Review of Chapter 28 of "Campbell Biology: Concepts and Connections" for Dr. Wojita's Human Biology class at OSU Marion
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| 852976379 | The 2 parts of the Nervous System | CNS - the Central Nervous System, which is the brain and spinal cord PNS - The Peripheral Nervous System, which is made up of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves | 1 | |
| 852976380 | The three types of neurons | Sensory Neurons Interneurons Motor Neurons | 2 | |
| 852976381 | Functions of sensory neurons | Sensory neurons takes information from peripheral receptors and relay it to the CNS. A very long axon, often covered with a lipid called myelin carries nerve signals from the dendrites associated with a receptor to the CNS. | 3 | |
| 852976382 | Functions of Interneurons | Interneurons receive sensory input from sensory neurons and also information from other neurons. They are all inside the CNS. | 4 | |
| 852976383 | Functions of Motor neurons | Motor neurons carry nervous impulses to effector muscles, glands and organs, which carry out the responses, both external and internal. | 5 | |
| 852976384 | The parts of a neuron | Cell body Dendrites Axon Axon terminal | 6 | |
| 852976385 | Functions of a cell body of a neuron | It has the nucleus and other organelles | 7 | |
| 852976386 | Functions of dendrites | It picks up information from receptors of other neurons | 8 | |
| 852976387 | Functions of axons | It is a bunch of nerve fibers that make up a nerve It transmits signals to other neurons or effector cells | 9 | |
| 852976389 | Functions of axon terminals | Creates the synapse between neurons and effectors | 10 | |
| 852976390 | Function of myelin on an axon | It insulates the axon | 11 | |
| 852976391 | The cell that deposits the myelin in the CNS | A supportive neuroglial cell called an Oligiodendrocytes | 12 | |
| 852976392 | A nervous synapse | A "connection" between two neurons. When the axon terminal of one meets the dendrites of another. | 13 | |
| 852976393 | Gray matter | Regions within the central nercous system composed mainly of nerve cells bodies and dendrites. The outer 3-4 mm of the brain. The most highly evolved nervous tissue. Where nervous synapses occur. Allows us to think, speak, remember, and contract muscles. | 14 | |
| 852976394 | Gray matter is made of this | Unmyelinated axons, cell bodies, dendrites and neuroglial cells | 15 | |
| 852976395 | White matter is made of this | Myelinated axons within the CNS | 16 | |
| 852976396 | What neuroglial cells do | They support and protect A certain one, Oligiodendrocytes, deposit myelin They vastly outnumber neurons They have mitosis and the ability to divide | 17 | |
| 852976397 | A Node of Ranvier | An unmyelinated region on a myelinated axon of a nerve cell, where nerve signals are regenerated. A gap between oligiodendrocytes. | 18 | |
| 852976398 | How a resting neuron's cell membrane is similar to a charged battery | The cell membrane and the distribution of charge ions on either side of it create a resting membrane potential, similar to a battery. Like batteries, an energy source created by separating positively charge ions across a membrane from negatively charged ions, the potential energy in the cell membrane can be used to perform work. See Figure 28.3 in textbook | 19 | |
| 852976399 | How a nerve signal or action potential is conducted | An action potential is another name for a nerve impulse. Here, the energy stored in the "battery" of the resting membrane potential of the cell membrane and put to work as a nerve signal is conducted. This begins when there is a sufficient stimulus that activates the neuron at the axon hillock where the axon meets the cell body of the neuron. The action potential is then spread one way down the axon to the axon terminal, which causes release by exocytosis of neurotransmitters. See figure 28.4 | 20 | |
| 852976400 | What salutatory conduction is | Allows action potentials to leap from Node of Ranvier to Node of Ranvier | 21 | |
| 852976401 | What happens at the axon terminal when an action potential reaches there | The neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic vessicles in the axon terminal. When the action potential reaches the axon terminal, ion channels for calcium open and calcium ions, Ca++, enter and trigger the release of the neurotransmitter. The released neurotransmitter diffuse across the tiny synaptic cleft to the next membrane of a dendrite, cell body or effector. | 22 | |
