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Human Biology: The Nervous System Flashcards

Review of Chapter 28 of "Campbell Biology: Concepts and Connections" for Dr. Wojita's Human Biology class at OSU Marion

852976379	The 2 parts of the Nervous System	CNS - the Central Nervous System, which is the brain and spinal cord PNS - The Peripheral Nervous System, which is made up of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves	1
852976380	The three types of neurons	Sensory Neurons Interneurons Motor Neurons	2
852976381	Functions of sensory neurons	Sensory neurons takes information from peripheral receptors and relay it to the CNS. A very long axon, often covered with a lipid called myelin carries nerve signals from the dendrites associated with a receptor to the CNS.	3
852976382	Functions of Interneurons	Interneurons receive sensory input from sensory neurons and also information from other neurons. They are all inside the CNS.	4
852976383	Functions of Motor neurons	Motor neurons carry nervous impulses to effector muscles, glands and organs, which carry out the responses, both external and internal.	5
852976384	The parts of a neuron	Cell body Dendrites Axon Axon terminal	6
852976385	Functions of a cell body of a neuron	It has the nucleus and other organelles	7
852976386	Functions of dendrites	It picks up information from receptors of other neurons	8
852976387	Functions of axons	It is a bunch of nerve fibers that make up a nerve It transmits signals to other neurons or effector cells	9
852976389	Functions of axon terminals	Creates the synapse between neurons and effectors	10
852976390	Function of myelin on an axon	It insulates the axon	11
852976391	The cell that deposits the myelin in the CNS	A supportive neuroglial cell called an Oligiodendrocytes	12
852976392	A nervous synapse	A "connection" between two neurons. When the axon terminal of one meets the dendrites of another.	13
852976393	Gray matter	Regions within the central nercous system composed mainly of nerve cells bodies and dendrites. The outer 3-4 mm of the brain. The most highly evolved nervous tissue. Where nervous synapses occur. Allows us to think, speak, remember, and contract muscles.	14
852976394	Gray matter is made of this	Unmyelinated axons, cell bodies, dendrites and neuroglial cells	15
852976395	White matter is made of this	Myelinated axons within the CNS	16
852976396	What neuroglial cells do	They support and protect A certain one, Oligiodendrocytes, deposit myelin They vastly outnumber neurons They have mitosis and the ability to divide	17
852976397	A Node of Ranvier	An unmyelinated region on a myelinated axon of a nerve cell, where nerve signals are regenerated. A gap between oligiodendrocytes.	18
852976398	How a resting neuron's cell membrane is similar to a charged battery	The cell membrane and the distribution of charge ions on either side of it create a resting membrane potential, similar to a battery. Like batteries, an energy source created by separating positively charge ions across a membrane from negatively charged ions, the potential energy in the cell membrane can be used to perform work. See Figure 28.3 in textbook	19
852976399	How a nerve signal or action potential is conducted	An action potential is another name for a nerve impulse. Here, the energy stored in the "battery" of the resting membrane potential of the cell membrane and put to work as a nerve signal is conducted. This begins when there is a sufficient stimulus that activates the neuron at the axon hillock where the axon meets the cell body of the neuron. The action potential is then spread one way down the axon to the axon terminal, which causes release by exocytosis of neurotransmitters. See figure 28.4	20
852976400	What salutatory conduction is	Allows action potentials to leap from Node of Ranvier to Node of Ranvier	21
852976401	What happens at the axon terminal when an action potential reaches there	The neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic vessicles in the axon terminal. When the action potential reaches the axon terminal, ion channels for calcium open and calcium ions, Ca++, enter and trigger the release of the neurotransmitter. The released neurotransmitter diffuse across the tiny synaptic cleft to the next membrane of a dendrite, cell body or effector.	22
852976402	Synaptic integration	It is neurons adding up all the excitatory signals and compare them to all the inhibitory signals it receives. See figure 28.6 and 28.7	23
852976403	What happens during an action potential	Membrane voltage changes and a nerve signal is transmitted along an axon.	24
852976404	What nerves are	They are bundles of myelinated axons from sensory and motor neurons.	25
852976405	What the cerebral cortex is, where it is located and is it made of gray matter	It is on the surface of the cerebrum and it is made of gray matter	26
852976406	Where synapses between neurons occur	They occur in gray matter	27
852976407	Where do action potentials start in the CNS	They start in the axon hillock in gray matter	28
852976408	What the resting membrane potential usually is	-70 mV	29
852976409	What happens when the action potential reaches the axon terminal of a neuron	Voltage gated channels for Ca++ open, Ca++ enters the ICF and causes release of neurotransmitters by exocytosis	30
852976410	What cerebrospinal fluid is	Blood-derived fluid that surrounds, nourishes, and cushions the brain and spinal cord.	31
852976411	Where cerebrospinal fluid is formed	From neuroglial cells filtering capillaries in the roof of the brain ventricles	32
852976412	Where cerebrospinal fluid circulates	In the space between the pia mater and arachnoid meninges lining the CNS	33
852976413	Where cerebrospinal fluid drains when it needs replenished	The venous circulation	34
852976414	What is found in the dorsal root	Ganglion or cell bodies of sensory neurons	35
852976415	What is found in the ventral root	Axons of motor neurons of 31 pairs of spinal nerves	36
852976416	The three parts of the brainstem	The midbrain The medulla oblongata The pons	37
852976417	The functions of the medulla oblongata	Pacemaker for breathing-DRG, cell bodies of 4 pairs of cranial nerves, including those from the vagus nerve which controls the parasympathethic nervous system, cardiovascular centers for heart rate and blood pressure	38
852976418	What happens in the decussation in the medulla oblongata	Motor neuron fibers cross over to the other side of the body here	39
852976419	Function of the pons	Located of respiratory centers that makes sure one is breathing deep enough for the pace of breathing set in the medulla oblongata, four pairs of cranial nerves have their cell bodies there, bridge between the upper brain and the rest of the nervous system	40
852976420	What neurotransmitter is produced by the substantia nigra of the midbrain	Dopamine, important for the inhibitory part of muscle tone - a lesion here could cause Parkinsons's disease	41
852976421	Function of the cerebellum	It coordinates skeletal muscles so you do not fall or stumble	42
852976422	Location of the cerebellum	Below (or "inferior") to the posterior part of the cerebrum (the occipital lobe) and behind (or "posterior") to the brainstem.	43
852976423	Function and location of both Broca's area in the cerebrum	Word formation	44
852976424	Function of Wernickes area	Word planning on what to say	45
852976425	Major function of thalamus	Relay center for most sensory impulses to the correct location in the cerebral cortex	46
852976426	Function of the hypothalamus	Controls autonomic nervous system, centers for sleep, body temperature, salt/water balance in blood, sex, eating, links endocrine system to the nervous system, controls the anterior and posterior pituitary glands, sleep, satiety centers	47
852976427	Where short term memory is stored	Pre frontal area behind forehead	48
852976428	Where long term memory is stored	Long term memory is stored in bits of information through out the sensory association areas of the cortex of the cerebrum. The hippocamus acts as a bridge between the sensory association areas, where memories are stored, and the prefrontal area, where memories are used. See figure 13.9	49
852976429	How many motor neurons in voluntary motor pathways of the somatic nervous system to skeletal muscles	2	50
852976430	How many motor neurons in the autonomic nervous system outside the CNS	2	51
852976431	How many pairs of cranial nerves there are	12	52

