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American Pageant Fourteenth Edition Chapter 4 Flashcards

American Pageant Fourteenth Edition Chapter 4 vocab

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586636532Bacon's Rebellion (1676)Uprising of Virginia backcountry farmers and indentured servants led by planter Nathaniel Bacon; initially a response to Governor William Berkeley's refusal to protect backcountry settlers from Indian attacks, the rebellion eventually grew into a broader conflict between impoverished settlers and the planter elite.1
586636533Congregational ChurchSelf-governing Puritan congregations without the hierarchical establishment of the Anglican Church.2
586636534Half-Way Covenant (1662)Agreement allowing unconverted offspring of church members to baptize their children. It signified a waning of religious zeal among second and third generation Puritans.3
586636535headright systemEmployed in the Tobacco colonies to encourage the importation of indentured servants, the system allowed an individual to acquire fifty acres of land if he paid for a laborer's passage to the colony.4
586636536indentured servantsMigrants who, in exchange for transatlantic passage, bound themselves to a colonial employer for a term of service, typically between four and seven years. Their migration addressed the chronic labor shortage in the colonies and facilitated settlement.5
586636537jeremiadOften-fiery sermons lamenting the waning piety of parishioners first delivered in New England in the mid-seventeenth century; named after the doom-saying Old Testament prophet Jeremiah.6
586636538Leisler's Rebellion (1689-1691)Armed conflict between aspiring merchants led by Jacob Leisler and the ruling elite of New York. One of many uprisings that erupted across the colonies when wealthy colonists attempted to recreate European social structures in the New World.7
586636539middle passageTransatlantic voyage slaves endured between Africa and the colonies. Mortality rates were notoriously high.8
586636540New York slave revolt (1712)Uprising of approximately two dozen slaves that resulted in the deaths of nine whites and the brutal execution of twenty-one participating blacks.9
586636541Royal African CompanyEnglish joint stock company that enjoyed a state-granted monopoly on the colonial slave trade from 1672 until 1698. The supply of slaves to the North American colonies rose sharply once the company lost its monopoly privileges.10
586636542Salem witch trials (1692-1693)Series of witchcraft trials launched after a group of adolescent girls in Salem, Massachusetts claimed to have been bewitched by certain older women of the town. Twenty individuals were put to death before the trials were put to an end by the Governor of Massachusetts.11
586636543South Carolina slave revolt (Stono River) (1739)Uprising, also known as the Stono Rebellion, of more than fifty South Carolina blacks along the Stono River. The slaves attempted to reach Spanish Florida but were stopped by the South Carolina militia.12
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American Pageant Fourteenth Edition Chapter 3 Flashcards

American Pageant Fourteenth Edition Chapter 3 vocab

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586625786antinomianismBelief that the elect need not obey the law of either God or man; most notably espoused in the colonies by Anne Hutchinson.1
586625787blue lawsAlso known as sumptuary laws, they are designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality. Blue laws were passed across the colonies, particularly in Puritan New England and Quaker Pennsylvania.2
586625788CalvinismDominant theological credo of the New England Puritans based on the teachings of John Calvin. Calvinists believed in predestination-that only "the elect" were destined for salvation.3
586625789conversionIntense religious experience that confirmed an individual's place among the "elect", or the "visible saints". Calvinists who experienced conversion were then expected to lead sanctified lives to demonstrate their salvation.4
586625790Dominion of New England (1686-1689)Administrative union created by royal authority, incorporating all of New England, New York, and East and West Jersey. Placed under the rule of Sir Edmund Andros who curbed popular assemblies, taxed residents without their consent and strictly enforced Navigation Laws. Its collapse after the Glorious Revolution in England demonstrated colonial opposition to strict royal control.5
586625791English Civil War (1642-1651)Armed conflict between royalists and parliamentarians, resulting in the victory of pro-Parliament forces and the execution of Charles I.6
586625792Fundamental Orders (1639)Drafted by settlers in the Connecticut River Valley, document was the first "modern constitution" establishing a democratically-controlled government. Key features of the document were borrowed for Connecticut's colonial charter and later, its state constitution.7
586625793Glorious (or Bloodless) Revolution (1688)Relatively peaceful overthrow of the unpopular Catholic monarch, James II, replacing him with Dutch-born William III and Mary, daughter of James II. William and Mary accepted increased Parliamentary oversight and new limits on monarchical authority.8
586625794Great Migration (1630-1642)Migration of seventy thousand refugees from England to the North American colonies, primarily New England and the Caribbean. The twenty thousand migrants who came to Massachusetts largely shared a common sense of purpose-to establish a model Christian settlement in the new world.9
586625795King Philip's War (1675-1676)Series of assaults by Metacom, King Philip, on English settlements in New England. The attacks slowed the westward migration of New England settlers for several decades.10
586625796Massachusetts Bay Colony (founded in 1630)Established by non-separating Puritans, it soon grew to be the largest and most influential of the New England colonies.11
586625797Mayflower Compact (1620)Agreement to form a majoritarian government in Plymouth, signed aboard the Mayflower. Created a foundation for self-government in the colony.12
586625798Navigation LawsSeries of laws passed, beginning in 1651, to regulate colonial shipping; the acts provided that only English ships would be allowed to trade in English and colonial ports, and that all goods destined for the colonies would first pass through England.13
586625799patroonshipsVast tracts of land along the Hudson River in New Netherlands granted to wealthy promoters in exchange for bringing fifty settlers to the property.14
586625800Pequot War (1636-1638)Series of clashes between English settlers and Pequot Indians in the Connecticut River valley. Ended in the slaughter of the Pequots by the Puritans and their Narragansett Indian allies.15
586625801predestinationCalvinist doctrine that God has foreordained some people to be saved and some to be damned. Though their fate was irreversible, Calvinists, particularly those who believed they were destined for salvation, sought to lead sanctified lives in order to demonstrate to others that they were in fact members of the "elect".16
586625802PuritansEnglish Protestant reformers who sought to purify the Church of England of Catholic rituals and creeds. Some of the most devout Puritans believed that only "visible saints" should be admitted to church membership.17
586625803salutary neglect (1688-1763)Unofficial policy of relaxed royal control over colonial trade and only weak enforcement of Navigation Laws. Lasted from the Glorious Revolution to the end of the French and Indian War in 1763.18
586625804SeparatistsSmall group of Puritans who sought to break away entirely from the Church of England; after initially settling in Holland, a number of English Separatists made their way to Plymouth Bay, Massachusetts in 1620.19
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American Pageant Fourteenth Edition Chapter 2 Flashcards

