AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!
Vocabulary list for cells and systems Unit
| 305910206 | Energy | the ability to do work | |
| 305910207 | Environment | Where an organism lives including living and non-living factors | |
| 305910208 | Reproduction | An organism making offspring | |
| 305910209 | Growth | An organism getting bigger | |
| 305910210 | Waste | Products that an organism has no use for and gets rid of. | |
| 305910211 | Cell | Smallest unit of living organisms. |
| 504955997 | john rockefeller | founder of the oil company, started in ohio, often regarded as the richest person in history, charged with monopolizing the oil trade which was also one of the largest monopolies in history. after rockefeller retired, the clayton anti trust act was enacted which prohibited monopolizing | |
| 504955998 | eugene debs | Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike in chicago which was a nonviolent strike that brought down most of the railways in the west. Debs went in strike against the pullman palace car co. by not using pullman cars because the leader of the company lowered wages but refused to lower rent. | |
| 504955999 | bob la follete | previous wisconsin governor; challenging the state's long-dominant business interests, he and his administration adopted the direct-primary system, which required members of the political party to elect a candidate for office, set up a railroad regulatory commission, increased corporate taxes, and limited campaign spending | |
| 504956000 | alice paul | head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.she went to europe to gain experience on how to lead women's suffrage, then came back to america to fight for american women's suffrage | |
| 504956001 | ida tarbell | muckraker who targeted the unfair practices of big business, and specifically targeted john rockefeller's abuse of power. Her articles about the standard oil company led to demands for tighter controls on trust. | |
| 504956002 | upton sinclair | a mucraking journalist who in 1904 visted chicago to do research for a novel exposing the truth about the meat packing industry. for seven weeks in lived in a town called packingtown. there he interviewed workers and wrote one of the most famous of all immigrant stories. the result was the first national government regulations on the purity of food but did not inspire public outrage concerning the plight of immigrant workers in american factories like sinclair intended. | |
| 504956003 | theodore roosevelt | wanted to change the conditions of the workplace which were exposed to him through the jungle. led the rough riders which was a group of volunteers to go to war in cuba during the spanish american war. saw presidency as a bully pulpit from which he could influence the news media and shape legislation. created square deal policy | |
| 504956004 | william taft | 27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which moderated high tarrifs; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term. | |
| 504956005 | woodrow wilson | 28th president of the United States, racist, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, and women's suffrage reluctantly. | |
| 504956006 | jane addams | progressive; the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes | |
| 504956007 | john muir | progressive; went on a campaign for awareness of the environment; inspired creation of Yosemite National Park; became president of the Sierra Club, which was devoted to conservation | |
| 504956008 | federal meat inspection act | enforced some federal inspection and mandated sanitary conditions in all companies selling meat in interstate commerce; helped restore public confidence in meat packing industry and raise profits; hurt smaller companies somewhat | |
| 504956009 | pure food and drug act | the act that prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure of falsely labeled food and drugs | |
| 504956010 | federal reserve act | This act created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound yet flexible currency. The Board it created still plays a vital role in the American economy today. | |
| 504956011 | clayton act | New antitrust legislation constructed to remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act, namely, it's effectiveness against labor unions. Weakened monopolies, upheld rights of unions. | |
| 504956012 | square deal | Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers | |
| 504956013 | underwood tariff act | accomplishment of woodrow wilson; substantially reduced tariff rates under the payne aldrich law and enacted a graduated income tax under the aprroval of the 16th Amendment | |
| 504956014 | child labor act | Placed a 10% tax on profits of child employing companies. it was struck down by the Supreme Court | |
| 504956015 | initiative | a procedure by which a legislative measure can be originated by the people rather than by law makers | |
| 504956016 | referendum | a procedure by which a proposed legislative measure can be submitted to a vote of the people | |
| 504956017 | recall | a procedure for removing a public official from office by a vote of the people | |
| 504956018 | 17th amendment | provides for election of senate by people rather than legislators | |
| 504956019 | 16th amendment | Power of Congress to tax incomes | |
| 504956020 | 18th amendment | Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages | |
| 504956021 | 19th amendment | women's suffrage | |
| 504956022 | booker t | Believed African Americans should try and gain white respect and acceptance by succeeding economically | |
| 504956023 | w.e.b. dubois | He believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediately. helped found the NAACP. |
Gilded Age & Progressivism Test for Mr. Reusch
Link with major people: http://i.imgur.com/ObinI2y.jpg
---
• The progressive Era: The legacy
◦Child labor laws
◦women's suffrage in many states
◦African American Education
◦Wilson established FTC,progressive income tax; also passed clayton

Antitrust act
◦Many reforms remain in place today
◦Did not radically change the structure of society
◦Set precedent for governmental protections against unchecked capitalism
--
•Gilded Age: Summary
◦Rapid economic growth generated vast wealth during the Gilded Age
◦New products and technologies improved middle-class quality of life
◦Industrial workers and farmers did not share in the new prosperity, working long hours in dangerous conditions for low pay
◦Gilded Age politicians were largely corrupt and ineffective
Most Americans during the Gilded Age wanted political and social reforms, but they disagreed strongly on what kind of reform
| 1141679709 | Gilded Age | 1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor. • Steel, railroad, oil, etc. • Methods of integration/ consolidation | |
| 1141679710 | Labor in gilded age | • Unions & tensions with unions • Conditions • Child labor | |
| 1141679711 | Bessemer process | Developed around 1850 injected air to make iron to remove impurities and make steel better | |
| 1141679712 | Railroads | •Benefits -Stimulated growth of other industries -City Growth •Corruption -Immigrants building the railroads! -Charged much higher rates to western farmers | |
| 1141679713 | The rise of Big Business | •Andrew Carnegie •John D Rockefeller •Consolidation used to grow business -Vertical (Carnegie Steel) (Progress by yourself), [buying the lemon tree] robber baron -Horizontal (Standard Oil) (Buying out other peoples stuff to make money) | |
| 1141679714 | Andrew Carnegie | Industrialist who made a fortune in steel in the late 1800s as a philanthropist he gave away 350 million ‣ Steel | |
| 1141679715 | John D Rockefeller | Industrialists who made a fortune in the oil refining industry ‣ US standard Oil | |
| 1141679719 | Rise of labor Unions | The purpose of a labor union was strength in numbers attempted to gain better working conditions and pay •The knights of labor •The American Federation of Labor (AFL) | |
| 1141679716 | Social Darwinism | 19th century of belief that evolutionary ideas theorized by Charles Darwin could be applied to society. Survival of the Fittest | |
| 1141679717 | Gospel wealth | Wealthy are superior, gift from God to be that successful and were responsible to look out for the well being of those less fortunate. | |
| 1141679718 | Sherman Anti Trust Act | Law outlawing a combination of companies that restrained interstate trade or commerce; important to prevent monopolies. •Not initially enforced properly. | |
| 1141679720 | The knights of labor | Was the first union to accept workers of all races and gender. Pushed for 8 hour workday, equal pay for women, accepted skilled and unskilled workers | |