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Human Biology: The Immune System Flashcards

Review of Chapter 24 of "Campbell Biology: Concepts and Connections" for Dr. Wojita's Human Biology class at OSU Marion

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847891517	This is a protein made by T cytotoxic cells that puts holes in the membrane of a pathogen, lysing (or destroying) it.	Perforin	1
847891518	This immune cell is the "quarterback" of the immune system.	T helper cells	2
847891519	When B cells become activated by encountering a specific antigen they become activated and form these cells that produce antibodies at a rate of 2,000 per second.	Plasma cells	3
847891520	When B cells become activated by encountering a specific antigen they become activated and form these cells that can last decades or a lifetime.	Memory cells	4
847891521	The strongest, fastest immune response.	Secondary response	5
847891522	This response is the same no matter what the antigen or pathogen.	General or Innate Response	6
847891523	T lymphocytes mature here	Thymus	7
847891524	This is a term for something, like pollen or peanuts or shellfish, that triggers the immune response, though it is usually harmless to the Non-sensitive individual.	Antigen	8
847891525	Can the binding alone of antibody to antigen possibly inactivate the antigen?	Yes, although there are many other ways also	9
847891526	Inflammation is a general, non-specific defense by the body to rid itself of a pathogen: True or False?	True	10
849154671	General, innate, non-specific immunity	A general defense against non self, i.e.: macrophages. These defenses are the same no matter if the pathogen has been encountered before or not. Innate defenses include the skin and mucus membranes that protect organ systems exposed to the outside.	11
849154672	Specific immunity	Involves the body attacking nonself agents Is the bodies second line of defense Is activated when the innate defenses do not work.	12
849154673	The structure of B lymphocytes with 100,000 antibodies on its surface and what happens when one of its antibodies meets the specific antigen in the tissue or a lymph node	It becomes activated, and clones and multiplies producing millions of plasma cells that produce specific antibodies against the antigen and memory cells also for the specific antigen	13
849154674	How vaccines work	Inject a weakened or dead version of the virus or pathogen so immune system can build memory cells against it.	14
849154675	An antigen	A foreign, (nonself) molecule that elicits an adaptive immune response	15
849154676	An allergen	An antigen that causes an allergy	16
849154677	An allergy	A disorder of the immune system caused by an abnormally high sensitivity to an antigen. Symptoms are triggered by histomines released from mast cells.	17
849203928	Clonal selection	The production of a lineage of genetically identical cells that recognize and attack the specific antigen that stimulated their proliferation. The mechanism that underlies the immune system's specificity and memory of antigens.	18
849203929	Natural killer cells	A cell type that provides an innate immune response by attacking cancer cells and infected body cells, especially those harboring viruses.	19
849203930	The two types of cells formed once a B cell is activated by an encounter with a specific antigen	Antibody-producing plasma cells Memory cells	20
849225343	These organelles are numerous in phagocytic cells like macrophages and neutrophils. They contain an acidic environment and hydrolytic enzymes for destruction and removal.	Lysosomes	21

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Chemistry Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry Flashcards

