforcer for subject	43
584219099	Biofeedback	A system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle psychological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension	44
584219100	Observational learning	Learning by observing others; also called/also known as "social learning"	45
584219101	Modeling	The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior	46
584219102	Mirror neurons	Frontal lobe neurons that fire when preforming certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation and empathy	47
584219103	Theory of mind	Ability to infer another's mental state via mirror neurons and one's own empathy for them, etc.	48
584219104	Prosocial behavior	Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior	49
584219105	Antisocial behavior	Negative, non-constructive, unhelpful/unsympathetic behavior. The opposite of prosocial behavior.	50
584219106	Violence-viewing effect	after you view so much violence you become de-sensitized to it and you begin to imitate it	51
584219107	Imitation	Imitating acts as seen on TV, or by any other influences	52
584219108	Desensitizing	making less susceptible or sensitive to either physical or emotional stimuli	53

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Meyers AP Psychology: Unit 5 Flashcards

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1122037826	Consciousness	Our awareness of ourselves and our environments.	1
1122037827	Circadian Rhythm	The biological clock; regular body rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24 hr. cycle.	2
1122037828	REM Sleep	Rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.	3
1122037829	Alpha Waves	The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.	4
1122037830	Sleep	Periodic, natural loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.	5
1122037831	Hallucinations	False sensory experiences such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.	6
1122037832	Delta Waves	The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.	7
1122037833	NREM Sleep	Non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep.	8
1122037834	Insomnia	Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.	9
1122037835	Narcolepsy	A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrolled sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, of at inopportune times.	10
1122037836	Sleep Apnea	A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.	11
1122037837	Night Terrors	A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.	12
1122037838	Dreams	A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping persons mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamers delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.	13
1122037839	Manifest Content	According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden context).	14
1122037840	Lantent Content	According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content).	15
1122037841	Activation-Synthesis Theory	Neural activity is random and dream's are the brains attempt to make sense of it.	16
1122037842	REM Rebound	The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep).	17
1122037843	Hypnosis	A social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.	18
1122037844	Posthypnotic Suggestions	A suggestion, made during a hypnosis session o be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some eliminations to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.	19
1122037845	Dissociation	A split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.	20
1122037846	Psychoactive Drugs	A chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods.	21
1122037847	Tolerance	The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and longer doses before experiencing the drugs effect.	22
1122037848	Withdrawal	The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug.	23
1122037849	Physical Dependence	A physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.	24
1122037850	Psychological Dependence	A psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions.	25
1122037851	Addiction	Compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences.	26
1122037852	Depressants	Drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.	27
1122037853	Barbiturates	Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement.	28
1122037854	Opiates	Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.	29
1122037855	Stimulants	Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine and ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.	30
1122037856	Amphetamines	Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.	31
1122037857	Methamphetamine	A powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system with speed up body functions and associated mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels.	32
1122037858	Insula	Area that lights up when people crave drugs.	33
1122037859	Ecstacy (MDMA)	A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short term health risks and longer term harm to serotonin producing neurons and to mood and cognition.	34
1122037860	Hallucinogens	Psychedelic ("mind manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.	35
1122037861	LSD	A powerful hallucinogen drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethyl amide).	36
1122037862	Near-Death Experience	An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug induced hallucinations.	37
1122037863	THC	The major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects including mild hallucinations.	38