| 1141679721 | The American Federation of Labor | Accepted only skilled white males won higher wages and shorter work weeks for its members ‣ Head of AFL was Samuel Gompers | |
| 1141679722 | Samuel Gompers | Head of AFL | |
| 1141679723 | Setbacks for labor Unions | •Great railroad strike of 1877 •Haymarket Riot 1886 ‣ Speakers are socialists and anarchist (no government) ‣ Public blames labor unions and views them as radical, violent and mostly foreigners. | |
| 1141679724 | The new immigrants | •Between 1870 and 1920, 20 million Europeans mostly from Europe came to Ellis Island (Jews/Catholics) Asian-Angel island ◦Hundreds of thousands more came from Mexico caribbean and China ◦looked and sounded different than natives | |
| 1141679725 | Nativism | Movement to ensure that native-born Americans received Better treatment than immigrants | |
| 1141679731 | The Rise of political Machines | •An organized group of people that controlled the activities of a political party ◦By giving voters services they needed, the machine won their vote and controlled city government •City Boss -Head of political Machines | |
| 1141679732 | William Boss Tweed | Political Machine Leader of NYC's Tammany Hall. Corrupt in spending tax dollars. Benefit voters for votes and politicians for graft/greed. | |
| 1141679726 | Spanish American War | 1. We invested money in Cuba (Sugar) 2. Spain was harsh toward Cuba 3. Many cubans control plantations owned by Americans 4. Makes americans more likely to help cubans out at the same time give freedom to spa ins colonies. (Spain still bad) 5. When main explodes makes americans even MORE pissed, this is the major spark of the war. --- • Cuba & Philippines • USS Maine • T.R. & the Rough Riders • Role of Yellow Journalism | |
| 1141679728 | Havana Harbor | ◦USS main explodes in Havana, Cuba Harbor ◦Most Americans believe it was Spains fault ◦1976 US navy analyzed the sunken ship, decided that the hull blew OUT not IN How did it lead to war? ◦"Spark" that started the war ◦Remember the Main! To hell with Spain | |
| 1141679730 | Rough Riders | Teddy Roosevelt resigns as Asst secrtary of the Navy to lead a "Cowboy Calvary". Ted bought his own photographer • Tedd's popularity from this leads to his VP and president ‣ US defeats Spain & becomes a world power ‣ Teddy Roosevelt elected VP in 1900 and becomes president in 1901 when McKinley is shot (Shot by anarchist), gets TR in office ‣ US must decide what to do about Spains former colonies (Philippines, Puerto Rico and Cuba) | |
| 1141679727 | Yellow journalists | • Newspaper created highly exaggerated stories • Make money they keep you scared and interested • Made americans want war ‣ William Randolph Hearst - "You furnish the pictures, I'll furnish the war" ‣ Sinking of the main in Havana Harbor ◦USS main explodes in Havana, Cuba Harbor ◦Most Americans believe it was Spains fault ◦1976 US navy analyzed the sunken ship, decided that the hull blew OUT not IN | |
| 1141679729 | Manila Bay | Site of famous naval battle where Commodore Dewey decimates the Spanish navy on April 30th, 1898. However, lacking an occupying force, he was unable to take this until August 13th | |
| 1141679749 | American Imperialism | • Panama Canal • Great White Fleet • Roosevelt Corollary, Attempt to expand American influence through military, economic and cultural means. Prevalent throughout the 19th Century, sparked numerous conflicts. | |
| 1153446861 | Panama Canal | The United States built the this massive gateway to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal. | |
| 1153446862 | Great White Fleet | 1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement." | |
| 1153446863 | Roosevelt Corollary | United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force, first put into effect in Dominican Republic | |
| 1141679734 | Theodore Roosevelt | •Disliked both excessive corporate power and potential violence by the working class •Believed wealthy had a moral obligation to help the poor •Increased federal governments role in regulation •Only opposed monopolies he believed worked against worked against the public interest ◦Became very popular •Square deal (Pushed progressivism through) ‣ Package of laws and regulations that he felt to be fair to all particularly workers -Increased regulation of business -Workers right to organize -Eight hour work days -Pure food and drug laws -Income and inheritance taxes on the wealthy ◦Trustbusting (bunch of people that controlled one thing ◦Conservation Ethic and Actions ◦Saw americas landscape as a central to its democratic spirit; natural resources vital to economic, political strength ‣ Resources belong to the public ‣ Set aside numerous public lands | |
| 1141679735 | Muckrakers | Journalists who exposed corruption and social injustices ◦Term coined by Theodore Roosevelt ◦Works published in on popular magazines ◦Jacob Riis | |
| 1141679736 | Jacob Riis | A Danish immigrant, became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. Wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890. | |
| 1141679746 | Ida M. Tarbell | ◦Teacher and Muckraker ◦Wrote History of the Standard Oil Company (1904) ◦Exposed monopolistic business practices ◦Contributed to public outrage and support for anti-trust legislation ◦Inspired other muckrakers | |
| 1141679733 | Thomas Nast | Political Cartoonist of this time, Newspaper cartoonist who produced satirical cartoons, he invented "Uncle Sam" and came up with the elephant and the donkey for the political parties. He nearly brought down Boss Tweed. | |
| 1141679747 | The jungle | Harsh criticisms of working conditions in Chicago's meatpacking industry ◦Instant bestseller ◦Public more concerned about meat safely than working conditions •Written by Upton Sinclair | |
| 1141679737 | Child labor fix | 1.75 million under 16 had jobs in 1900 (not including farms) ◦Progressives campaign against child labor and higher adult wages ◦Mary Harris "Mother" jones and the children's crusade and march to TR | |
| 1141679740 | Women's Suffrage | NAWSA formed in 1890 ◦More women served as progressive leaders ◦Susan b Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt ◦19th Amendment passed in 1919. | |
| 1153093075 | Susan B Anthony | social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an activist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association | |
| 1141679743 | Booker T. Washington | ‣ Founded Tuskegee Institute ‣ Promoted educational opportunities ‣ Told blacks that we shouldn't try and get advances | |
| 1141679744 | WEB Du Bois | ‣ Strongly against segregation and discrimination | |
| 1141679741 | Carrie Chapman Catt | president of NAWSA, who led the campaign for woman suffrage during Wilson's administration obtaining passage for the 19th Amendment | |
| 1141679742 | The temperance Movement | _________________ was an organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption. | |
| 1141679745 | President William McKinley | ◦Elected in 1896 ◦Foreign Arfeord in first term ◦Handily won election of 1900 on prosperity platform ◦Supported rapid industrialization and trusts ◦Assassinated in 1901 | |
| 1141679748 | Food and Drug Legislation | In response to growing public outrage over insave food and unsanitary food. | |
| 1152888603 | William Randolph Hearst | A leading newspaperman of his times, he ran The New York Journal and helped create and propagate "yellow (sensationalist) journalism." | |
| 1152939650 | China immigrants | Very population so they wanted to leave and go to US So they we're immigrants and they worked for whiter price • They wanted to sell goods to china (Open door policy) Chinese wanted to come here and we wanted to go there to sell) | |
| 1153093068 | Alfred Nobel | Invented Dynamite Created Nobel Prize | |
| 1153093069 | Booker T Washington | African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality. | |
| 1153093070 | James Garfield | 1880; Republican; president for only 4 months before being assassinated by Charles Guiteau; promoted civil service reform but did not live to see | |
| 1153093071 | Chester Arthur | Appointed customs collector for the port of New York - corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system. He was chosen as Garfield's running mate. Garfield won but was shot, so Arthur became the 21st president. | |
| 1153093072 | La follette | Wisconsin governor who became a miltant leader of the Progressive Republicans | |
| 1153093073 | Jane Adams | Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. 1889 founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English. | |
| 1153093074 | Ellan Starr | Accompanied Jane Addams in founding the Hull House | |