1.1 Chemistry
1.2 Chemistry Far and Wide
1.3 Thinking Like a Scientist
1.4 Problem Solving in Chemistry

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1124390487	Matter	Anything that has mass and occupies space	1
1124390488	Chemistry	The study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes	2
1124390489	Organic Chemistry	The study of all chemicals containing carbon	3
1124390490	Inorganic Chemistry	Study of chemicals that in general do not contain carbon	4
1124390491	Bio Chemistry	The study of processes that take place in organisms	5
1124390492	Analytical Chemistry	The area of study that focuses on the composition of matter	6
1124390493	Physical Chemistry	The area that deals with the mechanism, the rate, and the energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change	7
1124390494	Pure Chemistry	The pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake.	8
1124390495	Applied Chemistry	Research that is directed toward a practical goal of application	9
1124390496	Technology	The means by which a society provides its members with those things needed and desired	10
1124390497	Microscopic	Objects that can bew seen only under magnification	11
1124390498	Biotechnology	Applies science to the production of biological products of processes, uses techniques that can alter the DNA in living organisms	12
1124390499	Pollutant	A material found in air, water, or soil that is harmful to humans or other organisms	13
1124390500	Scientific Method	A logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem	14
1124390501	Observation	When you use your senses to obtain information you make this	15
1124390502	Hypothesis	a proposed explanation for an observation	16
1124390503	Experiment	a procedure that is used to test a hypothesis	17
1124390504	Manipulated Variable (Independent Variable)	The variable that you change during an experiment	18
1124390505	Responding variable (Dependent Variable)	The variable that is observed during the experiment	19
1124390506	Theory	A well tested explanation for a broad set of observations	20
1124390507	Scientific Law	a concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments	21
1124390508	Numerical Word problem	Analyze, Calculate, and Evaluate	22
1124390509	conceptual word problem	Analyze and Solve	23
1124390510	Macroscopic world	The world of objects that are large enough to see with the unaided eye	24

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APUSH Unit 1- The American Pageant 13th edition (to do well) Flashcards

