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AP Europe Religious Wars-Event Flashcards

Definitions, treaties, acts, events, etc.

496653433	Compromise	A national covenant in the Netherlands. It was designed to resist the degrees of Trent and the Inquisition.
496653434	Tenth penny	A tax imposed by Spain on the Netherlands. It was a 10% sales tax that met plenty of resistance.
496653435	Spanish Fury	The greatest atrocity of the war between Spain and the Netherlands. Spanish mercenaries ran amok in Antwerp, leaving 7,000 people dead.
496653436	Marian Exiles	Protestants who fled England during the reign of Mary I. They settled in Germany and Switzerland and worshiped in their own congregations, wrote contracts justifying armed resistance and waited for a time when a Protestant counteroffensive could be launched in their homelands.
496653437	Act of Supremacy	This act repealed all the anti-Protestant legislation of Mary Tudor and asserted Elizabeth's right as "supreme governor" over both spiritual and temporal affairs.
496653438	Act of Uniformity	This act mandated a revised version of the second "Book of Common Prayer" for every English parish.
496653439	"First Blast ofthe Trumpet Against the Terrible Regiment of Women"	written by John Knox, founder of Presbyterianism in Scotland. Provoke a revolt against Mary Tudor, was published in the year of Elizabeth's coronation; Elizabeth thought it was against her and she never liked them. Justification for Calvinists to fight.
496653440	Treaty of Nonsuch	An agreement between England and the Netherlands. England gave money and troops to Netherland in exchange for land. Philip saw this as a declaration of war by England, prompting the Spanish Armada.
496653441	Babington Plot	Anthony Babington sought Spanish support for an attempt on Elizabeth I's life. Mary Queen of Scots was involved in this plot and as punishment, was executed.
496653442	Pre-Conditions for war	Lack of German unity, religious division, and Calvinists.
496653443	Four periods of war	Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, and Swedish-French
496653444	Defenestration of Prague	The Protestant nobility in Prague responded to Ferdinand's decision to revoke the religious freedoms of Bohemian Protestants by throwing his regents out the window.
496653445	Edict of Restitution	Ferdinand of Bohemia ordered the return of all Catholic property seized by Protestants since 1552. Nullified by the Treaty of Wesphalia.
496653446	Peace of Prague	German Protestant states, led by Saxony, reached a compromise with Ferdinand with this treaty.
496653447	Treaty of Westphalia	This treaty brought all hostilities within the Holy Roman Empire to an end. Rescinded Ferdinand's Edict of Restitution.
496653448	Treaty of the Pyrenees	A humiliating treaty forced on Spain, making France Europe's dominant power.
496653449	Sea Beggars	An international group of anti-Spanish exiles and war criminals, they captured the port city of Brill.
496653450	Pacification of Ghent	A union between Catholic provinces and Protestant provinces against Spain. It declared internal regional sovereignty in matters of relgion.
496653451	Huguenots	French Protestants.
496653452	Battle of Pavia	In 1525, Francis I of France was captured by Charles V. This caused the first war of Protestant persecution in France.
496653453	Edict of Fontainebleau	In 1540, this edict subjected all Huguenots to the Inquisition.
496653454	Edict of Chateaubriand	Henry II passed this edict to further persecute Protestants.
496653455	Bourbons	French Protestant family with much influence on the French wars of religion. Louis de Conde was their leader.
496653456	Montmorency-Chatilions	Huguenot family with much influence on the French wars of religion. They were led by Admiral Gaspard de Coligny.
496653457	Guises	Militant Catholic family of France. They were a major influence on the French wars of relgion.
496653458	Conspiracy of Amboise	A plot hatched by Protestant leaders to kidnap Francis II.
496653459	January Edict	This edict allowed Protestant in France to worship outside towns publicly and privately inside them. Started by Catherine de Medici
496653460	Peace of Saint-Germain-en Laye	This ended the 3rd war of religion allowed Protestants full religious freedoms within their territories and the right to fortify their cities.
496653461	St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre	This occurred when Catherine de Medici and the Guise family made an attempt on Coligny's life. When it failed, a nervous Catherine convinced Charles IX that a Huguenot coup was a foot. The execution of several thousand Huguenots was ordered.
496653462	Politique	A smart political ruler who puts the political survival of the state of religious unity. Best Elizabeth I
496653463	Peace of Beaulieu	Passed by Henry III. Allowed Huguenots full religious and civil freedoms. Pressure from the Catholic League forced him to shorten it.
496653464	Edict of Nantes	Passed by Henry IV. Allowed Huguenots public worship, right of assembly, admission to public offices and universities, and permission to maintain fortified towns. Exercised within their own towns and territories.
496653465	Union of Brussels	Catholic and Protestant provinces joined in an alliance that tolerated religious differences but had political unity. It was the Netherland's unified opposition to Spain.
496653466	Perpetual Edict	Don John of the Spanish forces had to sign this when the Union of Brussels defeated his forces. It provided for the full removal of Spanish troops from Dutch soil.
496653467	Union of Arras	A union of southern provinces that made peace with Spain.
496653468	Union of Utrecht	Northern provinces created this in response to the union of Arras.
496653469	Alencon	The Union of Utrecht rejected Philip II as their ruler. They turned to Catherine's youngest son. Tried to take control of the provinces, but was returned to France.
496653470	Defeat of the Spanish Armada	Most epic naval turnaround in history. Spain's large ships could not land troops on English shores. Swifter English and Dutch ships outmaneuvered Spain.
496653471	Catholic League	Formed by ultra-Catholics in 1576 with the goal of exterminating heresy and putting a true Catholic champion (Henry, duke of Guise) on the French throne.
496653472	Counter-Reformation	The Roman Catholic Church's attempt to combat the Reformation.
496653473	Puritans	Calvinists in England and New England- wanted to purify the Anglican Church of its Catholic elements- get rid of statues, idols, and rituals in the Anglican Church
496653474	Presbyterians	Scottish Calvinists under John Knox
496653475	War of 3 Henrys	1588-89: Henry Guise of the Catholic League seizes Paris and forces Henry III to make him chief minister. Henry III assassinates Henry Guise (cut up, burned, and dissolved in a vat of acid) and sides with Henry of Navarre (Calvinist again) to crush the Catholic League and take back Paris. Henry III was successful, but was assassinated shortly after by a fanatical friar. Henry of Navarre then takes the throne, but converts to Catholicism AGAIN to be accepted by Catholic France. End of French Wars of Religion.
496653476	Council of Troubles	AKA "Council of Blood", according to the Dutch. Duke of Alba's action against powerful Dutch aristocrats. Resulted in the strengthening of an organized revolt in the Netherlands.
496653477	Defenestration oF Prague May 1618	The SPARK that ignited the 30 Years' Wars. Protestants set up a meeting with Catholic officials in Prague. Meeting went badly, Protestants unhappy with Ferdinand's rule. Rebelled by throwing two Catholic officials and a secretary out the window of castle. All survived 70 ft fall -- Catholics said it was a sign from Virgin Mary; Protestants pointed towards a landing pad of manure as their live preserver. Fighting began.
496653478	United Provices of Netherlands	The independent northern provinces of the Netherlands, Protestant, became the Dutch Republic. 12 year truce ended war between N. and S. provinces in 1609, but Spain wouldn't formally recognize the United Provinces' independence until 1648.
496653479	30 Years' War	Began as a war of religion, developed into an international war of politics. Initially was between militant Calvinism and militant Catholicism. Majority of the fighting took place in Germany, so it suffered the most. Four phases: Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, Franco-Swedish. Outcomes: France DOMINATES, Spain = second-class. France gets Alsace and other territories; all German states obtained freedom of religion.
496653480	Battle of white Mountain	Ferdinand, with the help of Maxmillian of Bavaria and the Catholic League, defeated Frederick V and won back control of Bohemia, declaring it a Habsburg possession. The Spanish took control of the west part of the Palatine and Maximilian took the rest.
496653481	Results of 30 Years' War	- N. Germany = Protestant, S. Germany = Catholic -United Provinces (once Netherlands) and Swizerland recognized as independent states -German princes had right to govern and practice freedom of religion as long as the didn't declare war on the HRE -HRE ended with German princes' freedom -Sweden won cash and Baltic land -France won Alsace -France became MOST powerful w/ territory and political gains (Habsburgs weakened, HRE gone) -Germany suffered in population, inflation, trade, food shortages, and destroyed buildings

