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Campbell Biology Chapter 14&15 Mendel and the Gene Idea Flashcards

Genetics
Vocabulary (Chapter 14): character, trait, true-breeding, homozygous, heterozygous, hybridization, Law of Segregation, alleles, dominant, recessive, Punnett square, phenotype, genotype, testcross, monohybrid cross, dihybrid cross, Law of Independent Assortment, complete dominance, incomplete dominance, codominance, Tay-Sachs disease, pleiotropy, epistasis, multiple alleles, polygenic inheritance, quantitative characters, multifactorial characters, pedigree, carriers, albinism, cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell disease, Huntington's disease, achondroplasia, amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define diploid and state which cells in your body are diploid.
2. State the number of chromosomes in your diploid cells and state how many of those
chromosomes came from your father and how many came from your mother.
3. Distinguish between autosomes and sex chromosomes, state how many of each are in
your diploid cells, and state the sex-chromosome combinations that are in human males
and human females.
4. Describe an individual's karyotype.
5. Explain the relationship between genes and chromosomes.
6. Explain the relationship between genes and alleles.
7. Describe linked genes.
8. State the number of alleles you have for each gene in your diploid cells and state how
many of those alleles came from your father and how many came from your mother.
9. Distinguish between an individual's phenotype and genotype.
10. Distinguish between autosomal traits and sex-linked traits.
11. Distinguish between complete dominance, incomplete dominance, and codominance.
12. Describe the multiple allele inheritance pattern of the human ABO blood type.
13. Describe and give an example of polygenic inheritance.
14. Describe and give an example of epistasis.
15. Describe and give an example of pleiotropy.
16.