Founding the New Nation
c. 33,000 B.C.- A.D. 1783
Chapters 1- 8

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1411446564	Which of the following best describes the impact European colonization had onthe Western Hemisphere's native population	native populations were often killed or driven away by Europeans	1
1411446565	This imperial power originally settled the Hudson River Valley	Holland	2
1411446566	Georgia was established	by England as a penal colony	3
1411446567	This English colony was est. by proprietors who had investments in the slave trade, and therefore introduced slavery.	Virginia	4
1411446568	Duke of Baltimore established Maryland	as a haven for English Catholics	5
1411446569	French immigrants to the New World tended to live in	Canada	6
1411446570	The founder of Rhode Island, Roger Williams	est. complete religious freedom for all of RI's settlers	7
1411446571	These two groups sought the fur trade in North America the most	French, Dutch	8
1411446572	John Winthrop is associated with the _______ colony	Massachusetts Bay	9
1411446573	A major goal the French had in trying to control the Ohio Valley was	to merge its landholdings from Canada to the Mississippi Valley	10
1411446574	The biggest objective of the Albany Congress was to	improve relations with Iroquois tribes	11
1411446575	Under Britain's mercantilist policy	the colonies were to supply Great Britain with raw materials	12
1411446576	Prior to the 1760's, Britain's Navigation Acts	were only loosely enforced in the American colonies	13
1411446577	This piece of legislation was declared null and void by the Declaration of Rights	the Intolerable Acts	14
1411446578	The Quebec Act	Provided that Catholicism was the official religion of French Quebec, caused suspicion among Americans because of non-representative assembly set up there by Brits, angered Americans b/c the territory was extended to the Ohio River, and was an attempt to incorporate French Canadians into the British empire	15
1411446579	The British had the following advantages over the American rebellion	larger military, colonists who were loyalist or neutral, a powerful navy, and better financial resources	16
1411446580	the declaration of Rights	was rejected by the British parliament	17
1411446581	The opening shots of the american Revolution	were fired at Lexington and Concord	18
1411446582	The Olive Branch Petition	was an attempt by the first continental Congress to prevent further hostilities after the battle of Bunker Hill	19
1411446583	Thomas Pain	wrote Common Sense, appealing to colonists to resist the British and create a republican gov't	20
1411446584	The battle of Saratoga was the turning point in the American Revolution because	the French entered the war to help America	21
1411446585	This document argued that King George III and his gov't were guilty of "abuses and usurpations"	The Declaration of Independence	22
1411446586	The Regulator Movement, Bacon's Rebellion, and the Paxton boys all	indicate to some historians the undemocratic nature of colonial america	23
1411446587	The treaty of Paris in 1783 provided that	American independence was recognized, American fishing ships could use the coast of Newfoundland, Americans would provide compensation to Loyalists who had lost property, and the American gov't would not legally interfere with Brits who were asking for American debts to be repaid	24
1411446588	The colonists who wished for an independent America had these characteristics	desire to create an agricultural society, to live without royal authority, to live without official religion, to live without social hierarchy	25
1411446589	the most important colonial settlement in the 1600s for future America was	Jamestown	26
1411446590	The long-term purpose of the Albany Congress was	to achieve colonial unity and defend against the French threat	27
1411446591	The Proclamation of 1763	set a boundary along the Appalachians that English Colonists were forbidden to settle west of	28
1411446592	The navigation acts were part of the British policy of	mercantilism	29
1411446593	The biggest contributor to American victory in the Revolution was	French military and financial assistance	30
1411446594	The 1649 Maryland Toleration Act	Granted religious freedom to Christians who accepted the Trinity	31
1411446595	The first Great Awakening	resulted in divisions within the Congregationalist and Presbyterian churches	32
1411446596	The system of indentured labor in the colonial period	allowed poor people to seek opportunity in America	33
1411446597	The Dutch settled New Netherlands to	expand their commercial and mercantile network	34
1411446598	France negotiated a treaty of alliance with America in 1778 after	the defeat of British General Burgoyne at Saratoga	35
1411446599	This colony required each community with over 50 families to have a teacher of reading and writing	Massachusetts	36
1411446600	The "great Awakening" was	a wage of religious revivals in the Colonies in the 1740's	37
1411446601	Which American colonies had formally established slavery by the early 1700's?	All of them	38
1411446602	Discontent among soldiers in the Continental Army came from	The army's inadequate arms and ammo, the payment of soldiers in depreciated paper money, the lack of adequate food or clothing for soldiers, and the fact that they were drafted	39
1411446603	Most of the puritans in 17th century new England	considered themselves non-separatists	40
1411446604	the primary purpose of the Proclamation of 1763 was	to avoid conflict with Trans-Appalachian Indians	41
1411446605	#44	is probably incorrect	42
1411446606	In the 17th century, slavery was characterized by	a rapid increase in the number of slaves in the last quarter century	43
1411446607	Most patriots at the time of revolution believed that sovereignty in republican gov't was	located in the people	44
1411446608	When the Europeans began colonizing N. America, the northeast American Indian tribes	were divided by political and linguistic differences, hindering their united opposition to Europeans	45
1411446609	The stamp act crisis was important in the coming of the American revolution because	colonists showed their willingness to be violent, it coincided with the British decision to put regular troops in American cities, the British maintained that colonies couldn't be independent from Parliament, and Patriot leaders claimed that the act denied them their American birthrights	46
1411446610	The halfway covenant allowed for	the baptism of children of baptized but unconverted puritans	47
1411446611	the purpose of the stamp act	was to raise money for British troops in America	48
1411446612	51	is easy	49
1411446613	The late 15th century contact between Europeans and indians	cause the deaths of 80 million people in the next 150 years	50
1411446614	The 1858 Roanoke settlement	disappeared	51
1411446615	Pre-Columbian American Indians	established trading networks with other tribal groups	52
1411446616	The Aztecs and Mayans	developed sophisticated cultures prior to contact with Euroepans	53
1411446617	Before Columbus arrived in the New World,	the land route to asia was controlled by Italian city-states and middle-eastern rulers	54
1411446618	An important ideological source of colonial resistance to British authority in the pre-revolution era was	the great awakening	55
1411446619	British political leadership after the French and Indian war	was characterized by misunderstanding and lack of knowledge of conditions and attitudes in the colonies	56
1411446620	The 1764 Sugar Act	actually reduced the tax on molasses, hindered colonial trade with French west indies. Colonists mostly evaded the previous taxes under the Molasses act	57
1411446621	#60 c	don't worry about it	58
1411446622	Western and backcountry regions of the 18th century American colonies	had largest scots-irish immigrant concentration	59
1411446623	These colonists consistently opposed slavery	Quakers (They had it all right from the beginning.)	60
1411446624	The French and indian war	brought recognition to George Washington both in the colonies and in Great Britain for his bravery	61
1411446625	Ben Franklin	Printed papers, founded American Philosophical Society, invented many things, and opened the first colonial library	62
1411446626	The Great Awakening	resulted in a split between the New Light and Old Light, had preachers who appealed to the heart rather than the rationale, challenged religious authority and tax-supported churches, and converted many African americans in the Chesapeake region to Christianity	63
1411446627	The 18th century Enlightenment	focused on reason and the natural world for truth	64
1411446628	This colony was the least tolerant toward Roman Catholics	Massachusetts Bay	65
1411446629	Bacon's rebellion was not supported by	wealthy landowners	66
1411446630	The Glorious Revolution	resulted in colonial unrest in NY and Massachusetts	67
1411446631	In 17th Century Virginia, most women	came as indentured servants and faced a life of hard labor in tobacco fields	68
1411446632	The beginning of representative gov't in N. America was the legislative body of	the British settlement of Virginia, 1619	69
1411446633	Most immigrants to the English Colonies in the 1600s were	indentured servants	70

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APUSH: American Pageant 13th Edition: Chapter 6 Flashcards

Chapter 6 Study Questions using the American Pageant 13th Edition textbook. For eleventh grade Advanced Placement United States History. Vidalia High School.

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936866959	Why was France a latecomer to colonial settlement?	because of its foreign and domestic issues and wars.	1
936866960	Who is the 'father of New France' and why is he called this?	Samuel de Champlain. He was the leading figure in settling Quebec.	2
936866961	Why did New France grow so slowly?	Because of the issues france had with the native americans. landowners didnt have enough economic motive to come. protestant Huguenots were not allowed. and france favored its carribean colonies over its canadian ones	3
936866962	Who were coureurs be bois and voyageurs and what did they do?	french fur trappers. they traveled around america in search of furs (mainly beavers) to sell	4
936866963	What was the purpose of the French settlements in the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys?	was to stop and further competition from developing any further empire and to keep and eye on their enemies	5
936866964	How were the early wars with France fought?	with a type of primitive guerillia warfare	6
936866965	Why were the colonist upset after king george's war?	because the people in the new world had given louisbourg back to the french even though the NEs had won the war	7
936866966	How did the French and Indian war begin?	because of a dispute over the ohio river valley	8
936866967	Why was Franklin's plan for colonial union presented at the Albany Congress (Albany Plan of Union) not accepted by the colonial legislature?	because the colonists though that is didnt offer enough independence and british officials thought it offered too much	9
936866968	Why is Braddock's defeat important?	because it left the indians an easy victory against the british since it left the whole frontier from Pennsylvania to N Carolina practically naked	10
936866969	How did William Pitt change the course of the war?	because he led british to their first victory of 1758 which built them back up emotionally. Then he chose a young officer James Wolfe to lead in a battle against the french which resulted in a british victory	11
936866970	How did the French and INdian war end?	the french were not reinforcing like they should have and their army was thinning and thinning and then a series of british attacks won the british the war	12
936866971	What were the effects of the french and indian war on colonial ideas and beliefs?	colonial self esteem boosted but ruined the idea of british invincibility	13
936866972	What were the terms of the treaty of paris in 1763?	spanish got land west of mississippi and new orleans and british got quebec and ohio river valley	14
936866973	How did the french and indian war create a situation that would eventually lead to the American Revolution?	by eliminating the colonists enemies (meaning the french) so they colonists were able to expand and spread some from the british. it also put britian in a huge debt so they began taxing the heck out of the colonists and they got angry	15

