| 1246491622 | Puritan motive | - Build a "city on a hill"
- provide a model for idealistic society
- religious freedoms from England | |
| 1246491623 | Motive of settling Virginia | - paid for by Virginia Company
- wanted profit
- mercantilism in England | |
| 1246491624 | First Great Awakening | - led by charismatic ministers in 1730
- made religion more emotional, less cerebral
- "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" sermon by Puritan minister Jonathan Edwards | |
| 1246491625 | Deism | - 1700 religious revolution which moved away from religious doctrines
- God is a distant entity
- No Godly intervention in daily affairs | |
| 1246491626 | Albany Congress, 1754 | - led by Benjamin Franklin
- first meeting of all colonies to debate unification
- Franklin's union plan, Albany Plan, rejected | |
| 1246491627 | Legal rights of women | -no suffrage under practically every circumstance
-couldn't own land in most cases
-were subordinate to men as caretakers, mothers, and housekeepers | |
| 1246491628 | Stamp Act / Stamp Congress | - tax on paper used for various documents
- included recreation like playing cards
- sparked most uproar and opposition of any British tax | |
| 1246491629 | Slavery in pre-independence times | - unregulated slave trade (no limits)
- molasses, rum, slaves / Triangular Slave Trade
- slaves were responsible for majority of labor in southern economy | |
| 1246491630 | Indentured servants | - extraordinarily popular prior to massive influx of slaves
- workers receive free ride to America and housing once there
- in exchange for house/ride, they work unpaid for 5-10 years | |
| 1246491631 | Proclamation of 1763 | - created a line through Appalachian mountains
- colonists could not settle any further west
- land from Appalachia to Mississippi was "Indian Reserve" | |
| 1246491632 | Articles of Confederation | - first written form of government for newly freed colonies
- created a "firm league of friendship" between states
- heavily favored state government, making federal government useless (no taxing, or federal laws without nullification) | |
| 1246491633 | Bill of Rights | - 1st 10 amendments to the Constitution
- protected individual liberties not specified in Constitution
- gave states powers not specifically assigned to federal government | |
| 1246491634 | Hamilton's economic plans | - national bank, 20% publicly 80% privately held
- federal government repays all war debts in full
- high tariffs to encourage American industry and discourage British/French/Spanish imports | |
| 1246491635 | Shays' Rebellion | - farmers revolt 1786-1787
- many lost farms because couldn't pay debts in gold/silver
- freed debtors prisons, burnt down city halls and courts | |
| 1246491636 | XYZ affair | - France was upset by alliances with Britain and seized US ships
- US tried to negotiate with France, French agents bribed US agents
- French agents X, Y and Z wanted $250,000 and a $12M loan | |
| 1246491637 | Marbury v. Madison | - Marbury, an Adams midnight judge, wanted his position/paycheck
- said his appointment was unconstitutional
- Chief Justice Marshall established Supreme Court power of judicial review | |
| 1246491638 | Louisiana Purchase | - Louisiana territory purchased by Jefferson from France
- not constitutional, but Jefferson wanted land and France needed $
- Jefferson only intended on buying New Orleans for a western port | |
| 1246491639 | Hartford Convention | - group of Federalists meeting in opposition to War of 1812
- merchants saw large amount of trade with Britain stop
- passed a resolution requiring a 2/3 vote in Congress for declaration of war in the future | |
| 1246491640 | Eli Whitney | - 1793 Eli Whitney invents cotton gin
- helps satisfy the massive demand for cotton/make slaves efficient
- also invented interchangeable parts for rifle | |
| 1246491641 | Henry Clay's "American System" | - high tariffs on imports (20%-25%)
- provide federal funding for internal improvements
- support and maintain Bank of the United States | |
| 1246491642 | Monroe Doctrine | - done to limit European influence on Western Hemisphere
- said European countries must be "hands off" of America
- became cornerstone of US isolationist foreign policy | |
| 1246491643 | Andrew Jackson | - Indian removal, supported westward expansion
- loses VP Calhoun in Nullification Crisis with South Carolina
- vetoed Congress more times than any other president, tried to eliminate United States Bank | |
| 1246491644 | Trail of Tears | - 1838 removal of Native Americans from Georgia into the west
- showed President Jackson's support for state's rights