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1119059762	Concept 14.1 Mendel used the scientific approach to identify two laws of Inheritance	The Law of Segregation The Law of Independent Assortment
1119059763	Character	An observable heritable feature that may vary among individuals.
1119059764	Trait	One of two or more detectable variants in a genetic character.
1119059765	True-Breeding	Referring to organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self-pollination.
1119059766	hybridization	In genetics, the mating, or crossing, of two true-breeding varieties.
1119059767	P Generation	The true-breeding (homozygous) parent individuals from which F1 hybrid offspring are derived in studies of inheritance; P stands for "parental."
1119059768	F1 generation	The first filial, hybrid (heterozygous) offspring arising from a parental (P generation) cross.
1119059769	F2 generation	The offspring resulting from interbreeding (or self-pollination) of the hybrid FF1 generation.
1119059770	The Law of segregation	Mendel's first law, stating that the two alleles in a pair segregate (separate from each other) into different gametes during gamete formation.
1119059771	Allele	Any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects.
1119059772	Dominant Allele	An allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote.
1119059773	Recessive Allele	An allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote.
1119059774	Genotype	The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism.
1119059775	Phenotype	The EXPRESSED/observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup.
1119059776	The Law of Segregation	Mendel's first law, stating that the two alleles in a pair segregate (separate from each other) into different gametes during gamete formation.
1119059777	Punnett Square	A diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the predicted genotypic results of random fertilization in genetic crosses between individuals of known genotype.
1119059778	Homozygous	Having two identical alleles for a given gene.
1119059779	Heterozygous	Having two different alleles for a given gene.
1119059780	Phenotype	Expressed. The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup.
1119059781	Genotype	The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism.
1119059782	Testcross	Breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype. The ratio of phenotypes in the offspring reveals the unknown genotype.
1119059783	The Law of Independent Assortment	Mendel's second law, stating that each pair of alleles segregates, or assorts, independently of each other pair during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characters are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes or when they are far enough apart on the same chromosome to behave as though they are on different chromosomes.
1119059784	Monohybrids	An organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents homozygous for different alleles are monohybrids. For example, parents of genotypes AA and aa produce a monohybrid of genotype Aa.
1119059785	Monohybrid Cross	A cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for the character being followed (or the self-pollination of a heterozygous plant).
1119059786	Dihybrids	An organism that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents doubly homozygous for different alleles are dihybrids. For example, parents of genotypes AABB and aabb produce a dihybrid of genotype AaBb.
1119059787	Dihybrid Cross	A cross between two organisms that are each heterozygous for both of the characters being followed (or the self-pollination of a plant that is heterozygous for both characters).
1119059788	What is Mendel's Second Law?	The Law of Independent Assortment. Mendel's second law, stating that each pair of alleles segregates, or assorts, independently of each other pair during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characters are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes or when they are far enough apart on the same chromosome to behave as though they are on different chromosomes.
1119059789	Concept Check 14.1 Draw It. Pea Plants heterozygous for flower position and stem length (AaTt) are allowed to self pollinate, and 400 of the resulting seeds are planted. Draw a Punnett square for this cross. How many offspring would be predicted to have terminal flowers and be dwarf? (See Table 14.1)	refer to diagram
1119059790	Concept Check 14.1 What if? List all gametes that could be made by a pea plant heterozygous for seed color, seed shape, and pod shape (YyRrIi; see Table 14.1). How large a Punnett square would you need to draw to predict the offspring of a self-pollination of this trihybrid?	See table
1119059791	Concept Check 14.1 Make Connections. In some pea plant crosses, the plants are self-pollinated. Refer back to Concept 13.1 (pp. 248-249) and explain whether self-pollination is considered asexual or sexual reproduction.	Asexual
1119059792	Which choice below is a basic difference between Mendel's particulate hypothesis and the hypothesis of blending inheritance? (eText Concept 14.1) The blending inheritance hypothesis, but not the particulate hypothesis, maintained that mutation is the major source of new gene combinations. The blending inheritance hypothesis, but not the particulate hypothesis, maintained that the two alleles at any given locus are always different. The blending inheritance hypothesis, but not the particulate hypothesis, maintained that the traits governed by genes in the egg are different from the traits governed by genes in the sperm. The blending inheritance hypothesis, but not the particulate hypothesis, maintained that after a mating, the genetic material provided by each of the two parents is mixed in the offspring, losing its individual identity. All of the listed responses are correct.	The blending inheritance hypothesis, but not the particulate hypothesis, maintained that after a mating, the genetic material provided by each of the two parents is mixed in the offspring, losing its individual identity. The blending hypothesis maintained that the genetic material contributed by the two parents mixes in a manner analogous to the way blue and yellow paints blend to make green.
1119059793	If a plant variety is true-breeding for a dominant trait, then _____. (eText Concept 14.1) if the plant were allowed to self-pollinate, the dominant and recessive traits would consistently appear in a 3:1 ratio among the progeny the plant is heterozygous for the trait if the plant were crossed with a heterozygote, one-half of the progeny would show the dominant trait, and one-half would show the recessive trait if the plant were allowed to self-pollinate, all of the progeny would have the dominant trait the variety is unable to mutate	if the plant were allowed to self-pollinate, all of the progeny would have the dominant trait
1119059794	A = big apples; R = red apples; a = small apples; r = yellow apples. You have one tree that produces big yellow apples and another tree that produces small red apples. When the two are crossed, you find that half of the new trees produce big red apples and half produce big yellow apples. What are the genotypes of the parents? (eText Concept 14.1) AArr and aaRr Aarr and aaRr AARr and Aarr AaRr and AaRr AaRr and aarr	AArr and aaRr
1119059795	Assume tall (T) is completely dominant to dwarf (t) in a certain species of plant. If a homozygous dominant individual is crossed with a homozygous dwarf, the offspring will _____. (eText Concept 14.1) all be intermediate in height all be tall be 1/2 tall and 1/2 dwarf be 3/4 tall and 1/4 dwarf all be short	all be tall
1119059796	The F1 generation differed from the F2 in Mendel's experiments in that _____. (eText Concept 14.1) all of the F1 showed the dominant phenotype, whereas only half of the F2 did all of the F1 showed the dominant phenotype, but only three-fourths of the F2 did all of the F1 showed the dominant phenotype, and all of the F2 showed the recessive phenotype one-half of the F1 showed the dominant phenotype, and three-fourths of the F2 did none of the F1 showed the dominant phenotype, but one-half of the F2 did	all of the F1 showed the dominant phenotype, but only three-fourths of the F2 did
1119059797	Physically, what are different alleles? (eText Concept 14.1) Different alleles are different DNA sequences found at the same locus on sister chromatids. Different alleles are different particles found in gametes. Different alleles are different phenotypes for a particular character. Different alleles are different DNA sequences found at the same locus on homologous chromosomes. None of the listed responses is correct.	Different alleles are different DNA sequences found at the same locus on homologous chromosomes.
1119059798	In a certain plant, the alleles A, B, and C are completely dominant to the alleles a, b, and c. A plant with the genotype AABbcc will have the same phenotype as a plant with the genotype _____. (eText Concept 14.1) Aabbcc aabbcc AaBBcc AABBCc None of the listed responses is correct.	AaBBcc
1119059799	Pea plants are tall if they have the genotype TT or Tt, and they are short if they have genotype tt. A tall plant is mated with a short plant. Which outcome below would indicate that the tall parent plant was heterozygous? (eText Concept 14.1) All of the offspring are short. All of the offspring are tall. The ratio of tall offspring to short offspring is 3:1. The ratio of tall offspring to short offspring is 1:1. There is not enough information to answer the question.	The ratio of tall offspring to short offspring is 1:1.
1119059800	What is indicated when a single-character testcross yields offspring that all have the dominant phenotype? (eText Concept 14.1) The parent with the dominant phenotype was homozygous. The parent with the dominant phenotype was heterozygous. Epistasis has occurred. The alleles are codominant. Both parents are heterozygous.	The parent with the dominant phenotype was homozygous.
1119059801	If an organism that is homozygous dominant is crossed with a heterozygote for that trait, the offspring will be _____. (eText Concept 14.1) all of the dominant phenotype 1/4 of the recessive phenotype all homozygous dominant all homozygous recessive present in a 9:3:3:1 ratio	All of the dominant phenotype
1119059802	In Mendel's monohybrid cross of purple-flowered and white-flowered peas, all members of the F1 generation had the _____ phenotype because their genotype was _____ at the flower-color locus. (eText Concept 14.1) white-flowered ... homozygous recessive white-flowered ... heterozygous purple-flowered ... homozygous recessive purple-flowered ... homozygous dominant purple-flowered ... heterozygous	purple-flowered ... heterozygous
1119059803	If the two traits that Mendel looked at in his dihybrid cross of smooth yellow peas with wrinkled green peas had been controlled by genes that were located near each other on the same chromosome, then the F2 generation _____. (eText Concept 14.1) would have contained four phenotypes in a 9:3:3:1 ratio would have contained only individuals that were heterozygous at both loci would have deviated from the 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio that is predicted by the law of independent assortment would have contained no individuals that were heterozygous at both loci None of the listed responses is correct.	Would have deviated from the 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio that is predicted by the law of independent assortment If the two characters are located on the same chromosome, they will not segregate independently.
1119059804	In carrying out his breeding studies, Mendel examined characters that had which of the following properties? (eText Concept 14.1) They were controlled by loci that were (or behaved as if they were) on different chromosomes. It was possible to isolate true-breeding varieties for each trait. The traits varied in an either-or fashion. The characters each were controlled by a single gene. All of the listed responses are correct.	All of the listed responses are correct.
1119059805	The law of independent assortment _____. (eText Concept 14.1) states that the alleles at different loci segregate independently from one another during a dihybrid cross can account for a 9:3:3:1 ratio seen in the F2 generation applies only to genes that are present on different chromosomes (or behave as if they were) The first and second answers are correct. The first, second, and third answers are correct.	The first, second, and third answers are correct.
1119059806	Homologous pairs of chromosomes often _____. (eText Concept 14.1) carry different genes for different traits differ in length contain different alleles are not both present in diploid somatic cells are paired up in the G2 phase of the cell cycle	contain different alleles
1119059807	Concept 14.2 The laws of probability govern Mendelian Inheritance	...
1119059808	The multiplication rule	A rule of probability stating that the probability of two or more independent events occurring together can be determined by multiplying their individual probabilities.
1119059809	The addition rule	A rule of probability stating that the probability of any one of two or more mutually exclusive events occurring can be determined by adding their individual probabilities.
1119059810	Concept 14.3 Inheritance Patterns are often more complex than predicted by simple Mendelian Genetics	...
1119059811	Complete dominance	The situation in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable.
1119059812	Incomplete dominance	The situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele.
1119059813	Codominance	The situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways.
1119059814	Tay-Sachs Disease	A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a dysfunctional enzyme, leading to accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth, followed by death within a few years.
1119059815	Pleiotropy	The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects.
1119059816	Epistasis	A type of gene interaction in which the phenotypic expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited gene.
1119059817	Quantitative Characters	A heritable feature that varies continuously over a range rather than in an either-or fashion.
1119059818	Polygenic Inheritance	An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character.
1119059819	Norm of Reaction	The range of phenotypes produced by a single genotype, due to environmental influences.
1119059820	Multifactorial	Referring to a phenotypic character that is influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors
1119059821	Concept 14.4 Many Human Traits Follow Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance	...
1119059822	Pedigree	A diagram of a family tree with conventional symbols, showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring over multiple generations.
1119059823	Carriers	In genetics, an individual who is heterozygous at a given genetic locus for a recessively inherited disorder. The heterozygote is generally phenotypically normal for the disorder but can pass on the recessive allele to offspring.
1119059824	Cystic Fibrosis	A human genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele for a chloride channel protein; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consequent vulnerability to infection; fatal if untreated.
1119059825	Sickle Cell Disease	A recessively inherited human blood disorder in which a single nucleotide change in the Î²-globin gene causes hemoglobin to aggregate, changing red blood cell shape and causing multiple symptoms in afflicted individuals.
1119059826	Huntington's Disease	A human genetic disease caused by a dominant allele, characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms.
1119059827	Amniocentesis	A technique associated with prenatal diagnosis in which amniotic fluid is obtained by aspiration from a needle inserted into the uterus. The fluid and the fetal cells it contains are analyzed to detect certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus.
1119059828	Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)	A technique associated with prenatal diagnosis in which a small sample of the fetal portion of the placenta is removed for analysis to detect certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus.
1119059829	Concept 15.1 Mendelian Inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes	...
1119059830	Chromosome Theory of Inheritance	A basic principle in biology stating that genes are located at specific positions (loci) on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns.
1119059831	Wild Type	The phenotype most commonly observed in natural populations; also refers to the individual with that phenotype.
1119059832	Concept 15.2 Sex-Linked Genes Exhibit Unique Patterns of Inheritance	...
1119059833	Sex-Linked Gene	A gene located on either sex chromosome. Most sex-linked genes are on the X chromosome and show distinctive patterns of inheritance; there are very few genes on the Y chromosome.
1119059834	X-Linked Genes	A gene located on the X chromosome; such genes show a distinctive pattern of inheritance.
1119059835	Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy	A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele; characterized by progressive weakening and a loss of muscle tissue.
1119059836	Hemophilia	A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele resulting in the absence of one or more blood-clotting proteins; characterized by excessive bleeding following injury.
1119059837	Barr Body	A dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in cells of female mammals, representing a highly condensed, inactivated X chromosome.
1119059838	Concept 15.3 Linked Genes Tend to be Inherited Together because they are Located near Each Other on the Same Chromosome.	...
1119059839	Genetic Recombination	General term for the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent.
1119059840	Parental Types	An offsprring with a phenotyp that matches one of the true-breeding parental (P generation) phenotypes; also refers to the phenotype itself.
1119059841	Recombinant Types/Recombinants	An offspring whose phenotype differs from that of the true-breeding P generation parents; also refers to the phenotype itself.
1119059842	Crossing Over	The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis.
1119059843	Genetic Map	An ordered list of genetic loci (genes or other genetic markers) along a chromosome.
1119059844	Linkage map	A genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes.
1119059845	Map Units	A unit of measurement of the distance between genes. One map unit is equivalent to a 1% recombination frequency.
1119059846	Concept 15.4 Alterations of Chromosome Number or Structure Cause Some Genetic Disorders	...
1119059847	Nondisjunction	An error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from each other.
1119059848	Aneuploidy	A chromosomal aberration in which one or more chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number.
1119059849	Monosomic	Referring to a diploid cell that has only one copy of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two.
1119059850	Trisomic	Referring to a diploid cell that has three copies of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two.
1119059851	Polyploidy	A chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets. It is the result of an accident of cell division.
1119059852	Deletion	(1) A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage. (2) A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene.
1119059853	Duplication	An aberration in chromosome structure due to fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome, such taht a portion of a chromosome is duplicated.
1119059854	Inversion	An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from reattachment of a chromosomal fragment in a reverse orientation to the chromosome from which it originated.
1119059855	Translocation	(1) An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome. (2) During protein synthesis, the third stage in the elongation cycle, when the RNA carrying the growing polypeptide moves from the A site to the P site on the ribosome. (3) The transport of organic nutrients in the phloem of vascular plants.
1119059856	Down Syndrome	A humaan genetic disease usually caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21; characterized by developmental delays and heart and other defects that are generally treatable or non-life threatening.
1119059857	Concept 15.5 Some Inheritance Patterns are exceptions to Standard Mendelian Inheritance	...
1119059858	Genomic Imprinting	A phenomenon in which expression of an allele in offspring depends on whether the allele is inherited from the male or female parent.