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APUSH: American Pageant 13th Edition: Chapter 1 Flashcards

Chapter 1 Study Questions using the American Pageant 13th Edition textbook. For eleventh grade Advanced Placement United States History. Vidalia High School.

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879552678	Why do geologists think that a single original continent existed?	Because identical fish species have been found on different continents in lakes. (Pg: 5)	0
879552679	What is known as the "roof of America"?	The Rocky Mountains. (Pg: 5)	1
879552680	How did the first Americans arrive in North America?	By a large land bridge connecting Eurasia and North America conceived during the Ice Age when the sea levels greatly decreased as the waters froze. (Pg: 5)	2
879552681	What accounted for the different rates of development among native american societies?	The agriculture, with an emphasis on corn-growing, that was used by the N.A. (Pg: 8)	3
879552682	How are the Crusaders who traveled to the Middle East considered to be discoverers of American (indirectly)?	They set in motion a desire for exotic goods not to be acquired in European lands.(Pg: 10)	4
879552683	Why is the uniting of Spain said to be "pregnant with destiny"?	ferdinand and isabella got married and then spain united. (Pg: 13)	5
879552684	Why is Columbus called a "successful failure"?	He accidentally discovered American (Indies) while looking for an all-water route to India. (Pg: 14)	6
879552685	Explain the Colombian Exchange.	It was a trade system between Europe and the New World. In this system, they traded goods, animals, and diseases (accidentally). The main imports to the New World were horses, smallpox, and sugar cane. The main imports to the Old World were tomatoes, potatoes, and maize. (Pg: 14-15)	7
879552686	How successful were the conquistadors at achieving their goals?	They were very good at finding gold, achieving glory, and spreading God's word.(Pg: 17)	8
879552687	How did Cortes's invasion benefit the Native Americans?	It brought things like crops, laws, language, and animals into the New World. It also blended together the Old and New World cultures. (Pg: 21)	9
879552688	How did the Spanish attempt to protect their new lands?	They settled their borders and built a fort in St. Augustine, FL. (Pg: 21)	10
879552689	Why is the "Black Legend" false? (to properly answer this questions, you must first identify what the Black Legend is)	The "Black Legend" is the idea that the conquistadors only did bad things to the New World and its Native American inhabitants. This is false because they also started an empire with its laws, language,and religion which influenced many native societies and laid a foundation for numerous Spanish-speaking nations. (Pg: 23)	11

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American Pageant 12th edition Unit 1 Flashcards