American Pageant fourteenth edition chapter 2 vocab

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586614205Act of Toleration (1649)Passed in Maryland, it guaranteed toleration to all Christians but decreed the death penalty for those, like Jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ. Ensured that Maryland would continue to attract a high proportion of Catholic migrants throughout the colonial period. (36)1
586614206Barbados slave code (1661)First formal statute governing the treatment of slaves, which provided for harsh punishments against offending slaves but lacked penalties for the mistreatment of slaves by masters. Similar statutes were adopted by Southern plantation societies on the North American mainland in the 17th and 18th centuries.2
586614207bufferIn politics, a territory between two antagonistic powers, intended to minimize the possibility of conflict between them. In British North America, Georgia was established as a buffer colony between British and Spanish territory.3
586614208charterLegal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose, and spelling out the attending rights and obligations. British colonial charters guaranteed inhabitants all the rights of Englishmen, which helped solidify colonists' ties to Britain during the early years of settlement.4
586614209First Anglo-Powhatan War (1614)Series of clashes between the Powhatan Confederacy and English settlers in Virginia. English colonists torched and pillaged Indian villages, applying tactics used in England's campaigns against the Irish.5
586614210Iroquois Confederacy (late 1500s)Bound together five tribes-the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas-in the Mohawk Valley of what is now New York State.6
586614211Jamestown (1607)First permanent English settlement in North America founded by the Virginia Company.7
586614212joint-stock companyShort-term partnership between multiple investors to fund a commercial enterprise; such arrangements were used to fund England's early colonial ventures.8
586614213primogenitureLegal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property or land. Landowner's younger sons, forced to seek their fortunes elsewhere, pioneered early exploration and settlement of the Americas.9
586614214Protestant Reformation (16th Century)Movement to reform the Catholic Church launched in Germany by Martin Luther. Reformers questioned the authority of the Pope, sought to eliminate the selling of indulgences, and encouraged the translation of the bible from Latin, which few at the time could read. The reformation was launched in England in the 1530s when King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church.10
586614215Roanoke Island (1585)Sir Walter Raleigh's failed colonial settlement off the coast of North Carolina.11
586614216Second Anglo-Powhatan War (1644-1646)Last-ditch effort by the Indians to dislodge Virginia settlements. The resulting peace treaty formally separated white and Indian areas of settlement.12
586614217Spanish Armada (1588)Spanish fleet defeated in the English Channel in 1588. The defeat of the Armada marked the beginning of the decline of the Spanish Empire.13
586614218squattersFrontier farmers who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement. Many of North Carolina's early settlers were squatters, who contributed to the colony's reputation as being more independent-minded and "democratic" than its neighbors.14
586614219Tuscarora War (1711-1713)Began with an Indian attack on Newbern, North Carolina. After the Tuscaroras were defeated, remaining Indian survivors migrated northward, eventually joining the Iroquois Confederacy as its sixth nation.15
586614220Yamasee IndiansDefeated by the south Carolinans in the war of 1715-1716. The Yamasee defeat devastated the last of the coastal Indian tribes in the Southern colonies.16
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Subphylum Vertebrata - Fish Flashcards