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AP Psychology Meyers Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1082164635	consciousness	our awareness of ourselves and our environment around us. Its our self awareness, part of DUAL PROCESSING, we experience many states of consciousness throughout the day. Connected to William James' idea of stream of conciousness	1
1082164636	circadian rhythm	The 24 hour cycle that our body goes through each day. Body temperature rises in the morning and peaks during the day and dips in the afternoon. Thinking is sharpest at peak of circadian arousal	2
1082164637	Superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN)	A pair of grain-of-rice sized clusters in the hypothalamus that receives waking and sleeping information from light sensitive proteins	3
1082164638	REM Sleep	rapid eye movement sleep, when awakened during REM sleep many reported being in the middle of a dream	4
1082164639	Alpha waves	the relatively slow brain waves that reflect your awake but relaxed state	5
1082164640	How is the sleep transition marked?	Slowed breathing and irregular brainwaves of Stage 1 mark the beginning of sleep.	6
1082164641	hallucinations	sensory experiences that occur without sensory input, in the sleep cycle the sensation of falling or tripping is an example of this.	7
1082164642	Stage 2 sleep	20 minutes of more relaxed sleep than that of stage 1, characterized by sleep spindles (bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain activity. Sleeptalking can occur.	8
1082164643	Delta Waves	large, slow brainwaves. Signals a time where it would be hard for you to be woken up. Bed wetting or Sleep walking may occur (Stage 4)	9
1082164644	NREM sleep	Any stage of sleep (1-4) that is not REM sleep	10
1082164645	What is sleep's function?	Helps us recuperate, makes memories, feeds creative thinking, and may play a role in the growth process.	11
1082164646	insomnia	persistent problems in falling or staying asleep.	12
1082164647	Narcolepsy	victims experience an overwhelming feeling of sleepyness and in some cases just fall asleep at the most inopportune times.	13
1082164648	sleep apnea	when the sleeper doesn't breathe during sleep. Victims sleep without breathing for a minute or so and then snort in air.	14
1082164649	night terrors	appears in children, experience a doubled heart rate and the appearance of being terrified. THESE ARE NOT NIGHTMARES	15
1082164650	REM dreams	"hallucinations of the sleeping mind" Dreams are vivid, emotional, and bizarre. Can be confused with reality	16
1082164651	manifest content	when dreams incorporate the previous days nonsexual experiences and preoccupations.	17
1082164652	What is the function of dreams?	To satisfy our own wishes, to file away memories, to develop and preserve neural pathways and to make sense of neural static, and to reflect cognitive development.	18
1082164653	latent content	unconscious drives and wishes that would be threatening if expressed directly	19
1082164654	REM rebound	when people are repeatedly awakened and once they are allowed to sleep, they sleep with increased REM sleep.	20
1082164655	hypnosis	when you "can't" control yourself after a hypnotic induction	21
1082164656	posthypnotic suggestions	when hypnotherapists try to help patients harness their own healing powers.	22
1082164657	dissociation	a split between different levels of conciousness	23
1082164658	psychoactive drugs	chemicals that change perceptions and moods through their actions at the neural synapses.	24
1082164659	tolerance	as the drug user's brain gets used to the drug, it requires more for the same "high"	25
1082164660	withdrawal	the physical pain and cravings felt by a drug user when he/she is absent of the drug	26
1082164661	physical dependance	when a use goes through withdrawal, this can be affirmed as a possibility	27
1082164662	psychological dependance	when people develop the need for stress relieving drugs that aren't necessarily physically dependant	28
1082164663	addiction	a compulsive craving for a substance despite adverse consequences, can have physical symptoms	29
1082164664	Depressants	drugs such as alcohol, tranquilizers and opiates that calm neural activity	30
1082164665	stimulants	drugs such as nicotine that temporarily excite neural activity	31
1082164666	hallucinogens	drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.	32
1082164667	Eugene Aserinsky	Accidentally discovered that we pass through sleep stages, helped pioneer studies of brain activity	33
1082164668	Ernest Hilgard	believed that hypnosis involves not only social influences but also a state of dissociation.	34
1082164669	Albert Hofmann	the first person to learn and ingest LSD	35
1082164670	Nathaniel Kleitman	Discovered REM sleep	36
1082164671	Nicholas Spanos	hypnosis researcher	37
1082164672	William Dement	sleep researcher who coined the term "rapid eye movement"	38
1082164673	Stanley Coren	found that most humans will sleep for 9 hours if not interrupted	39
1082164674	Sigmund Freud	Father of pscychoanalysis	40

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Meyers AP Psychology: Unit 4 Flashcards