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ap Europe chapter 25 Flashcards

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782718756	the bolsheviks were able to being consolidating their power in russia by negotiating a separate peace with the germans and ending their involvment in the war with the treaty of	Brest-litovsky
782718757	the bolsheviks won the civil war due in no small measure to the hirearchial diciplined military machine of 5 million men created by the new commissar of war:	Leon Trotsky
782718758	who were the "whites"?	royalist opponents of the revolutionary communists in Russia
782718759	the necessities of the civil war pushed the government to a more radical economic system known as	war communism
782718760	was the most promineny beneficial effect of the NEP	the recovery of russian agriculture to prewar levels of prosperity
782718761	stalin solidified his control in 1929 by removing ____ from the ruling Politburo	Nikoli Bukharian
782718762	stalin moved with particular viciousness against a group of peasants known as	kulaks
782718763	what does gulag refer to	forced labor camps populated by political prisoners of stalins government
782951558	the stalin revolution of the 1920s and 1930s extended even into the families of ordinary Russians with stalins policies of	making divorce difficult and abortions illegal except to save the mothers life
782951559	who were the red leagues	socialist agrarian groups in italy that attempted to break up large estates and reduce rents
782951560	what phrase best describes the early membership of mussolinis fasci?	young ardently nationalist ideals
782951561	how did mussolini manage the italian states long standing conflict with the catholic church	by asking prominent catholic politicans to join the facist regime
782951562	as a result of the economic innovations instituted by mussolini during the 1920s italys plight during the great depression was	no different than any other country in Europe during the 1930s
782951563	who were the freikorps	anti marxist anti semitic and antiliberal
782951564	Adolf Hitlers book	mein kampf
782951565	who were the SA?	the parliamentary arm of the nazi party which engaged in intimidating acts of public violence
782951566	the event in 1933 that led to Hitler being given unlimited power was	the reichstag fire
782951567	what was the night of the long knives	a lethal purge of hitlers SA in 1934 killing over a thousand officials he considered too radical
782951568	organizations created for young boys	hitler youth
782951569	the first racially motivated policy of Nazi germany was their law regarding	forced sterilization of undesirables
782951570	what was the Night of Broken glass?	a general attack by the SA against jewish stores and synagogues across Germany in 1938
782951571	the nuremberg decrees of 1935	deprived jews of reich citizenship
782951572	the first actions taken by national governments to the threat posed by the Great Depression dealt with	industrial policy
782951573	under the influence of Keynes the roosevelt admin instituted policies aimed at getting the country back on its feet by first abandoning	the idea of a balanced budget
782951574	book written about the great depression	the Grapes of Wrath
786290841	what important theory of physics did Werner Heisenberg propose	the uncertaintity principle
786290842	the original work in physics that eventually led to the development of the atomic bomb was done by	Einstein
786290843	fritz lang is known for his films M and	metropolis
786290844	what film by Leni Riefenstahl was a visual hymn to the cultural power of Nazi regime?	Triumph of the Will
786290845	Charlie Chaplin made the Great Dictator as	a parody of Nazi pomposities

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AP Europe Flash Cards Flashcards

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354062509	Treaty of Paris (1763)	Ended French and Indian War, France lost Canada, land east of the Mississippi, to British, New Orleans and west of Mississippi to Spain
354062510	Poor Law	1601, provided jobs & support for the needy, sick, insane, and aged
354062511	Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy	Newton's work on how the physical world worked, such as universal gravitation(1686)
354062512	Peace of Tilsit	An agreement between czar Alexander I and Napolean, in which France and Russia became allies.
354062513	Existentialism	a philosophical movement that dominated the 20th century. The idea that humans exist because their actions give meaning to themselves.
354062514	Youth Rebellion	A series of rebellious teens that protested the ideas during the Vietnam War
354062515	Salt II	A second treaty between USSR and US to limit nuclear weapons
354062516	Salt I	A first treaty between USSR and US to limit nuclear weapons
354062517	Zionism	A policy which made Palestine a national homeland for Jews (established in 1948)
354062518	Sputnik	The world's first space satellite. This meant the Soviet Union had a missile powerful enough to reach the US.
354062519	Intifada	an uprising by Palestinian Arabs against Israel in the late 1980s
354062520	Solidarity	Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression of communism.
354062521	Skepticism	An idea that nothing is certain
354062522	Philosophes	Thinkers of the Enlightment.
354062523	The Spirit of the Laws	(1748) Montesquieu, ideas about separation of powers.
354062524	Peace of Utrecht	A treaty that ended the War of the Spanish Succession
354062525	Fronde	(1648-1653)Series of civil of wars in France during the reign of Louis XIII
354062526	Levellers	radical religious revolutionaries-sought social and political reforms, a more equal society.
354062527	Papacy	Government of the Roman Catholic Church, which the Pope is the head
354062528	Szlachta	Polish nobility who until 1768 possessed the right of life or death over their serfs

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AP Europe. Ch. 3. Reformation Flashcards