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Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 Flashcards

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363904484	Issue/Background	A Louisiana man by the name of Homer Plessy, who was seven eighths white, sat in an all white railway car and was arrested. The main issue of the case was whether or not segregation based on race was permissible by the Constitution.
363904485	Decision/Impact	The court ultimately upheld Louisiana's state law that permitted "separate, but equal" facilities. The impact of this court case was massive; it set precedent that segregation was acceptable by law. It also blocked any further legislation meant to disband segregation for the next half of a century.

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Math Lesson 64 Multiplying Mixed Numbers Flashcards

Math Lesson 64 Multiplying Mixed Numbers

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1032949031	improper fraction	Has a numerator that is greater than or equal to its denominator.
1032949032	Estimate each sum or difference. 1. 3 6/7 - 2 1/3 2. 5 2/3 + 7 1/5 3. 8 7/9 - 2 6/7 4. 6 5/6 + 1 1/7
1032949033	Estimating Products of Mixed Numbers	To estimate the product of mixed numbers, round the mixed numbers to the nearest whole number and then multiply. If the fraction part of a mixed number is 1/2 or greater, round up, if less than 1/2, round down.
1032949034	One of the smallest newspapers ever printed has a page size of 2 3/4 inches long by 1 1/4 inches wide. Estimate the area of the page.	2 4/16 = 2 1/4
1032949035	Estimate. a. 5 5/6 x 6 4/9 b. 7 11/16 x 7 1/5	a. 5 5/6 x 6 4/9 6 x6 = 36 b. 7 11/16 x 7 1/5 8 x 7 = 56
1032949036	Multiplying Mixed Numbers	To find the product of mixed numbers, write each mixed number as an improper fraction before multiplying.
1032949037	Find the product: 2 2/3 x 3 1/4
1032949038	Find each product. a. 1 1/4 x 2 3/4 b. 7 1/3 x 3 3/4
1032949039	Multiplying Using Improper Fractions 1 1/3 x 3 1/2
1032949040	Explain how to multiply mixed numbers.	1 1/2 x 3 3/4 = 3/2 x 51/4 1)You have to put your fraction into an improper fraction. 4 5/8 2)Then simplify if you can or multiply. 4 5/8 3)Then you make it a mixed fraction. 4)Then reduce if you can.
1032949041	What is the correct first step when multiplying mixed numbers? a. rewrite the mixed numbers as improper fractions b. eliminate common factors between the whole numbers c. find a common denominator d. cross multiply numerators and denominators	a. rewrite the mixed numbers as improper fractions
1032949042	Find the product: 2 3/4 • 2 2/3 a. 2 b. 4 1/2 c. 4 7/12 d. 7 1/3	d. 7 1/3
1032949043	Which of the following expressions will give an improper fraction that is equivalent to the mixed number 2 3/4? a. 2•3/4 b. 2•4+3/4 c. 2•3+4/4 d. 2¢4/3	b. 2•4+3/4
1032949044	Which of the following will result in the greatest value? a. 2•2 b. 2 1/2 • 2 1/2 c. 2 1/4 • 2 1/4 2 1/2 • 2 1/4	b. 2 1/2 • 2 1/2
1032949045	You are wrapping boxes for a fundraiser. You have 87 large boxes. You need 2 3/4 feet of ribbon for each large box. you have 48 small boxes. You need 1 5/6 feet of ribbon for each small box. each roll of ribbon has 50 feet of ribbon. a. Estimate the number of feet of ribbon you will need. Show your work and justify you estimate. b. Find the exact number of feet of ribbon you will need. Show your work. c. Find the exact number of rolls of ribbon you need to buy. Does it differ from your estimate? Explain why or why not.	a. 87 x 2 3~ 90 x 3 = 270 48 x 1 5/6 ~ 50 x 2 = 100 270 + 100 = 370 I need about 370 ft of ribbon. b. 87 x 2 3/4 = 239 1/4; 48 x 1 5/6 = 88 239 1/4 + 88 = 327 1/4 I need 327 1/4 ft of ribbon. c. Round 327 1/4 up to the nearest multiple of 50. 327 1/4 ~ 350; 350 ¿ 50 = 7 I need 7 rolls of ribbon. It is less than my estimate because I rounded up.
1032949046	Evaluate for x = 3 3/4 23x + 3 a. 45 b. 12 c. 48 d. 183	c. 48
1032949047	Estimate the area of a picture measuring 5 1/3 feet by 6 1/5 feet. a. 36 ft^2 b. 42 ft^2 c. 30 ft^2 d. 35 ft^2	c. 30 ft^2
1032949048	Evaluate the expression for x = 3 3/4 5 1/2x + 2 2/5x a. 21 11/20 b. 29 5/8 c. 21 3/10 d. 22 2/5	b. 29 5/8
1032949049	Estimate the product. 6 6/7 • 5 1/7 a. 30 b. 11 c. 42 d. 35	d. 35
1032949050	Estimate the product. 7 6/7 • 4 1/7 a. 40 b. 28 c. 32 d. 11	c. 32
1032949051	b. 4 1/2 cups	Deanna's cake recipe needs to be doubles for a party. How much flour will she need for the party cake? a. 3 3/4 cups b. 4 1/2 cups c. 5 cups d. 6 3/4 cups
1032949052	Estimate the product. 5 1/3 x 11 3/5 a. 65 b. 50 c. 55 d. 60	d. 60
1032949053	A hamster is 2 1/2 inches long. A rabbit is 3 1/2 times as long as the hamster. How long is the rabbit? a. 8 3/4 inches b. 6 inches c. 7 1/2 inches d. 8 1/4 inches	a. 8 3/4 inches
1032949054	Find the product. 2 2/3 • 1 2/3 a. 2 4/9 b. 4 4/9 c. 1 4/9 d. 4 1/3	b. 4 4/9
1032949055	d. 1 1/2	Deanna's cake recipe needs to be doubled for a party. How much milk will she need for the party cake? a. 3/4 cup b. 2 cups c. 2 1/4 cups d. 1 1/2 cups
1032949056	Ken used a piece of lumber to build a bookshelf. If he made three shelves that are 2 1/2 feet long, how long was the piece of lumber? a. 7 1/2 feet b. 6 1/2 feet c. 4 1/2 feet d. 5 feet	a. 7 1/2 feet
1032949057	Find the product. 3 1/2 • 4 1/2 a. 8 b. 4 c. 15 3/4 d. 12 1/4	c. 15 3/4
1032949058	Evaluate the expression for x = 3 3/4 8x + 4 a. 10 c. 30 c. 124 d. 34	d. 34
1032949059	Estimate the area of a picture measuring 1 1/2 feet by 8 1/9 feet. a. 9 ft^2 b. 8 ft^2 c. 16 ft^2 d. 18 ft^2	c. 16 ft^2
1032949060	Estimate the product. 3 8/9 • 4 1/5 a. 7 b. 20 c. 12 d. 16	d. 16
1032949061	A gallon of water weighs 8 1/3 lb. How much does 1 1 1/5 gal of water weigh? a. 12 lb b. 8 1/15 lb c. 10 lb d. 11 1/2 lb	c. 10 lb
1032949062	Find the product. Simplify. 7/9 of 27 a. 1/21 b. 10 c. 21 d. 34/9	c. 21
1032949063	Find the product. Simplify. 1/7 x 8/9 a. 9/56 b. 56/9 c. 8/63 d. 63/8	c. 8/63
1032949064	Estimate the product. (Hint: round each fractional part to 0, 1/2, or 1) 11 7/8 x 2 1/6 a. 26 5/6 b. 25 c. 24 d. 23	c. 24

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Math Rocks 12/11/13 Vocabulary Study Set Flashcards