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1421100762Give an example of a craniate animal.Fish, reptiles, birds, mammals.1
1421100763What is one advantage of having a cranium?More complex movements and feeding behaviours.2
1421100764What are Myxini.Superclass Cyclostomes/Agnatha/Cephalaspidomorphi Class Myxini (Hagfish).3
1421100765What are 3 characteristics of hagfish?- Slime glands - Jaw-less - No paired fins - Most basal group of craniates - Marine scavengers - No larval stage - External fertilisation - Skeleton of cartilage4
1421100766Are hagfish vertebrates?Technically no, but still up for debate.5
1421100767What are 5 characteristics of vertebrates?- Vertebrae and head - Chordate features - Integument of 2 divisions (epi and inner dermis) - Well developed brain in cranium - Closed circulatory system and a heart - Muscular pharynx and digestive tract - W-shaped muscles - Dioecious - Excretory system (pair kidneys) - Endocrine system (ductless glands)6
1421100768What are Agatha?Jaw-less fish (hagfish, lampreys).7
1421100769Where do young lampreys live?Ammocoete larvae - lie buried in sand/mud and filter feed for 4-5 yrs before migrating to the sea.8
1421100770Where have sea lamprey become a pest and why?Great Lakes, trout.9
1421100771What evolutionary advantage did Gnathostomes develop?Jaws.10
1421100772What were the first jaws most likely derived from?Jaws evolved from skeletal supports of pharyngeal slits, cartilages supporting 1st gill arch.11
1421100773What subclass do sharks belong to?Elasmobranchii.12
1421100774From what have shark teeth developed?Scales, serial replacement.13
1421100775How many species of Elasmobranchii are protected in NZ?Great White shark.14
1421100776Can sharks be harvested for shark-fin soup in NZ?Sadly, yes.15
1421100777Waht are Chimaera?Cartilaginous fish in Order Chimaeriformes. Closest living relatives of sharks (branched off 400 mya). Have plates instead of mouths.16
1421100778What is the skeleton of a Manta ray composed of?Cartilage.17
1421274152What are Osteichthyes?Bony fish.18
1421274153How do the two main groups of Osteichthyes differ?Class Actinopterygii - ray-finned fish Class Sarcopterygii - lobe/fleshy-finned fish19
1421274154To what group of fish do most species belong to?Teleostei.20
1421274155What is an endemic NZ freshwater fish?Whitebait.21
1421274156What is the juvenile stage of many NZ freshwater fish called?Young fry.22
1421274157What is the scientific name of what kids call cockabullies?Forsterygion nigripenne.23
1421274158What has become of the pharynx in bony fish?Operculum covering gills.24
1421274159What kind of tail do ray-finned fish have and why is it an advantage?Homoceral, focused muscles faster and more movements.25
1421274160What is the lateral line used for?Motion detection.26
1421274161From what is the swim bladder believed to have evolved?Primitive lung.27
1421274162From what were lungs believed to have evolved?Simple sacs from gut.28
1421274163How do sharks prevent themselves from sinking?By swimming.29
1421274164What are the advantages of rays in the fins of Actinopterygii?Complex and precise swimming.30
1421274165What fins does Nemo use to control pitch?Pectoral and pelvic.31
1421274166If Nemo wishes to swim up to see Dory what does he do with his swim bladder?Relax, expand, decrease density, float.32
1421274167What happens to deep sea fish when they are raised to the surface, why?They die, decrease in P increases V of gases, expand swim bladder, expel guts.33
1421274168Give an example of a lobe-finned fish.Subclass Actinista, Order Coelacanthiformes, Family Latimeriidae, Genus Latimeria, 2 Species menadoensis and chalumnae. Thought to be extinct. or Subclass Dipnoi (lungfish)34
1421274169What organism are lobe-finned fish postulated to have evolved into?Tetrapods.35
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Chapter 52: An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere Flashcards