AP Europe. Reformation

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919646511	"Priesthood of all believers"	part of Luther's reform ideas to dissolve the hierarchical structure of the church.
919646512	1521	Diet of Worms, Charles V demands that Luther recants his writings
919646513	1530	Augsburg Confession, completed Luther's break with the Church
919646514	95 Thesis	Written by Martin Luther in 1517, they are widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. Luther displayed his displeasure with some of the Church's clergy's abuses, most notably the sale of indulgences.
919646515	Act of Succession	Passed in 1534 the Act validated the marriage of Henry and Anne, declared their offspring heirs to the throne, and effectively excluded Mary from the succession
919646516	Act of Supremacy	A law by which King Henry VIII declared himself to be the supreme head of the Church in England in 1534
919646517	Anabaptists	These people believed that only adults could believe and accept baptism and therefore the baptism of infants was invalid. They considered themselves to be true Christians unblemished by sin and did not support violence but preferred peace and salvation
919646518	Anglicanism	Henry VIII of England resented the church for not granting him a divorce of Catherine of Aragon, he wanted church lands and property to add to his treasury. The monarch of England now became the head of the Anglican Church as well. Created Book of Common Prayer (Edward VI), and one had to be Anglican to hold a government job until the late 19c.
919646519	Avignon Papacy	the period of Church history from 1308 to 1378 when the popes lived and ruled in Avignon, France instead of in Rome
919646520	Babylonian Captivity	he period when all popes were French and resided in Avignon, France, starting with Clement V. This angered Italians and led to the Great Schism.
919646521	Calvinism	another Christian sect that was Pessimistic about man and optimistic about God. They had Strict interpretation of the Bible. (literal), They too rejected Papal authority and believed in Predestination. And Scorned pleasures as the idle activities which allowed the devil to influence one's actions; example no smoking. And the only "sacraments" were Baptism and the Eucharist. The common belief was the too much leisure time leads to sin.
919646522	Church of England	was created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, because he wouldn't let Henry divorce Catherine of Aragon.
919646523	Council of Constantine	Solved the Great Schism(1414-1418)
919646524	Council of Trent	A church council formed by Pope Paul III to deal with problems caused by the Protestant Reformation
919646525	Counter Reformation	changes within the Catholic Church in response to the Protestant Reformation; centered around the Council of Trent (1545-1563)
919646526	Cuius Regio Eius Religio	a phrase in Latin translated as "Whose realm, his religion", meaning the religion of the ruler dictated the religion of the ruled.
919646527	Defender of the faith	King Henry VIII defended the Seven Sacraments against Luther and received this title
919646528	Defenestration of Prague 1419	Bohemian (modern-day Czech) Protestants threw two of the Holy Roman emperor's Catholic officials out of windows, thus starting the Thirty Years War.
919646529	Diet of Worms	A meeting summoned by Charles V that commanded Martin Luther to abandon his ideas. Luther refused and was branded an outlaw.
919646530	Edict of Nantes	1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.
919646531	Edict of Nantes	An agreement that ended French civil war and gave Huguenots freedom.
919646532	Edict of Worms	decree issued by The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V banning the writings of Martin Luther and labeling him a heretic and enemy of the state
919646533	Henry VIII	Is famous for having been married six times, his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. He established the Church of England in 1532.
919646534	Holy Roman Empire	political organization in central Europe from 900-1806. It was called Roman because it was considered the successor to Rome and holy because it was emperor ruled over Christian territories. Essentially it was a German monarchy whose roots went back to the time of Charlemagne.
919646535	Huguenots	French Calvinists
919646536	Hundred Years War	War between England and France that began when King Edward III of England claimed the throne of France.
919646537	Iconoclasm	deliberate destruction of religious icons and artworks.
919646538	Ignatius of Loyola	Established the Jesuits (Society of Jesus), a holy order that was organized in a military fashion required all its members' blind obedience and absolute faith.
919646539	Indulgences	Pope Leo X authorized the selling of indulgences, which were believed to be a way of removing sins, in order to raise money to build the St.Peters Church in Rome.
919646540	Jan Hus	(late 1300s - early 1400s) preached in Bohemia, supported the idea of Utraquist. The Council of Constance burned him at the stake as a heretic.
919646541	Jesuits	The Jesuits are a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola and recognized by Pope Paul III in 1540. Led by Ignatius, the Jesuits embarked on a crusade to defend and spread the Catholic faith worldwide.
919646542	Johan Tetzel	He is a Priest (Friar) who was authorized by Pope Leo X to sell indulgences.
919646543	John Calvin	A religious reformer who believed in predestination (that God knows before a person is born whether they are going to heaven or hell) and a strict sense of morality for society.
919646544	John Calvin	an influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation who developed a form of Protestantism.
919646545	John Wycliff	criticized the corruption in the clergy. He challenged papal authority and called for Christianity to be supported by the Bible and the believer's own interpretation.
919646546	League of Schmalkalden	Formed by newly protestant princes to defend themselves against the emperor.
919646547	Lollards	Followers of Wyclef
919646548	Lutheranism	A system of Christian doctrine based on the principles taught by Martin Luther. It is the world's largest Protestant denomination.
919646549	Martin Luther	a German monk who started the Protestant reformation. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the Catholic Church's practices. Was not interested in political reform.
919646550	Peace of Augsburg (1555)	was a treaty signed between Charles V, and the Schmalkaldic League. It allowed the princes to choose to be either Lutheran or Catholic.
919646551	Peasant Revolts	were carried through Luther's ideas but using them out of context, Luther did not agree with the Peasant revolts since they rebelled against hierarchy
919646552	Pluralism	the occupation of multiple church offices by the same person, but the duties are rarely performed.
919646553	Politiques	political figures who put politics before religion; moderates of either Protestantism or Catholicism.
919646554	Predestination	theological principle of Calvinists; states that God had previously decided who would be saved and who would be damned.
919646555	Protestants	reformers who protested against the abuses of the Catholic church in the 16th century.
919646556	Simony	selling of church offices
919646557	St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre	Catholic attack on Calvinists on August 24th, 1572 led by Catherine de' Medici (St. Bartholomew's Day) where thousands of Protestants were slaughtered.
919646558	The Council of Constance	It was called (1414-1418) to resolve the Great Schism and reform the church.
919646559	The Diet of Speyer	it refused to recognize the rights of German princes to determine the religion of their subjects.
919646560	The Great Schism	two popes were chosen; divided Europe; damaged church - people didn't know who to worship; ended with election of one new pope Urban of Rome & Pope Clement VII of France
919646561	Thomas Cromwell	served as Henry VIII's chief minister from 1533 to 1540. He is most associated with the dissolution of the monasteries and the controversy that surrounded this event. He brought the Anglicans into power in parliament.
919646562	Transubstantiation	the Catholic belief that in communion, bread and wine transform into the real blood and body of Christ.
919646563	Ulrich Zwingli	(1484-1531) Swiss reformer, influenced by Christian humanism. He looked to the state to supervise the church. Banned music and relics from services.

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Biology Chapter 20 - Biotechnology Flashcards