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1008924954	Sensation	The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.	1
1008924955	Perception	The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.	2
1008924956	Bottom-Up Processing	Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information.	3
1008924957	Top-Down Processing	Information processing guided by higher level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.	4
1008924958	Selective Attention	The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.	5
1008924959	Inattentional Blindness	Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.	6
1008924960	Change Blindness	Failing to notice changes in the environment.	7
1008924961	Psychophysics	The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them.	8
1008924962	Absolute Threshold	The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time.	9
1008924963	Signal Detection Theory	A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) and background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness.	10
1008924964	Subliminal	Below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness.	11
1008924965	Priming	The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one/s perception, memory, or response.	12
1008924966	Difference Threshold	The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference (jnd).	13
1008924967	Weber's Law	The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage (rather than a constant amount).	14
1008924968	Sensory Adaptation	Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation (musty odor in house goes away).	15
1008924969	Transduce	Conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret.	16
1008924970	Wavelength	The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission.	17
1008924971	Hue	The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth.	18
1008924972	Intensity	The amount of light or sounds wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude.	19
1008924973	Cornea	Protects the eye/ bends light to provide focus.	20
1008924974	Pupil	The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.	21
1008924975	Iris	A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.	22
1008924976	Lens	The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.	23
1008924977	Retina	The light sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the precessing of visual information.	24
1008924978	Accommodation	The process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.	25
1008924979	Rods	Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond.	26
1008924980	Cones	Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the rear of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.	27
1008924981	Optic Nerve	The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.	28
1008924982	Blind Spot	The point at which to optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there.	29
1008924983	Fovea	The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster.	30
1008924984	Feature Detector	Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus such as shape, angle, or movement.	31
1008924985	Parallel Processing	The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions including vision. Contrasts with the step by step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.	32
1008924986	Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory	The theory that the retina contrasts three different color receptors-oen most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue-which, when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color.	33
1008924987	Opponent-Process Theory	The theory that opposing retinal precesses (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green.	34
1008924988	Cross-Adaptation	One stimulus effects the perception of another stimulus.	35
1008924989	Audition	The sense or act of hearing (highly adaptive).	36
1008924990	Amplitude	Strength of sound waves; determines its loudness.	37
1008924991	Frequency	The number of compete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (ex. - per second).	38
1008924992	Pitch	A tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency.	39
1008924993	Middle Ear	The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window.	40
1008924994	Cochlea	A coiled, boney, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound wave's trigger nerve impulses.	41
1008924995	Inner Ear	The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs.	42
1008924996	Place Theory	In hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated.	43
1008924997	Frequency Theory	In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch.	44
1008924998	Conduction Hearing Loss	Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea.	45
1008924999	Sensorineural Hearing loss	Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called "nerve deafness."	46
1008925000	Cochlear Implant	A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea.	47
1008925001	Kinesthesis	The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts.	48
1008925002	Vestibular Sense	The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance.	49
1008925003	Nociceptors	Sensory receptors that detect hurtful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals.	50
1008925004	Gate-Control Theory	The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in large fibers or by information coming from the brain.	51
1008925005	Tinnitus	Ringing in the ears (people with hearing loss have it too).	52
1008925006	Sensory Interaction	The principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste.	53
1008925007	McGurk Effect	Seeing a mouth say "ga", hearing "ba', and perceiving "da."	54
1008925008	Olfaction	Also known as smell.	55
1008925009	Simplicity	Some image without a great deal of detail.	56
1008925010	Common Region	Boundary and border that block them off.	57
1008925011	Gestalt	An organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.	58
1008925012	Figure-Ground	The organization of the visual fields into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground).	59
1008925013	Grouping	The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups.	60
1008925014	Proximity	We group nearby figures together.	61
1008925015	Similarity	We group similar figures together.	62
1008925016	Continuity	Perceive smooth, continuous patterns, not disconnected ones.	63
1008925017	Connectedness	Uniform and linked.	64
1008925018	Closure	Fill in the gaps to create a complete, whole object.	65
1008925019	Depth Perception	The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance.	66
1008925020	Visual Cliff	A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals.	67
1008925021	Binocular Cues	Depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes.	68
1008925022	Common Fate	Moving together, so we perceive a group.	69
1008925023	Texture Gradient	When things up close have lots of detail, but things far away lose features.	70
1008925024	Convergence	Difference between pupils.	71
1008925025	Retinal Disparity	A binocular cue for perceiving depth. By comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes the distance-the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object.	72
1008925026	Monocular Cues	Depth cues such as interposition and linear perspective available to either eye alone.	73
1008925027	Phi Phenomenon	An allusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession.	74
1008925028	Perceptual Constancy	Perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, sizes, lightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change.	75
1008925029	Relative Luminance	The amount of light an object reflects relative to its surroundings.	76
1008925030	Relative Height	We perceive objects higher in our visual field as farther away.	77
1008925031	Relative Size	If we assume two objects are similar in size, most people perceive the one that cats the smaller retinal image as farther away.	78
1008925032	Interposition	If one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer.	79
1008925033	Linear Perspective	Parallel lines, such as railroad tracks, appear to converge with distance.	80
1008925034	Light and Shadow	Nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes. Thus given two identical objects, the dimmer one seems farther away.	81
1008925035	Relative Motion	As we move, objects that are actually stable may appear to move.	82
1008925036	Color Constancy	Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object.	83
1008925037	Perceptual Adaptation	In vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field.	84
1008925038	Perceptual Set	A mental pure disposition to perceive one thing and not another.	85
1008925039	Extrasensory Perception (ESP)	The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition.	86
1008925040	Parapsychology	The study of paranormal phenomenon, including EPS and psychokinesis.	87
1008925041	Telepathy	Mind to mind communication.	88
1008925042	Clairvoyance	Perceiving remote events.	89
1008925043	Precognition	Perceiving future events.	90
1008925044	Psychokinesis	"Mind over matter" (moving a table with your mind).	91

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Government in America: Chapter 11 (Interest Groups) Key Terms Flashcards

Chapter 11 Key Terms for the 12th edition of Government in America: People, Politics, and Policy by George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, and Robert L. Lineberry.

