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Biology Campbell 9th Edition Chapter 16 and 17 Flashcards

1036383637	2 DNA strands are held together by....	Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases	1
1036383638	pairs of nitrogenous bases in DNA double helix are held together by....	Hydrogen bonds	2
1036383639	First step in basic DNA replication	strands separate, each parental strand serves as a template that determines the order of nucleotides along a new complementary strand	3
1036383640	Second step in basic DNA replication	complementary nucleotides line up and and connect to sugar-phosphate backbones of the new strands. Each strand consists of 1 parent strand, 1 daughter strand	4
1036383641	Conservation Model of DNA replication	2 parental strands reassociate after acting as templates for new strands, thus restoring the parental double helix	5
1036383642	Semiconservative Model of DNA replication	2 strands of the parental molecule separate, and each functions as a template for synthesis of a new, complementary strand	6
1036383643	Dispersive Model of DNA replication	Each strand of both daughter molecules contain a mixture of old and newly synthesized DNA	7
1036383644	Replication Fork	Y shaped region where parental strands of DNA are being unwound	8
1036383645	Helicases	Enzymes that unwinds and separates the parental DNA strands to become template strands	9
1036383646	Single-strand binding proteins	bind to unpaired DNA strands, stabilize unwound parent strands	10
1036383647	Primase	Synthesizes the primer Starts a complementary RNA chain from a single RNA nucleotide adding RNA nucleotides one at a time, using the parental DNA strand as a template	11
1036383648	DNA polymerases	Catalyze the synthesis of new DNA by adding nucleotides to a preexisting chain Require a primer and DNA template strand	12
1036383649	Leading strand	The new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction	13
1036383650	Lagging strand	A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction away from the replication fork	14
1036383651	Okazaki fragments	A short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication. Many such segments are joined together to make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA	15
1036383652	Synthesis of lagging strand Step 1	Primase joins RNA nucleotides into primer	16
1036383653	Synthesis of lagging strand Step 2	DNA pol II adds DNA nucleotides to the primer, forming Okazaki fragment 1	17
1036383654	Synthesis of lagging strand Step 3	After reaching the next RNA primer to the right, DNA pol III detaches	18
1036383655	Synthesis of lagging strand Step 4	Fragment 2 is primed, Then DNA pol III adds DNA nucleotides, detatching when it reaches the fragment 1 primer	19
1036383656	Synthesis of lagging strand Step 5	DNA pol I replaces the RNA with DNA, adding to the 3' end of fragment 2	20
1036383657	Synthesis of lagging strand Step 6	DNA ligase forms a bond between the newest DNA and the DNA of fragment 1	21
1036383658	Synthesis of lagging strand Step 7	Laggin strand in this region is now complete	22
1036383659	Mismatch repair	Celluar process that uses specific enzymes to remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides	23
1036383660	Nuclease	cuts damanged DNA strand at two points so damaged section can be removed	24
1036383661	Enzymes involved with filling pre-damaged gap	DNA polymerase and DNA ligase	25
1036383662	Telomeres	Tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome's DNA molecule. Telomeres protect the organism genes from being eroded during successive rounds of replication.	26
1036383663	Histones	Proteins that are responsible for the first level of DNA packing in chromatin	27
1036383664	Nucleosome	Basic unit of DNA packing. Consists of DNA wound twice around a protein core composed of two molecules each of the four main histone types	28
1036383665	Chromatin	Complex of DNA and proteins hat makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers	29
1036383666	DNA replication	the process of making a copy of DNA	30
1036383667	transformation	the transfer of genetic material in the form of DNA fragments from one cell to another or from one organism to another	31
1036383668	bacteriophage	a virus that infects bacteria	32
1036383669	virus	ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts	33
1036383670	double helix	two strands of nucleotides wound about each other; structure of DNA	34
1036383671	antiparallel	The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.	35
1036383672	semiconservative	method of replication that implies that each new strand of DNA is half original and half new	36
1036383673	origin of replication	Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides.	37
1036383674	helicase	an enzyme that untwists the double helix at the replication forks, separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands	38
1036383675	single strand binding proteins	Proteins that bind to and stabilize the signle strands of DNA exposed when helicase unwinds the double helix in preparation for replication.	39
1036383676	topoisomerase	A protein that functions in DNA replication, helping to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork.	40
1036383677	primer	An already existing RNA chain bound to template DNA to which DNA nucleotides are added during DNA synthesis., a short segment of DNA that serves as the starting point for DNA synthesis	41
1036383678	DNA polymerase	enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule	42
1036383679	DNA ligase	an enzyme that eventually joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments	43
1036383680	nucleotide excision repair	The process of removing and then correctly replacing a damaged segment of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide.	44
1036383681	telomerase	An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres. The enzyme includes a molecule of RNA that serves as a template for new telomere segments.	45
1036383682	nucleoid	A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.	46
1036383683	30nm fiber	nucleosomes associate with each other to form a more compact structure - results from interactions between adjacent histone H1 proteins	47
1036383684	looped domains	30-nm fiber forms loops that attach to a protein chromosome scaffold, making up a 300-nm fiber	48