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1117998287	Axis	1. An imaginary line through a body, about which it rotates. 2. An imaginary line about which a regular figure is symmetrically arranged. 3. A fixed reference line for the measurement of coordinates.
1117998336	Bar Graph	A graph that uses horizontal or vertical bars to display data
1117998337	Box-and-Whisker Plot	a graphic way to display the median, quartiles, and extremes of a data set on a number line to show the distribution of the
1117998338	Certain	known for sure; established beyond doubt.
1117998339	Circle Graph	A method of displaying data, often used to show information about percentages or parts of a whole. A circle graph is made of a circle divided into sectors.
1117998340	Diagram	A chart or graph usually used to illustrate a concept or describe the relationship of parts to a whole.
1117998341	Experimental probability	A probability that is determined through experimentation. For example, you could find the experimental probability of getting a head when you toss a coin by tossing a coin many times and keeping track of the outcomes. The experimental probability would be the ratio of the number of heads to the total number of tosses or trials, Experimental probability may not be the same as the theoretical probability. However, for a large number of trials they are likely to be close. Experimental probabilities can be used to predict behavior over the long run.
1117998342	Frequency Table	A table for organizing a set of data that shows the number of times each item or number appears.
1117998343	Impossible	something that cannot be done
1117998344	Inequality	1.A mathematical sentence that contains less than, greater than, less than or equal to, greater than or equal to, or not equal 2.A statement that compares two quantities using <, >, ≤,≥, or ≠
1117998345	Least Likely	lesser chance of happening
1117998347	Line Graph	A graph that uses line segments to show changes that occur over time
1117998348	Line Plot	A method of visually displaying a distribution of data values where each data value is shown as a dot or mark above a number line. Also known as a dot plot.
1117998349	Mean	A measure of center in a set of numerical data, computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing by the number of values in the list;an averege
1117998351	Median	A measure of center in a set of numerical data. The median of a list of values is the value appearing at the center of a sorted version of the list - or the mean of the two central values if the list contains an even number of values.
1117998352	Mode	A measure of central tendency for a distribution, represented by the score that occurs more often than any other.
1117998354	Most Likely	the event that has the best chance of happening
1117998355	Outcome	A possible result of a probability experiment
1117998357	Outlier	a data point that is substantially outside the normal range of the data points being analyzed
1117998360	Probability	The likelihood that a particular event will occur
1117998363	Range	Distance between highest and lowest scores in a set of data.
1117998364	Rise	the vertical distance between the two points on the graph.
1117998365	Scale	1. A straight-edged strip of rigid material marked at regular intervals and used to measure distances. 2. A proportion between two sets of dimensions used in developing accurate, larger or smaller prototypes, or models of design ideas.
1117998367	Scatter Plot	A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation
1117998370	Stem and Leaf Plot	A method of graphing a collection of numbers by placing the "stem" digits (or initial digits) in one column and the "leaf" digits (or remaining digits) out to the right.
1117998375	Table	A grid comprised of horizontal rows and vertical columns into which you can enter data.
1117998376	Tree Diagram	A branching diagram that shows all possible combinations or outcomes of an event

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AP U.S.history ch 11-13 Flashcards

