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| 518714741 | Vice president of Thomas Jefferson by turning NY in favor of him. Dropped from cabinet in second term to join group of federalist extremists 2 plot succession on New England. Shot Hamilton in duel when he foiled plans | Vice president of Thomas Jefferson by turning NY in favor of him. Dropped from cabinet in second term to join group of federalist extremists 2 plot succession on New England. Shot Hamilton in duel when he foiled plans | |
| 518714742 | John Quincy Adams | 6th president of the United States father of modern navy- refused to go to war with France | |
| 518714743 | samuel chase | supreme court justice of whom the Democratic-Republican Congress tried to remove in retaliation of the John Marshall's decision regarding Marbury; was not removed due to a lack of votes in the Senate. 1804 | |
| 518714744 | toussaint l' ouveture | lead ex slaves on santo dominico island against napolean. While eventually dereated, his resistance never allowed Napolean to capture the island. No island, no need for louisiana | |
| 518714745 | the prophet | Attacked advancing governoer of indiana territory and his army. The Prophet and his army were defeated at the battle of Tipacanoe | |
| 518714746 | Tecumseh | Tecumseh and the prophet put together Indian confederacy of all tribes east of the missisippi. Told supporters to never sell land- death if they did | |
| 518714747 | James Madison | 4th president of the U.S. | |
| 518714748 | Napolean Bonaparte | Got Missippi from Spain, later sold land to U.S. when he abandon idea of new world empire | |
| 518714749 | John Marshal | Was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and he established the ideal of Judicial review and determining whether a law is constitutional or not through his ruling (checked Legislature and Executive) Committed to federalist ideas | |
| 518714750 | zebulon Pike | Leader 1807 southern expedition in the Louisiana Territory | |
| 518714751 | Robert Livingston | American minister in France who negotiated Louisiana purchase for 15 million | |
| 518714752 | Albert Gallatin | Jefferson's Secretary of Treasury who was a financial wizard - reduced govt. spending through careful management. Did not tamper with federalist programs for funding public debt | |
| 518714753 | William clark and Meriwether Lewis | explored northwestern part of purchase in 2.5 year expedition. Clark was a young army officer | |
| 518714754 | Thomas Jefferson | A prominent statesman, Thomas Jefferson became George Washington's first secretary of state. Along with James Madison, Jefferson took up the cause of strict constructionists and the Republican Party, advocating limited federal government. As the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809, Jefferson organized the national government by Thomas Jefferson Republican ideals, doubled the size of the nation, and struggled to maintain American neutrality. Sent out Lewis and Clark Expedition | |
| 518714755 | Mosquito Fleet | Jefferson's navy of small boats/ coastal craft Numbered about 200. Frail and vulnerable | |
| 518714756 | Non intercourse act | 1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2. | |
| 518714757 | Embargo act | signed by thomas jefferson in 1807 - stop export of all american goods and american ships from sailing for foreign ports. Retalliation of chesapeake insident | |
| 518714758 | Louisiana Purchase | Napolean trying 2 end 20 month conflict with Britain and feared U.S. alliance with Britain. Needed $ and this would improve U.S./France relations | |
| 518714759 | Marbury vs. Madison | The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, in this case the Judiciary Act of 1789. | |
| 518714760 | Chesapeake incident | An Incident that took place in 1807 off the coast of Virginia. A royal frigate overhauled a U.S frigate and demanded the surrender of four alleged deserters. The American commander refused the request. The British warship thereupon fired three devastating broadsides at close range killing three Americans and wounding eighteen. Significance: This incident aggravated the Americans and raised tension between the two countries. It also was a major event leading to the war of 1812. | |
| 518714761 | midnight judges | The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration. | |
| 518714762 | Revolution of 1800 | Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution." | |
| 518714763 | Orders in council | British laws which led to the War of 1812. Orders-in-council passed in 1807 permitted the impressment of sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports from which Britain was excluded unless they first went to Britain and traded for British goods. | |
| 518714764 | Judiciary Act 1801 | a law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists, One of the last important laws passed by the expiring Federalist Congress. It created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. This was Adams's last attempt to keep Federalists power in the new Republican Congress. His goal was for federalists to dominate the judicial branch of government. | |
| 518714765 | Judiciary act 1789 | established a Supreme Court and district courts (1789) | |