All key terms from the first unit of the American Pageant US history book

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1132559166	Lord Baltimore	man of a prominent English Catholic family that founded Maryland; caused the Act of Toleration to be passed by founding a Catholic settlement and causing a feud with the Protestants	1
1132559167	Act of Toleration	a political act that permitted practice of Catholicism in the colonies; shaped the foundation for America's freedom of religion and helped them branch out of England's Protestant rule	2
1132559168	Virginia Company	a promise of gold to settle in the New World from King James and guarantees them the same rights of Englishmen; gave settlers an incentive to settle in the New World and therefore helped increase the population of the colonies	3
1132559169	John Rolfe	husband of Pocahontas and father of the tobacco industry; became a savior for the economy of the Virginia colony by mass producing tobacco products	4
1132559170	James Oglethorpe	a man keen on prison reform in Georgia; saved the "Charity Colony" by repelling the Spanish and mortgaging his own personal fortune	5
1132559171	Barbados Slave Code	denied even fundamental rights to slaves and gave their masters virtually complete control over them; shaped the way masters treated their slaves up until the Civil War	6
1132559172	Mayflower Compact	the short agreement written by the Pilgrims to form a crude government and submit to majority rule; one of the things taken into account when writing the US Constitution was this document	7
1132559173	Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams	Hutchinson-claimed that the "saved" need not follow the laws (antinomianism) Williams-popular Salem minister that questioned the Puritans' religious regulation, founded Baptism; both of them made valuable religious arguments that helped lead to the freedom of religion for all	8
1132559174	Henry Hudson	man seeking greater riches that found the Hudson River and a new land for the Dutch; gained more land mass for the Dutch and the Dutch East India Co.	9
1132559175	Quakers and William Penn's "holy Experiment"	Quakers-worshippers of Jesus that were shunned by Puritans; named for emotional quaking during worship W. Penn-founded Pennsylvania that accepted Quakers lots of people flocked to PA for religious toleration, therefore moving a step closer to total religious freedom	10
1132559176	John Winthrop	governor of the Bay Colony that believed in the "city on a hill" covenant; helped establish Massachusetts' economy and allowed it to become the largest colony in the New World	11
1132559177	Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, 1639	established Connecticut's government and gave power mostly to substantial citizens; modern constitution that helped shape our country's original voting laws and regulations	12
1132559178	Puritans	didn't agree with the Church of England and wanted to "purify" it; first large groups of settlers to populate the New World were Puritans	13
1132559179	Navigation Laws	restricted colonial trade so they could only trade with English colonies, resulting in a lot of smuggling; caused the colonies' economies to plummet and led to the Glorious Revolt, placing Protestant rulers on the throne	14
1132559180	Sir Edmund Andros (Dominion of New England)	supporter of the Church of England and ruthless leader of the Dominion of New England; another factor that led to the Glorious Revolt, being driven out of the colonies and back to England	15
1132559181	Separatists	extreme Puritans that wanted to completely break away from the Church of England; first group arrive in 1620 (Pilgrims) and created a very crude form of democracy in their Plymouth colony (Mayflower Compact)	16
1132559182	Bible Commonwealth	located in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, heavily regulated admission (John Cotton); led to Massachusetts becoming an efficient, tightly knit community that shared common ideas of religion	17
1132559183	indentured servitude	working for someone for a specified period of time in exchange for passage to the New World; the servants eventually became mutinous and led to the introduction of black slaves in the New World	18
1132559184	Bacon's Rebellion	a rebellion that took place in 1676 where 1000 landless whites led by Nathaniel Bacon went down to the governor's building and caused a riot; caused wealthy landowners to be wary of indentured servants, causing African slaved to be more widely used	19
1132559185	Half-Way Covenant	the groups of people that were accepted into the Puritan church, but not necessarily converted; let more people into the Puritan church and started to stray away from the originally strict codes of the Puritans, taking a small step closer to religious freedom	20
1132559186	Leisler's Rebellion	a conflict between lordly landholders and aspiring merchants in New York as a reaction to Edmund Andros' cruelty; another way that wanted to resist aristocracy, but eventually failed	21
1132559187	"middle passage"	the transatlantic voyage for African slaves in which they were packed tightly into boats and shipped off; set a precedent for the treatment of African slaves as property, not human beings	22
1132559188	"headright" system	system in which wealthy landowners would pay for the passage of an indentured servant in exchange for 50 acres of land and their servitude; eventually led to Bacon's Rebellion and the formation of huge plantations	23
1132559189	William Berkeley	the governor of Virginia who established trade with the Indians and refused to protect his people from their brutal hostility; his actions led to Bacon's Rebellion and ignited the mutiny of more indentured servants; therefore, he was a major cause of the increased use of black slaves	24
1132559190	The Great Awakening	the large, widespread religious movement in the 1730s and 1740s; brought some of the first generation zeal back into the colonies and it was the first mass movement out of colonial boundaries	25
1132559191	Jonathan Edwards	preacher that painted vivid pictures of God holding people over the fiery pit of hell in his sermons; basically started the Great Awakening	26
1132559192	George Whitefield	very emotional preacher that moved many people, including Jonathan Edwards, to tears; kept the flames of the Great Awakening burning bright and strong	27
1132559193	old and new lights	old lights-orthodox preachers new lights-preachers during the Great Awakening split up during t he Great Awakening and increased the competitiveness of American churches	28
1132559194	John Peter Zenger	found not guilty when accused of libel after printing something completely true about a corrupt governor in the paper; America's first step toward freedom of the press	29
1132559195	Molasses Act	designed to cease America's trade with the French West Indies; the first in a long line of cruel acts that eventually led the American colonies to revolution	30
1132559196	William Pitt	British leader that conquered most North American French territory during the French and Indian War; gave Britain its first significant win during the war and eventually helped to throw the French almost entirely off the continent	31
1132559197	French and Indian War	started by George Washington's attacks on the Indians in 1754 and turned into one of the largest scale conflicts of the time; shattered the myth of British invincibility and gave the colonists new hope for independence, melted colonial disunity	32
1132559198	Albany Congress	a meeting called to help bolster colonial unity and attempt self-government; bolstered unity, but failed self-government because of too much compromise, thus showing that more action needed to be taken to unify	33
1132559199	Peace of Paris	threw French power completely off the continent of North America; left behind a strong French minority in Canada	34
1132559200	Proclamation of 1763	British order prohibiting settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains; angered colonists and greatly increased westward settlement	35
1132559201	mercantilism	the idea that money is power and the more gold or silver a country has in its treasury, the more global power it has; greatly stifled the colonies' economic growth and gave American the feeling of being controlled by the British and was therefore an important factor in starting the revolution	36
1132559202	virtual v. actual representation	virtual-British members of Parliament represent all British colonies actual-colonists go to England and represent the colonies in Parliament actual representation may have left the American reps forced into an unfair law through a vast outnumbering	37
1132559203	Sons of Liberty	a group of men that protested the Stamp Act through means of violence, ransacking, hanging, boycotting, and tar and feathers; led to the breaking down of Parliament, forcing them to repeal the Stamp Act	38
1132559204	Parliament's Acts	taxes imposed on the colonists intended to help pay for their defense, but ended up just angering them; with that many taxes in succession, the acts got the colonists riled up enough to start a revolution	39
1132559205	Boston Tea Party	December 16, 1773 where colonists dressed as Indians dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor; forced Parliament to pass the Intolerable Acts that helped ignite the flames of revolution	40
1132559206	First Continental Congress (The Association)	12 out of 13 colonies met in Philadelphia to attempt to unite the colonies, eventually called for a complete boycott of British goods; showed colonial strength and unity and was an important step in the forming of a new country	41
1132559207	Boston Massacre	March 5, 1773 when provoked British troops opened fire and killed American colonists; outraged the colonists and fed the flames of revolution	42
1132559208	Committees of Correspondence	committees set up in each colony to spread the spirit of resistance and communicate with other colonies; developed directly into the first American Congress	43
1132559209	Richard Henry Lee	the man who penned the original Declaration of Independence that was ratified on July 2, 1776; the first formal declaration of independence from Britain was written by Lee	44
1132559210	Thomas Paine's "Common Sense"	a 47-page pamphlet encouraging Americans to break away from Great Britain; sparked an interest in revolution and republican government	45
1132559211	Second Continental Congress	a meeting called in 1775 to address the issue of possible war with Britain; bolstered colonial unity, as all 13 colonies had representatives present	46
1132559212	Patrick Henry	a man who spoke about fighting for independence; greatly encouraged Americans to use violence against the British and forcefully break away from them	47
1132559213	natural rights	rights of all mankind that cannot be taken away; justified the separation from Britain and the idea of limited self-government	48
1132559214	Loyalists/Tories	Americans loyal to the British crown; Loyalists created a huge barrier in the Patriots' fight for separation from England, but were eventually suppressed and driven from the country	49
1132559215	Treaty of Paris, 1783	the document signed by the British that formally recognized the independence of the United States; officially made the colonies a new nation	50