Chapter 52 from "Biology" by Campbell and Reece, 9th (Global) Edition

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298967914ecologyThe study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment.1
298967915climateThe long-term prevailing weather conditions at a given place.2
298967916biosphereThe entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems.3
298967917global ecologyThe study of the functioning and distribution of organisms across the biosphere and how the regional exchange of energy and materials affects them.4
298967918landscapeAn area containing several different ecosystems linked by exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms.5
298967919landscape ecologyThe study of how the spatial arrangement of habitat types affects the distribution and abundance of organisms and ecosystem processes.6
298967920ecosystemAll the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them.7
298967921ecosystem ecologyThe study of energy flow and the cycling of chemicals among the various biotic and abiotic components in an ecosystem.8
298967922communityAll the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction.9
298967923community ecologyThe study of how interactions between species affect community structure and organization.10
298967924populationA group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring.11
298967925population ecologyThe study of populations in relation to their environment, including environmental influences on population density and distribution, age structure, and variations in population size.12
298967926organismal ecologyThe branch of ecology concerned with the morphological, physiological, and behavioral ways in which individual organisms meet the challenges posed by their biotic and abiotic environments.13
298967927tropicsLatitudes between 23.5° north and south.14
298967928macroclimateLarge-scale patterns in climate; the climate of an entire region.15
298967929microclimateClimate patterns on a very fine scale, such as the specific climatic conditions underneath a log.16
298967930abioticNonliving; referring to the physical and chemical properties of an environment.17
298967931bioticPertaining to the living factors--the organisms--in an environment.18
298967932biomeAny of the world's major ecosystem types, often classified according to the predominant vegetation for terrestrial biomes and the physical environment for aquatic biomes and characterized by adaptations of organisms to that particular environment.19
298967933climographA plot of the temperature and precipitation in a particular region.20
298967934ecotoneThe transition from one type of habitat or ecosystem to another, such as the transition from a forest to a grassland.21
298967935canopyThe uppermost layer of vegetation in a terrestrial biome.22
298967936disturbanceA natural or human-caused event that changes a biological community and usually removes organisms from it. Disturbances, such as fires and storms, play a pivotal role in structuring many communities.23
298967937tropical rain forestA terrestrial biome characterized by relatively high precipitation and temperatures year-round.24
298967938tropical dry forestA terrestrial biome characterized by relatively high temperatures and precipitation overall but with a pronounced dry season.25
298967939desertA terrestrial biome characterized by very low precipitation.26
298967940savannaA tropical grassland biome with scattered individual trees and large herbivores and maintained by occasional fires and drought.27
298967941chaparralA scrubland biome of dense, spiny evergreen shrubs found at midlatitudes along coasts where cold ocean currents circulate offshore; characterized by mild, rainy winters and long, hot, dry summers.28
298967942temperate grasslandA terrestrial biome that exists at midlatitude regions and is dominated by grasses and forbs.29
298967943northern coniferous forestA terrestrial biome characterized by long, cold winters and dominated by cone-bearing trees.30
298967944temperate broadleaf forestA biome located throughout midlatitude regions where there is sufficient moisture to support the growth of large, broadleaf deciduous trees.31
298967945tundraA terrestrial biome at the extreme limits of plant growth. At the northernmost limits, it is called arctic tundra, and at high altitudes, where plant forms are limited to low shrubby or matlike vegetation, it is called alpine tundra.32
298967946photic zoneThe narrow top layer of an ocean or lake, where light penetrates sufficiently for photosynthesis to occur.33
298967947aphotic zoneThe part of an ocean or lake beneath the photic zone, where light does not penetrate sufficiently for photosynthesis to occur.34
298967948pelagic zoneThe open-water component of aquatic biomes.35
298967949abyssal zoneThe part of the ocean's benthic zone between 2,000 and 6,000 m deep.36
298967950benthic zoneThe bottom surface of an aquatic environment.37
298967951benthosThe communities of organisms living in the benthic zone of an aquatic biome.38
298967952detritusDead organic matter.39
298967953thermoclineA narrow stratum of abrupt temperature change in the ocean and in many temperate-zone lakes.40
298967954turnoverThe mixing of waters as a result of changing water-temperature profiles in a lake.41
298967955oligotrophic lakeA nutrient-poor, clear lake with few phytoplankton.42
298967956eutrophic lakeA lake that has a high rate of biological productivity supported by a high rate of nutrient cycling.43
298967957littoral zoneIn a lake, the shallow, well-lit waters close to shore.44
298967958limnetic zoneIn a lake, the well-lit, open surface waters far from shore.45
298967959wetlandA habitat that is inundated by water at least some of the time and that supports plants adapted to water-saturated soil.46
298967960estuaryThe area where a freshwater stream or river merges with the ocean.47
298967961intertidal zoneThe shallow zone of the ocean adjacent to land and between the high- and low-tide lines.48
298967962oceanic pelagic zoneMost of the ocean's waters far from shore, constantly mixed by ocean currents.49
298967963coral reefTypically a warm-water, tropical ecosystem dominated by the hard skeletal structures secreted primarily by corals. Some coral reefs also exist in cold, deep waters.50
298967964marine benthic zoneThe ocean floor.51
298967965neritic zoneThe shallow region of the ocean overlying the continental shelf.52
298967966deep-sea hydrothermal ventA dark, hot, oxygen-deficient environment associated with volcanic activity on or near the seafloor. The producers in a vent community are chemoautotrophic prokaryotes.53
298967967dispersalThe movement of individuals or gametes away from their parent location. This movement sometimes expands the geographic range of a population or species.54
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Chapter 52: An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere Flashcards