- led to the death of thousands of innocent Native Americans (too grueling of a journey on foot) | |
| 1246491645 | Nullification/Calhoun/Tariff of Abominations | - South Carolina tried to nullify federal laws, Jackson wouldn't allow it
- Jackson passes Tariff of 1828 (Abominations) harshly limiting trade
- South Carolina, with Jackson's VP, Calhoun, tries to secede from US, Jackson sends military to stop them | |
| 1246491646 | Transcendentalists | - an intellectual movement criticizing new US materialistic lifestyle
- focus on nature, and finding meaning and self reliance
- primarily led by authors Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson | |
| 1246491647 | Ralph Waldo Emerson | - transcendentalist leader who encouraged self reliance
- published essays "Nature" (1836) "On Self Reliance" (1841)
- Speech "The American Scholar" considered the Intellectual Declaration of Independence | |
| 1246491648 | William Lloyd Garrison | - published "The Liberator" and abolitionist publication
- leader of the movement for immediate, uncompensated abolition
- said that blacks were equal, and entitled to freedom and equal rights | |
| 1246491649 | Harriet Tubman | - escaped slave
- started the Underground railroad, a system for escaping slaves
- called the "Conductor", helped hundreds of slaves escape | |
| 1246491650 | Dred Scott v. Sanford | - 1857 Supreme Court case: slaves are not citizens
- slaves are property, Missouri Compromise is dead
- said since Scott was property, case shouldn't have even been brought to court | |
| 1246491651 | Popular Sovereignty | - measure proposed by Sen. Lewis Cass on slavery in new territories
- allowed residents of a territory to vote on yes/no for slavery
- Congress didn't approve, but it became a bigger idea in 1850s | |
| 1246491652 | Kansas-Nebraska Act | - 1854 legislation by Sen. Stephen Douglas on organizing territories
- took Louisiana Purchase land and split into Kansas and Nebraska
- unpopular with North, as it allowed possibility of slavery, therefore completely repealing Missouri Compromise | |
| 1246491653 | Douglas's Freeport Doctrine | - statement by Stephen Douglas at 2nd Lincoln-Douglas debate
- used by Lincoln to prove Douglas was a hypocrite
- when asked whether he believed in popular sovereignty or Dred Scott decision, he compromised, favoring popular sovereignty | |
| 1246491654 | Causes of Civil War | - maintain the Union, under Lincoln
- stop expansion of slavery
- eventually, with Emancipation Proclamation, to end slavery | |
| 1246491655 | Emancipation Proclamation | - 1863 decree by Lincoln that all slaves in Confederacy were free
- not effective, simply symbolic
- made North the moral side of the war | |
| 1246491656 | Radical Reconstruction | - Johnson, Lincoln's VP, now president, proposes plan
- Johnson almost thrown out of office for obstructing reconstruction
- Eventually radical republicans used 2/3 majority to pass legislation and override vetoes for an effective reconstruction plan | |
| 1246491657 | Compromise of 1877 | - 1876 Pres. election Samuel Tilden (D) vs. Rutherford Hayes (R)
- Tilden wins popular vote, Rutherford supposedly wins electoral vote
- no winner clear, compromise makes Hayes the President, but Republicans will end Reconstruction | |
| 1246491658 | Knights of Labor | - first major labor union to survive through economic turmoil
- included all workers to join: skilled, unskilled, blacks, women
- ended after wrongfully associated with Haymarket Square Bombing in Chicago, 1886 | |
| 1246491659 | Dawes Act | - 1887 legislation to assimilate stranded Native Americans
- not wanted by the Native Americans, killed their tribal identity
- eliminated by Indian Reorganization Act (1934) as it was discriminatory and hurtful for Native Americans | |
| 1246491660 | Social Gospel | - Protestant Christian movement around 1900
- applied Protestant Christian logic to social issues in US
- tried to aid poverty, alcoholism, equality, and poor working conditions | |
| 1246491661 | Populists | - political party and movement led by disadvantaged farmers
- William Jennings Bryan and "Cross of Gold" speech
- fought for elimination of gold standard, unlimited silver coinage, graduated income tax, government regulation of major industry | |
| 1246491662 | Yellow Press | - started by William Randolph Heart's New York Journal stories
- often highly exaggerated, encouraging impulsive American action
- led US into Spanish American war with "Remember the Maine", firing up citizens | |
| 1246491663 | "New Immigration" | - immigration jumped in Gilded Age, post Civil War
- mainly immigrants from South, East and Southeast Europe
- result of poor European economic conditions | |