| 1153446864 | Conservatism | A belief that limited government insures order competitive markets and personal opportunity. | |
| 1153446865 | Trustbusting | Government activities seeking to dissolve corporate trusts and monopolies | |
| 1141679738 | The triangle shirtwaist Fire | A fire that occurred in a factory, and managers locked girls in the room that was on fire in fear that they would steal things. A couple girls jumped out of the windows to avoid being burned alive | |
| 1152949922 | 16th Amendement | Income Tax, more money | |
| 1141679739 | The 17th Amendment | ◦Constitution originally had state legislatures elect senators ◦Direct election of senators ‣ People choose who is in their senate ◦Stops bribery | |
| 1153446866 | labor laws | Laws which regulated how workers could be paid and treated |
Chapter 5 Key Terms and Definitions
| 314895254 | synaptic transmission | The process of transferring information from one cell to another at a synapse. | |
| 314895255 | electrical synapse | A synapse in which electrical current flows directly from one cell to another via a gap junction. | |
| 314895256 | chemical synapse | A synapse in which presynaptic activity stimulates the release of neurotransmitter, which activates receptors in the postsynaptic membrane. | |
| 314895257 | gap junction | A specialized junction where a narrow gap between two cells is spanned by protein channels (connexons) that allow ions to pass directly from one cell to another. | |
| 314895258 | postsynaptic potential (PSP) | A change in the postsynaptic membrane potential by the presynaptic action of an electrical synapse, or a synaptically released neurotransmitter. | |
| 314895259 | secretory granule | A spherical membrane-enclosed vesicle about 100 nm in diameter containing peptides intended for secretion by exocytosis; also called dense-core vesicle. | |
| 314895260 | dense-core vesicle | A spherical membrane-enclosed vesicle about 100 nm in diameter containing peptides intended for secretion by exocytosis; also called secretory granule. | |
| 314895261 | membrane differentiation | A dense accumulation of protein adjacent to and within the membrane on either side of a synaptic cleft. | |
| 314895262 | active zone | A presynaptic membrane differentiation that is the site of neurotransmitter release. | |
| 314895263 | postsynaptic density | A postsynaptic membrane differentiation that is the site of neurotransmitter receptors. | |
| 314895264 | neuromuscular junction | A chemical synapse between a spinal motor neuron axon and a skeletal muscle fiber. | |
| 314895265 | motor end-plate | The postsynaptic membrane at the neuromuscular junction. |
Chapter 4 Key Terms and Definitions
| 314897260 | rising phase | The first part of an action potential, characterized by a rapid depolarization of the membrane. | |
| 314897261 | overshoot | The part of an action potential when the membrane potential is more positive than 0 mV. | |
| 314897262 | falling phase | The part of an action potential characterized by a rapid fall of membrane potential from positive to negative. | |
| 314897263 | undershoot | The part of an action potential when the membrane potential is more negative than at rest; also called after-hyperpolarization. | |
| 314897264 | after-hyperpolarization | The hyperpolarization that follows strong depolarization of the membrane; the last part of an action potential, also called undershoot. | |
| 314897265 | threshold | A level of depolarization sufficient to trigger an action potential. | |
| 314897266 | absolute refractory period | The period of time, measured from the onset of an action potential, during which another action potential cannot be triggered. | |
| 314897267 | relative refractory period | The period of time following an action potential during which more depolarizing current than usual is required to achieve threshold. | |
| 314897268 | voltage clamp | A device that enables an investigator to hold the membrane potential constant while transmembrane currents are measured. | |
| 314897269 | voltage-gated sodium channel | A membrane protein forming a pore that is permeable to Na+ ions and gated by depolarization of the membrane. | |
| 314897270 | patch clamp | A method that enables an investigator to hold constant the membrane potential of a patch of membrane while current through a small number of membrane channels is measured. | |
| 314897271 | channelopathy | A human genetic disease caused by alterations in the structure and function of ion channels. | |
| 314897272 | tetrodotoxin (TTX) | A toxin that blocks Na+ permeation through voltage-gated sodium channels, thereby blocking action potentials. | |
| 314897273 | voltage-gated potassium channel | A membrane protein forming a pore that is permeable to K+ ions and gated by depolarization of the membrane. | |
| 314897274 | saltatory conduction | The propagation of an action potential down a myelinated axon. | |
| 314897275 | spike-initiation zone | A region of the neuronal membrane where action potentials are normally initiated, characterized by a high density of voltage-gated sodium channels. |
Chapter 3 Key Terms and Definitions
University of Pennsylvania
| 888948596 | action potential | A brief fluctuation in membrane potential caused by the rapid opening and closing of voltage-gated ion channels; also known as spike, nerve impulse, or discharge. Action potentials sweep like a wave along axons to transfer information from one place to another in the nervous system. | |
| 888948597 | excitable membrane | Any membrane capable of generating action potentials. The membrane of axons and muscle cells is excitable. | |
| 888948598 | resting membrane potential | The membrane potential, or membrane voltage, maintained by a cell when it is not generating action potentials; also called resting potential. Neurons have a resting membrane potential of about -65 mV. | |
| 888948599 | ion | An atom or molecule that has a net electrical charge because of a difference in the number of electrons and protons. | |
| 888948600 | cation | A positively charged ion. | |
| 888948601 | anion | A negatively charged ion. | |
| 888948602 | phospholipid bilayer | The arrangement of phospholipid molecules that forms the basic structure of the cell membrane. The core of the bilayer is lipid, creating a barrier to water and to water-soluble ions and molecules. | |
| 888948603 | peptide bond | The covalent bond between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another. | |
| 888948604 | polypeptide | A string of amino acids held together by peptide bonds. | |
| 888948605 | ion channel | A membrane-spanning protein that forms a pore that allows the passage of ions from one side of the membrane to the other. | |
| 888948606 | ion selectivity | A property of ion channels that are selectively permeable to some ions and not to others. | |
| 888948607 | gating | A property of many ion channels, making them open or closed in response to specific signals, such as membrane voltage or the presence of neurotransmitters. | |
| 888948608 | ion pump | A protein that transports ions across a membrane at the expense of metabolic energy. | |
| 888948609 | diffusion | The temperature-dependent movement of molecules from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration, resulting in a more even distribution. | |
| 888948610 | concentration gradient | A difference in concentration from one region to another. Ionic concentration gradients across the neuronal membrane help determine the membrane potential. | |
| 888948611 | electrical current | The rate of movement of electrical charge, represented by the symbol I and measured in amperes (amp). | |
| 888948612 | electrical potential | The force exerted on an electrically charged particle, represented by the symbol V and measured in volts; also called voltage or potential difference. | |
| 888948613 | voltage | The force exerted on an electrically charged particle, represented by the symbol V and measured in volts; also called electrical potential or potential difference. | |
| 888948614 | electrical conductance | The relative ability of an electrical charge to migrate from one point to another, represented by the symbol g and measured in siemens (S). Conductance is the inverse of resistance and is related to electrical current and voltage by Ohm's law. | |
| 888948615 | electrical resistance | The relative inability of an electrical charge to migrate from one point to another, represented by the symbol R and measured in ohms (W). Resistance is the inverse of conductance and is related to electrical current and voltage by Ohm's law. | |
| 888948616 | Ohm's law | The relationship between electrical current (I), voltage (V), and conductance (g): I = gV. Because electrical conductance is the inverse of resistance (R), Ohm's law may also be written: V = IR. | |