1036383685	heterochromatin	Nontranscribed eukaryotic chromatin that is so highly compacted that it is visible with a light microscope during interphase	49
1036383686	euchromatin	a region of DNA that is uncoiled and undergoing active transcription into RNA	50
1036383687	gene expression	the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins (or, in some cases, just RNAs)	51
1036383688	transcription	synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template	52
1036383689	primary transcript	the initial RNA transcript from any gene, including those specifying RNA that is not translated into protein	53
1036383690	mRNA	messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome	54
1036383691	translation	The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule	55
1036383692	ribosomes	The sites of translation, complex particles that facilitate the orderly linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains.	56
1036383693	triplet code	3 bases of DNA that code for a single amino acid	57
1036383694	codons	mRNA base triplets	58
1036383695	template strand	The DNA strand that provides the template for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript.	59
1036383696	reading frame	the way a cell's mRNA-translating machinery groups the mRNA nucleotides into codons	60
1036383697	RNA polymerase	pries the two strands of DNA apart and joins together RNA nucleotides complementary to the DNA template strand, thus elongating the RNA polynucleotide	61
1036383698	promoter	The DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription	62
1036383699	terminator	In prokaryotes, a special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. It signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule, which then departs from the gene.	63
1036383700	transcription unit	the stretch of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule	64
1036383701	start point	nucleotide where RNA synthesis actually begins	65
1036383702	transcription factors	in eukaryotes, a collection of proteins that mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription	66
1036383703	transcription initiation complex	the whole complex of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to the promoter	67
1036383704	TATA box	A promoter DNA sequence crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex., a DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex (the transcription factors recognize this); "tells RNA pol where to land"	68
1036383705	5' cap	a methylated guanine nucleotide added to the 5' end of eukaryotic mRNA	69
1036383706	poly-A tail	The modified end of the 3' end of an mRNA molecule consisting of the addition of some 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides.	70
1036383707	RNA splicing	process by which the introns are removed from RNA transcripts and the remaining exons are joined together	71
1036383708	introns	a non-coding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene	72
1036383709	exons	expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein	73
1036383710	spliceosome	A complex assembly that interacts with the ends of an RNA intron in splicing RNA, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons.	74
1036383711	ribozymes	An enzymatic RNA molecule that catalyzes reactions during RNA splicing.	75
1036383712	domains	modular architecture on proteins consisting of discrete structural and functional regions	76
1036383713	alternative RNA splicing	A type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns	77
1036383714	aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases	an enzyme that joins each amino acid to the appropriate tRNA	78
1036383715	tRNA	short-chain RNA molecules present in the cell (in at least 20 varieties, each variety capable of combining with a specific amino acid) that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized at the ribosome of the cell (according	79
1036383716	anticodon	group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon	80
1036383717	wobble	flexibility in the base-pairing rules in which the nucleotide at the 5' end of a tRNA anticodon can form hydrogen bonds with more than one kind of base in the third position (3' end) of a codon	81
1036383718	rRNA	The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins froms the structure of ribosomes. Ribosomes coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to mRNA codons	82
1036383719	P site	holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain.	83
1036383720	A site	holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain	84
1036383721	E site	This site is the place where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome.	85
1036383722	polyribosomes	An aggregation of several ribosomes attached to one messenger RNA molecule.	86
1036383723	signal recognition particle	binds to the signal sequence and the ribosomal subunits and transports the complex to the ER	87
1036383724	signal peptide	A stretch of amino acids on a polypeptide that targets the protein to a specific destination in a eukaryotic cell.	88
1036383725	nucleotide-pair substitution	A type of point mutation in which one nucleotide in a DNA strand and its partner in the complementary strand are replaced by another pair of nucleotides.	89
1036383726	mutation	change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information	90
1036383727	silent mutation	A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created.	91
1036383728	nonsense mutation	A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.	92
1036383729	missense mutation	The most common type of mutation, a base-pair substitution in which the new codon makes sense in that it still codes for an amino acid.	93
1036383730	point mutation	mutation that affects a single nucleotide, usually by substituting one nucleotide for another	94
1036383731	insertion	A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene.	95
1036383732	deletion	The loss of one or more nucleotides from a gene by mutation; the loss of a fragment of a chromosome	96
1036383733	frameshift mutation	mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide	97
1036383734	mutagen	any agent (physical or environmental) that can induce a genetic mutation or can increase the rate of mutation	98