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APUSH: American Pageant 13th Edition: Chapter 6 Flashcards

Chapter 6 Study Questions using the American Pageant 13th Edition textbook. For eleventh grade Advanced Placement United States History. Vidalia High School.

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1143606848	Why was France a latecomer to colonial settlement?	because of its foreign and domestic issues and wars.	1
1143606849	Who is the 'father of New France' and why is he called this?	Samuel de Champlain. He was the leading figure in settling Quebec.	2
1143606850	Why did New France grow so slowly?	Because of the issues france had with the native americans. landowners didnt have enough economic motive to come. protestant Huguenots were not allowed. and france favored its carribean colonies over its canadian ones	3
1143606851	Who were coureurs be bois and voyageurs and what did they do?	french fur trappers. they traveled around america in search of furs (mainly beavers) to sell	4
1143606852	What was the purpose of the French settlements in the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys?	was to stop and further competition from developing any further empire and to keep and eye on their enemies	5
1143606853	How were the early wars with France fought?	with a type of primitive guerillia warfare	6
1143606854	Why were the colonist upset after king george's war?	because the people in the new world had given louisbourg back to the french even though the NEs had won the war	7
1143606855	How did the French and Indian war begin?	because of a dispute over the ohio river valley	8
1143606856	Why was Franklin's plan for colonial union presented at the Albany Congress (Albany Plan of Union) not accepted by the colonial legislature?	because the colonists though that is didnt offer enough independence and british officials thought it offered too much	9
1143606857	Why is Braddock's defeat important?	because it left the indians an easy victory against the british since it left the whole frontier from Pennsylvania to N Carolina practically naked	10
1143606858	How did William Pitt change the course of the war?	because he led british to their first victory of 1758 which built them back up emotionally. Then he chose a young officer James Wolfe to lead in a battle against the french which resulted in a british victory	11
1143606859	How did the French and INdian war end?	the french were not reinforcing like they should have and their army was thinning and thinning and then a series of british attacks won the british the war	12
1143606860	What were the effects of the french and indian war on colonial ideas and beliefs?	colonial self esteem boosted but ruined the idea of british invincibility	13
1143606861	What were the terms of the treaty of paris in 1763?	spanish got land west of mississippi and new orleans and british got quebec and ohio river valley	14
1143606862	How did the french and indian war create a situation that would eventually lead to the American Revolution?	by eliminating the colonists enemies (meaning the french) so they colonists were able to expand and spread some from the british. it also put britian in a huge debt so they began taxing the heck out of the colonists and they got angry	15

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APUSH Chapter 1 Vocabulary of "The American Pageant" Flashcards

Vocabulary words taken from chapter one of "The American Pageant". These words are sponsored from a reading packet given from an American History class known as APUSH

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1611281238	Plantation	A large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crops and usually employing coerced or slave labor.	0
1611281239	Conquistador	A Spanish soldier and explorer who led military expeditions in the Americas and captured land for Spain.	1
1611281240	Encomienda	The Spanish Labor system in which persons were held to unpaid service under the permanent control of there masters, though not legally owned by them.	2
1611281241	Mestizo	A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.	3

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American Pageant Chapter 7: APUSH IDs Flashcards

AP US History identifications for The American Pageant Chapter 7: The Road to Revolution