| 888948617 | membrane potential | The voltage across a cell membrane; represented by the symbol Vm. | |
| 888948618 | microelectrode | A probe used to measure the electrical activity of cells. Microelectrodes have a very fine tip and can be fashioned from etched metal or glass pipettes filled with electrically conductive solutions. | |
| 888948619 | ionic equilibrium potential (equilibrium potential) | The electrical potential difference that exactly balances an ionic concentration gradient, represented by the symbol Eion; also known as equilibrium potential. | |
| 888948620 | ionic driving force | The difference between the real membrane potential, Vm, and the ionic equilibrium potential, Eion. | |
| 888948621 | Nernst equation | A mathematical relationship used to calculate an ionic equilibrium potential. | |
| 888948622 | sodium-potassium pump | An ion pump that removes intracellular Na+ and concentrates intracellular K+, using adenosine triphosphate as its energy source. | |
| 888948623 | calcium pump | An ion pump that removes cytosolic Ca2+. | |
| 888948624 | Goldman equation | A mathematical relationship used to predict membrane potential from the concentrations and membrane permeabilities of ions. | |
| 888948625 | depolarization | A change in membrane potential, taking it from the value at rest (e.g., -65 mV) to a less negative value (e.g., 0 mV). | |
| 888948626 | blood-brain barrier | A specialization of the walls of brain capillaries that limits the movement of bloodborne substances into the extracellular fluid of the brain. |
Chapter 2 Key Terms and Definitions
| 302554312 | neuron | The information-processing cell of the nervous system; also called nerve cell. Most neurons use action potentials to send signals over a distance, and all neurons communicate with one another using synaptic transmission. | |
| 302554313 | glial cell | A support cell in the nervous system. Glia are classified into four categories: astrocytes, oligodendroglia, Schwann cells, and microglia. Astrocytes regulate the extracellular environment of the brain, oligodendroglia and Schwann cells provide myelin, and microglia scavenge debris. | |
| 302554314 | histology | The microscopic study of the structure of tissues. | |
| 302554315 | Nissl stain | A class of basic dyes that stain the somata of neurons; named for its discoverer, German histologist Franz Nissl (1860-1919). | |
| 302554316 | cytoarchitecture | The arrangement of neuronal cell bodies in various parts of the brain. | |
| 302554317 | Golgi stain | A method of staining brain tissue that shows neurons and all of their neurites; named for its discoverer, Italian histologist Camillo Golgi (1843-1926). | |
| 302554318 | cell body | The central region of the neuron containing the nucleus; also called soma or perikaryon. | |
| 302554319 | soma | The central region of the neuron containing the nucleus; also called cell body or perikaryon. | |
| 302554320 | perikaryon | The central region of the neuron containing the nucleus; also called soma or cell body. | |
| 302554321 | neurite | A thin tube extending from a neuronal cell body; the two types are axons and dendrites. | |
| 302554322 | axon | A neurite specialized to conduct nerve impulses, or action potentials, normally away from the soma. | |
| 302554323 | dendrite | A neurite specialized to receive synaptic inputs from other neurons. | |
| 302554324 | neuron doctrine | The concept that the neuron is the elementary functional unit of the brain and that neurons communicate with each other by contact, not continuity. | |
| 302554325 | cytosol | The watery fluid inside a cell. | |
| 302554326 | organelle | A membrane-enclosed structure inside a cell; examples are the nucleus, mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. | |
| 302554327 | cytoplasm | Cellular material contained by the cell membrane, including the organelles but excluding the nucleus. | |
| 302554328 | nucleus | (1) The roughly spherical organelle in a cell body containing the chromosomes. (2) A clearly distinguishable mass of neurons, usually deep in the brain. | |
| 302554329 | chromosome | A structure in the cell nucleus containing a single linear thread of DNA. | |
| 302554330 | DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | A double-stranded molecule constructed from four nucleic acids that contains the genetic instructions for a cell. | |
| 302554331 | gene | A unit of heredity; a sequence of DNA that encodes a single polypeptide or protein. | |
| 302554332 | gene expression | The process of transcribing the information from a gene into messenger RNA; a gene is a segment of DNA carrying the instructions for a single protein. | |
| 302554333 | protein | A polymer of amino acids strung together by peptide bonds. | |
| 302554334 | protein synthesis | The assembly of protein molecules in the cell's cytoplasm according to genetic instructions. | |
| 302554335 | mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) | A molecule constructed from four nucleic acids that carries the genetic instructions for the assembly of a protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. | |
| 302554336 | transcription | The process of synthesizing a messenger RNA molecule according to genetic instructions encoded in DNA. | |
| 302554337 | promoter | A region of DNA that binds RNA polymerase to initiate gene transcription. | |
| 302554338 | transcription factor | A protein that regulates the binding of RNA polymerase to a gene promoter. | |
| 302554339 | RNA splicing | The process by which introns, the regions of a primary RNA transcript that are not used to code protein, are removed. | |
| 302554340 | amino acid | A chemical building block of protein molecules, containing a central carbon atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable R group. | |
| 302554341 | translation | The process of synthesizing a protein molecule according to genetic instructions carried by a messenger RNA molecule. | |
| 302554342 | ribosome | A cellular organelle that assembles new proteins from amino acids according to the instructions carried by messenger RNA. | |
| 302554343 | rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) | A membrane-enclosed cellular organelle with ribosomes attached to its outer surface; a site of synthesis for proteins destined to be inserted into membrane or to be enclosed by membrane. | |
| 302554344 | polyribosome | A collection of several ribosomes floating freely in the cytoplasm. | |
| 302554345 | smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) | A membrane-enclosed cellular organelle that is heterogeneous and performs different functions in different locations. | |
| 302554346 | Golgi apparatus | An organelle that sorts and chemically modifies proteins that are destined for delivery to different parts of the cell. | |
| 302554347 | mitochondrion | An organelle responsible for cellular respiration. Mitochondria generate adenosine triphosphate using the energy produced by the oxidation of food. | |
| 302554348 | adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | The molecule that is the cell's energy source. The hydrolysis of ATP to produce adenosine diphosphate (ADP) releases energy that fuels most of the biochemical reactions of the neuron. ADP is converted back to ATP in the mitochondria. | |
| 302554349 | neuronal membrane | The barrier, about 5 nm thick, that separates the inside of a nerve cell from the outside; consists of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it; encloses the intracellular organelles and vesicles. | |
| 302554350 | cytoskeleton | The internal scaffolding that gives a cell its characteristic shape; consists of microtubules, neurofilaments, and microfilaments. | |
| 302554351 | microtubule | A polymer of the protein tubulin, forming a straight, hollow tube 20 nm in diameter. Microtubules, a component of the cytoskeleton, play an important role in axoplasmic transport. | |
| 302554352 | microfilament | A polymer of the protein actin, forming a braided strand 5 nm in diameter; a component of the cytoskeleton. | |
| 302554353 | neurofilament | A type of intermediate filament found in neurons, 10 nm in diameter; an important component of the neuronal cytoskeleton. | |
| 302554354 | axon hillock | A swelling of the axon where it joins the soma. | |
| 302554355 | axon collateral | A branch of an axon. | |
| 302554356 | axon terminal | The end region of an axon, usually a site of synaptic contact with another cell; also called terminal bouton or presynaptic terminal. | |
| 302554357 | terminal bouton | The end region of an axon, usually a site of synaptic contact with another cell; also called axon terminal. | |