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518714741	Vice president of Thomas Jefferson by turning NY in favor of him. Dropped from cabinet in second term to join group of federalist extremists 2 plot succession on New England. Shot Hamilton in duel when he foiled plans	Vice president of Thomas Jefferson by turning NY in favor of him. Dropped from cabinet in second term to join group of federalist extremists 2 plot succession on New England. Shot Hamilton in duel when he foiled plans
518714742	John Quincy Adams	6th president of the United States father of modern navy- refused to go to war with France
518714743	samuel chase	supreme court justice of whom the Democratic-Republican Congress tried to remove in retaliation of the John Marshall's decision regarding Marbury; was not removed due to a lack of votes in the Senate. 1804
518714744	toussaint l' ouveture	lead ex slaves on santo dominico island against napolean. While eventually dereated, his resistance never allowed Napolean to capture the island. No island, no need for louisiana
518714745	the prophet	Attacked advancing governoer of indiana territory and his army. The Prophet and his army were defeated at the battle of Tipacanoe
518714746	Tecumseh	Tecumseh and the prophet put together Indian confederacy of all tribes east of the missisippi. Told supporters to never sell land- death if they did
518714747	James Madison	4th president of the U.S.
518714748	Napolean Bonaparte	Got Missippi from Spain, later sold land to U.S. when he abandon idea of new world empire
518714749	John Marshal	Was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and he established the ideal of Judicial review and determining whether a law is constitutional or not through his ruling (checked Legislature and Executive) Committed to federalist ideas
518714750	zebulon Pike	Leader 1807 southern expedition in the Louisiana Territory
518714751	Robert Livingston	American minister in France who negotiated Louisiana purchase for 15 million
518714752	Albert Gallatin	Jefferson's Secretary of Treasury who was a financial wizard - reduced govt. spending through careful management. Did not tamper with federalist programs for funding public debt
518714753	William clark and Meriwether Lewis	explored northwestern part of purchase in 2.5 year expedition. Clark was a young army officer
518714754	Thomas Jefferson	A prominent statesman, Thomas Jefferson became George Washington's first secretary of state. Along with James Madison, Jefferson took up the cause of strict constructionists and the Republican Party, advocating limited federal government. As the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809, Jefferson organized the national government by Thomas Jefferson Republican ideals, doubled the size of the nation, and struggled to maintain American neutrality. Sent out Lewis and Clark Expedition
518714755	Mosquito Fleet	Jefferson's navy of small boats/ coastal craft Numbered about 200. Frail and vulnerable
518714756	Non intercourse act	1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.
518714757	Embargo act	signed by thomas jefferson in 1807 - stop export of all american goods and american ships from sailing for foreign ports. Retalliation of chesapeake insident
518714758	Louisiana Purchase	Napolean trying 2 end 20 month conflict with Britain and feared U.S. alliance with Britain. Needed $ and this would improve U.S./France relations
518714759	Marbury vs. Madison	The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, in this case the Judiciary Act of 1789.
518714760	Chesapeake incident	An Incident that took place in 1807 off the coast of Virginia. A royal frigate overhauled a U.S frigate and demanded the surrender of four alleged deserters. The American commander refused the request. The British warship thereupon fired three devastating broadsides at close range killing three Americans and wounding eighteen. Significance: This incident aggravated the Americans and raised tension between the two countries. It also was a major event leading to the war of 1812.
518714761	midnight judges	The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.
518714762	Revolution of 1800	Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."
518714763	Orders in council	British laws which led to the War of 1812. Orders-in-council passed in 1807 permitted the impressment of sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports from which Britain was excluded unless they first went to Britain and traded for British goods.
518714764	Judiciary Act 1801	a law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists, One of the last important laws passed by the expiring Federalist Congress. It created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. This was Adams's last attempt to keep Federalists power in the new Republican Congress. His goal was for federalists to dominate the judicial branch of government.
518714765	Judiciary act 1789	established a Supreme Court and district courts (1789)
518714766	War hawks	Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand. Wanted to remove indian threat from pioneer
518714767	Macon's bill no.2	1810 - said if either nation repealed its restrictions on neutral shipping the US would halt trade with the other. The law lifted all embargoes with Britain and France (for three months). If either one of the two countries ceased attacks upon American shipping, the United States would end trade with the other, unless that other country agreed to recognize the rights of the neutral American ships as well
518714768	economic coercion	Jefferson came up with the Embargo Act which cut off all trade with all countries. Jefferson hoped this would force the English to come to his terms and stop stealing American sailors. This, however, did not work and greatly hurt American trade.
518714769	impressment	British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service
518714770	impeachment	a formal accusation of misconduct in office against a public official- Republicans tried to throw out federalist Samuel Chase
518714771	Judicial Review	The power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional
518714772	patronage	(politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support
518714773	CHAPTER 12	...
518714774	James Monroe	He was the fifth President of the United States. He is the author of the Monroe Doctrine. Proclaimed that the Americas should be closed to future European colonization and free from European interference in sovereign countries' affairs. It further stated the United States' intention to stay neutral in European wars. Took tour in 1817 to inspect millitary defenses
518714775	John Quincy Adams	6th U.S. President. 1825-1829. Democratic-Republican. Secretary of State under Monroe. Skilled diplomat as evidenced by the Adams-Onis Treaty (got Florida) and the Treaty of Ghent. Wrote the Monroe Doctrine. Accused of winning the presidency with a "corrupt bargain" with Clay.
518714776	Francis Scott Key	United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812. The poem later became the Star Spangled Banner.
518714777	Thomas Macdonough	naval officer who forced the invading British army near Plattsburgh to retreat on September 11, 1814; He saved the upper New York from conquest.
518714778	Oliver Hazard Perry	"We have me the enemy, and they are ours." Naval hero during the War of 1812. Won battle on Lake Erie against the British. Redcoats forced to retreat from detroit
518714779	James Madison	4th U.S. President from 1809-1817. Democratic-Republican, Strict constructionist, father of the Constitution, leads nation through War of 1812
518714780	John Marshall	created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court- appointed by john Adams
518714781	Daniel Weber	defended New England's shipping interest, known as the only person who served as secretary of state throughout 3 presidencies, also known as being an influential Whig leader of the second party system. Senator who spoke of his federal and national philosophy before senate and supreme court- kept state on new Hampshire college funding that was started by king george 3rd in 1769. Faught for states rights
518714782	nationalism	love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it
518714783	Russo- American Treaty of 1824	This treaty between Russia and America set the southern borders of Russian holdings in America at the line of 54 degrees- 40', or the modern southern tip of Alaska.
518714784	nonintervention	a foreign policy of staying out of other countries' disputes
518714785	noncolonization	Noncolonization is part of the Monroe Doctrine that was written in 1823. Noncolonization said that America was closed to anymore colonization. A colonization attempt by anyone would be deemed a threat to the United States. It was created by the U.S. to protect the Western Hemisphere.
518714786	Andrew Jackson	crushed southwest indians at battle of horseshoe bend. Placed in command to defend New Orleans. British tried frontal attack and failed- lost 2000 men vs 70
518714787	Treaty of 1818	the upper most border of the U.S. at 49th parallel, Treaty between Britain and America, it allowed the Americans to share coveted the Newfoundland fisheries with Canada, and gave both countries a joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for the next 10 years.
518714788	Dartmouth College VS woodward	Marshall ruled that Dartmouth College's charter that had been granted by King George was to be upheld because it was a contract. Set precedent for protecting businesses from state governments. Example of federal law surpassing state law.
518714789	Fletcher Vs peck	Supreme Court could invalidate could invalidate state by confliction with federal constitution Georgia's sale of thirty-five million acres of land was repealed after public protests about its illegitimacy. Marshall ruled the original transaction binding because state governments had not right to "impair," or interfere with, transactions. Example of federal law surpassing state law., John Marshall ruled against a state legislature that invalidated corrupt land sales in order to protect property rights.
518714790	gibbons Vs ogden	This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights.
518714791	cohens vs Virgina	cohens illegaly sold lottery tickets, va court guilty est federal court review of state courts. State won case, but lost power 2 make final decision to federal gov't
518714792	McCulloch vs Maryland	The state of Maryland taxed banknotes produced by the Bank of the United States, claiming that the Bank was unconstitutional. Using implied powers, Marshall countered that the Bank was constitutional and ruled that Maryland was forbidden from taxing the Bank.
518714793	protective tariff	a tariff imposed to protect domestic firms from import competition
518714794	Missouri Comprimise	missouri entered as a slave state, maine entered as a free state. they drew an imaginary at latitude 36 30`. anything north of the line can't be a slave state.
518714795	constitution	law determining the fundamental political principles of a government
518714796	pecular institution	Another term for slavery; The owning of human beings existed in a country that practiced liberty.
518714797	land act of 1820	authorized a buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres at a minimum of $1.25 an acre. The West also demanded cheap transportation and cheap money.
518714798	ohio fever	the rush of people going West because of cheap land, especially European immigrants
518714799	panic of 1819	A natural post-war depression caused by overproduction and the reduced demand for goods after the war. However, it was generally blamed on the National Bank.
518714800	era of good feelings	A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts. Issues lurked beneath surface
518714801	internal improvements	improvements on roads and transportation inside a state- congress voted in 1817 to give each state 1.5 million for internal imp- Madison vetoed it
518714802	Tallmadge Amendment	This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.
518714803	tariff of 1816	first tariff instituted primarily for protection rather than revenue
518714804	sectionalism	loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole
518714805	Virginia dynasty	"dynasty" comprised of the four of the first five presidents (Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe), all of whom Virginian plantation owners. Hartford Convention prohibeted election of 2 presidents from the same state 2 years in a row
518714806	American System	1824 Economic program by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank that would provide easy/abundant credit and create high tariffs that would provide for internal improvements, especially in the ohio river valley. Emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy- products would flow from south and west to north and east
518714807	Washington Irving/James Fenimore Cooper	He with James Fenimore Cooper received recognitions as the nations first writers of importance 2 use American themes and things
518714808	Rush Bagot Agreement	an agreement that limited navel power on the great lakes for both the united states and british canada. (by 1870's, agreements 2 share great lakes made
518714809	Hartford Convention	late 1814 - A convention of New England merchants who opposed the Embargo and other trade restriction, and the War of 1812. When it seemed New Orleans was captured, Massachusetts called convention. They proposed some Amendments to the Constitution and advocated the right of states to nullify federal laws. They also discussed the idea of seceding from the U.S. if their desires were ignored. The Hartford Convention turned public sentiment against the Federalists and led to the demise of the party. Final report demanded $ assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade
518714810	Treaty of Ghent	Sir Alexander I of Russia proposed mediation between U.S. and Britain. John Quincy Adams lead negotiations. No decisions made about the Indian menace or such and seizures. was an agreement signed by the Americans and the British that agreed to stop fighting which potentially led to the end of the War of 1812. It was signed before the Battle of New Orleans, but Americans did not learn of the treaty until after the victory at New Orleans. Americans assumed the "victory" for the war. The British signed quickly because they were more concerned with European affairs.
518714811	Battle of Horsehoe bend	Andrew Jackson defeated Southwest Indians at this battle
518714812	star spangled banner	written by Francis Scott Key as he watched the British bombard Ft. McHenry in Baltimore Harbor
518714813	battle of Plattsburgh	battle in which Macdonough challenged and defeated the British near Plattsburgh; close to defeat, Macdonough reversed his ship, confronted the enemy with a fresh broadside and won; forced British to retreat, saved NY from conquest and the Union from dissolution. Battle of Plattsburgh forced advancing British army to retreat
518714814	Burning of Washington DC	british force of 4000 landed in Chesapeake Bay area- British displaced panicky militia at Bladensburg
518714815	Battle of the Thames	Redcoats were forced to withdraw from Detroit due to Oliver Hazard Perry and were defeated by General Harrison's army at this battle in oct 1813, Battle at which Tecumseh died in, which ended the Indian confederation
518714816	Monroe Doctrine	A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.
518714817	Florida Purchase	Under the Adams-Onis Treaty, Spain ceded Florida to US; US relinquished its claim on Texas back to Spain. Western boundaries of Louisiana Purchace runs zig-zag along the Rockies 2 42nd parallel and then west 2 pacific
518714818	CHAPTER 13	...
518714819	rotation in office	Jackson's system of periodically replacing officeholders to allow ordinary citizens to play a more prominent role in government, Beginning in 1829, Jackson said "no one man has any more intrinsic right to office than another."
518714820	William harrison	Whigs candidate for 1840 election- believed to be most able voter getter- was at the battle of Tipacanoe and the Thames- considered a hero. 9th president- issueless and penniless , was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.
518714821	second party system	first representation in 1840 elections between Democrats and Whigs. First time true full blown party system emerged.
518714822	Jacksonian democrats	believed in agrarian society; distrusted powerful central government both economically and politically; opposed reform movements
518714823	whigs	conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. . Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster
518714824	Santa anna	Put Sam Huston in jail for trying to negotiate differences with the Mex. gov't. Mexican dictator who was in charge when war broke out between the Mexicans and Americans. He lost Texas to rebels, and was the leader of the armed forces during the war. Raised army to supreme Texans and swept into Texas in 1836 when they declared independence
518714825	Martin Van Buren	8th President of the United States (1782-1862), Served as secretary of state during Andrew Jackson's first term, vice president during Jackson's second term, and won the presidency in 1836. Had to deal with The Jaksonian depression
518714826	Sam Huston	in 1833 went to negotiate differences with Mexican government Who commanded the texas army and became the president of the republic of texas
518714827	Stephen Austin	in 1827 granted huge piece of land if he cuold bring 300 families from the United States. known as the Father of Texas. Immigrants had to be roman catholic and settlers properly Mexicanized
518714828	independent treasury	President Van Buren's plan to keep government funds in its own vaults and do business entirely in hard money rather than keep them in deposits within shaky banks.
518714829	Daniel Webster	Created bill that would have renewed the Bank f the U.S. Henry Clay wanted bill renewed before 1832 so Jackson would need 2 make a decision on it. In Clay's mind-if Jackson was for it- loose western support, against it, looses presidency because of the wealthy and influential. Jackson vetoed bill
518714830	King mob	Nickname for all the new participants in government that came with Jackson's presidency. This nickname was negative and proposed that Jackson believed in too much democracy, perhaps leading to anarchy
518714831	Andrew Jackson	The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers. "his passions were so profound, that on occasion, he would choke with silence when he tried to speak
518714832	Nicholas Biddle	smart but arrogant president of the bank of the United States, He was an American financier who was also president of the Bank of the United States. He was also known for his bribes. He was in charge during the bank war, where Jackson refused to deposit federal funds, which bled the bank dry. He also showed the corruption of the bank.
518714833	John c Calhoun	Wrote South Carolina Exposition which protested the tarriff of abominations. Vice president of Jackson stated tarrif unconstitutional and unjust. Leader of South Carolina's offense to nullification of the Tarrif of 1832. Saw nullification as way to save union and prevent a southern secession
518714834	Henry Clay	Senator who persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Maine into the Union as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state. Speaker of house who broke presidential tie and got
518714835	corrupt bargain	In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.
518714836	osceola	Seminole leader who resisted the removal of his people from Florida in the 1830s. He died under suspicious circumstances after being tricked into surrendering (1837). 4/5 of his tribe were moved, the rest hid
518714837	Black hawk	Sauk leader who in 1832 led Fox and Sauk warriors against the United States (1767-1838) in state of illinois who were resisting eviction. defeated 1832
518714838	John Quincy Adms	Sixth President of the United States, 1825-1829; proposed greater federal involvement in the economy through tariffs and improvements such as roads, bridges, and canals. South thought if the gov't can get it's hands on education, it could (and they were right) get it's hands on slavery issue
518714839	john tyler	Vice-president under Harrison brought in to gain support of the South. His presidency was responsible for the veto against another Bank of the U.S and settled the Texas and Maine disputes in the country
518714840	William Crawford	Originally from Georgia, Crawford ran in the 1824 election representing the south. He was forced to drop out of the race due to a stroke.
518714841	Alex de Tocqueville	French writer who expanded idea of american democracy and advocated prison reform in america.
518714842	Democratic Republican	Founded by Thomas Jefferson, the Democratic Republicans favored states rights and opposed the Federalist Party. The victory of the Democratic Republicans marked the first party overturn in American history. Later party of Andrew Jackson
518714843	antislavery	Opposed to human slavery.
518714844	Lone star	texas declared independence in 1836 and Houston forced signed treaty with Santa Ana in 1836. Made Sam Huston commander in cheif
518714845	Divorce bill	A bill passed by Van Buren in 1837, that divorced the government from banking altogether, and established an independent treasury, so the governemtn could lock its money in vaults in several of the larger cities.
518714846	favorite sons "plan" (unofficial stratagy)	plan of the Whigs to run several "favorite sons" in election in hope of spreading out the votes so issue goes to the house of reps where whigs might have a chance
518714847	favorite son	whigs- William Henry Harrison of Ohio- Tippecanoe
518714848	annexation	The adding of a region to the territory of an existing political unit.
518714849	pet banks	State banks where Andrew Jackson placed deposits removed from the federal National Bank., federal funds were deposited into these pro Jackson institutions. Banks flooded country with paper $
518714850	panic of 1837	When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.
518714851	specie circular	issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.
518714852	Anti masonic party	third party which attracted support from evangelical Protestants and were against secret societies. Considered secret societies citadels of privilage and monopoly. Jackson was a mason and publically gloried being one. Party against Jackson
518714853	Bank of the united states	notes in silver and gold so value did not fluctuate. Most powerful bank in the U.S. accountable not to the people, but investors. Foreclosed many western farms. Profit, not public service was first priority
518714854	trail of tears	Jackson uprooted more than 100,000 indians by using indian removal act of 1830 to do so
518714855	Tariff of 1833	made by henry clay, it reduced the tariff of 1832, with a 10 percent decrease every year for 10 years, when the tariff rate would be back to where it was in 1816.
518714856	force bill	Authorizes president to use army/navy if necessary to collect federal tariff duties- SC nullifies it again
518714857	nullification	The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution.
518714858	tariff of 1832	a slightly lower tariff compared to the Tariff of 1828/ tariff of abominations. It fell short of the South's demands
518714859	slaveocracy	society organized around slavery; slaveholders have power, Although large planters represented only 0.5% of the white population, they virtually controlled the economic, social, legal, and political institutions of the South and even of the nation. ). Southern planters exercised powers in excess of their numbers. The South was an oligarchy—governed by an elite. They controlled the state legislatures, governorships, and legal system.
518714860	tariff of abominations	protected north, but felt like restrictive burden 2 south
518714861	revolution of 1828	Jackson's election showed shift of political power to "the common man" (1828), when the government changed hands from quincy adams to jackson. first shift in parties
518714862	south carolina exposition	written by John C. Calhoun denouncing the 1828 Tariff as unconstitutional and that the states should declare it null and void. Carolina had threatened to secede if the tariff was not revoked; Calhoun suggested state nullification as a more peaceful solution.
518714863	spoils system	The practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs. Jackson made this practice famous for the way he did it on a wide scale.
518714864	corrupt bargain	In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.
518714865	12th amendment	Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie, stated that presidential and vice-presidential nominees would run on the same party ticket. Before that time, all of the candidates ran against each other, with the winner becoming president and second-place becoming vice-president.