Biology Chapter 20 - Biotechnology

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1095014531	DNA Cloning	Procedure in which a fragment of DNA is inserted into a vector and then transferred to another cell, where it then replicates. (Multiple copies of a single gene = gene cloning)
1095014532	Restriction Enzymes (make Recomb. DNA)	Cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences. Instead of cutting the molecules straight across, they leave "sticky ends". Any DNA cleaved by the such enzyme can be joined readily to another DNA molecule cleaved by the same enzyme. ( ** DNA ligase is used for permanent union)
1095256933	Plasmids	An circular !self-replicating! non-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria, capable of transfer between bacterial cells of the same species, and occasionally of different species. Antibiotic resistance genes are frequently located on plasmids. Plasmids are particularly important as vectors for genetic engineering
1095256934	Bacterial Artificial Plasmid	A plasmid in bacteria that can hold large segments of DNA (>100 kb) and contains genes for partitioning the plasmid to daughter cells, antibiotic resistance genes, and an origin of replication
1095094411	Gene Cloning in Bact. Plasmid	Cloning vector - the DNA molecule (plasmid) that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate there. 1. Isolate genomic DNA of interest and obtain bacterial plasmid for vector. Plasmid can contain genes like ampR for antibiotic resistance and lacZ which can hydrolyze lactose. 2. Plasmid and DNA of interest are cut with same restriction enzyme. 3. Fragments are mixed together and DNA ligase is added. 4. DNA mixture is added to bacteria. 5. Selection is done by phenotypes such as amp resistance or lactose consumption.
1095266762	Transfection	electroporation: A technique to introduce recombinant DNA into cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to a solution containing cells. The electricity creates temporary holes in the cells' plasma membranes, through which DNA can enter. Viruses/gene guns/thin needles: Can also be used to transform cells via injection of DNA Chemical methods can also interact with the cell membrane to make it permeable to DNA insertion.
1095094412	cDNA from mRNA procedure	Fully processed mRNA is extracted from cells where the gene is expressed. Reverse transcriptase (obtained from retroviruses) is used to make a single stranded DNA reverse transcript of each mRNA molecule. DNA polymerase is used to create the complementary strand (poly A tail allows use of short strand of dT's to be used as primer). = complementary DNA - cDNA.
1095094413	cDNA Library (vs Genomic library)	cDNA libraries won't include introns/exons or other regulatory elements. But a cDNA library is useful for studying sets of genes expressed in particular cell types. Also making cDNA at different time points in a cell allows tracking of patterns of gene expression during development.
1095094414	Nucleic Acid Hybridization	A technique in which a single-stranded nucleic acid probe is made that is complementary to, and binds to, a target sequence, either DNA or RNA. The resulting double-stranded molecule is a hybrid. The probe can be labeled with a radioactive isotope, a fluorescent tag, or another molecule for tracking.
1095094415	Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)	DNA Amplification in Vitro - PCR Double stranded DNA containing target sequence + heat resistant DNA polymerase, all four nucleotides, two DNA primers for target sequence (one for each end). => thermocycler: One cycle yields 2 molecules: (2^n where n is cycles) 1. Denature: Heat denatures DNA (seperate strands) 2. Anneal: Cool allowing primers to form bonds with DNA 3. Extension: DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to 3' end of primers extending sequence.
1095167156	Gel Electrophoresis	The separation of nucleic acids or proteins, on the basis of their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel (such as agar). DNA moves towards positive pole due to their negative charge (phosphate groups).
1095167157	Southern Blotting	Gel electrophoresis + nucleic acid hybridization = detect bands that include only parts of gene of interest: 1. Prepare fragments: Restriction enzymes digest samples 2. Gel electrophoresis: pattern of bands created 3. DNA transfer (blotting): DNA is transfered to a membrane creating a blot with a pattern of DNA bands just like those of the gel 4. Hybridization: The blot is exposed to a solution containing labeled probe. 5. Detection: sheet of film is used to detect hybrids.
1095228510	Western Blotting	technique that uses antibodies to detect the presence of specific proteins separated by electrophoresis
1095228511	Gels vs Gels	Agarose gels: DNA/RNA electrophoresis, uses size (compare to size ladder), visualize w/ ethidium bromide. Poly-acrylamide gels: (SDS)PAGE, proteins, uses size/blobbiness (compare to size ladder), visualize with Commaise blue or antibody -> Western blot!
1095208651	DNA Sequencing	is a technique for determining the precise order of the nucleotides in a DNA fragment.
1095208653	Dideoxy Chain Termination (Sanger Method)	Used to determine DNA sequence by inducing replication with altered bases that cause fragments of various sizes to be produced. Creates a timed result printout that is read from bottom to top (bottom being the last nucleotide of shortest labeled strand). See image.
1095208657	Northern blotting	Study expression of single genes: A technique that enables specific nucleotide sequences to be detected in a sample of mRNA. It involves gel electrophoresis of RNA molecules and their transfer to a membrane (blotting), followed by nucleic acid hybridization with a labeled probe.
1095208659	Reverse transcriptase PCR	Quicker and more sensitive than Northern blotting (requires less mRNA). Reverse transcriptase yields cDNA which is used as a template for PCR amplification using primers. Then, product is run on a gel and copies of the amplified region will be observed as bands only in samples that contain the mRNA of the gene interest (to measure gene expression).
1095208662	in situ hybridization	a method for detecting particular mRNA transcripts in tissue sections by providing a nucleotide probe that is complementary to, and will therefore hybridize with, the transcript of interest.
1095256935	DNA Microarray Assay	A method to detect and measure the expression of thousands of genes at one time. Tiny amounts of a large number of single-stranded DNA fragments representing different genes are fixed to a glass slide. These fragments, ideally representing all the genes of an organism, are tested for hybridization with various samples of cDNA molecules. 1. Isolate mRNA, make cDNA via RT using labeled nucleotides. 2. Apply cDNA to microarray w/ different gene in each spot. cDNA hybridizes with complementary DNA (probes) on the microarray. 3. Rinse off excess cDNA. Scan for fluorescence. Positive fluorescence = gene expressed in the sample.
1095289761	Organismal Cloning	the same as reproductive cloning - a method to create a clone of an entire multicellular organism; this is done by taking a donor cell and fusing it with an egg cell whose nucleus has been removed; the fused cell begins dividing normally; this embryo is then placed in a foster mother's uterus and the embryo develops normally
1095289762	Cell Potency	Stem cells - undifferentiated cells that continue to divide. They are pluripotent Pluripotency - ability to differentiate into MANY different cell types. Totipotency - ability to differentiate into ANY cell type.
1095289763	Nuclear Transplantation	a technique in which the nucleus of one cell is placed into another cell that already has a nucleus or in which the nucleus has been previously destroyed (enucleated). Can be used for reproductive cloning of a mammal (e.g. Dolly).
1095329693	Cell Reprogramming	Increase in potency, dedifferentiation. Can be induced by nuclear transfer, cell fusion, genetic manipulation. Differential success rates in use of embryonic cells versus adult mammalian cells in reproductive cloning of a mammal indicates nuclear changes to cells over time with development (epigenetic changes: acetylation of histones, methylation of DNA etc. cause low success rates for normal development.
1095329694	Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS Cells)	Any cell, even a highly differentiated cell in the adult body, that has been genetically reprogrammed to mimic the pluripotent behavior of embryonic stem cells. Done via delivery of certain transcription factors. -Can differentiate into all three germ layers (ecto meso end -derms). -Telomerase activity -Stem cell markers Still impossible to completely reverse all epigenetic changes.