Chapter 52 from "Biology" by Campbell and Reece, 9th (Global) Edition

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298967914ecologyThe study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment.1
298967915climateThe long-term prevailing weather conditions at a given place.2
298967916biosphereThe entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems.3
298967917global ecologyThe study of the functioning and distribution of organisms across the biosphere and how the regional exchange of energy and materials affects them.4
298967918landscapeAn area containing several different ecosystems linked by exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms.5
298967919landscape ecologyThe study of how the spatial arrangement of habitat types affects the distribution and abundance of organisms and ecosystem processes.6
298967920ecosystemAll the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them.7
298967921ecosystem ecologyThe study of energy flow and the cycling of chemicals among the various biotic and abiotic components in an ecosystem.8
298967922communityAll the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction.9
298967923community ecologyThe study of how interactions between species affect community structure and organization.10
298967924populationA group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring.11
298967925population ecologyThe study of populations in relation to their environment, including environmental influences on population density and distribution, age structure, and variations in population size.12
298967926organismal ecologyThe branch of ecology concerned with the morphological, physiological, and behavioral ways in which individual organisms meet the challenges posed by their biotic and abiotic environments.13
298967927tropicsLatitudes between 23.5° north and south.14
298967928macroclimateLarge-scale patterns in climate; the climate of an entire region.15
298967929microclimateClimate patterns on a very fine scale, such as the specific climatic conditions underneath a log.16
298967930abioticNonliving; referring to the physical and chemical properties of an environment.17
298967931bioticPertaining to the living factors--the organisms--in an environment.18
298967932biomeAny of the world's major ecosystem types, often classified according to the predominant vegetation for terrestrial biomes and the physical environment for aquatic biomes and characterized by adaptations of organisms to that particular environment.19
298967933climographA plot of the temperature and precipitation in a particular region.20
298967934ecotoneThe transition from one type of habitat or ecosystem to another, such as the transition from a forest to a grassland.21
298967935canopyThe uppermost layer of vegetation in a terrestrial biome.22
298967936disturbanceA natural or human-caused event that changes a biological community and usually removes organisms from it. Disturbances, such as fires and storms, play a pivotal role in structuring many communities.23
298967937tropical rain forestA terrestrial biome characterized by relatively high precipitation and temperatures year-round.24
298967938tropical dry forestA terrestrial biome characterized by relatively high temperatures and precipitation overall but with a pronounced dry season.25
298967939desertA terrestrial biome characterized by very low precipitation.26
298967940savannaA tropical grassland biome with scattered individual trees and large herbivores and maintained by occasional fires and drought.27
298967941chaparralA scrubland biome of dense, spiny evergreen shrubs found at midlatitudes along coasts where cold ocean currents circulate offshore; characterized by mild, rainy winters and long, hot, dry summers.28
298967942temperate grasslandA terrestrial biome that exists at midlatitude regions and is dominated by grasses and forbs.29
298967943northern coniferous forestA terrestrial biome characterized by long, cold winters and dominated by cone-bearing trees.30
298967944temperate broadleaf forestA biome located throughout midlatitude regions where there is sufficient moisture to support the growth of large, broadleaf deciduous trees.31
298967945tundraA terrestrial biome at the extreme limits of plant growth. At the northernmost limits, it is called arctic tundra, and at high altitudes, where plant forms are limited to low shrubby or matlike vegetation, it is called alpine tundra.32
298967946photic zoneThe narrow top layer of an ocean or lake, where light penetrates sufficiently for photosynthesis to occur.33
298967947aphotic zoneThe part of an ocean or lake beneath the photic zone, where light does not penetrate sufficiently for photosynthesis to occur.34
298967948pelagic zoneThe open-water component of aquatic biomes.35
298967949abyssal zoneThe part of the ocean's benthic zone between 2,000 and 6,000 m deep.36
298967950benthic zoneThe bottom surface of an aquatic environment.37
298967951benthosThe communities of organisms living in the benthic zone of an aquatic biome.38
298967952detritusDead organic matter.39
298967953thermoclineA narrow stratum of abrupt temperature change in the ocean and in many temperate-zone lakes.40
298967954turnoverThe mixing of waters as a result of changing water-temperature profiles in a lake.41
298967955oligotrophic lakeA nutrient-poor, clear lake with few phytoplankton.42
298967956eutrophic lakeA lake that has a high rate of biological productivity supported by a high rate of nutrient cycling.43
298967957littoral zoneIn a lake, the shallow, well-lit waters close to shore.44
298967958limnetic zoneIn a lake, the well-lit, open surface waters far from shore.45
298967959wetlandA habitat that is inundated by water at least some of the time and that supports plants adapted to water-saturated soil.46
298967960estuaryThe area where a freshwater stream or river merges with the ocean.47
298967961intertidal zoneThe shallow zone of the ocean adjacent to land and between the high- and low-tide lines.48
298967962oceanic pelagic zoneMost of the ocean's waters far from shore, constantly mixed by ocean currents.49
298967963coral reefTypically a warm-water, tropical ecosystem dominated by the hard skeletal structures secreted primarily by corals. Some coral reefs also exist in cold, deep waters.50
298967964marine benthic zoneThe ocean floor.51
298967965neritic zoneThe shallow region of the ocean overlying the continental shelf.52
298967966deep-sea hydrothermal ventA dark, hot, oxygen-deficient environment associated with volcanic activity on or near the seafloor. The producers in a vent community are chemoautotrophic prokaryotes.53
298967967dispersalThe movement of individuals or gametes away from their parent location. This movement sometimes expands the geographic range of a population or species.54
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Spanish 2 Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1699344277Hacer la maletaPack your bags0
1699344278La maletaA suitcase1
1699344279Poner la ropaPut the clothes2
1699344280Traer mucho equipajeTo bring lots of luggage3
1699344281El equipajeLuggage4
1699344282El baúlThe trunk (the trunk of a car) starts with b5
1699344283La maleteraThe trunk (the trunk of a car) starts with m6
1699344284El taxiThe taxi7
1699344285El pasaporteThe passport8
1699344286El boletoThe ticket (bo)9
1699344287El billeteThe ticket (bi)10
1699344288La línea aéreaThe airplane11
1699344289Hacer un viajeTo take a trip12
1699344290Un viajeA trip13
1699344291Una forma de identidadA form of identification14
1699344292Una formaA form of something15
1699344293IdentidadIdentification16
1699344294Ida y vueltaRound trip17
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American Pageant Chapter 7: APUSH IDs Flashcards

AP US History identifications for The American Pageant Chapter 7: The Road to Revolution