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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter Ch 17: From Gene to Protein (vocabulary) Flashcards

Chapter 17
Protein Synthesis / Gene Expression
Vocabulary: transcription, translation, messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, ribosome, primary transcript, genetic code, triplet code, template strand, codon, anticodon, reading frame, RNA polymerase, promoter region, TATA box, RNA processing, RNA splicing, introns, exons, ribozymes, wobble, polyribosomes (polysomes), mutation, point mutation, frameshift mutation base-pair substitution, silent mutation, missense mutation, nonsense mutation, mutagen
Word Roots
anti- = opposite (anticodon: a specialized base triplet on one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule)
exo- = out, outside, without (exon: a coding region of a eukaryotic gene that is expressed)
intro- = within (intron: a noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene)
muta- = change; -gen = producing (mutagen: a physical or chemical agent that causes mutations)
poly- = many (poly-A tail: the modified end of the 3[H11032] end of an mRNA molecule consisting of the addition of some 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides)
trans- = across; -script = write (transcription: the synthesis of RNA on a DNA template)

Terms : Hide Images

1066227678	Concept 17.1: Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation
1066227679	gene expression	the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, just RNAs
1066227680	transcription	the synthesis of RNA using a DNA template
1066227681	messenger RNA	a type of RNA, synthesized using a DNA template, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein
1066227682	translation	the synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule
1066227683	ribosome	a complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm
1066227684	Concept 17.2: Transcription is the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA: a closer look	...
1066227685	primary transcript	an initial RNA transcript; also called pre-mRNA when transcribed from a protein-coding gene
1066227686	triplet code	a set of three-nucleotide-long words that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains
1066227687	template strand	the DNA strand that provides the pattern for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript
1066227688	codon	a three nucleotide sequence of mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal
1066227689	reading frame	on the mRNA, the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis
1066227690	Concept 17.3: Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription	...
1066227691	RNA polymerase	an enzyme that links ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription
1066227692	promoter	a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place
1066227693	terminator	a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene and signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule and detach from the DNA
1066227694	transcription unit	a region of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule
1066227695	transcription factor	a regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes
1066227696	transcription initiation complex	the completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase bound to the promoter
1066227697	TATA box	a DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex
1066227698	RNA processing	modification of RNA transcripts, including splicing out of introns, joining together of exons, and alteration of the 5' and 3' ends
1066227699	5' cap	a modified form of guanine nucleotide added onto the nucleotide at the 5' end of a pre-mRNA molecule
1066227700	poly A tail	a sequence of 50-250 adenine nucleotides added onto the 3' end of a pre-mRNA molecule
1066227701	RNA splicing	after synthesis of a eukaryotic primary RNA transcript, the removal of portions (introns) of the transcript that will not be included in the mRNA
1066227702	intron	a noncoding, intervening sequence within a primary transcript that is removed from the transcript during RNA processing
1066227703	exon	a sequence within a primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing
1066227704	spliceosome	a large complex made up of proteins and RNA molecules that splices RNA by interacting with the ends of an RNA intron, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons
1066227705	ribozyme	an RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme, catalyzing reactions during RNA splicing
1066227706	alternative RNA splicing	a type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns
1066227707	domain	an independently folding part of a protein
1066227708	transfer RNA	an RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA
1066227709	anticodon	a nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule
1066227710	wobble	flexibility in the base-pairing rules in which the nucleotide at the 5' end of a tRNA anticodon can form hydrogen bonds with more than one kind of base in the third position (3' end) of a codon
1066227711	ribosomal RNA	the most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins makes up ribosomes
1066227712	Concept 17.4: Translation is the RNA-directed synthesis of a polypeptide: a closer look	...
1066227713	A site	the place on a ribosome that holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain
1066227714	P site	the place on a ribosome that holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain
1066227715	E site	the place on a ribosome where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome
1066227716	polyribosome	a group of several ribosomes attached to, and translating, the same messenger RNA molecule
1066227717	signal peptide	a sequence of about 20 amino acids at or near the leading (amino) end of a polypeptide that targets it to the endoplasmic reticulum or other organelles in a eukarytoic cell
1066227718	Concept 17.5: Mutations of one or a few nucleotides can affect protein structure and function	...
1066227719	signal recognition particle	a protein-RNA complex that recognizes a signal peptide as it emerges from a ribosome and helps direct the ribosome to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by binding to a receptor protein on the ER
1066227720	mutation	a change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA, ultimately creating genetic diversity
1066227721	point mutation	a change in a gene at a single nucleotide pair
1066227722	base pair substitution	a type of point mutation where one nucleotide and its partner in the complementary DNA strand are replaced by another pair of nucleotides
1066227723	missense mutation	a base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid
1066227724	Concept 17.6: While gene expression differs among the domains of life, the concept of a gene is universal	...
1066227725	nonsense mutation	a mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein
1066227726	insertion	a mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene
1066227727	deletion	a mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene
1066227728	frameshift mutation	a mutation occurring when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the subsequent nucleotides into codons
1066227729	mutagen	a chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation
1066227730	aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase	An enzyme that joins each amino acid to the correct tRNA.
1066227731	Word Roots: trans- = across; -script = write (transcription: the synthesis of RNA on a DNA template)	= across; -script = write (transcription: the synthesis of RNA on a DNA template)
1066227732	Word Roots: poly-	= many (poly-A tail: the modified end of the 3[H11032] end of an mRNA molecule consisting of the addition of some 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides)
1066227733	Word Roots: -gen	= producing (mutagen: a physical or chemical agent that causes mutations)
1066227734	Word Roots: muta-	= change; (mutagen: a physical or chemical agent that causes mutations)
1066227735	Word Roots: intro-	= within (intron: a noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene)
1066227736	Word Roots: exo-	= out, outside, without (exon: a coding region of a eukaryotic gene that is expressed)
1066227737	Word Roots: anti-	= opposite (anticodon: a specialized base triplet on one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule)