| 302554358 | synapse | The region of contact where a neuron transfers information to another cell. | |
| 302554359 | terminal arbor | Branches at the end of an axon terminating in the same region of the nervous system. | |
| 302554360 | innervation | The provision of synaptic input to a cell or collection of cells. | |
| 302554361 | synaptic vesicle | A membrane-enclosed structure, about 50 nm in diameter, containing neurotransmitter and found at a site of synaptic contact. | |
| 302554362 | synaptic cleft | The region separating the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes of neurons. | |
| 302554363 | synaptic transmission | The process of transferring information from one cell to another at a synapse. | |
| 302554364 | neurotransmitter | A chemical released by a presynaptic element upon stimulation that activates postsynaptic receptors. | |
| 302554365 | axoplasmic transport | The process of transporting materials down an axon. | |
| 302554366 | anterograde transport | Axoplasmic transport from a neuron's soma to the axon terminal. | |
| 302554367 | retrograde transport | Axoplasmic transport from an axon terminal to the soma. | |
| 302554368 | dendritic tree | All the dendrites of a single neuron. | |
| 302554369 | receptor | (1) A specialized protein that detects chemical signals, such as neurotransmitters, and initiates a cellular response. (2) A specialized cell that detects environmental stimuli and generates neural responses. | |
| 302554370 | dendritic spine | A small sac of membrane that protrudes from the dendrites of some cells and receives synaptic input. | |
| 302554371 | unipolar neuron | A neuron with a single neurite. | |
| 302554372 | bipolar neuron | A neuron with two neurites. | |
| 302554373 | multipolar neuron | A neuron with three or more neurites. | |
| 302554374 | stellate cell | A neuron characterized by a radial, starlike distribution of dendrites. | |
| 302554375 | pyramidal cell | A neuron characterized by a pyramid-shaped cell body and elongated dendritic tree; found in the cerebral cortex. | |
| 302554376 | spiny neuron | A neuron with dendritic spines. | |
| 302554377 | aspinous neuron | A neuron lacking dendritic spines. | |
| 302554378 | primary sensory neuron | A neuron specialized to detect environmental signals at the body's sensory surfaces. | |
| 302554379 | motor neuron | A neuron that synapses on a muscle cell and causes muscle contraction. | |
| 302554380 | interneuron | Any neuron that is not a sensory or motor neuron; also describes a CNS neuron whose axon does not leave the structure in which it resides. | |
| 302554381 | astrocyte | A glial cell in the brain that supports neurons and regulates the extracellular ionic and chemical environment. | |
| 302554382 | oligodendroglial cell | A glial cell that provides myelin in the central nervous system. | |
| 302554383 | Schwann cell | A glial cell that provides myelin in the peripheral nervous system. | |
| 302554384 | myelin | A membranous wrapping, or sheath, around axons provided by oligodendroglia in the central nervous system and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. | |
| 302554385 | node of Ranvier | A space between two consecutive myelin sheaths where an axon comes in contact with the extracellular fluid. | |
| 302554386 | ependymal cell | A type of glial cell that provides the lining of the brain's ventricular system. | |
| 302554387 | microglial cell | A type of cell that functions as a phagocyte in the nervous system to remove debris left by dead or dying neurons and glia. |
The Great Depression and New Deal - Chapters 11 & 12
| 108979425 | stock market | A system for buying and selling shares of companies | |
| 108979426 | bank run | A situation in which many depositors simultaneously decide to withdraw money from a bank | |
| 109087536 | margin | the amount of collateral a customer deposits with a broker when borrowing from the broker to buy securities | |
| 109087537 | bull market | a period of increased stock trading and rising stock prices | |
| 109087538 | margin call | Demand by a broker that investors pay back loans made for stocks purchased on margin. | |
| 109087539 | installment | buying high cost items by making a small downpayment and paying off the rest in monthly installments | |
| 109087540 | Black Tuesday | October 29, 1929; the day the stock market crashed. Lead to the Panic of 1929 | |
| 109087541 | speculation | an investment that is very risky but could yield great profits | |
| 109087543 | hobos | homeless people who wandered the country riding the railroads. | |
| 109087544 | Dust Bowl | Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages. | |
| 109087546 | public works | projects built by the government for public use | |
| 109087547 | foreclosed | Loss of property due to nonpayment of the mortgage | |
| 109087548 | relief | the feeling that comes when something burdensome is removed or reduced | |
| 109087549 | Bonus Army | WWI veterans who marched on Washington demanding their bonus pay before the 1945 due date. | |
| 109087550 | Reconstruction Finance Corporation | RFC was an independant agency of the United States government. It granted over 2 billion dollars to the local and state governments. It was charted under the Herbert Hoover administration. | |
| 109100005 | New Deal | The name of President Roosevelt's program for getting the United States out of the depression | |
| 109100006 | bank holiday | when Franklin D. Roosevelt closed the banks from March 6 to March 10 to keep depositors from bankrupting the banking system by withdrawing all their money. | |
| 109100007 | fireside chats | series of radio talks in which FDR explained his policies in a casual style | |
| 109100008 | Hundred Days | the special session of Congress that Roosevelt called to launch his New Deal programs. The special session lasted about three months: 100 days | |
| 109100009 | Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) | Provided jobs for young men to plant trees, build bridges and parks, and set up flood control projects | |
| 109100010 | Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation(FDIC) | federal guarantee of savings bank deposits (initially up to $2,500; raised to $5,000 in 1934; now $100,000) | |
| 109100011 | Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) | regulated stock market; outlawed insider trading | |
| 109100012 | Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) | paid farmers to lower production and destroy crops; later declared unconstitutional | |
| 109100013 | deficit spending | situation in which a government spends more money than it takes in | |
| 109100014 | sit-down strike | Work stoppage in which workers shut down all machines and refuse to leave a factory until their demands are met. | |
| 109100015 | Social Security Act | 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health | |
| 109100016 | Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) | Built dams to provide cheap electric power to seven southern states, set up schools and health centers | |
| 109100017 | recovery | period of renewed economic growth following a recession or depression | |
| 109100018 | reform | to change | |
| 109100019 | Herbert Hoover | president of the U.S from 1923-1933 leader of the US in the beginning of the great depression. He didn't want the gov involved in the peoples lives and thought that the people should express their individual rights. | |
| 109100020 | Franklin Delano Roosevelt | Democratic candidate who won the 1932 election by a landslide. He refused to uphold any of Hoover's policies with the intent on enacting his own. He pledged a present a "New Deal" to the American public. | |
| 109100021 | Eleanor Roosevelt | wife of FDR who helped him monitor New Deal programs and became a strong voice for women and minorities | |
| 109100022 | Hoovervilles | shanty-towns that housed many who had lost everything. Shelters were built of old boxes and other discards. | |
| 109100023 | The Grapes of Wrath | The story follows the fortunes of a poor family as they travel from the Dust Bowl region to California. based on the great depression written by John Steinbeck | |
| 109100024 | Hawley-Smoot Tariff | 1930, raised tariffs to the highest level in history, damaged businesses and worsened the depression | |
| 109100025 | Wagner Act | 1935, also National Labor Relations Act; granted rights to unions; allowed collective bargaining |
1. Describe the monetary issues of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that gave rise to the establishment of the
Federal Reserve and the weaknesses in key sectors of the economy in the late 1920s.