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The Neolithic Revolution and the Rise of Civilization Flashcards

Terms, People, and Places

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1637010377	Neolithic Revolution	the shift from hunting of animals and gathering of food to the keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis that occurred around 8000 BC	0
1637010378	Systematic Agriculture	the keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis	1
1637010379	Domestication	adaptation for human use	2
1637010380	Artisan	a skilled craftsperson who makes products such as weapons and jewlery	3
1637010381	Bronze Age	the period from around 3000 to 1200 BC characterized by the widespread use of bronze for tools and weapons	4
1637010382	Culture	the way of life people follow	5
1637010383	Civilization	a complex culture in which large numbers of people share a number of common elements such as social structure, religion, and art	6
1637010384	Monarch	a king or queen who rules a kingdom	7
1637010385	Mesoamericans	...	8
1637010386	Priest	...	9
1637010387	Jericho	...	10
1637010388	Catal Hyuk	...	11

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Chapter 1 Paleolithic and Neolithic Art Flashcards

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1637157185	Burin	A pointed tool used for engraving or incising.	0
1637157186	Composite View	A convention of representation in which part of a figure is shown in profile and another part of the same figure is shown frontally; also called twisted perspective.	1
1637157187	Composition	The way in which an artist organizes forms in an artwork, either by placing shapes on a flat surface or arranging forms in space.	2
1637157188	Corbeled Vault	A vault formed by the piling of stone blocks in horizontal courses, cantilevered inward until the two walls meet in arch.	3
1637157189	Findspot	Place where an artifice was found, or provenance.	4
1637157190	Freestanding Sculture	Freestanding figures, carved or modeled in three dimensions.	5
1637157191	Ground Line	In paintings and reliefs,a painting or carved baseline on which figures appear to stand.	6
1637157192	Henge	An arrangement of megalithic stones in a circle, often surrounded by a ditch.	7
1637157193	Incise	To cut into a surface with a sharp instrument; also, a method of decoration, especially on metal and pottery.	8
1637157194	Landscape	A picture showing natural scenery, without narrative content.	9
1637157195	Lintel	A horizontal beam used to span an opening.	10
1637157196	Megalith (Adj., megalithic)	Greek, "great stone." A large, roughly hewn stone used in the construction of monumental prehistoric structures.	11
1637157197	Mural	A wall painting.	12
1637157198	Palette	A thin board with a thumb hole at one end on which an artist lays and mixes colors; an surface so used. Also, the colors or kinds of colors characteristically used by an artist. In ancient Egypt, a slate slab used of preparing makeup.	13
1637157199	Passage Grave	A prehistoric tomb with a long stone corridor leaden got a burial chamber covered by a great tumulus.	14
1637157200	Post-and-Lintel System	A system of construction in which two posts support a lintel.	15
1637157201	Radiocarbon Dating	A method of measuring the decay rate of carbon isotopes in organic matter to provide dates for organic materials such as wood and fiber.	16
1637157202	Relief	In sculpture, figures projecting from a background of which they are part. The degree of relief is designated high, low (bas), or sunken. In the last, the artist cutes the design into the surface so that the highest projecting parts of the image are no higher than the surface itself. See also repousse	17
1637157203	Sculpture in the Round	Freestanding figures, carved or modeled in three dimensions.	18
1637157204	Terracotta	hard-baked clay, used for sculpture and as a building material. It may be glazed or painted.	19
1637157205	Trilithons	A pair of monoliths topped with a lintel; found in megalithic structures.	20
1637157206	Tumulus (pl. Tumuli)	Burial mound; in Etruscan architecture, tumuli cover one or more subterranean multi chambered tombs cut out of the local tufa (limestone). Also characteristic of Neolithic funerary architecture and the Japanese Kofun period of the third and fourth centuries.	21
1637157207	Twisted Perspective	A convention of representation in which part of a figure is shown in profile and another part of the same figure is shown frontally; also called twisted perspective.	22

