All key terms for Unit 4 of the AP US History American Pageant textbook
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| 364129122 | Boss Tweed | head of the Tweed Ring in which bribery, graft, and fraud were used to gain over $200 million; showed corruption displayed by many political machines during that time | 1 | |
| 364129123 | resumption | called for the redemption of all paper money in gold at face value beginning in 1879; designed to cause deflation of the American currency to improve the state of the economy | 2 | |
| 364129124 | Plessy v. Ferguson | stated that segregation was constitutional, provided it was separate but equal; gave blacks an awfully hard time gaining equality in American society | 3 | |
| 364129125 | Stalwarts/Mugwumps | Stalwarts-conservative Republicans mugwumps-Republicans that were liberal on social views but conservative with the economy caused splits in the Republican party that hindered in when deciding on issues | 4 | |
| 364129126 | Compromise of 1877 | solved the election of 1876, Hayes would be president while the South got funding for railroads and such; solved a very close election | 5 | |
| 364129127 | Pendleton Act | required all political officers to first take a competence test; erased the use of the spoils system | 6 | |
| 364129128 | Credit Mobilier | railroad workers hired themselves with inflated wages and bribed congressmen to keep quiet about it; a great example of corruption in the later 19th century | 7 | |
| 364129129 | hard vs. soft money | paper money vs. the gold and silver standards (inflation vs. deflation); showed major differences in economic standpoints | 8 | |
| 364129130 | Chinese Exclusion Act | prohibited Chinese immigrants from entering the country; one of the first acts to slow the flow of immigration | 9 | |
| 364129131 | Andrew Carnegie/Gospel of Wealth | a man who owned the majority of the steel making process (vertical integration) and preached that the poor were just lay and working hard would get you rich; drove many people to go work for big corporations | 10 | |
| 364129132 | John D. Rockefeller | used horizontal integration to create a monopoly on the oil industry; started a trust when monopolies became illegal | 11 | |
| 364129133 | JP Morgan | lent the government $65 million in gold to help it get back on track; temporarily restored confidence in the nation's finances | 12 | |
| 364129134 | Terence Powderly | leader of the Knights of Labor, successfully led campaigns for better working situations; gained many worked an eight-hour work day | 13 | |
| 364129135 | Samuel Gompers | helped found the AF of L and took a much more conservative approach on workers' rights; took over when the Knights declined in the 1890s | 14 | |
| 364129136 | vertical/horizontal integration | vertical-all phases of a process combine horizontal-all companies in a market combine often used by people like Carnegie and Rockefeller to form monopolies | 15 | |
| 364129137 | trust | a group of companies that has a board of trustees that make decisions; replaced monopolies after they were outlawed | 16 | |
| 364129138 | NLU | National Labor Union, the first ever labor union; shot down quickly; first time American workers stood up in masses to unfair working conditions | 17 | |
| 364129139 | Haymarket Riot | a Chicago labor dispute where a bomb went off, killing and wounding many; senator pardoned the three suspects of setting of the bomb, which created much controversy | 18 | |
| 364129140 | AF of L | American Federation of Labor; sought to rework the framework of the American labor system rather than overturn it; replaced the Knights of Labor after they fell from power | 19 | |
| 364129141 | Wabash case | declared that the states had no power to regulate interstate commerce; started giving more and more power back to the federal government | 20 | |
| 364129142 | Jane Addams | among the first women to graduate from college; won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 for establishing Hull House, a successful American settlement house; helped bring women closer to equality with men | 21 | |
| 364129143 | Booker T. Washington | started a school for blacks in Tuskegee, AL and helped better education for blacks; gave blacks a refuge to hide from some segregation without directly challenging white supremacy | 22 | |
| 364129144 | W.E.B. DuBois | first black to earn a Ph. D at Harvard and demanded total equality for blacks; helped found the NAACP; much different than Washington; helped display differences between northern and southern blacks | 23 | |
| 364129145 | Horatio Alger | American writer whose boooks contained the message that good, virtuous people would prosper and become wealthy; helped instill good ideals into young minds | 24 | |
| 364129146 | yellow journalism | the act of using exploitation, exaggeration, or distortion to make something sound amazing or interesting; created corruption within newspapers and massive competition between newspapers | 25 | |