2. Understand the explanations of the principal causes of the Great Depression and the steps taken by the Federal Reserve, Congress, and Presidents Herbert Hoover and Franklin Delano Roosevelt to combat the economic crisis.
3. Discuss the human toll of the Depression, natural disasters, and unwise agricultural practices and their effects on the depopulation of rural regions and on political movements of the left and right, with particular attention to the Dust Bowl refugees and their social and economic impacts in California.
| 707453061 | Causes of the Depression | A. Black Tuesday - October 1929 -15% drop in Dow Jones(43 pts) B. Lack of Economic Diversity - too much dependence on basic industries - decline in sales afflicted steel, oil, rubber industries C. Inadequate Distribution of Wealth, Weak Demand - consumers had little purchasing power - proportion of profit was small - profits principally severed capital expansion D. Bank Failures - wall street banks failed because of reckless investments - tight money supply led to declining prices - led Federal Reserve to increase interest rates E. Declining Exports - foreign demand of exports declined - US increased tariffs to keep business within borders F. Unstable International Debt Structure - England struggled to repay American banks - US refused to relive foreign debts | |
| 707453062 | Economic Indicators (1930-1933) | -American GNP declined 25% -Capital investment declined from 16.2B to 300M -Consumer Price Index declined by 25% -25% of American workforce was unemployed. -Businesses cut workers in aim for lower wages and hours | |
| 707453063 | Black Tuesday | October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression. 16 Million shares were traded and the industrial index(Dow Jones) had dropped 43 points. | |
| 707453064 | Reparations | The reparations that were established at the end of World War I had proven too large for Germany and Austria to handle; they were no more able to pay the reparations than the allies were able to pay their own debts from American banks. | |
| 707453065 | Breadlines | was embarrassing for Americans to accept aid. However, during the Depression, breadlines stretched for blocks outside of soup kitchens. This shows that the average American in the depression was having a hard time even just to eat | |
| 707453066 | Global Depression | Economies around the world were interconnected and US economy was largest. Due to large debts after WWI and collapse of stock market worlds, economies failed. It led to a cascading domino effect as it soon toppled agriculture, production, and business. | |
| 707453067 | Dust Bowl | Region of the Great Plains, stretching from Texas to the Dakotas, that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages. With no opportunity to grow crops, farmers soon were crippled by the natural disaster. Although the farm economy had continued to produce, they produced far more than American consumers could buy. Farm prices fell so low that few farmers made any profit at all from crops. | |
| 707453068 | Okies | the farmers, who in the Great Depression, were forced to move because of the Dust Bowl; came from Oklahoma. They traveled west in search for new economic opportunity, however they found conditions to be no better than those they had left. Many worked as migrants, traveling from farm to farm picking fruit and other crops at low wages. | |
| 707453069 | Shantytowns | Due to econmoic downturn, problems of malnutrition and homelessness grew at an alarming rate. On the outskirts of town, these sprang up in which families lived in makeshift shacks constructed of tin, wood planks, and other debris. Other homeless people sleped in freight cars, city parks, subways, or even sewer ducts. | |
| 707453070 | Scottsboro Case | Nine black teenagers were taken off a freight train in a small town in Alabama and were arrested for vagrancy and disorder. Later, two white women accused the boys of raping them, and although there was significant evidence to suggest the women were lying, an all-white jury convicted all of the boys and eight were sentenced to death. However, with the Supreme Court's decision to overturn the convictions in 1932 and with the support of an organization associated with the Communist Party, the International Labor Defense, all of the defendants eventually gained their freedom. | |
| 707453071 | NAACP | The depression was time of important changes in the role and behavior of leading black organizations. This association began to work to win a position for blacks within labor movements; supporting the Congress of Industrial Organizations and helping to break down racial barriers. Its secretary, Walter White implored blacks not to work as strike breakers. Such efforts led to more than half a million blacks being able to join the labor movement. | |
| 707453072 | Japanese American Citizen League | Formed in the 1930s; Japanese-American businessmen overcame obstacles by changing the Nisei and encouraging them to become more assimilated. By 1940, it had nearly 6,000 members. | |
| 707453073 | John Steinbeck, "The Grapes of Wrath" | 1939 - A novel that was about "Okies" from Oklahoma migrating from the Dust Bowl to California in the midst of the Depression. It expressed the hardships that many Americans had experienced through the agrarian lifestyle in the west. | |
| 707453074 | Dorothea Lange, "Migrant Mother" | photo, one of most recognizable symbols for the Depression which supported New Deal. It conveys a message of helpless need that characterized a large proportion of American workers during the Great Depression | |
| 707453075 | Walt Disney | The champion of animation and children's entertainment. He created the character of Mickey Mouse and other popular feature length animated films. Produced "Gone with the Wind" and "The Wizard of Oz" both released in 1939. Hollywood did little to challenge popular culture on issues of gender and race. His productions brought families and countries together. | |
| 707453076 | Frank Capra | Director that celebrated small simple virtues and common people in comparison to the selfish, corrupt values of the city and urban rich; criticized the wealthy and politicians in films like "Mr. Deeds Goes to Town" and "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington" | |
| 707453077 | Spanish Civil War | In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco. It also attracted a group of Americans that formed the Abraham Lincoln Brigade and traveled to Spain to join in the fight against the fascists | |
| 707453078 | Herbert Hoover's Presidency | a Republican known for his integrity who won the election of of 1928. He had to deal with the Great Crash of 1929, which caused the Great Depression. He signed the Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act. His belief in "rugged individualism" kept him from giving people direct relief during the Great Depression. He tried to adopt a voluntary cooperation for recovery; use government spending to end crisis (proposed tax increase). Agricultural Marketing Act/ Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930); Democrats won House and got large amount of seats in 1930 election; he was blamed for economic problem; lost 1932 election. | |
| 707453079 | Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929 | established the first major government program to help farmers maintain prices. A federally sponsored Farm Board would make loans to national marketing cooperatives or establish corporation to buy surpluses and raise prices. In tie with Hoover, he attempted to protect American farmers by increasing agricultural tariffs. Ultimately did not help the farmers significantly. | |
| 707453080 | Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) | Created in 1932 to make loans to banks, insurance companies, and railroads, it was intended to provide emergency funds to help businesses overcome the effects of the Depression. It was later used to finance wartime projects during WW II. It operated on a large scale as in 1932, it had a budget of $1.5B. However, the new agency failed to produce any significant recovery from the Depression. | |
| 707453081 | Farmers' Holiday Association | formed by a group of unhappy farm owners, it endorsed the withholding of farm products from the market- in effect a farmers' strike, which although blockading several markets ended in failure. | |