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Chapter 1 Paleolithic and Neolithic Art Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

1637157185	Burin	A pointed tool used for engraving or incising.	0
1637157186	Composite View	A convention of representation in which part of a figure is shown in profile and another part of the same figure is shown frontally; also called twisted perspective.	1
1637157187	Composition	The way in which an artist organizes forms in an artwork, either by placing shapes on a flat surface or arranging forms in space.	2
1637157188	Corbeled Vault	A vault formed by the piling of stone blocks in horizontal courses, cantilevered inward until the two walls meet in arch.	3
1637157189	Findspot	Place where an artifice was found, or provenance.	4
1637157190	Freestanding Sculture	Freestanding figures, carved or modeled in three dimensions.	5
1637157191	Ground Line	In paintings and reliefs,a painting or carved baseline on which figures appear to stand.	6
1637157192	Henge	An arrangement of megalithic stones in a circle, often surrounded by a ditch.	7
1637157193	Incise	To cut into a surface with a sharp instrument; also, a method of decoration, especially on metal and pottery.	8
1637157194	Landscape	A picture showing natural scenery, without narrative content.	9
1637157195	Lintel	A horizontal beam used to span an opening.	10
1637157196	Megalith (Adj., megalithic)	Greek, "great stone." A large, roughly hewn stone used in the construction of monumental prehistoric structures.	11
1637157197	Mural	A wall painting.	12
1637157198	Palette	A thin board with a thumb hole at one end on which an artist lays and mixes colors; an surface so used. Also, the colors or kinds of colors characteristically used by an artist. In ancient Egypt, a slate slab used of preparing makeup.	13
1637157199	Passage Grave	A prehistoric tomb with a long stone corridor leaden got a burial chamber covered by a great tumulus.	14
1637157200	Post-and-Lintel System	A system of construction in which two posts support a lintel.	15
1637157201	Radiocarbon Dating	A method of measuring the decay rate of carbon isotopes in organic matter to provide dates for organic materials such as wood and fiber.	16
1637157202	Relief	In sculpture, figures projecting from a background of which they are part. The degree of relief is designated high, low (bas), or sunken. In the last, the artist cutes the design into the surface so that the highest projecting parts of the image are no higher than the surface itself. See also repousse	17
1637157203	Sculpture in the Round	Freestanding figures, carved or modeled in three dimensions.	18
1637157204	Terracotta	hard-baked clay, used for sculpture and as a building material. It may be glazed or painted.	19
1637157205	Trilithons	A pair of monoliths topped with a lintel; found in megalithic structures.	20
1637157206	Tumulus (pl. Tumuli)	Burial mound; in Etruscan architecture, tumuli cover one or more subterranean multi chambered tombs cut out of the local tufa (limestone). Also characteristic of Neolithic funerary architecture and the Japanese Kofun period of the third and fourth centuries.	21
1637157207	Twisted Perspective	A convention of representation in which part of a figure is shown in profile and another part of the same figure is shown frontally; also called twisted perspective.	22

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Forensic Science Ch.1 Flashcards

Introduction by Richard Saferstein. Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science (2011)
===================================================
This basic question and answer quizlet is designed for the student learning about Forensic Science for the first time. It will help them define forensic science or criminalistics, and scientific methods. The student is given a broad range of information broken down into pieces to help s/he pass an exam.