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944119396	Virtual Representation	British claimed tht the colonists were represented by the House of Commons, colonists claimed they were not because they did not choose their representitives	1
944119397	"No taxation without representation"	colonists did not like being taxed when they felt they had no say in British government, and Britain refused to recognized their local governments	2
944119398	Admiralty Courts	juryless courts in British colonies that held jurisdiction over maritime activities	3
944119399	Baron von Steuben	foreign advisor who helped train American soldiers during the revolution	4
944119400	Boston Massacre	colonial agitators provoked British troops with rock-filled snowballs, soldiers shot into the crowd, became an important piece of anti-British propaganda	5
944119401	Boston Tea Party	group of colonists disguised as Indians boarded ships in Boston Harbor and dumped the tea into the ocean, led to Boston Port Act	6
944119402	Boston Port Act	response to Boston Tea Party, outlawed use of Boston harbor until damages were paid to the crown	7
944119403	Boycott	First Continental Congress called for a boycott of all British goods in 12 of 13 colonies, showed a growth in unity	8
944119404	Charles Townshend	British Prime Minister, convinced Parliament to pass the Townshend Acts	9
944119405	Committees of Correspondence	organized by the Sons of Liberty to spread spirit of resistance	10
944119406	Crispus Attucks	slave killed in the Boston Massacre, became an icon of the anti-slavery movement	11
944119407	Declaration of Rights	drafted at a Virginia Convention, proclaimed the inherit rights of man	12
944119408	Declaratory Act	issued to confirm the British government's right to pass acts which were legally binding to the colonists, used to save face when the colonies refused the Stamp Act	13
944119409	English Whigs	Parliament party who contested the Tories, took control of the government until King George III took the throne	14
944119410	Enumerated Products	gods not produced by the mother country, could only be shipped from the colonies to England or other English colonies	15
944119411	First Continental Congress	response to the Intolerable Acts, called for a complete boycott of all British goods in 12 of 13 colonies, showed better colonial unity	16
944119412	Gaspee Incident	schooner was beached in Rhode Island, upset Americans because it was one of the last customs racketeering ships, burned down by locals, showed how militant the colonists were becoming	17
944119413	George Grenville	Prime Minister, architect of the Sugar Act and Stamp Act, his methods of taxation and crackdown on smuggling were widely disliked by Americans	18
944119414	George Washington	commander in chief of the Continental Army	19
944119415	Hessians	German mercenaries hired by the British to put down the rebellion in the colonies, showed the colonists that the British had only military action in mind, as a solution to current problems	20
944119416	External Taxation	placed on an item coming into the colony	21
944119417	Internal Taxation	direct tax paid by the consumer	22
944119418	Intolerable/Coercive Acts	composed in response to colonial rebellion, included Boston Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Administration of Justice Act, Quartering Act, and Quebec Act	23
944119419	John Adams	Federalist, second president of the US, responsible for the Alien and Sedition Acts which hurt the popularity of the Federalists and himself, prevented all out war with France after the XYZ Affair	24
944119420	John Hancock	won his fortune by smuggling, rebel ring leader at Lexington and Concord	25
944119421	Lord North	Prime Minister during the Revolution, passed the Intolerable Acts and supported the king to the extent that Britian was ruled only by the king	26
944119422	King George III	king of Britian during the revolution, Declaration of Independence was directed specifically at him	27
944119423	Letter from a Farmer in Pennsylvania	written by John Dickinson, united the colonies against the Townshead Acts	28
944119424	Lexington and Concord	first battles of the revolution, militias were massacred at Lexington but won at Concord	29
944119425	Loyalists	also called Tories, American colonists who were loyal to Britain and the king	30
944119426	Marquis de Lafayette	French nobleman, major general in the colonial army who trained the militiamen	31
944119427	Mercantilism	economic system with three main points: - exports should be greater than imports - a nation's weath is measured in gold - colonies exist as captive markets to make money for the mother country	32
944119428	Minute Men	colonial militias	33
944119429	Molasses Act of 1733	imposed a tax on molasses, sugar, and rum imported form non-British colonies, aimed to reserve a monopoly of the colonies	34
944119430	Non-importation Agreements	colonial boycotting of imported goods	35
944119431	Patrick Henry	orator and statesman, member of House of Burgesses, attended Continental Congress	36
944119432	Quartering Act	required certain colonies to provide food and quartering for British troops	37
944119433	Quebec Act	allowed French Quebec to keep its customs and religion, but did not include a representative assemply or trial by jury	38
944119434	Radical Whigs	British political commentators who warned the colonies to be on guard against political corruption and conspiracies that would take their liberties	39
944119435	Republicanism	defied a just society as one in which all citizens willingly subordinated their private, selfish interests to the common good	40
944119436	Rights of Englishmen	what the American colonists wanted (not revolution at first)	41
944119437	Royal Veto	British crown could nullify any legislation passed by the colonial assemblies if they interferred with mercantilism	42
944119438	Samuel Adams	attended the Continental Congress, ringleader at Lexington and Concord, propagandist and engineer of rebellion, organized committees of correspondence	43
944119439	Sons of Liberty	colonial protest group, formed to protect the rights of the colonists	44
944119440	Stamp Act	all legal documents, contracts, licenses, pamphlets, and newpapers must carry a taxed stamp, means of raising revenue in the colonies	45
944119441	Stamp Act Congress	held as an outcry against the Stamp Act, one more step towards colonial unity	46
944119442	Sugar Act	increased the duty on foreign sugar	47
944119443	The Association	created by the Continental Congress, called for a complete boycott of British goods, including exportation	48
944119444	Thomas Huchinson	Massachusetts governor, refused to be pushed around by colonial protestors, butt heads with Sam Adams	49
944119445	Tories	British political party, came back into Parliament when King George III took the throne	50
944119446	Townshend Acts	duties on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea	51
944119447	Valley Forge	winter camp of a colonial army led by Washington	52

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