1095329695	Transgenics	the study and practice of genetic modification by inserting genes from one species into the genetic material of another species. This can produce a new "designed" species. Can be used for protein production by "pharm" animals.
1095329696	Human gene therapy	an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease. In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery.

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Form Generation (Drupal 7 API) Flashcards

Functions to enable the processing and display of HTML forms.
Drupal uses these functions to achieve consistency in its form processing and presentation, while simplifying code and reducing the amount of HTML that must be explicitly generated by modules.

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146781863	date_validate	Validates the date type to stop dates like February 30, 2006.
146781864	drupal_build_form	Build and process a form based on a form id.
146781865	drupal_form_submit	Retrieves, populates, and processes a form.
146781866	drupal_get_form	Wrapper for drupal_build_form() for use when $form_state is not needed.
146781867	drupal_prepare_form	Prepares a structured form array by adding required elements, executing any hook_form_alter functions, and optionally inserting a validation token to prevent tampering.
146781868	drupal_process_form	Processes a form submission.
146781869	drupal_rebuild_form	Constructs a new $form from the information in $form_state.
146781870	drupal_redirect_form	Redirects the user to a URL after a form has been processed.
146781871	drupal_retrieve_form	Retrieves the structured array that defines a given form.
146781872	drupal_validate_form	Validates user-submitted form data from the $form_state using the validate functions defined in a structured form array.
146781873	form_builder	Walk through the structured form array, adding any required properties to each element and mapping the incoming input data to the proper elements. Also, execute any #process handlers attached to a specific element.
146781874	form_clear_error	Clear all errors against all form elements made by form_set_error().
146781875	form_error	Flag an element as having an error.
146781876	form_execute_handlers	A helper function used to execute custom validation and submission handlers for a given form. Button-specific handlers are checked first. If none exist, the function falls back to form-level handlers.
146781877	form_get_cache	Fetch a form from cache.
146781878	form_get_error	Returns the error message filed against the given form element.
146781879	form_get_errors	Return an associative array of all errors.
146781880	form_get_options	Traverses a select element's #option array looking for any values that hold the given key. Returns an array of indexes that match.
146781881	form_load_include	Loads an include file and makes sure it is loaded whenever the form is processed.
146781882	form_options_flatten	Allows PHP array processing of multiple select options with the same value.
146781883	form_pre_render_conditional_form_element	Add form_element theming to an element if title or description is set.
146781884	form_pre_render_fieldset	Adds members of this group as actual elements for rendering.
146781885	form_process_actions	Processes a form actions container element.
146781886	form_process_checkbox	Sets the #checked property of a checkbox element.
146781887	form_process_checkboxes	...
146781888	form_process_container	Processes a container element.
146781889	form_process_date	Roll out a single date element.
146781890	form_process_fieldset	Adds fieldsets to the specified group or adds group members to this fieldset.
146781891	form_process_machine_name	Processes a machine-readable name form element.
146781892	form_process_password_confirm	Expand a password_confirm field into two text boxes.
146781893	form_process_radios	Roll out a single radios element to a list of radios, using the options array as index.
146781894	form_process_select	Processes a select list form element.
146781895	form_process_tableselect	Create the correct amount of checkbox or radio elements to populate the table.
146781896	form_process_vertical_tabs	Creates a group formatted as vertical tabs.
146781897	form_process_weight	Expand weight elements into selects.
146781898	form_select_options	Converts a select form element's options array into an HTML.
146781899	form_set_cache	Store a form in the cache.
146781900	form_set_error	Files an error against a form element.
146781901	form_set_value	Change submitted form values during form validation.
146781902	form_state_defaults	Retrieve default values for the $form_state array.
146781903	form_state_keys_no_cache	Returns an array of $form_state keys that shouldn't be cached.
146781904	form_state_values_clean	Removes internal Form API elements and buttons from submitted form values.
146781905	form_type_checkboxes_value	Helper function to determine the value for a checkboxes form element.
146781906	form_type_checkbox_value	Helper function to determine the value for a checkbox form element.
146781907	form_type_image_button_value	Helper function to determine the value for an image button form element.
146781908	form_type_password_confirm_value	Helper function to determine the value for a password_confirm form element.
146781909	form_type_select_value	Helper function to determine the value for a select form element.
146781910	form_type_tableselect_value	Helper function to determine the value for a tableselect form element.
146781911	form_type_textfield_value	Helper function to determine the value for a textfield form element.
146781912	form_type_token_value	Helper function to determine the value for form's token value.
146781913	form_validate_machine_name	Form element validation handler for #type 'machine_name'.
146781914	map_month	Helper function for usage with drupal_map_assoc to display month names.
146781915	password_confirm_validate	Validate password_confirm element.
146781916	theme_button	Returns HTML for a button form element.
146781917	theme_checkbox	Returns HTML for a checkbox form element.
146781918	theme_checkboxes	Returns HTML for a set of checkbox form elements.
146781919	theme_container	Returns HTML to wrap child elements in a container.
146781920	theme_date	Returns HTML for a date selection form element.
146781921	theme_fieldset	Returns HTML for a fieldset form element and its children.
146781922	theme_file	Returns HTML for a file upload form element.
146781923	theme_form	Returns HTML for a form.
146781924	theme_form_element	Returns HTML for a form element.
146781925	theme_form_element_label	Returns HTML for a form element label and required marker.
146781926	theme_form_required_marker	Returns HTML for a marker for required form elements.
146781927	theme_hidden	Returns HTML for a hidden form element.
146781928	theme_image_button	Returns HTML for an image button form element.
146781929	theme_password	Returns HTML for a password form element.
146781930	theme_radio	Returns HTML for a radio button form element.
146781931	theme_radios	Returns HTML for a set of radio button form elements.
146781932	theme_select	Returns HTML for a select form element.
146781933	theme_submit	Returns HTML for a submit button form element.
146781934	theme_tableselect	Returns HTML for a table with radio buttons or checkboxes.
146781935	theme_textarea	Returns HTML for a textarea form element.
146781936	theme_textfield	Returns HTML for a textfield form element.
146781937	theme_vertical_tabs	Returns HTML for an element's children fieldsets as vertical tabs.
146781938	weight_value	If no default value is set for weight select boxes, use 0.
146781939	_form_builder_handle_input_element	Populate the #value and #name properties of input elements so they can be processed and rendered.
146781940	_form_button_was_clicked	Helper function to handle the convoluted logic of button click detection.
146781941	_form_element_triggered_scripted_submission	Helper function to handle the convoluted logic of button click detection.
146781942	_form_options_flatten	Helper function for form_options_flatten().
146781943	_form_set_class	Sets a form element's class attribute.
146781944	_form_validate	Performs validation on form elements. First ensures required fields are completed, #maxlength is not exceeded, and selected options were in the list of options given to the user. Then calls user-defined validators.