| 707453082 | The Bonus March | 1932; involved WWI veterans demanding financial aid immediately from the government in the form of bonuses rather than that of the ones promised for 1945; some built shacks near Washington DC until troops led by future war heroes, Eisenhower, Patton & McArthur drove them out with tanks and bayonets; the incident destroyed what little public support Hoover had left. | |
| 707453083 | Election of 1932 | The Republican nominee was Herbert Hoover and the Democratic nominee was Franklin D. Roosevelt. The Republican platform included higher tariffs, keeping the gold standard, and continuation of Hoover policies. The Democratic platform included the repeal of prohibition, a 25% cut in government spending, unemployment aid, and a "new deal" for America. Roosevelt won with 472 electoral votes and all but 6 states. His victory paved the way for his "New Deal' policies and optimism in the country "nothing to fear but fear itself (Inauguration speech)." | |
| 707453084 | Franklin Delano Roosevelt | Won 1932 election with 472 electoral votes and all but 6 states. He expressed his "New Deal" policies to combat the effects of the Great Depression. He avoided cultural issues such as religion and prohibition and emphasized the economic grievances that most Democrats shared. The New Deal experimented with objectives to achieve the three R's: Relief, Recovery, and Reform. | |
| 707453085 | Fireside Chats | The informal radio conversations Roosevelt had with the people to keep spirits up. It was a means of communicating with the people on how he would take on the depression. Upon taking office he established the bank holiday which shut down the banks for four days. While the banks were closed, the federal government distributed over a billion dollars from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation into the banking system. | |
| 707453086 | Emergency Banking Act | A government legislation passed during the depression that dealt with the bank problem. The act allowed a plan which would close down insolvent banks and reorganize and reopen those banks strong enough to survive. The reopened banks were under the supervision of the Federal Reserve Board. The board used the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to buy stock in major national banks. | |
| 707453087 | 21st Amendment | repeals the 18th amendment; ended prohibition of alcohol. | |
| 707453090 | Agricultural Adjustment Act | Passed on May 12, 1933; restricted crop production to reduce crop surplus; goal was to reduce surplus to raise/control value of crops; producers of basic commodities would decide on production limits for their crops; farmers paid subsidies by federal government for idle land; declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in US vs Butler on January 6, 1936; Ironically, it destroyed produce and livestock instead of providing relief to farmers. | |
| 707453092 | Agricultural Subsidies | A sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist and industry to business so that the price of a commodity or a service may remain low or competitive. In the AAA, the government would pay these to farmers for leaving their lands idle; it gave inventive to evict tenant farmers to allow the land to lay idle. Ironically, the AAA destroyed produce and livestock instead of providing relief to farmers. | |
| 707453094 | National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) | It's goal was to create jobs and increase consumer buying power. To do this, it created the National Recovery Administration which set codes/standards to stabilize prices, regulate fair trade practices, wages, working conditions, prices, and production levels. By 1935, the Supreme Court would strike down the act deeming it was unconstitutional; invalidating workers' rights to organize and bargain collectively. | |
| 707453096 | National Recovery Administration (NRA) | 1933; it's goal was to eliminate cut-throat competition by bringing industry, labor, and government together to create codes of "fair practices" and to set prices. It was created by the National Industrial Recovery Act. the codes were intended to reduce "destructive competition" and help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly work hours. It abolished child labor and also gave workers the right to form unions. They also awarded a "Blue Eagle" to every company complying with the codes. Critics of it believed that it allowed large producers to dominate the code writing process and that prices were artificially raised too high for the market to sustain. However, industrial production still declined after it's establishment due to lack of enforcement of the codes. By 1934, Hugh Johnson was fired. | |
| 707453098 | Public Works Administration | 1935; established to administer the National Industrial Recovery Act's spending programs, it siphoned the spending so that the budget would only trickle out. It distributed $3.3B for construction and repair of public buildings and infrastructure. | |
| 707453100 | Minimum Wage | the lowest wage, either by government regulation or union contract, that an employer may pay an hourly worker. It was thought that this would raise consumer purchasing power and increase employment. | |
| 707453102 | Tennessee Valley Authority | one of the most celebrated and prosperous accomplishments of the New Deal; it authorized the completion of the dam at Muscle Shoals and build others in the region to generate and sell electricity to the public at reasonable rates. It's construction encouraged comprehensive redevelopment of the entire region; development of local industries, a substantial program of reforestation, and helping of farmers improve productivity. It improved water transportation, virtually eliminated flooding in the area, and provided electricity to thousands. Because of the low rates that the electricity was sold, private power rates declined. | |
| 707453104 | Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) | A federal agency which insures bank deposits, created by the Glass-Strengall Banking Reform Act of 1933. It increased federal authority over unregulated areas of the economy by guaranteeing all bank deposits up to $2,500. | |
| 707453106 | Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) | established to police the stock market; a branch of the treasury department. It issues licensees to stock markets, investigates improper corruption of insider trading and requires valid corporate income statements. It led to trials of once well respected wall street figures for larceny, and fraud. | |
| 707453108 | Government "dole" | a federal aid, first established by the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, who's goal was to provide cash grants to states to prop up bankrupt relief agencies. Harry Hopkins was put in charge who disbursed the grants widely and rapidly. Both Roosevelt and Hopkins both were skeptical and doubtful about establishing a government "dole". | |
| 707453110 | Work Relief | Roosevelt's plan to help the unemployed with programs, like the Civilian Conservation Corps, to give needy people government jobs | |
| 707453112 | Works Progress Administration | Included in legislation called "The Emergency Relief Appropriations Act," the WPA was directed by Hopkins and expanded the federal government's effort to provide direct relief. The WPA became the main relief agency from 1935 to 1943, keeping an average of 2.1 million men employed. In total, it employed nearly 8 million men. It funded highway construction, flood control, reforestation, housing, slum clearance, and rural electrification as well as educational, health, and sanitation projects. | |
| 707453114 | Civil Works Administration | November 9, 1933- Harry L. Hopkins was put in charge of the organization. They created construction jobs, mainly improving or constructing buildings and bridges. In just one year, they cost the government over $1B and was cancelled. So much was spent on this administration because it hired 4 million people and was mostly concerned with paying high wages. | |
| 707453116 | Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) | established early on in the new administration. It was designed to provide employment to millions of young men who could find no jobs in the cities. they created camps in national parks and forests and in other rural wilderness settings. The workers worked in an environment where they would plant trees, build reservoirs, develop parks, and improve agricultural irrigation; the camps were segregated and mainly consisted of whites. | |