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1636016785	Francis Galton	He was responsible for developing the first statistical study proving the uniqueness of fingerprints.	0
1636016786	Sir Arthur Conan Doyle	He created the fictional exploits of Sherlock Holmes.	1
1636016787	Albert Sherman Osborn	Author of Questioned Documents.	2
1636016788	Dr. Edmond Locard	A pioneer in Forensic Science, he became known as the "Sherlock Holmes of France".	3
1636016789	Colonel Calvin Hooker Goddard	Comparison microscope or firearms examination (ballistics).	4
1636016790	August Vollmer	1923, he created the first forensic laboratory in the United States in Los Angeles.	5
1636016791	Toxicology Unit	The examination of body fluids and organs for drugs and poisons.	6
1636016792	Biology Unit	The examination of blood, hairs, fibers, and botanical materials.	7
1636016793	Physical Science unit	The application of chemistry, physics and geology to identify and compare crime-scene evidence.	8
1636016794	Firearms Unit	The examination of bullets, cartridge cases, shotgun shells, and ammunition of all types.	9
1636016795	List types of Crime Laboratories relevant to these two chapters:	1) Physical Science Unit 2) Biology Unit 3) Firearms Unit 4) Document Examination Unit 5) Photography Unit 6) Toxicology Unit 7) Latent Fingerprint Unit 8) Polygraph Unit 9) Voiceprint Analysis Unit 10) Crime-Scene Investigation Unit	10
1636016796	Four important federal agencies offering forensic services.	FBI, DEA, ATF, US Postal Inspection Services	11
1636016797	DEA	Drug Enforcement Administration	12
1636016798	Forensic Entomology	The study of insects and their relation to a criminal investigation.	13
1636016799	Anthropology	Takes advantage of the durable nature of bones over long periods of time to examine and identify human skeletal remains through a multitude of individual characteristics.	14
1636016800	Forensic Pathology	Involves the study of medicine as it relates to the application of the law, particularly criminal law.	15
1636016801	A pathologist	An individual who investigates sudden, unnatural, unexplained, or violent deaths.	16
1636016802	"Every contact leaves a trace."	This became known as Locard's Exchange Principles.	17

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Chapter 3 APUSH Flashcards

History chapter 3

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894904307	Enlightenment	1600	1
894904308	Harvard	founded first American College named after a Charlestown minister, John Harvard in 1636. Established by Puritan theologians to create a place to train ministers	2
894904309	printing press	First operated in the colonies in 1639, by 1695 there were more printing presses in American than England.	3
894904310	1647	Massachusetts law states that every town needs to provide for schooling	4
894904311	1662	Halfway covenant	5
894904312	1685	Huguenots migrate to America	6
894904313	1692	Salem witchcraft trials	7
894904314	1693	College of William and Mary (after the King and Queen)	8
894904316	1701	Yale founded in New Haven CT by benefactor Elihu Yale because of liberalism of Harvard.	9
894904317	1720	Cotton Mather starts smallpox innoculations	10
894904318	1734	Great Awakening begins	11
894904319	1739	George Whitefield arrives in America/Great Awakening intensifies/Stono Slave rebellion	12
894904320	1740	Indigo production begins	13
894904321	1746	Collegeof NJ becomes Princeton NJ First president was Jonathan Edwards	14
894904322	1755	University of Pennsylvania	15
894904323	1763	Paxton Boys-band of PA frontiersmen decended on Philly to demand tax relief and financial support for defenses against Indians. Bloodshed averted by concession from the colonial assembly.	16
894904324	1764	Sugar Act was a raised the duty on sugar while lower the duty on Molasses. (Currency Act the same year).	17
894904325	1765	Mutiny Act required colonists to provide quartering to British soldiers.British ship searched for smugglers.	18
894904326	1765	Stamp Act tax on every printed document. Strictly attempt to raise revenues. Affects everyone.	19
894904327	1766	Stamp Act repealed	20
894904328	1767	Charles Townshend dies	21
894904329	1770	Lord North repeals all the Townshend Acts except the tax on tea.	22

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Abnormal Psych ch. 2 Flashcards

abnormal psychology, McCaskill, Columbia, Abnormal behavior, historical and contemporary views of abnormal behavior, clinical psychology