| 852976402 | Synaptic integration | It is neurons adding up all the excitatory signals and compare them to all the inhibitory signals it receives. See figure 28.6 and 28.7 | 23 | |
| 852976403 | What happens during an action potential | Membrane voltage changes and a nerve signal is transmitted along an axon. | 24 | |
| 852976404 | What nerves are | They are bundles of myelinated axons from sensory and motor neurons. | 25 | |
| 852976405 | What the cerebral cortex is, where it is located and is it made of gray matter | It is on the surface of the cerebrum and it is made of gray matter | 26 | |
| 852976406 | Where synapses between neurons occur | They occur in gray matter | 27 | |
| 852976407 | Where do action potentials start in the CNS | They start in the axon hillock in gray matter | 28 | |
| 852976408 | What the resting membrane potential usually is | -70 mV | 29 | |
| 852976409 | What happens when the action potential reaches the axon terminal of a neuron | Voltage gated channels for Ca++ open, Ca++ enters the ICF and causes release of neurotransmitters by exocytosis | 30 | |
| 852976410 | What cerebrospinal fluid is | Blood-derived fluid that surrounds, nourishes, and cushions the brain and spinal cord. | 31 | |
| 852976411 | Where cerebrospinal fluid is formed | From neuroglial cells filtering capillaries in the roof of the brain ventricles | 32 | |
| 852976412 | Where cerebrospinal fluid circulates | In the space between the pia mater and arachnoid meninges lining the CNS | 33 | |
| 852976413 | Where cerebrospinal fluid drains when it needs replenished | The venous circulation | 34 | |
| 852976414 | What is found in the dorsal root | Ganglion or cell bodies of sensory neurons | 35 | |
| 852976415 | What is found in the ventral root | Axons of motor neurons of 31 pairs of spinal nerves | 36 | |
| 852976416 | The three parts of the brainstem | The midbrain The medulla oblongata The pons | 37 | |
| 852976417 | The functions of the medulla oblongata | Pacemaker for breathing-DRG, cell bodies of 4 pairs of cranial nerves, including those from the vagus nerve which controls the parasympathethic nervous system, cardiovascular centers for heart rate and blood pressure | 38 | |
| 852976418 | What happens in the decussation in the medulla oblongata | Motor neuron fibers cross over to the other side of the body here | 39 | |
| 852976419 | Function of the pons | Located of respiratory centers that makes sure one is breathing deep enough for the pace of breathing set in the medulla oblongata, four pairs of cranial nerves have their cell bodies there, bridge between the upper brain and the rest of the nervous system | 40 | |
| 852976420 | What neurotransmitter is produced by the substantia nigra of the midbrain | Dopamine, important for the inhibitory part of muscle tone - a lesion here could cause Parkinsons's disease | 41 | |
| 852976421 | Function of the cerebellum | It coordinates skeletal muscles so you do not fall or stumble | 42 | |
| 852976422 | Location of the cerebellum | Below (or "inferior") to the posterior part of the cerebrum (the occipital lobe) and behind (or "posterior") to the brainstem. | 43 | |
| 852976423 | Function and location of both Broca's area in the cerebrum | Word formation | 44 | |
| 852976424 | Function of Wernickes area | Word planning on what to say | 45 | |
| 852976425 | Major function of thalamus | Relay center for most sensory impulses to the correct location in the cerebral cortex | 46 | |
| 852976426 | Function of the hypothalamus | Controls autonomic nervous system, centers for sleep, body temperature, salt/water balance in blood, sex, eating, links endocrine system to the nervous system, controls the anterior and posterior pituitary glands, sleep, satiety centers | 47 | |
| 852976427 | Where short term memory is stored | Pre frontal area behind forehead | 48 | |
| 852976428 | Where long term memory is stored | Long term memory is stored in bits of information through out the sensory association areas of the cortex of the cerebrum. The hippocamus acts as a bridge between the sensory association areas, where memories are stored, and the prefrontal area, where memories are used. See figure 13.9 | 49 | |
| 852976429 | How many motor neurons in voluntary motor pathways of the somatic nervous system to skeletal muscles | 2 | 50 | |
| 852976430 | How many motor neurons in the autonomic nervous system outside the CNS | 2 | 51 | |
| 852976431 | How many pairs of cranial nerves there are | 12 | 52 |