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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter Ch 17: From Gene to Protein (vocabulary) Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

1066227678	Concept 17.1: Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation
1066227679	gene expression	the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, just RNAs
1066227680	transcription	the synthesis of RNA using a DNA template
1066227681	messenger RNA	a type of RNA, synthesized using a DNA template, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein
1066227682	translation	the synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule
1066227683	ribosome	a complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm
1066227684	Concept 17.2: Transcription is the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA: a closer look	...
1066227685	primary transcript	an initial RNA transcript; also called pre-mRNA when transcribed from a protein-coding gene
1066227686	triplet code	a set of three-nucleotide-long words that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains
1066227687	template strand	the DNA strand that provides the pattern for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript
1066227688	codon	a three nucleotide sequence of mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal
1066227689	reading frame	on the mRNA, the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis
1066227690	Concept 17.3: Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription	...
1066227691	RNA polymerase	an enzyme that links ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription
1066227692	promoter	a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place
1066227693	terminator	a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene and signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule and detach from the DNA
1066227694	transcription unit	a region of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule
1066227695	transcription factor	a regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes
1066227696	transcription initiation complex	the completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase bound to the promoter
1066227697	TATA box	a DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex
1066227698	RNA processing	modification of RNA transcripts, including splicing out of introns, joining together of exons, and alteration of the 5' and 3' ends
1066227699	5' cap	a modified form of guanine nucleotide added onto the nucleotide at the 5' end of a pre-mRNA molecule
1066227700	poly A tail	a sequence of 50-250 adenine nucleotides added onto the 3' end of a pre-mRNA molecule
1066227701	RNA splicing	after synthesis of a eukaryotic primary RNA transcript, the removal of portions (introns) of the transcript that will not be included in the mRNA
1066227702	intron	a noncoding, intervening sequence within a primary transcript that is removed from the transcript during RNA processing
1066227703	exon	a sequence within a primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing
1066227704	spliceosome	a large complex made up of proteins and RNA molecules that splices RNA by interacting with the ends of an RNA intron, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons
1066227705	ribozyme	an RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme, catalyzing reactions during RNA splicing
1066227706	alternative RNA splicing	a type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns
1066227707	domain	an independently folding part of a protein
1066227708	transfer RNA	an RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA
1066227709	anticodon	a nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule
1066227710	wobble	flexibility in the base-pairing rules in which the nucleotide at the 5' end of a tRNA anticodon can form hydrogen bonds with more than one kind of base in the third position (3' end) of a codon
1066227711	ribosomal RNA	the most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins makes up ribosomes
1066227712	Concept 17.4: Translation is the RNA-directed synthesis of a polypeptide: a closer look	...
1066227713	A site	the place on a ribosome that holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain
1066227714	P site	the place on a ribosome that holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain
1066227715	E site	the place on a ribosome where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome
1066227716	polyribosome	a group of several ribosomes attached to, and translating, the same messenger RNA molecule
1066227717	signal peptide	a sequence of about 20 amino acids at or near the leading (amino) end of a polypeptide that targets it to the endoplasmic reticulum or other organelles in a eukarytoic cell
1066227718	Concept 17.5: Mutations of one or a few nucleotides can affect protein structure and function	...
1066227719	signal recognition particle	a protein-RNA complex that recognizes a signal peptide as it emerges from a ribosome and helps direct the ribosome to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by binding to a receptor protein on the ER
1066227720	mutation	a change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA, ultimately creating genetic diversity
1066227721	point mutation	a change in a gene at a single nucleotide pair
1066227722	base pair substitution	a type of point mutation where one nucleotide and its partner in the complementary DNA strand are replaced by another pair of nucleotides
1066227723	missense mutation	a base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid
1066227724	Concept 17.6: While gene expression differs among the domains of life, the concept of a gene is universal	...
1066227725	nonsense mutation	a mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein
1066227726	insertion	a mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene
1066227727	deletion	a mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene
1066227728	frameshift mutation	a mutation occurring when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the subsequent nucleotides into codons
1066227729	mutagen	a chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation
1066227730	aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase	An enzyme that joins each amino acid to the correct tRNA.
1066227731	Word Roots: trans- = across; -script = write (transcription: the synthesis of RNA on a DNA template)	= across; -script = write (transcription: the synthesis of RNA on a DNA template)
1066227732	Word Roots: poly-	= many (poly-A tail: the modified end of the 3[H11032] end of an mRNA molecule consisting of the addition of some 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides)
1066227733	Word Roots: -gen	= producing (mutagen: a physical or chemical agent that causes mutations)
1066227734	Word Roots: muta-	= change; (mutagen: a physical or chemical agent that causes mutations)
1066227735	Word Roots: intro-	= within (intron: a noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene)
1066227736	Word Roots: exo-	= out, outside, without (exon: a coding region of a eukaryotic gene that is expressed)
1066227737	Word Roots: anti-	= opposite (anticodon: a specialized base triplet on one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule)

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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter Ch 17: From Gene to Protein (vocabulary) Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