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983882263Virtual RepresentationBritish claimed tht the colonists were represented by the House of Commons, colonists claimed they were not because they did not choose their representitives1
983882264"No taxation without representation"colonists did not like being taxed when they felt they had no say in British government, and Britain refused to recognized their local governments2
983882265Admiralty Courtsjuryless courts in British colonies that held jurisdiction over maritime activities3
983882266Baron von Steubenforeign advisor who helped train American soldiers during the revolution4
983882267Boston Massacrecolonial agitators provoked British troops with rock-filled snowballs, soldiers shot into the crowd, became an important piece of anti-British propaganda5
983882268Boston Tea Partygroup of colonists disguised as Indians boarded ships in Boston Harbor and dumped the tea into the ocean, led to Boston Port Act6
983882269Boston Port Actresponse to Boston Tea Party, outlawed use of Boston harbor until damages were paid to the crown7
983882270BoycottFirst Continental Congress called for a boycott of all British goods in 12 of 13 colonies, showed a growth in unity8
983882271Charles TownshendBritish Prime Minister, convinced Parliament to pass the Townshend Acts9
983882272Committees of Correspondenceorganized by the Sons of Liberty to spread spirit of resistance10
983882273Crispus Attucksslave killed in the Boston Massacre, became an icon of the anti-slavery movement11
983882274Declaration of Rightsdrafted at a Virginia Convention, proclaimed the inherit rights of man12
983882275Declaratory Actissued to confirm the British government's right to pass acts which were legally binding to the colonists, used to save face when the colonies refused the Stamp Act13
983882276English WhigsParliament party who contested the Tories, took control of the government until King George III took the throne14
983882277Enumerated Productsgods not produced by the mother country, could only be shipped from the colonies to England or other English colonies15
983882278First Continental Congressresponse to the Intolerable Acts, called for a complete boycott of all British goods in 12 of 13 colonies, showed better colonial unity16
983882279Gaspee Incidentschooner was beached in Rhode Island, upset Americans because it was one of the last customs racketeering ships, burned down by locals, showed how militant the colonists were becoming17
983882280George GrenvillePrime Minister, architect of the Sugar Act and Stamp Act, his methods of taxation and crackdown on smuggling were widely disliked by Americans18
983882281George Washingtoncommander in chief of the Continental Army19
983882282HessiansGerman mercenaries hired by the British to put down the rebellion in the colonies, showed the colonists that the British had only military action in mind, as a solution to current problems20
983882283External Taxationplaced on an item coming into the colony21
983882284Internal Taxationdirect tax paid by the consumer22
983882285Intolerable/Coercive Actscomposed in response to colonial rebellion, included Boston Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Administration of Justice Act, Quartering Act, and Quebec Act23
983882286John AdamsFederalist, second president of the US, responsible for the Alien and Sedition Acts which hurt the popularity of the Federalists and himself, prevented all out war with France after the XYZ Affair24
983882287John Hancockwon his fortune by smuggling, rebel ring leader at Lexington and Concord25
983882288Lord NorthPrime Minister during the Revolution, passed the Intolerable Acts and supported the king to the extent that Britian was ruled only by the king26
983882289King George IIIking of Britian during the revolution, Declaration of Independence was directed specifically at him27
983882290Letter from a Farmer in Pennsylvaniawritten by John Dickinson, united the colonies against the Townshead Acts28
983882291Lexington and Concordfirst battles of the revolution, militias were massacred at Lexington but won at Concord29
983882292Loyalistsalso called Tories, American colonists who were loyal to Britain and the king30
983882293Marquis de LafayetteFrench nobleman, major general in the colonial army who trained the militiamen31
983882294Mercantilismeconomic system with three main points: - exports should be greater than imports - a nation's weath is measured in gold - colonies exist as captive markets to make money for the mother country32
983882295Minute Mencolonial militias33
983882296Molasses Act of 1733imposed a tax on molasses, sugar, and rum imported form non-British colonies, aimed to reserve a monopoly of the colonies34
983882297Non-importation Agreementscolonial boycotting of imported goods35
983882298Patrick Henryorator and statesman, member of House of Burgesses, attended Continental Congress36
983882299Quartering Actrequired certain colonies to provide food and quartering for British troops37
983882300Quebec Actallowed French Quebec to keep its customs and religion, but did not include a representative assemply or trial by jury38
983882301Radical WhigsBritish political commentators who warned the colonies to be on guard against political corruption and conspiracies that would take their liberties39
983882302Republicanismdefied a just society as one in which all citizens willingly subordinated their private, selfish interests to the common good40
983882303Rights of Englishmenwhat the American colonists wanted (not revolution at first)41
983882304Royal VetoBritish crown could nullify any legislation passed by the colonial assemblies if they interferred with mercantilism42
983882305Samuel Adamsattended the Continental Congress, ringleader at Lexington and Concord, propagandist and engineer of rebellion, organized committees of correspondence43
983882306Sons of Libertycolonial protest group, formed to protect the rights of the colonists44
983882307Stamp Actall legal documents, contracts, licenses, pamphlets, and newpapers must carry a taxed stamp, means of raising revenue in the colonies45
983882308Stamp Act Congressheld as an outcry against the Stamp Act, one more step towards colonial unity46
983882309Sugar Actincreased the duty on foreign sugar47
983882310The Associationcreated by the Continental Congress, called for a complete boycott of British goods, including exportation48
983882311Thomas HuchinsonMassachusetts governor, refused to be pushed around by colonial protestors, butt heads with Sam Adams49
983882312ToriesBritish political party, came back into Parliament when King George III took the throne50
983882313Townshend Actsduties on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea51
983882314Valley Forgewinter camp of a colonial army led by Washington52
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The American Pageant Chapter 6 REVIEW! Flashcards