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307209813	historical view of mental illness/abnormal behavior	caused by demon that had taken "possession" of person treated through exorcism, prayers, incantations, or concoctions	1
307209814	Hippocrates's 3 categories of mental disorders	1) mania 2) melancholia 3) phrentis (brain fever)	2
307209815	best known earliest paradigms for explaining personality/temperament and typologies of human behavior	-doctrine of 4 humors, associated with Hippocrates and later Galen -4 essential fluids of body: blood (sanguis), phlegm, bile (choler), and black bile (melancholer)	3
307209816	Hippocrates' early medical concept of mental illness	mental disease result of natural causes and brain pathology -emphasis on natural causes of diseases, on clinical observation, and on brain pathology	4
307209817	Galen's contribution to the understanding of mental illness	Galen's original contributions: -the anatomy of the nervous system -scientific approach to field, dividing causes of psychological disorders into physical and mental categories	5
307209818	first mental hospital was established...	...in Baghdad in A.D. 792	6
307209819	2 trends in the Middle Ages that influenced growth in popularity of supernatural explanations of causes of mental illness	1) Mass madness 2) exorcism	7
307209820	Mass madness	wide-spread occurrence of group behavior disorders that were apparently cases of hysteria (i.e. dancing mania)	8
307209821	tarantism	uncontrollable impulse to dance; often attributed to bite of tarantula or wolf spider -also known as "Saint VItus's Dance" -example of mass madness in Middle Ages	9
307209822	Saint Vitus's Dance	dancing mania	10
307209823	lycanthropy	condition where people believed themselves to be possessed by wolves and imitated their behavior	11
307209824	Islamic physician famous for treating mental disorders with humane practices	Avicenna	12
307209825	modern examples of mass hysteria	1) West Bank Palestinian girls, April 1983 2) men in Nigeria believing their genitals had vanished, 1990	13
307209826	exorcisms	"laying on of hands" in order to rid person of demon possessing them	14
307209827	management of mentally disturbed in Middle Ages Europe was handled mainly by	clergy	15
307209828	2 types of demonically possessed people in Middle Ages	1) physically possessed: considered mad 2) spiritually possessed: considered witches	16
307209829	Paracelsus	Swiss physician and early critic of superstitious beliefs about possession -yet believed moon exerted supernatural influence over brain	17
307209830	Johann Weyer	German physician who made a study of abuse of those accused of witchcraft & argued these people suffered from mental illness -one of first physicians to specialize in mental disorders	18
307209831	asylums	sanctuaries for care of mentally ill; began to grow in number in 16th century -earliest were begun as way of removing troublesome individuals who couldn't care for themselves from society -primarily modifications of penal institutions, where patients were inmates and were inhumanely treated	19
307209832	French physician responsible for initiating reform of mental hospitals	Philippe Pinel	20
307209833	English Quaker who also promoted humane treatment and reform of mental hospitals, and the name of his hospital	William Tuke, who established the York Retreat	21
307209834	American who championed humane treatment of mentally ill	Benjamin Rush	22
307209835	the moral management approach to treatment during humanitarian reform period involved	focus on patient's social, individual, and occupational needs	23
307209836	moral management was popular during humanitarian reform period in part because	very little effective treatment was available for mental conditions at the time	24
307209837	moral management movement was replaced by ________________	rise of the mental hygiene movement	25
307209838	mental hygiene movement	focused almost exclusively on physical well-being of hospitalized mental patients -patients received no help for their mental problems, and became more helpless and dependent on hospital	26
307209839	which was shown more effective in terms of discharge rates, moral management or mental hygiene approach to care?	moral management	27
307209840	campaigner for mentally ill who helped establish legislature reforms and 32 mental hospitals	Dorthea Dix	28
307209841	a nineteenth century term for medical professions who treated the "alienated" or insane	alienists	29

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India- Chapter 3 Sections 1 & 2 Flashcards