1179619645	Concept 17.1: Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation
1179619646	gene expression	the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, just RNAs
1179619647	transcription	the synthesis of RNA using a DNA template
1179619648	messenger RNA	a type of RNA, synthesized using a DNA template, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein
1179619649	translation	the synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule
1179619650	ribosome	a complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm
1179619651	primary transcript	an initial RNA transcript; also called pre-mRNA when transcribed from a protein-coding gene
1179619652	triplet code	a set of three-nucleotide-long words that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains
1179619653	template strand	the DNA strand that provides the pattern for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript
1179619654	codon	a three nucleotide sequence of mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal
1179619655	reading frame	on the mRNA, the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis
1179619656	RNA polymerase	an enzyme that links ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription
1179619657	promoter	a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place
1179619658	terminator	a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene and signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule and detach from the DNA
1179619659	transcription unit	a region of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule
1179619660	transcription factor	a regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes
1179619661	transcription initiation complex	the completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase bound to the promoter
1179619662	TATA box	a DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex
1179619663	RNA processing	modification of RNA transcripts, including splicing out of introns, joining together of exons, and alteration of the 5' and 3' ends
1179619664	5' cap	a modified form of guanine nucleotide added onto the nucleotide at the 5' end of a pre-mRNA molecule
1179619665	poly A tail	a sequence of 50-250 adenine nucleotides added onto the 3' end of a pre-mRNA molecule
1179619666	RNA splicing	after synthesis of a eukaryotic primary RNA transcript, the removal of portions (introns) of the transcript that will not be included in the mRNA
1179619667	intron	a noncoding, intervening sequence within a primary transcript that is removed from the transcript during RNA processing
1179619668	exon	a sequence within a primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing
1179619669	spliceosome	a large complex made up of proteins and RNA molecules that splices RNA by interacting with the ends of an RNA intron, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons
1179619670	ribozyme	an RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme, catalyzing reactions during RNA splicing
1179619671	alternative RNA splicing	a type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns
1179619672	domain	an independently folding part of a protein
1179619673	transfer RNA	an RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA
1179619674	anticodon	a nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule
1179619675	wobble	flexibility in the base-pairing rules in which the nucleotide at the 5' end of a tRNA anticodon can form hydrogen bonds with more than one kind of base in the third position (3' end) of a codon
1179619676	ribosomal RNA	the most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins makes up ribosomes
1179619677	A site	the place on a ribosome that holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain
1179619678	P site	the place on a ribosome that holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain
1179619679	E site	the place on a ribosome where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome
1179619680	polyribosome	a group of several ribosomes attached to, and translating, the same messenger RNA molecule
1179619681	signal peptide	a sequence of about 20 amino acids at or near the leading (amino) end of a polypeptide that targets it to the endoplasmic reticulum or other organelles in a eukarytoic cell
1179619682	signal recognition particle	a protein-RNA complex that recognizes a signal peptide as it emerges from a ribosome and helps direct the ribosome to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by binding to a receptor protein on the ER
1179619683	mutation	a change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA, ultimately creating genetic diversity
1179619684	point mutation	a change in a gene at a single nucleotide pair
1179619685	base pair substitution	a type of point mutation where one nucleotide and its partner in the complementary DNA strand are replaced by another pair of nucleotides
1179619686	missense mutation	a base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid
1179619687	nonsense mutation	a mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein
1179619688	insertion	a mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene
1179619689	deletion	a mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene
1179619690	frameshift mutation	a mutation occurring when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the subsequent nucleotides into codons
1179619691	mutagen	a chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation
1179619692	aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase	An enzyme that joins each amino acid to the correct tRNA.
1179619693	Word Roots: trans- = across; -script = write (transcription: the synthesis of RNA on a DNA template)	= across; -script = write (transcription: the synthesis of RNA on a DNA template)
1179619694	Word Roots: poly-	= many (poly-A tail: the modified end of the 3[H11032] end of an mRNA molecule consisting of the addition of some 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides)
1179619695	Word Roots: -gen	= producing (mutagen: a physical or chemical agent that causes mutations)
1179619696	Word Roots: muta-	= change; (mutagen: a physical or chemical agent that causes mutations)
1179619697	Word Roots: intro-	= within (intron: a noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene)
1179619698	Word Roots: exo-	= out, outside, without (exon: a coding region of a eukaryotic gene that is expressed)
1179619699	Word Roots: anti-	= opposite (anticodon: a specialized base triplet on one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule)

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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter Ch 17: From Gene to Protein (vocabulary) Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

1179619645	Concept 17.1: Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation		0
1179619646	gene expression	the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, just RNAs	1
1179619647	transcription	the synthesis of RNA using a DNA template	2
1179619648	messenger RNA	a type of RNA, synthesized using a DNA template, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein	3
1179619649	translation	the synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule	4
1179619650	ribosome	a complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm	5
1179619651	primary transcript	an initial RNA transcript; also called pre-mRNA when transcribed from a protein-coding gene	6
1179619652	triplet code	a set of three-nucleotide-long words that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains	7
1179619653	template strand	the DNA strand that provides the pattern for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript	8
1179619654	codon	a three nucleotide sequence of mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal	9
1179619655	reading frame	on the mRNA, the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis	10
1179619656	RNA polymerase	an enzyme that links ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription	11
1179619657	promoter	a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place	12
1179619658	terminator	a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene and signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule and detach from the DNA	13
1179619659	transcription unit	a region of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule	14
1179619660	transcription factor	a regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes	15
1179619661	transcription initiation complex	the completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase bound to the promoter	16
1179619662	TATA box	a DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex	17
1179619663	RNA processing	modification of RNA transcripts, including splicing out of introns, joining together of exons, and alteration of the 5' and 3' ends	18
1179619664	5' cap	a modified form of guanine nucleotide added onto the nucleotide at the 5' end of a pre-mRNA molecule	19
1179619665	poly A tail	a sequence of 50-250 adenine nucleotides added onto the 3' end of a pre-mRNA molecule	20
1179619666	RNA splicing	after synthesis of a eukaryotic primary RNA transcript, the removal of portions (introns) of the transcript that will not be included in the mRNA	21
1179619667	intron	a noncoding, intervening sequence within a primary transcript that is removed from the transcript during RNA processing	22
1179619668	exon	a sequence within a primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing	23
1179619669	spliceosome	a large complex made up of proteins and RNA molecules that splices RNA by interacting with the ends of an RNA intron, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons	24
1179619670	ribozyme	an RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme, catalyzing reactions during RNA splicing	25
1179619671	alternative RNA splicing	a type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns	26
1179619672	domain	an independently folding part of a protein	27
1179619673	transfer RNA	an RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA	28
1179619674	anticodon	a nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule	29
1179619675	wobble	flexibility in the base-pairing rules in which the nucleotide at the 5' end of a tRNA anticodon can form hydrogen bonds with more than one kind of base in the third position (3' end) of a codon	30
1179619676	ribosomal RNA	the most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins makes up ribosomes	31
1179619677	A site	the place on a ribosome that holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain	32
1179619678	P site	the place on a ribosome that holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain	33
1179619679	E site	the place on a ribosome where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome	34
1179619680	polyribosome	a group of several ribosomes attached to, and translating, the same messenger RNA molecule	35
1179619681	signal peptide	a sequence of about 20 amino acids at or near the leading (amino) end of a polypeptide that targets it to the endoplasmic reticulum or other organelles in a eukarytoic cell	36
1179619682	signal recognition particle	a protein-RNA complex that recognizes a signal peptide as it emerges from a ribosome and helps direct the ribosome to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by binding to a receptor protein on the ER	37
1179619683	mutation	a change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA, ultimately creating genetic diversity	38
1179619684	point mutation	a change in a gene at a single nucleotide pair	39
1179619685	base pair substitution	a type of point mutation where one nucleotide and its partner in the complementary DNA strand are replaced by another pair of nucleotides	40
1179619686	missense mutation	a base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid	41
1179619687	nonsense mutation	a mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein	42
1179619688	insertion	a mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene	43
1179619689	deletion	a mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene	44
1179619690	frameshift mutation	a mutation occurring when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the subsequent nucleotides into codons	45
1179619691	mutagen	a chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation	46
1179619692	aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase	An enzyme that joins each amino acid to the correct tRNA.	47
1179619693	Word Roots: trans- = across; -script = write (transcription: the synthesis of RNA on a DNA template)	= across; -script = write (transcription: the synthesis of RNA on a DNA template)	48
1179619694	Word Roots: poly-	= many (poly-A tail: the modified end of the 3[H11032] end of an mRNA molecule consisting of the addition of some 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides)	49
1179619695	Word Roots: -gen	= producing (mutagen: a physical or chemical agent that causes mutations)	50
1179619696	Word Roots: muta-	= change; (mutagen: a physical or chemical agent that causes mutations)	51
1179619697	Word Roots: intro-	= within (intron: a noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene)	52
1179619698	Word Roots: exo-	= out, outside, without (exon: a coding region of a eukaryotic gene that is expressed)	53
1179619699	Word Roots: anti-	= opposite (anticodon: a specialized base triplet on one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule)	54

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The Things They Carry Vocab Flashcards

vocabulary from the book The Things They Carry

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156130603	intangible	not tangible; inacapable of being perceived by the sense of touch, as incorporeal or immaterial things; impallable
156130604	tangible	capable of being touched; discernible by the touch; material or substantial
156130605	burden	that which is carried; load
156130606	disposable	designed for or capable of being thrown away after being used or used up
156130607	caliber	the diameter of the barrel of a gun taken as a unit of measurement
156130608	abstract	though of apart from concrete realities, specific objects, or actual instances
156130609	endure	to bear without resistance or with patience; tolerate
156130610	discard	to cast aside or dispose of; get rid of
156130611	survival	the act or fact of surviving, especially under adverse or unusual circumstances
156130612	memory	the mental capacity or faculty of retaining and reviving facts, events, impressions, etc., or of recalling or recognizing previous experiences
156130613	swamp	a tract of wet, spongy land, often having a growth of certain types of trees and other vegetation, but unfit for cultivation
156130614	compass	an instrument for determining directions, as by means of a freely rotating magnetized needle that indicated magnetic north
156130615	essential	absolutely necessary; indispensable
156130616	terror	intense, sharp, overmastering fear
156130617	passage	the route or course by which a person of thing passes or travels

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The Things They Carry Vocab Flashcards

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