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41484401	interest group	An organization of people with shared policy goals entering the policy process at several points to try to achieve those goals. They pursue their goals in many arenas.	0
41484402	pluralist theory	A theory of government and politics emphasizing that politics is mainly a competition among groups, each one pressing for its own preferred policies.	1
41484403	elite theory	A theory of government and politics contending that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization.	2
41484404	hyperpluralist theory	A theory of government and politics contending that groups are so strong that government is weakened. It is an extreme, exaggerated, or perverted form of pluralism.	3
41484405	subgovernments (iron triangles)	A network of groups within the American political system that exercise a great deal of control over specific policy areas. They are composed of interest group leaders interested in a particular policy, the government agency in charge of administering that policy, and the members of congressional committees and subcommittees handling that policy.	4
41484406	potential group	All the people who might be interest group members because they share some common interest. It is almost always larger than an actual group.	5
41484407	actual group	That part of the potential group consisting of members who actually join.	6
41484408	collective good	Something of value (money, a tax write-off, prestige, clean air, and so on) that cannot be withheld from a group member.	7
41484409	free-rider problem	The problem faced by unions and other groups when people do not join because they can benefit from the group's activities without officially joining. The bigger the group, the more serious the problem.	8
41484410	Olson's law of large groups	A principle stating that "the larger the group, the further it will fall short of providing an optimal amount of a collective good."	9
41484411	selective benefits	Goods (such as information publications, travel discounts, and group insurance rates) that a group can restrict to those who pay their annual dues.	10
41484412	single-issue groups	Groups that have a narrow interest, tend to dislike compromise, and often draw membership from people new to politics. These features distinguish them from traditional interest groups.	11
41484413	lobbying	According to Lester Milbrath, a "communication, by someone other than a citizen acting on his own behalf, directed to a governmental decision maker with the hope of influencing his decision."	12
41484414	electioneering	Direct group involvement in the electoral process. Groups can help fund campaigns, provide testimony, and get members to work for candidates, and some form political action committees (PACs).	13
41484415	political action committees (PACs)	Political funding vehicles created by the 1974 campaign finance reforms. A corporation, union, or some other interest group can create one of these and register it with the Federal Election Commission, which will meticulously monitor its expenditures.	14
41484416	amicus curiae briefs	Legal briefs submitted by a "friend of the court" for the purpose of raising additional points of view and presenting information not contained in the briefs of the formal parties. These attempt to influence a court's decision.	15
41484417	class action suits	Lawsuits permitting a small number of people to sue on behalf of all other people similarly situated.	16
41484418	union shop	A provision found in some collective bargaining agreements requiring all employees of a business to join the union within a short period, usually 30 days, and to remain members as a condition of employment.	17
41484419	right-to-work law	A state law forbidding requirements that workers must join a union to hold their jobs. It was specifically permitted in states by the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947	18
41484420	public interest lobbies	According to Jeffery Berry, organizations that seek "a collective good, the achievement of which will not selectively and materially benefit the membership of activities of the organization."	19

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Government in America: Chapter 10 (Elections and Voting Behavior) Key Terms Flashcards

Chapter 10 Key Terms for the 12th edition of Government in America: People, Politics, and Policy by George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, and Robert L. Lineberry.

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41483992	legitimacy	A characterization of elections by political scientists meaning that they are almost universally accepted as a fair and free method of selecting political leaders. When it is high, as in the United States, even the losers accept the results peacefully.	0
41483993	referendum	A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.	1
41483994	initiative petition	A process permitted in some states whereby voters may put proposed changes in the state constitution to a vote if sufficient signatures are obtained on petitions calling for such a referendum.	2
41483995	suffrage	The legal right to vote, extended to African Americans by the Fifteenth Amendment, to women by the Nineteenth Amendment, and to people over the age of 18 by the Twenty-sixth Amendment.	3
41483996	political efficacy	The belief that one's political participation really matters—that one's vote can actually make a difference.	4
41483997	civic duty	The belief that in order to support democratic government, a citizen should always vote.	5
41483998	voter registration	A system adopted by the states that requires voters to register well in advance of Election Day. A few states permit this on Election Day.	6
41483999	Motor Voter Act	Passed in 1993, this act went into effect for the 1996 election. It requires states to permit people to register to vote at the same time they apply for their driver's license.	7
41484000	mandate theory of elections	The idea that the winning candidate has a mandate from the people to carry out his or her platforms and politics. Politicians like the theory better than political scientists do.	8
41484001	policy voting	Electoral choices that are made on basis of the voters' policy preferences and on the basis of where the candidates stand on policy issues.	9
41484002	electoral college	A unique American institution, created by the Constitution, providing for the selection of the president by electors chosen by the state parties. Although its vote usually reflects a popular majority, the winner-take-all rules give clout to big states.	10
41484003	retrospective voting	A theory of voting in which voters essentially ask this simple question: "What have you done for me lately?"	11

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