Chapter 6 of the American Pageant for AP US History

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904856970King Louis XIVKing of France who was enthroned as a five-year-old and reigned for no less than 72 years; began France's interest in overseas colonies1
904856971Samuel de ChamplainIntrepid explorer titled "Father of New France" who led permanent settlements in Quebec; established friendly relations with Huron Indian tribes2
904856972Antoine CadillacFrench explorer who founded Detroit in the Ohio Valley to thwart English settlers3
904856973Robert de La SalleFrench explorer who sailed down the Mississippi River into the Gulf in order to halt Spanish penetration of the area; named the interior basin "Louisiana"4
904856974Captain JenkinsBritish captain who, encountering Spanish revenue authorities, had one ear sliced off by a sword; this event roused resentment when he returned home to Britain5
904856975George Washington21-yr-old Virginian surveyor who was sent to the Ohio Valley as a lieutenant colonel in command of 150 Virginian militiamen; fired first shots of French and Indian War6
904856976General Braddock60-yr-old British officer sent to Virginia with strong detachment to capture Fort Dusquesne from the French; encountered a small French and Indian army, who mortally wounded him7
904856977William PittForemost leader in the London government who concentrated the British attack on the vitals of Canada8
904856978James WolfeA slight and sickly officer who was picked by William Pitt to capture Quebec9
904856979PontiacOttawa chief who led several tribes on a violent campaign to drive the British from the Ohio Country10
904856980QuebecFrance's first permanent overseas colony; a granite sentinel commanding the St. Lawrence River11
904856981DetroitCity settled by Antoine Cadillac in 1701 to thwart English settlers from pushing into the Ohio valley12
904856982LouisianaGreat interior basin where Mississippi River and Gulf of Mexico meet; settled by Robert de La Salle in 1628 to keep the Spanish from penetrating the area13
904856983Albany, NYWhere British government summoned an intercolonial congress to in 175414
904856984Edict of NantesEdict issued by crown of France in 1598 that granted limited toleration to French Protestants15
904856985Proclamation of 1763Proclamation from the London government that flatly prohibited settling the area beyond the Appalachians16
9048569861598When was the Edict of Nantes published?17
9048569871608When did Champlain colonize Quebec for France?18
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American Pageant 12th Edition Unit 4 Flashcards