| 364129147 | new immigration | people from South and East Europe as well as Asia that came to America in search of work and freedom; created an excess in the labor force and caused a sudden upsurge of nativism | 26 | |
| 364129148 | nativism | the idea that the immigrants were causing a multitude of economic and social problems in America and that they should be kept out; barred "scum" immigrants with laws and passed laws segregating them from certain privileges | 27 | |
| 364129149 | American Protection Association | started by the nativists to urge the voting against Roman Catholics to strictly oppose immigrants; effectively limited immigrants' power in government | 28 | |
| 364129150 | Helen Hunt Jackson | an author that told stories of the injustices committed by whites ti Indians and greatly increased awareness of the treatment of them; basically the Harriet Beecher Stowe of the Indians | 29 | |
| 364129151 | Mary Elizabeth Lease | hardcore Populist; encouraged Kansas to advocate states' rights to civilize them; created an upsurge in supporters of the Populist movement | 30 | |
| 364129152 | Frederick Jackson Turner | declared that most of America's history was shaped by westward movement; caused much controversy over the validity of this statement | 31 | |
| 364129153 | Wounded Knee/Ghost Dance | a battle where Sioux Indians attempted to kick the white people off their land, but ended up getting over 200 of their people killed; one of the last major battles that displayed the oppression of the Indians | 32 | |
| 364129154 | Little Big Horn | also known as Custer's Last Stand; Indians gave Custer a humiliating loss in Montana; created even more tension between the whites and the Indians | 33 | |
| 364129155 | Dawes Severalty Act | gave Indian chiefs 160 acres of land and granted them full citizenship in 25 years of "good behavior"; started the Indians up on a road to full citizenship | 34 | |
| 364129156 | safety-valve theory | during hard economic times, the unemployed would move out west to farm and prosper; proved to not be true as arid western land began to fill up | 35 | |
| 364129157 | Granger Laws | sought to regulate things such as railroad rates to better the life of a farmer; lost influence after the Wabash case of 1886 | 36 | |
| 364129158 | Cross of Gold Speech | compared the gold standard to the cross on which Jesus was crucified; amplified the overall impossibility of the gold standard | 37 | |
| 364129159 | Pullman strike | when workers went on strike and refused to use Pullman railroad card; first labor strike to require harsh military intervention | 38 | |
| 364129160 | Populist party ("16-1") | the belief that people should give 16 oz of silver for every 1 oz of gold (gold standard); gained the gold standard some support | 39 | |
| 364129161 | Alfred Thayer Mahan | wrote the book "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History" that called for naval power of iron clad ships and taking over areas of the Caribbean as well as Hawaii; got the US to gather a strong, influential naval power | 40 | |
| 364129162 | Emilio Aguinaldo | a Filipino leader that was a rebel, so Dewey brought him into Cuba to help him conquer it; pretty much lost all hope of the US conquering the Philippines | 41 | |
| 364129163 | Maine | a ship that was going toward Havana harbor when it mysteriously exploded; outraged Americans (thinking the Spaniards did it) and fed the thirst for war | 42 | |
| 364129164 | Teller Amendment | stated that if the US could overcome Spanish powers in the Spanish-American War, the Cubans would get their freedom; led the Cubans into a mass rebellion against the Spaniards | 43 | |
| 364129165 | Anti-Imperialist League | a group of people such as Grover Cleveland, Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, and William James that sought to stop expansion and the gaining of new territories; showed some opposition to affairs such as the Spanish-American War | 44 | |
| 364129166 | Foraker Act | gave Puerto Ricans limited popular government in the US in 1900; sparked a debate as to whether this power was permitted in the Constitution | 45 | |
| 364129167 | insular cases | a debate over whether the Constitution had the power to govern Puerto Rico or not; hindered the views of imperialists | 46 | |
| 364129168 | Platt Amendment | a deal between the US and Cuba; stated that Cuba would not contract a large debt, the US could use military to restore order, and Cuba could not sell or lease any coaling or naval stations that the US needed; basically put Cuba under US rule | 47 | |
| 364129169 | Jingoism | aggressive and extreme nationalism; favored war and a strong foreign policy; these people supported war with Spain | 48 | |
| 364129170 | Treaty of Paris | ended the Spanish-American War and gave the US Puerto Rico and Guam; officially made the US an imperial power | 49 |