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Macroeconomics Part One Flashcards

Macro Questions

Terms : Hide Images

578464557	State the law of demand.	Quantity demanded rises as price falls, other things constant. Quantity demanded falls as price rises, other things constant.
578464558	Why is price inversely related to quantity demanded?	Price is inversely related to quantity demanded because as price rises, consumers substitute other goods whose price has not risen.
578464559	List four shift factors of demand and explain how each affects demand.	1. Change in consumer tastes. As the taste for a product rises, demand increases 2. Change in income. As income rises, demand increases. 3. Change in taxes paid by consumers. As taxes rise, demand falls. 4. The price of a related consumer good changes. As the price of a complement falls, demand increases.
578464560	Distinguish the effect of a shift factor of demand on the demand curve from the effect of a change in price on the demand curve.	A change in the price of a good causes a movement along the demand curve, a movement to a new point on the same curve. A shift in the demand curve means that the quantities will be different at all prices.
578464561	State the law of supply.	Quantity supplied rises as price increases, other things constant. Quantity supplied falls as price decreases, other things constant.
578464562	Why is price directly related to quantity supplied?	Price is directly related to quantity supplied because, as price rises, people and firms rearrange their activities to supply more of that good in order to take advantage of the higher price.
578464563	Mary has just stated that normally, as price rises, supply will increase. Her teacher grimaces. Why?	Because as price rises, quantity supplied will increase.
578464564	List four shift factors of supply and explain how each affects supply.	1. Change in taxes paid by producers. As the taxes producers pay increases, supply decreases. 2. A new production technology is invented. When new production technologies are introduced, supply increases. 3. Producers expect prices of their products to change in the future. As the prices producers expect to sell their products for increases, supply decreases. 4. The price of inputs changes. As the price of inputs rises, supply decreases.
578464565	Explain what a sudden popularity of "Economics Professor" brand casual wear would likely do to prices of that brand.	The increase in demand would lead to excess demand, which will lead to higher prices. The net result is higher equilibrium price and quantity.
578464566	In a flood, usable water supplies ironically tend to decline because the pumps and water lines are damaged. What will a flood likely do to prices of bottled water?	The price of bottled water will increase because bottled water is a substitute for water from pumps and waterlines. Demand for bottled water would increase enormously, leading to upward pressure on prices.
578464567	The price of gas shot up significantly in 2008 to over $4.00 a gallon. What effect did this likely have on the demand for diesel cars that get better mileage than the typical car?	The demand for diesel cars will increase.
578464568	OPEC announces it will increase oil production by 20 percent. What is the effect on the price of oil?	The effect on the price of oil decreases.
578464569	In the United States, say gasoline costs consumers about $2.50 per gallon. In Italy, say it costs consumers about $6 per gallon. What effect does this price differential likely have on the size of cars in the United States and in Italy?	The cars in Italy are most likely much smaller than in the United States.
578464570	In the United States, say gasoline costs consumers about $2.50 per gallon. In Italy, say it costs consumers about $6 per gallon. What effect does this price differential likely have on the use of public transportation in the United States and in Italy?	Italians likely use public transportation more than Americans use it.
578464571	In the United States, say gasoline costs consumers about $2.50 per gallon. In Italy, say it costs consumers about $6 per gallon. What effect does this price differential likely have on the fuel efficiency of cars in the United States and in Italy?	The cars in Italy are most likely more fuel efficient than in the United States.
578464572	In the United States, say gasoline costs consumers about $2.50 per gallon. In Italy, say it costs consumers about $6 per gallon. What would be the effect of raising the price of gasoline in the United States to $4 per gallon?	It will decrease the size of cars driven in the U.S., increase U.S. use of public transportation, and increase the fuel efficiency of cars purchased in the U.S.
578464573	In most developing countries, there are long lines of taxis at airports, and these taxis often wait two or three hours. What does this tell you about the price in that market?	Price is above equilibrium. There is an excess supply .
578464574	Define the fallacy of composition. How does it affect the supply/demand model?	The fallacy of composition is the false assumption that what is true for a part will also be true for the whole. It affects the supply/demand model by drawing our attention to the possibility that supply and demand are interdependent. Feedback effects must be taken into account to make the analysis complete.
578464575	State whether supply/demand analysis used without significant modification is suitable to assess the impact of an increase in the demand for pencils on the price of pencils.	Yes
578464576	State whether supply/demand analysis used without significant modification is suitable to assess the impact of an increase in the supply of labor on the quantity of labor demanded.	No
578464577	State whether supply/demand analysis used without significant modification is suitable to assess the impact of an increase in aggregate savings on aggregate expenditures.	No
578464578	State whether supply/demand analysis used without significant modification is suitable to assess the impact of a new method of producing CDs on the price of CDs.	Yes
578539202	The opportunity cost of getting a job is:	The benefit you would have obtained if you had not taken the job.
578539203	Macroeconomics is the study of:	inflation, unemployment, business cycles, and growth.
578539204	Nepalese villagers sell their kidneys as a way to earn much-needed money. Unfortunately, while the demand for such kidneys in developed economies is high and the medical facilities are available to conduct kidney transplants, the selling and buying of organs is illegal. What idea from Chapter 1 of the text does this situation best illustrate?	Social and political forces sometimes rein in market forces.
578539205	More than 10,000 people waited in line for more than two hours to see the Titan Arum (a rare flower) at Cambridge's Botanic Garden. An economist would conclude that:	people felt they got great benefit from seeing the flower.
578539206	An economist who is studying the relationship between the money supply, interest rates, and the rate of inflation is engaged in:	macroeconomic research.
578539207	What is NOT a characteristic of the Industrial Revolution?	Decline of the middle class.
578539208	Which economist is credited with developing the theory of comparative advantage in support of international trade?	David Ricardo.
578539209	Private/Public property rights are essential to market economies.	Private.
578539210	Feudalism and mercantilism relied on ____ to solve the three main coordination problems.	Feudalism solved these problems by relying on tradition while mercantilism relied on government intervention.
578539211	Households supply factors of production to business and are paid by business for doing so. The market where this interaction takes place is called:	The factor market.
578539212	Businesses produce goods and services and sell them to households and governments. The market where this interaction takes place is called:	The goods market.
578539213	Market economies are based upon:	private property and individual planning.
578539214	Markets coordinate economic activity through:	the price mechanism.
578539215	Suppose that at the current price consumers would like to purchase 10 million large-screen televisions and 15 million are available. When the market coordinates the demand and supply for large-screen televisions, the price of large-screen televisions will:	fall.
578539216	Suppose that at the current price producers of CDs offer 5 million CDs for sale but consumers want to buy 6 million. When the market coordinates the demand and supply for CDs, the price of CDs will:	rise.
578539217	In the former USSR, state planners decided what was to be produced. They passed orders down to factories, allocating raw materials, workers, and other factors of production to them. This is an example of (a):	command economy
578539218	In principle, socialism is:	more concerned about fairness than capitalism.
578539219	The Industrial Revolution was important to the history of economic systems because it:	increased the power of capitalists and eventually led to a revolution instituting capitalism as the dominant economic system.
578539220	In a feudalist society, in comparison with mercantilism:	tradition plays a more important role than the government.
578539221	Households are on the ___ side of factor markets and _____ side of goods markets:	supply side of factor markets and the demand side of goods markets.
578539222	Businesses do all of the following:	pay taxes to the government, demand labor services from households in the factor market, supply goods and services to the government in the goods market.
578539223	Corporations are legal entities that, in law, are treated as:	Persons.
578539224	Both stocks and bonds are ____ assets.	Financial.
578539225	In principle, households ultimately control:	both businesses and the government.
578539226	When Coca Cola introduced a new, low-calorie version of Coca Cola called C2, despite a major marketing effort, sales of C2 were weak and by the fall many doubted that the product would last. Coke's experience with C2 illustrates the economic concept of:	consumer sovereignty.
578539227	In the United States, government performs all of the following functions:	redistributing income, purchasing goods and services, regulating the economy.
578539228	What is most likely an action that supports competition?	Preventing two dominant firms in the same market from merging.
578539229	When my neighbors benefit from my cleaning up of my yard. They are experiencing a:	Positive externality.
578539230	In feudalism, serfdom was maintained primarily through:	tradition.
578539231	Adam Smith advocated laissez-faire because he believed it was in the interest of:	society as a whole.
578539232	What was one of Marx's predictions?	Firms would become larger and larger.
578539233	What was a Marxist prediction?	There would be significant differentiation between workers and owners of factories.
578539234	Adam Smith believed that the division of labor	was a force that would make workers "as stupid and ignorant as it is possible for a human creature to become." but also increase productivity
578539235	The Neolithic Revolution was characterized by:	adoption of agriculture and domestication of animals.
578539236	"It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest." The preceding quote was made by:	Adam Smith.