All key terms for Unit 4 of the AP US History American Pageant textbook

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364129122Boss Tweedhead of the Tweed Ring in which bribery, graft, and fraud were used to gain over $200 million; showed corruption displayed by many political machines during that time1
364129123resumptioncalled for the redemption of all paper money in gold at face value beginning in 1879; designed to cause deflation of the American currency to improve the state of the economy2
364129124Plessy v. Fergusonstated that segregation was constitutional, provided it was separate but equal; gave blacks an awfully hard time gaining equality in American society3
364129125Stalwarts/MugwumpsStalwarts-conservative Republicans mugwumps-Republicans that were liberal on social views but conservative with the economy caused splits in the Republican party that hindered in when deciding on issues4
364129126Compromise of 1877solved the election of 1876, Hayes would be president while the South got funding for railroads and such; solved a very close election5
364129127Pendleton Actrequired all political officers to first take a competence test; erased the use of the spoils system6
364129128Credit Mobilierrailroad workers hired themselves with inflated wages and bribed congressmen to keep quiet about it; a great example of corruption in the later 19th century7
364129129hard vs. soft moneypaper money vs. the gold and silver standards (inflation vs. deflation); showed major differences in economic standpoints8
364129130Chinese Exclusion Actprohibited Chinese immigrants from entering the country; one of the first acts to slow the flow of immigration9
364129131Andrew Carnegie/Gospel of Wealtha man who owned the majority of the steel making process (vertical integration) and preached that the poor were just lay and working hard would get you rich; drove many people to go work for big corporations10
364129132John D. Rockefellerused horizontal integration to create a monopoly on the oil industry; started a trust when monopolies became illegal11
364129133JP Morganlent the government $65 million in gold to help it get back on track; temporarily restored confidence in the nation's finances12
364129134Terence Powderlyleader of the Knights of Labor, successfully led campaigns for better working situations; gained many worked an eight-hour work day13
364129135Samuel Gompershelped found the AF of L and took a much more conservative approach on workers' rights; took over when the Knights declined in the 1890s14
364129136vertical/horizontal integrationvertical-all phases of a process combine horizontal-all companies in a market combine often used by people like Carnegie and Rockefeller to form monopolies15
364129137trusta group of companies that has a board of trustees that make decisions; replaced monopolies after they were outlawed16
364129138NLUNational Labor Union, the first ever labor union; shot down quickly; first time American workers stood up in masses to unfair working conditions17
364129139Haymarket Riota Chicago labor dispute where a bomb went off, killing and wounding many; senator pardoned the three suspects of setting of the bomb, which created much controversy18
364129140AF of LAmerican Federation of Labor; sought to rework the framework of the American labor system rather than overturn it; replaced the Knights of Labor after they fell from power19
364129141Wabash casedeclared that the states had no power to regulate interstate commerce; started giving more and more power back to the federal government20
364129142Jane Addamsamong the first women to graduate from college; won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 for establishing Hull House, a successful American settlement house; helped bring women closer to equality with men21
364129143Booker T. Washingtonstarted a school for blacks in Tuskegee, AL and helped better education for blacks; gave blacks a refuge to hide from some segregation without directly challenging white supremacy22
364129144W.E.B. DuBoisfirst black to earn a Ph. D at Harvard and demanded total equality for blacks; helped found the NAACP; much different than Washington; helped display differences between northern and southern blacks23
364129145Horatio AlgerAmerican writer whose boooks contained the message that good, virtuous people would prosper and become wealthy; helped instill good ideals into young minds24
364129146yellow journalismthe act of using exploitation, exaggeration, or distortion to make something sound amazing or interesting; created corruption within newspapers and massive competition between newspapers25
364129147new immigrationpeople from South and East Europe as well as Asia that came to America in search of work and freedom; created an excess in the labor force and caused a sudden upsurge of nativism26
364129148nativismthe idea that the immigrants were causing a multitude of economic and social problems in America and that they should be kept out; barred "scum" immigrants with laws and passed laws segregating them from certain privileges27
364129149American Protection Associationstarted by the nativists to urge the voting against Roman Catholics to strictly oppose immigrants; effectively limited immigrants' power in government28
364129150Helen Hunt Jacksonan author that told stories of the injustices committed by whites ti Indians and greatly increased awareness of the treatment of them; basically the Harriet Beecher Stowe of the Indians29
364129151Mary Elizabeth Leasehardcore Populist; encouraged Kansas to advocate states' rights to civilize them; created an upsurge in supporters of the Populist movement30
364129152Frederick Jackson Turnerdeclared that most of America's history was shaped by westward movement; caused much controversy over the validity of this statement31
364129153Wounded Knee/Ghost Dancea battle where Sioux Indians attempted to kick the white people off their land, but ended up getting over 200 of their people killed; one of the last major battles that displayed the oppression of the Indians32
364129154Little Big Hornalso known as Custer's Last Stand; Indians gave Custer a humiliating loss in Montana; created even more tension between the whites and the Indians33
364129155Dawes Severalty Actgave Indian chiefs 160 acres of land and granted them full citizenship in 25 years of "good behavior"; started the Indians up on a road to full citizenship34
364129156safety-valve theoryduring hard economic times, the unemployed would move out west to farm and prosper; proved to not be true as arid western land began to fill up35
364129157Granger Lawssought to regulate things such as railroad rates to better the life of a farmer; lost influence after the Wabash case of 188636
364129158Cross of Gold Speechcompared the gold standard to the cross on which Jesus was crucified; amplified the overall impossibility of the gold standard37
364129159Pullman strikewhen workers went on strike and refused to use Pullman railroad card; first labor strike to require harsh military intervention38
364129160Populist party ("16-1")the belief that people should give 16 oz of silver for every 1 oz of gold (gold standard); gained the gold standard some support39
364129161Alfred Thayer Mahanwrote the book "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History" that called for naval power of iron clad ships and taking over areas of the Caribbean as well as Hawaii; got the US to gather a strong, influential naval power40
364129162Emilio Aguinaldoa Filipino leader that was a rebel, so Dewey brought him into Cuba to help him conquer it; pretty much lost all hope of the US conquering the Philippines41
364129163Mainea ship that was going toward Havana harbor when it mysteriously exploded; outraged Americans (thinking the Spaniards did it) and fed the thirst for war42
364129164Teller Amendmentstated that if the US could overcome Spanish powers in the Spanish-American War, the Cubans would get their freedom; led the Cubans into a mass rebellion against the Spaniards43
364129165Anti-Imperialist Leaguea group of people such as Grover Cleveland, Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, and William James that sought to stop expansion and the gaining of new territories; showed some opposition to affairs such as the Spanish-American War44
364129166Foraker Actgave Puerto Ricans limited popular government in the US in 1900; sparked a debate as to whether this power was permitted in the Constitution45
364129167insular casesa debate over whether the Constitution had the power to govern Puerto Rico or not; hindered the views of imperialists46
364129168Platt Amendmenta deal between the US and Cuba; stated that Cuba would not contract a large debt, the US could use military to restore order, and Cuba could not sell or lease any coaling or naval stations that the US needed; basically put Cuba under US rule47
364129169Jingoismaggressive and extreme nationalism; favored war and a strong foreign policy; these people supported war with Spain48
364129170Treaty of Parisended the Spanish-American War and gave the US Puerto Rico and Guam; officially made the US an imperial power49
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