Chapter 3 Sections 1 & 2

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254435908	How many Languages?	India has 110 Languages.	1
254435909	How many dialects	India has 1000 dialects.	2
254435910	Geographic areas of India include Mountains, name the mountain range.	The Himalya Mountain Range.	3
254435911	Geographic areas of India include a certain river, name the holy river..	The Ganges River.	4
254435912	Geographic areas of India include dry hilly plateaus, name the plateaus.	The Deccan.	5
254435913	Geographic areas of India include lush coastal plains, name the lush coastal plains.	The Ghats	6
254435914	What describes the landscape of India?	Red-tinted Mostly tinted Not like Middle East Planted trees in city	7
254435915	What defines a Summer monsoon?	Blows in warm, moist air from the southwest.	8
254435916	What defines a Winter Monsoon?	Blows in cold dry air from the northeast	9
254435917	Can a Monsoon help or hurt?	Can help, hurt, destroy crops depending on when they come.	10
254435918	Characteristics of an Old City...	Poop on street Stands Cows	11
254435919	Characteristics of a New City...	Free ways Billboards Westernized Sky scrapers Malls Car dealerships	12
254435920	Name the path Indo-Europeans arrived into India.	Across the Hindu Kush mountain range - Indus Valley - across the Ganges, through the Deccan. Soon controlled most of India	13
254435921	When did Aryans arrive in India?	What happened in 1500BCE ?	14
254435922	When was the Sanskrit languaage developed?	What happened in 1000BCE?	15
254435923	These Aryan princes did what?	Rajas controlled small estates—fought each other	16
254435924	Many early Aryans were what?	Farmers and Warriors.	17
254435925	Origin of the Caste system.	"Out of the class of the conqueror and conquered came a set of social institutions and class divisions that has lasted in India, with only minor changes, to the present day." p. 75	18
254435926	Define Caste System	A set of rigid categories in ancient India that determined a person's occupation and economic potential as well as his or her position in society.	19
254435927	Level one (1) of the Caste System	Brahmans—Priests	20
254435928	Level two (2) of the Caste System	Kshatriyas—Warriors	21
254435929	Level three (3) of the Caste System	Vaisyas—merchants, commoners	22
254435930	Level four (4) of the Caste System	Sudras—not Aryans—peasants; manual labor; limited rights	23
254435931	NOT considered as part of the Caste System	Pariahs or Untouchables—not considered part of the caste system. Given menial, degrading tasks.	24
254435932	Life of Untouchables	Collect trash; handle dead bodies; etc. Not considered human Considered harmful to members of the other classes No Indian would touch or eat food handled by an one Required to tap sticks together so others could hear they were approaching.	25
254435933	Family traits of Ancient India	> Men basically had all the power > Households = grandparents, children, grandchildren > Divorce not allowed unless first wife could not produce children > Wives were to throw themselves on the burning pile of their dead husbands	26
254435934	List the 4 things Aryans brought to Indian culture	Language: Sanskrit Caste System Family Ideals Religion: Hinduism	27
254435935	What was the name of the Aryan peoples' religious beliefs	Hinduism	28
254435936	What was/is the goal of Hinduism?	It was/is the duty of the person to seek to know this ultimate reality to become one with Brahman.	29
254435937	Who or what is Brahma?	The ultimate, single force; ultimate reality or God according to Hindus.	30
254435938	The books of Hinduism.	Vedas: collection of hymns and religious ceremonies that were passed down (Rig-Veda: oldest collection)	31
254435939	What are the Vedas?	A collection of hymns and religious ceremonies	32
254435940	The oldest Veda collection?	The Rig-Veda	33
254435941	Path to Brahma	Do your Dharma, Increase your Karma, Increase your Varna, re-incarnate OR Reach Moksha: oneness with the Brahman god	34
254435942	What is Moksha?	Oneness with the Brahman god	35
254435943	Dharma	divine law: duty	36
254435944	Do a good job it will increase your , what?	Karma	37
254829849	What is Reincarnation ?	What is the belief that the individual soul is reborn in a different form after death	38
254829850	What is Yoga	The way to achieve union with Brahma	39
254829851	How many main gods are in Hinduism	Three main gods/goddesses	40
254829852	Brahma, Vishnu, Siva	The 3 main god/goddesses	41
254829853	Who is the 'creator' god of Hinduism?	Brahma	42
254829854	Who is the 'Destroyer' god of Hinduism?	Siva	43
254829855	Who is the 'Preserver' god of Hinduism?	Vishnu	44
254829856	The oldest religion to develop in INdia was...	Hinduism (80.5%)	45
254829857	India s also the birthplace of...	Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Jainism and Sikhism religions	46
254829858	Three religions also a part of life in India...	Islam (13.4%), Christianity (2.3%) and Judaism	47
254829859	Who was the founder of Buddhism?	Siddhartha Gautama	48
254829860	Siddhartha Gautama	Buddha or Enlightened One	49
254829861	What spurred Siddartha Gautama to develope Buddhism?	Never saw suffering or desire until one day he realized it existed and wanted to find a way to deal with it. Left his family and wealth and sought to find the truth. Eventually became "enlightened".	50
254829862	One of the three (3) Buddhism principle teaches to 'Let go' of what and why?	Your worldly desires and possessions and pain and sorrow will be forgotten.	51
254829863	One of the three (3) Buddhism principle teaches to 'Achieve' of what and why?	Wisdom is the key to reach NIRVANA: ultimate reality	52
254829864	One of the three (3) Buddhism principle teaches if you follow the first two principles, then..	You can have the end of the self and a reunion with the Great World Soul.	53
254829865	1st of the 4 noble truths	Life is full of suffering	54
254829866	2nd of the 4 noble truths	Suffering is caused by desire	55
254829867	3nd of the 4 noble truths	End desire and selfishness and end suffering	56
254829868	4th of the 4 noble truths	End desire by following the Eightfold Path	57
254829869	What is the common beleif of both Hinduism and Buddhism	Reincarnation	58
254829870	Traits of Hinduism	Many gods/goddess Caste System Only top level could reach Brahma Religion Reincarnation	59
254829871	Traits of Buddhism	No gods/goddesses No formal structure Anyone could reach Nirvana Philosophy Reincarnation	60
254829872	Theravada School	They see Buddhism as a way of life; not a religion that is centered on individual salvation	61
254829873	Mahayana School	They see Buddhism as a religion; not a philosophy. Buddha is a divine figure. Through devotion to the Buddha, people can achieve salvation in this heaven after death.	62
254829874	Eventually these sects died out in India but spread throughout China, Korea, Southeast Asia and Japan.	Theravade & Mahayana	63