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ES2555 Ch. 2: The Key Principles of Economics Flashcards

This set will have important vocabulary terms from the book Survey of Economics Principles, Applications, and Tools - fifth edition, the Second Chapter of the text book.

Terms : Hide Images

985478988	Opportunity Cost	What you sacrifice to get something
985478989	Production Possibilities Curve	A curve that shows the possible combinations of products that an economy can produce, give that its productive resources are fully employed and efficiently used.
985478990	Marginal Benefit	The additional benefit resulting from a small increase in some activity
985478991	Marginal Cost	The additional cost resulting from a small increase in some activity
985478992	Nominal Value	The face value of an amount of money
985478993	Real Value	The value of an amount of money in terms of what can buy

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AP US History Hot Topics Flashcards

The top 60 most often asked topics on APUSH national exam.
Information taken from:
Barron's AP US History
5 Steps to a 5: US History
Sparknotes Guide to AP US History
Out of Many, AP Edition (5th)

Terms : Hide Images

787407316	Puritan motive	- Build a "city on a hill" - provide a model for idealistic society - religious freedoms from England
787407317	Motive of settling Virginia	- paid for by Virginia Company - wanted profit - mercantilism in England
787407318	First Great Awakening	- led by charismatic ministers in 1730 - made religion more emotional, less cerebral - "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" sermon by Puritan minister Jonathan Edwards
787407319	Deism	- 1700 religious revolution which moved away from religious doctrines - God is a distant entity - No Godly intervention in daily affairs
787407320	Albany Congress, 1754	- led by Benjamin Franklin - first meeting of all colonies to debate unification - Franklin's union plan, Albany Plan, rejected
787407321	Legal rights of women	-no suffrage under practically every circumstance -couldn't own land in most cases -were subordinate to men as caretakers, mothers, and housekeepers
787407322	Stamp Act / Stamp Congress	- tax on paper used for various documents - included recreation like playing cards - sparked most uproar and opposition of any British tax
787407323	Slavery in pre-independence times	- unregulated slave trade (no limits) - molasses, rum, slaves / Triangular Slave Trade - slaves were responsible for majority of labor in southern economy
787407324	Indentured servants	- extraordinarily popular prior to massive influx of slaves - workers receive free ride to America and housing once there - in exchange for house/ride, they work unpaid for 5-10 years
787407325	Proclamation of 1763	- created a line through Appalachian mountains - colonists could not settle any further west - land from Appalachia to Mississippi was "Indian Reserve"
787407326	Articles of Confederation	- first written form of government for newly freed colonies - created a "firm league of friendship" between states - heavily favored state government, making federal government useless (no taxing, or federal laws without nullification)
787407327	Bill of Rights	- 1st 10 amendments to the Constitution - protected individual liberties not specified in Constitution - gave states powers not specifically assigned to federal government
787407328	Hamilton's economic plans	- national bank, 20% publicly 80% privately held - federal government repays all war debts in full - high tariffs to encourage American industry and discourage British/French/Spanish imports
787407329	Shays' Rebellion	- farmers revolt 1786-1787 - many lost farms because couldn't pay debts in gold/silver - freed debtors prisons, burnt down city halls and courts
787407330	XYZ affair	- France was upset by alliances with Britain and seized US ships - US tried to negotiate with France, French agents bribed US agents - French agents X, Y and Z wanted $250,000 and a $12M loan
787407331	Marbury v. Madison	- Marbury, an Adams midnight judge, wanted his position/paycheck - said his appointment was unconstitutional - Chief Justice Marshall established Supreme Court power of judicial review
787407332	Louisiana Purchase	- Louisiana territory purchased by Jefferson from France - not constitutional, but Jefferson wanted land and France needed $ - Jefferson only intended on buying New Orleans for a western port
787407333	Hartford Convention	- group of Federalists meeting in opposition to War of 1812 - merchants saw large amount of trade with Britain stop - passed a resolution requiring a 2/3 vote in Congress for declaration of war in the future
787407334	Eli Whitney	- 1793 Eli Whitney invents cotton gin - helps satisfy the massive demand for cotton/make slaves efficient - also invented interchangeable parts for rifle
787407335	Henry Clay's "American System"	- high tariffs on imports (20%-25%) - provide federal funding for internal improvements - support and maintain Bank of the United States
787935097	Monroe Doctrine	- done to limit European influence on Western Hemisphere - said European countries must be "hands off" of America - became cornerstone of US isolationist foreign policy
787935098	Andrew Jackson	- Indian removal, supported westward expansion - loses VP Calhoun in Nullification Crisis with South Carolina - vetoed Congress more times than any other president, tried to eliminate United States Bank
787935099	Trail of Tears	- 1838 removal of Native Americans from Georgia into the west - showed President Jackson's support for state's rights - led to the death of thousands of innocent Native Americans (too grueling of a journey on foot)
787935100	Nullification/Calhoun/Tariff of Abominations	- South Carolina tried to nullify federal laws, Jackson wouldn't allow it - Jackson passes Tariff of 1828 (Abominations) harshly limiting trade - South Carolina, with Jackson's VP, Calhoun, tries to secede from US, Jackson sends military to stop them
787935101	Transcendentalists	- an intellectual movement criticizing new US materialistic lifestyle - focus on nature, and finding meaning and self reliance - primarily led by authors Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson
787935102	Ralph Waldo Emerson	- transcendentalist leader who encouraged self reliance - published essays "Nature" (1836) "On Self Reliance" (1841) - Speech "The American Scholar" considered the Intellectual Declaration of Independence
787935103	William Lloyd Garrison	- published "The Liberator" and abolitionist publication - leader of the movement for immediate, uncompensated abolition - said that blacks were equal, and entitled to freedom and equal rights
787935104	Harriet Tubman	- escaped slave - started the Underground railroad, a system for escaping slaves - called the "Conductor", helped hundreds of slaves escape
787935105	Dred Scott v. Sanford	- 1857 Supreme Court case: slaves are not citizens - slaves are property, Missouri Compromise is dead - said since Scott was property, case shouldn't have even been brought to court
787935106	Popular Sovereignty	- measure proposed by Sen. Lewis Cass on slavery in new territories - allowed residents of a territory to vote on yes/no for slavery - Congress didn't approve, but it became a bigger idea in 1850s
787935107	Kansas-Nebraska Act	- 1854 legislation by Sen. Stephen Douglas on organizing territories - took Louisiana Purchase land and split into Kansas and Nebraska - unpopular with North, as it allowed possibility of slavery, therefore completely repealing Missouri Compromise
787935108	Douglas's Freeport Doctrine	- statement by Stephen Douglas at 2nd Lincoln-Douglas debate - used by Lincoln to prove Douglas was a hypocrite - when asked whether he believed in popular sovereignty or Dred Scott decision, he compromised, favoring popular sovereignty
787935109	Causes of Civil War	- maintain the Union, under Lincoln - stop expansion of slavery - eventually, with Emancipation Proclamation, to end slavery
787935110	Emancipation Proclamation	- 1863 decree by Lincoln that all slaves in Confederacy were free - not effective, simply symbolic - made North the moral side of the war
787935111	Radical Reconstruction	- Johnson, Lincoln's VP, now president, proposes plan - Johnson almost thrown out of office for obstructing reconstruction - Eventually radical republicans used 2/3 majority to pass legislation and override vetoes for an effective reconstruction plan
787935112	Compromise of 1877	- 1876 Pres. election Samuel Tilden (D) vs. Rutherford Hayes (R) - Tilden wins popular vote, Rutherford supposedly wins electoral vote - no winner clear, compromise makes Hayes the President, but Republicans will end Reconstruction
787935113	Knights of Labor	- first major labor union to survive through economic turmoil - included all workers to join: skilled, unskilled, blacks, women - ended after wrongfully associated with Haymarket Square Bombing in Chicago, 1886
787935114	Dawes Act	- 1887 legislation to assimilate stranded Native Americans - not wanted by the Native Americans, killed their tribal identity - eliminated by Indian Reorganization Act (1934) as it was discriminatory and hurtful for Native Americans
787935115	Social Gospel	- Protestant Christian movement around 1900 - applied Protestant Christian logic to social issues in US - tried to aid poverty, alcoholism, equality, and poor working conditions
787935116	Populists	- political party and movement led by disadvantaged farmers - William Jennings Bryan and "Cross of Gold" speech - fought for elimination of gold standard, unlimited silver coinage, graduated income tax, government regulation of major industry
787935117	Yellow Press	- started by William Randolph Heart's New York Journal stories - often highly exaggerated, encouraging impulsive American action - led US into Spanish American war with "Remember the Maine", firing up citizens
787935118	"New Immigration"	- immigration jumped in Gilded Age, post Civil War - mainly immigrants from South, East and Southeast Europe - result of poor European economic conditions
788097020	Open Door Policy	- European countries began claiming ports in China - US did not have a port, and China had huge economic opportunity - says China is open to trade with the United States
788097021	DuBois & Booker T. Washington	- W.E.B. DuBois wanted equality and full integration - Booker T. Washington pushed for blacks to find economic purpose - differed in that DuBois saw all as a equal, and Washington knew blacks were lesser at the time, and wanted them to fit it
788097022	Muckrakers	- term coined by T. Roosevelt for investigative journalism on business - showed political and social injustices in big business and politics - led by Sinclair Lewis, Mother Jones, Jacob Riis, and more
788637142	Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare	- U-boat campaign by Germany in relentlessly attacking Britain - led to the US involvement in WWI, along with Zimmerman Telegraph - sunk approximately 178 boats, and killed about 5000 in opposition Navy
788637143	Wilson's 14 Points	- 1918 plan by Wilson as a plan for restructuring post-WWI world - ideas rejected by European powers except for the League of Nations - plan included freedom of seas, removal of trade barriers, self-determination for Europeans, and international organization
788637144	Bonus Army	- 1932 organization of WWI veterans in Washington DC - result of Hoover's inaction during economic turmoil in US - WWI veterans demanded their bonuses be paid immediately, even though they were due in 1945
788637145	100 Day Congress, New Deal	- passed recovery legislation, more than ever in history - restricted more rights, and gave government more power than ever - GSA, NIRA, AAA, TVA, FERA, CCC, SEC all legislation passed in first 100 days of FDR presidency
788637146	Civilian Conservation Corps	- FDR agency created in first 100 days - provided/created outdoor work for 2.75M 18-24 year old men - projects included soil conservation, flood control, trail/road building, and forest projects
788667681	Cuban Missile Crisis	- 1962 event when US U2 spy planes saw Cuba was getting missiles - Missiles were from USSR, US ordered them to stop sending them - ended in 13 days after USSR stopped missiles in Cuba, and US stopped missiles in Turkey, and stopped Cuba interference
788667682	Brown v. Board of Education	- ordered immediate desegregation of schools and other public places - overturned "separate but equal" in Plessy v. Ferguson - major turning point in civil rights movement
788667683	Sputnik	- 1957 launching of Soviet sattelite into space - led to space race and education movement in US - government called for more and better technological and science education, from high school to graduate school
788667684	Sit-Ins	- form of civil disobedience by African Americans for civil rights - African Americans sat at white-only counters and areas - refused service or moving, when one group left, another would sit down, hurting business and making a point
788706952	Civil Rights Act of 1964	- most meaningful legislation to end Jim Crow in the South - passed by LBJ to end discrimination by race or sex - guaranteed equal opportunity with employment, public education, public services and voting
788706953	Malcolm "X"	- leader of Nation of Islam, member from 1952-1964 - fought for black separatism, and supremacy for blacks and islam - assassinated by Nation of Islam after changing opinion on black separatism
788706954	Gulf of Tonkin incident	- said that American destroyers were attacked in Gulf of Tonkin - Congress passed Gulf of Tonkin resolution, escalating confict - unofficially started Vietnam War, allowed LBJ to have a "blank check" in doing whatever he wanted in Vietnam
788706955	Watergate	- scandal regarding spying on Democrats led by Richard Nixon - 5 men were caught breaking in to Democratic HQ at DCCC - Nixon used executive privilege to not turn over evidence, supreme court made him, he deleted some, then resigned
788706956	Tet Offensive	- Vietcong and N. Vietnamese offensive against US - began on Tet, lunar calendar new year, everyone was celebrating - 1600 dead US, 40000 dead Vietcong, and while US stopped the attack, it showed that Vietcong could organize large attacks
788706957	Camp David Accords	- 1978 meeting of Middle East leaders organized by Carter - Egypt, Israel and US met at presidential retreat Camp David - after 13 days of meetings, the three had arranged a peace treaty, which worked, but tensions were still high