| 1246491664 | Open Door Policy | - European countries began claiming ports in China
- US did not have a port, and China had huge economic opportunity
- says China is open to trade with the United States | |
| 1246491665 | DuBois & Booker T. Washington | - W.E.B. DuBois wanted equality and full integration
- Booker T. Washington pushed for blacks to find economic purpose
- differed in that DuBois saw all as a equal, and Washington knew blacks were lesser at the time, and wanted them to fit it | |
| 1246491666 | Muckrakers | - term coined by T. Roosevelt for investigative journalism on business
- showed political and social injustices in big business and politics
- led by Sinclair Lewis, Mother Jones, Jacob Riis, and more | |
| 1246491667 | Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare | - U-boat campaign by Germany in relentlessly attacking Britain
- led to the US involvement in WWI, along with Zimmerman Telegraph
- sunk approximately 178 boats, and killed about 5000 in opposition Navy | |
| 1246491668 | Wilson's 14 Points | - 1918 plan by Wilson as a plan for restructuring post-WWI world
- ideas rejected by European powers except for the League of Nations
- plan included freedom of seas, removal of trade barriers, self-determination for Europeans, and international organization | |
| 1246491669 | Bonus Army | - 1932 organization of WWI veterans in Washington DC
- result of Hoover's inaction during economic turmoil in US
- WWI veterans demanded their bonuses be paid immediately, even though they were due in 1945 | |
| 1246491670 | 100 Day Congress, New Deal | - passed recovery legislation, more than ever in history
- restricted more rights, and gave government more power than ever
- GSA, NIRA, AAA, TVA, FERA, CCC, SEC all legislation passed in first 100 days of FDR presidency | |
| 1246491671 | Civilian Conservation Corps | - FDR agency created in first 100 days
- provided/created outdoor work for 2.75M 18-24 year old men
- projects included soil conservation, flood control, trail/road building, and forest projects | |
| 1246491672 | Cuban Missile Crisis | - 1962 event when US U2 spy planes saw Cuba was getting missiles
- Missiles were from USSR, US ordered them to stop sending them
- ended in 13 days after USSR stopped missiles in Cuba, and US stopped missiles in Turkey, and stopped Cuba interference | |
| 1246491673 | Brown v. Board of Education | - ordered immediate desegregation of schools and other public places
- overturned "separate but equal" in Plessy v. Ferguson
- major turning point in civil rights movement | |
| 1246491674 | Sputnik | - 1957 launching of Soviet sattelite into space
- led to space race and education movement in US
- government called for more and better technological and science education, from high school to graduate school | |
| 1246491675 | Sit-Ins | - form of civil disobedience by African Americans for civil rights
- African Americans sat at white-only counters and areas
- refused service or moving, when one group left, another would sit down, hurting business and making a point | |
| 1246491676 | Civil Rights Act of 1964 | - most meaningful legislation to end Jim Crow in the South
- passed by LBJ to end discrimination by race or sex
- guaranteed equal opportunity with employment, public education, public services and voting | |
| 1246491677 | Malcolm "X" | - leader of Nation of Islam, member from 1952-1964
- fought for black separatism, and supremacy for blacks and islam
- assassinated by Nation of Islam after changing opinion on black separatism | |
| 1246491678 | Gulf of Tonkin incident | - said that American destroyers were attacked in Gulf of Tonkin
- Congress passed Gulf of Tonkin resolution, escalating confict
- unofficially started Vietnam War, allowed LBJ to have a "blank check" in doing whatever he wanted in Vietnam | |
| 1246491679 | Watergate | - scandal regarding spying on Democrats led by Richard Nixon
- 5 men were caught breaking in to Democratic HQ at DCCC
- Nixon used executive privilege to not turn over evidence, supreme court made him, he deleted some, then resigned | |
| 1246491680 | Tet Offensive | - Vietcong and N. Vietnamese offensive against US
- began on Tet, lunar calendar new year, everyone was celebrating
- 1600 dead US, 40000 dead Vietcong, and while US stopped the attack, it showed that Vietcong could organize large attacks | |
| 1246491681 | Camp David Accords | - 1978 meeting of Middle East leaders organized by Carter
- Egypt, Israel and US met at presidential retreat Camp David
- after 13 days of meetings, the three had arranged a peace treaty, which worked, but tensions were still high | |