| 707453118 | Farm Management Administration | stressed rural rehabilitation, tried to bring farmers together on government owned farms, but did not work as farmers wanted ownership. | |
| 707453119 | American Liberty League | A conservative anti-New Deal organization; financed by the DuPont family. It criticized the "dictatorial" policies of Roosevelt and what it perceived to be his attacks on the free enterprise capitalism. | |
| 707453120 | Dr. Francis E. Townsend | created the Townsend Plan, that advocated pensions of $200 per month for all unemployed Americans over 60. He proposed to pay for the pensions with a tax on business transactions. Townsend's program in 1933 was largely parallel to the Social Security Administration that would emerge in 1935. His plan made little progress in congress. | |
| 707453121 | Father Charles E. Coughlin | a Michigan "radio" priest, spoke out in virulent tones against established institutions, waging a populist attack against banks and, in many cases, their Jewish executives. Coughlin called for nationalization of the banks, and a remonetization of silver and an issuing of greenbacks; admired Mussolini and Hitler. | |
| 707453122 | Huey Long | a political boss, governor of Louisiana, and a rival to Roosevelt said the New Deal did not go far enough. He had advocated a "Share the Wealth" program in which every family was guaranteed a minimum income of $2,500. He was assassinated in 1935. | |
| 707453123 | Second New Deal | Some thought the first New Deal (legislation passed in 1933) did too much and created a big deficit, while others, mostly the elderly, thought it did not do enough. Most of the 1933 legislation was ineffective in stopping the Depression, which led F. D. R. to propose a second series of initiatives in 1935, referred to the Second New Deal. His second new deal became more focused on the international crisis and a embroiled fight over the Supreme Court. His Second New Deal consisted of: The Farm Security Administration, The Fair Labor Standards Act, and a revised version of the Agricultural Administration Act. | |
| 707453124 | National Labor Relations Board | Created by the National Labor Relations Act, also known as the Wagner Act it was created in the 1930's by congressman Wagner who was sympathetic to labor unions. The National Labor Relations Board was an administrative board that gave laborers the rights of self-organization, collective bargaining, and basic laws defending minimum wage and 40 hour work week. Roosevelt was unhappy with the act, but he realized his own political future would depend in part on responding to the workers' demands. | |
| 707453125 | Industrial Unions | arose in the 1930s, which advocated that all workers in a particular industry should be organized in a single union, regardless of what functions the workers performed. United in this way, workers would greatly increase their power. | |
| 707453126 | Congress of Industrial Organizations | Created by John L. Lewis, it rivaled the AFL; originally began as a group of unskilled workers who organized themselves into effective unions. It had been more receptive to women, and blacks. They were a more militant organization than the AFL. by 1936, it was engaged in major organizing battles in the automobile and steel industry. As there popularity grew they came known for the revolutionary idea of the "sit down strike", there efforts lead to the passage of the Fair Labor Standard Act and the organization continued to thrive under the New Deal. | |
| 707453127 | United Auto Workers | employed the "sit-down strike" technique after making little progress in winning recognition from corporations. It helped them get recognized by General Motors and other automobile companies. | |
| 707453128 | Sit-Down Strike | method of boycotting work by sitting down at work and refusing to leave the establishment until a union's demands are met. | |
| 707453129 | Memorial Day Massacre | On Memorial Day 1937, a group of striking workers from Republic Steel gathered for a demonstration in South Chicago. When they legally attempted to march toward the steel plant, police opened fire. 10 demonstrators were killed; 90 were injured. The harsh tactics of Little Steel companies succeeded as the strike of 1937 failed. | |
| 707453130 | Social Security Act | Provided for old age, survivors', and disability insurance, as well as unemployment compensation. Unemployed elderly Americans would receive an immediate $15 a month in federal assistance. Further, under the system, employers and employees funded a pension through a payroll tax. Pension payments from $10 to $85 per month would then begin in 1942. The various aspects of the act were conceived as "insurance" and not "welfare". It intended to provide a minimal level of sustenance to older Americans and thus save them from poverty. | |
| 707453131 | Unemployment Insurance | A joint state-federal program under which state-administered funds pay a weekly benefit for a limited time to eligible workers when they are involuntarily unemployed. | |
| 707453132 | Election of 1936 | The candidates were between Franklin D. Roosevelt from the Democratic Party and Alfred M. Landon from the Republican party. The principal issue was how to exploit the New Deal's popularity. In the end, FDR won in a landslide victory as he carried every state except Maine and Vermont. | |
| 707453133 | Party Realignment | The election results demonstrated the part realignment that the New Deal had produced.The democrats now controlled a broad coalition of western and southern farmers, the urban working classes, the poor and unemployed, black communities of northern cities, and progressives. The coalition would make up a substantial majority of the electorate. It would be a lasting effort as it would be decades before the Republican Party could create a lasting majority coalition of its own. | |
| 707453134 | Court-Packing Plan | proposed to increase the number of justices to 15, claiming that too many Supreme Court justices were over 70 years old and should have retired. Roosevelt wanted to "pack the court" because the AAA and the NIRA had been deemed unconstitutional. The plan was NOT backed by congress, however by 1941, due to deaths and retirement, Roosevelt would have appointed 7 new justices. | |
| 707453135 | Recession of 1937 | A second period of economic decline during the Great Depression that resulted because FDR had largely stopped spending money and attempted to create a balanced budget, which lessened the effects of the New Deal on the people by laying off many more workers and giving less and less to the people. | |
| 707453136 | Legacy of the New Deal | - The New Deal did not fully solve the economic and social crisis of the Great Depression. Employment would not return to full levels until World War II. However, it established an unprecedented "safety net" or "welfare state" for millions of Americans. The New Deal reformed the federal government so that it would function as a "broker state" to balance the interests of business, labor, and the public. - The federal government adopted Keynesian economic policies, took on budget deficits and a long-term debt to fund employment and recovery. - Established institutions such as Federal Deposit Insurance, the Securities and Exchange Commission, and Social Security would remain vital to the nation going forward. - The democratic party would enlarge it's overall appeal to citizens; included blacks and other reform minded republicans. FDR would sympathize toward blacks and included significant reforms against popular belief. Roosevelt included blacks as advisers in his administration. Mary McLeod Bethune and Robert Weaver took roles as the first African-American cabinet members as first secretary of the Department of Housing and Urban Development. ("Black Cabinet") - Advanced the social and political influence and power of women. Eleanor Roosevelt herself was the most active and public first lady in the nation's history. Frances Perkins, Secretary of Labor, led the effort to establish Social Security. More than 100 women were named to federal government positions during the Roosevelt administration. - The organized labor movement prospered during the New Deal Era. The National Labor Relations Act/Wagner Act solidified collective bargaining rights, and basic laws defending the minimum wage and the 40 hour work week were established for workers and unions across the nation. |
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