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Microeconomics Chapter 1 Flashcards

Microeconomics Chapter 1

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1514241886	Scarcity	The limited nature of society's resources.	1
1514241887	Economics	The study of how society manages its scarce resources.	2
1514241888	Efficiency	The property of society getting the most it can from scarce resources.	3
1514241889	Equality	The property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly among the members of society.	4
1514241890	Opportunity Cost	Whatever must be given up to obtain some item.	5
1514241891	Rational People	People who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives.	6
1514241892	Marginal Changes	The increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input.	7
1514241893	Incentive	Something that induces a person to act.	8
1514241894	Market Economy	An economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services.	9
1514241895	Property Rights	The ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resources.	10
1514241896	Market Failure	A situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently.	11
1514241897	Externality	The uncompensated impact of one person's actions on the well-being of a bystander.	12
1514241898	Market Power	The ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have substantial influence on market prices.	13
1514241899	Productivity	The quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input.	14
1514241900	Inflation	An increase in the overall level of prices in the economy.	15
1514241901	Business Cycle	Fluctuations in economic activity, such as unemployment and production.	16

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Chapter 5 of the American Pageant Flashcards

Contains important terms and important people in chapter five of the American Pageant (13th edition).

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289932010	Jonathan Edwards	A famous preacher during the Great Awakening. One of his most famous sermons was "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God."	1
289932011	John Trumbull	A young painter who was discouraged by his family and society. (During this time period literature and art were not held highly) He eventually left for Europe to be better trained in art.	2
289932012	Lord Cornbury	A cousin of Queen Anne's who was made governor of New York and New Jersey in 1702. He later ended up being drunk and a "vain fool."	3
289932013	Benjamin West	An artist who left for Europe so that he could make a better living.	4
289932014	Phillis Wheatley	A slave girl who wrote poetry despite her difficult circumstances. She eventually traveled to England and later a book of her poetry was published.	5
289932015	George Whitefield	A preacher during the Great Awakening who had a talent for public speaking and knew how to get a crowd up on their feet. He played on the crowds emotions and tried to make them profess their sins.	6
289932016	Charles Willson Peale	An artist who is best known for his paintings of George Washington.	7
289932017	John Peter Zenger	A New York printer who had published some news about that governor of New York and was arrested for seditiois libel. A trial took place and Zenger won. This case became well known because it was a major push towards freedom of the press.	8
289932018	Alexander Hamilton	Lawyer for John Zenger in his trial. He would later become the first US Secretary of the Treasury.	9
289932019	Benjamin Franklin	A very popular person during the 1700's and was most famous for his writings in "Poor Richard's Almanac."	10
289932020	Triangular Trade	Ships would travel to England with rum, and then go to the west coast of Africa and trade the rum for African slaves. After that they would go to the West Indies and exchange the slaves for molasses which would later be sold to the New England colonies.	11
289932021	Paxton Boys	A group of men who led an armed march in 1764. The reason for this was to protest the Quakers lenient policy towards the Indians.	12
289932022	Naval Stores	These were used to build and repair the British navy ships.	13
289932023	Scots-Irish	These group of people made up 7% of the population during the early 1700's	14
289932024	The "Bread" Colonies	These were the middle colonies which produced large amounts of grain.	15
289932025	The Great Awakening	One of America's first big movements which tried to pull people back to Christianity through fire and brimstone teachings.	16
289932026	Smallpox	An epidemic which affected one out of every five people and left marks on the face. One well known person affected by this was George Washington.	17
289932027	Baptists	A new faith which grew rapidly and embraced the new style of preaching. This sect of christianity did not just involve Americans, but tried to reach out the Native Americans as well.	18
289932028	Lumbering	This may have been one of America's most important manufacturing activities during the ealry to mid 1700's because of its high demand.	19
289932029	Congregational Church	This grew out of the Puritan church and was established in all of the New England colonies except Rhode Island.	20

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