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Money and Banking Flashcards

The Definition of Money
The Importance of Money
The Functions of Money
The Demand for Money
The Supply of Money
United States Money Supply
Demand and Supply of Money and the Interest Rates
Who Determines the Money Supply
Changes in Money Supply and Interest Rates
Effects of Changes in Money Supply
Paper Money VS Gold Money
Money Supply Decision
The Money Markets

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996175973	Functions of Money	store of value. saving money.
996175979	Gold	changes all the time.
996175981	Store of Value	is best done by saving the money. If you want to store your value or reduce storage, you'll save it as money. In terms as money. To hold you savings. Savings account in the bank, IRA, saving bonds.
996175984	Medium of Exchange	Purchasing something.
996175986	Medium of Payment	money helps us to purchase things.
996175988	Medium of Exchange	same as means of payment. Most permanent use of money.
996175992	Standard of Value	means price. Things in terms of money. Price of something, standard of value.
996175994	There are 3 functions	1. Medium of Exchange 2. Store of Value 3. Standard of Value
996175997	Definition of Money	Money is what money does. Serves as a medium of exchange or means of payment.
996176001	Money	dollar & coins
996176013	Money	Has only one function. you can only buy with it. useful for buying things. to exchange. Anything which can buy something.
996176021	Money was used as	gold coins
996176028	money today	paper (dollar)
996176057	Backing up U.S money supplies	Keep gold reserved against the money issues.
996176129	Value of the Dollar	goes up and down
996176131	Creation of U.S money	printing of money. control inflation. Created when somebody can use new money from having no money. Money is created by lending.
996176135	Price value	The price that you bear for buying things.
996176138	Inflation	You pay more on everything. Happens when there's too much money in the market and there's no value. You pay the dollar and the actual value is less. The value of the money is less, you pay more for buying things. Value of the money is less.
996176139	price level & value of money	are opposite to each other. The value of the money goes up & the other one goes down.
996176140	means of payment	check. dollar. coin. credit card. You pay for something but you got no money. To pay bills, buy groceries, to pay rent.
996176141	credit card	pays off from your bank account.
996176143	Bartar	doesn't work these days. We no longer have to exchange for things.
996176144	money is used as	1. means of payment AKA medium of exchange. 2. store of value 3. Standard of value
996176145	Why people want money?	They need it for day to day needs. Buy things, make payment, pay bills. To make purchases. Whether the interest rate is up or down.
996176146	Interest rate	Doesn't affect the demand.
996176147	Asset	an investment. When you buy a house, you need money but, that would depend of the interest rate.
996176148	Investment	depends upon the interest rate.
996176156	Demand for money	comes from people. Doesn't depend upon the interest rate. Both demands combined together.
996176173	Things that depends on the interest rate	Investments like buying a house or cars
996176184	Things that doesn't depend upon the interest rate	Day to day needs or expenses.
996176582	Low interest rate	people buy
996176583	High interest rate	people hold on
996176584	Supply of Money	M1: currency in circulation plus checking account deposits M2: M1+savings deposits, small time deposits, and deposits in money market mutual funds
996176585	Who provides the money? (for the entire country)	The Federal of Reserve. (They print the money)
996176586	M1	Most liquid money. You can spend it right away. Currency (coins & bills) + demand deposits at banks + other checkable deposits (NOW accounts) at banks and at all other thrift institutions + travelers checks. Any bank is called M1. Child.
996176587	M2	M1 + small-denomination time deposits + money market deposit accounts and passbook savings deposits at all depository institutions + money market mutual funds shares + bank overnight repurchase agreements and Eurodollars. M2 includes M1. Not as liquid as M1. You have to wait until the time matures and then you can spend it. Parent.
996176588	thrift institutions	people who save money and don't get involved with the business. Saving banks. Time saving banks (saving bank gives you little interest) as compared to city banks (commercial bank doesn't give you interest)
996176589	small-denomination time deposits	Less than $100,000 for a fixed time period. CDs. It has to be a small amount of money. You can't spend it right away. You have to take the money and they will give you a penalty because it's fixed for a certain time.
996176590	money market deposit accounts	It gives you the interest rate, whatever the money weight is. The interest rate changes according to the money market conditions.
996176591	depository institutions	Commercial banks and thrift institutions; financial institutions that accept deposits from the public
996176592	passbook savings deposits	accounts sold to household customers in small denominations along with a small booklet or computer statement showing the account's current balance, interest earnings, deposits, and withdrawals
996176593	money market mutual funds	A company or a bank that takes money from you and invest for you. The mutual fund company lease the money for the other people. The people who don't like the interest rate (don't get anything) gives the money to the bank and they will invest it for them into shares, bonds and they will make money or lose money. Of course, it isn't for free. The company or bank that handles your money will charge you a fee. high/low funds. M2.
996176594	overnight repurchase agreements	City bank and Chase bank. City bank has to pay 1 billion dollars to the people who had invested their money. They need money/cash. City bank then runs out of cash, and City bank go to Chase to borrow 1 billion dollars. City bank has to give the money back the next day because it only needs it for one night because tomorrow it is going to be alright. That's why it's called repurchase agreement. Tomorrow City bank will buy it back and give the 1 billion dollars back to Chase. Chase made interest and City is saved by Chase because it got bailed out. Works only overnight.
996176595	The Federal of Reserve	Part of the government. An agency which is given the power by the government by the law of constitution to provide us the money. They print the bills. Can increase or decrease money with the monetary policy and physical policy. Not allowed to print more money than it's already in the country. They can print money to replace the old bill but not new currency.
996176596	NOW accounts	Notes Of Withdrawal. An agreement with the bank to withdrawal money once a week. Gives you little interest but they'll restrict you. You will not write a check as you please. For the people who want to make money in the market.
996176597	negotiable order of withdrawal	You can negotiate with the bank. You will write a check once a week and the bank will give you interest depending on the condition and the permit.
996176598	traveler checks	goes under M1. When you travel, you can give the money to the bank and they will issue you travel checks. If you lose it you can replace it. It's safe. Instead of carrying cash. If you want to pay, you pay with the check. You will not lose your money. You can spend it right away.
996176599	saving deposits	Included in M2.
996176600	Low funds	When you give the money to the bank, they take the fee upfront. They'll take the money out right away.
996176603	High funds	When you give the money, the bank does not charge you money upfront but they'll charge you a little fee.
996176606	Eurodollars	M2.It can be used as dollars.
996176611	M3	Takes M2 and adds large cities. If you want to spend money, the bank will give you a very heavy penalty. Least liquid. It includes everything. The amount of money that we have in the country. Includes M1 and M2. Grand daddy.
996176612	When adding M1	Currency (coins & paper money) + Checkable deposits Currency/Total * 100=percent% Checkable deposits/Total * 100=percent%
996176620	When adding M2	Savings and MMDA + small time deposits + money market mutual funds Savings and MMDA/Total * 100=percent% small time deposits/Total * 100=percent% money market mutual funds/Total * 100=percent%
996176641	When adding M3	large time deposits/ENTIRE total * 100=percent%
996176654	Money supply is approved by:	the Senate.
996176656	the supply of money	fixed. You can't increase or decrease.
996176665	Russia	They print money as they please on different colored paper and size. They print money on the newspaper. The inflation rate is unbelievable.
996176675	Demand for money for transactions	day to day needs. Stays fixed. Doesn't depend upon interest rates. Straight line (on the graph) No matter what the interest rate is, it's going to be the same demand.
996176677	Interest rate of the market	Where the demand of money & the supply of money intersect (on the graph)
996176711	commodity	money; anything that is bought or sold

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