| 518714766 | War hawks | Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand. Wanted to remove indian threat from pioneer | |
| 518714767 | Macon's bill no.2 | 1810 - said if either nation repealed its restrictions on neutral shipping the US would halt trade with the other. The law lifted all embargoes with Britain and France (for three months). If either one of the two countries ceased attacks upon American shipping, the United States would end trade with the other, unless that other country agreed to recognize the rights of the neutral American ships as well | |
| 518714768 | economic coercion | Jefferson came up with the Embargo Act which cut off all trade with all countries. Jefferson hoped this would force the English to come to his terms and stop stealing American sailors. This, however, did not work and greatly hurt American trade. | |
| 518714769 | impressment | British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service | |
| 518714770 | impeachment | a formal accusation of misconduct in office against a public official- Republicans tried to throw out federalist Samuel Chase | |
| 518714771 | Judicial Review | The power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional | |
| 518714772 | patronage | (politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support | |
| 518714773 | CHAPTER 12 | ... | |
| 518714774 | James Monroe | He was the fifth President of the United States. He is the author of the Monroe Doctrine. Proclaimed that the Americas should be closed to future European colonization and free from European interference in sovereign countries' affairs. It further stated the United States' intention to stay neutral in European wars. Took tour in 1817 to inspect millitary defenses | |
| 518714775 | John Quincy Adams | 6th U.S. President. 1825-1829. Democratic-Republican. Secretary of State under Monroe. Skilled diplomat as evidenced by the Adams-Onis Treaty (got Florida) and the Treaty of Ghent. Wrote the Monroe Doctrine. Accused of winning the presidency with a "corrupt bargain" with Clay. | |
| 518714776 | Francis Scott Key | United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812. The poem later became the Star Spangled Banner. | |
| 518714777 | Thomas Macdonough | naval officer who forced the invading British army near Plattsburgh to retreat on September 11, 1814; He saved the upper New York from conquest. | |
| 518714778 | Oliver Hazard Perry | "We have me the enemy, and they are ours." Naval hero during the War of 1812. Won battle on Lake Erie against the British. Redcoats forced to retreat from detroit | |
| 518714779 | James Madison | 4th U.S. President from 1809-1817. Democratic-Republican, Strict constructionist, father of the Constitution, leads nation through War of 1812 | |
| 518714780 | John Marshall | created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court- appointed by john Adams | |
| 518714781 | Daniel Weber | defended New England's shipping interest, known as the only person who served as secretary of state throughout 3 presidencies, also known as being an influential Whig leader of the second party system. Senator who spoke of his federal and national philosophy before senate and supreme court- kept state on new Hampshire college funding that was started by king george 3rd in 1769. Faught for states rights | |
| 518714782 | nationalism | love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it | |
| 518714783 | Russo- American Treaty of 1824 | This treaty between Russia and America set the southern borders of Russian holdings in America at the line of 54 degrees- 40', or the modern southern tip of Alaska. | |
| 518714784 | nonintervention | a foreign policy of staying out of other countries' disputes | |
| 518714785 | noncolonization | Noncolonization is part of the Monroe Doctrine that was written in 1823. Noncolonization said that America was closed to anymore colonization. A colonization attempt by anyone would be deemed a threat to the United States. It was created by the U.S. to protect the Western Hemisphere. | |
| 518714786 | Andrew Jackson | crushed southwest indians at battle of horseshoe bend. Placed in command to defend New Orleans. British tried frontal attack and failed- lost 2000 men vs 70 | |
| 518714787 | Treaty of 1818 | the upper most border of the U.S. at 49th parallel, Treaty between Britain and America, it allowed the Americans to share coveted the Newfoundland fisheries with Canada, and gave both countries a joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for the next 10 years. | |
| 518714788 | Dartmouth College VS woodward | Marshall ruled that Dartmouth College's charter that had been granted by King George was to be upheld because it was a contract. Set precedent for protecting businesses from state governments. Example of federal law surpassing state law. | |
| 518714789 | Fletcher Vs peck | Supreme Court could invalidate could invalidate state by confliction with federal constitution Georgia's sale of thirty-five million acres of land was repealed after public protests about its illegitimacy. Marshall ruled the original transaction binding because state governments had not right to "impair," or interfere with, transactions. Example of federal law surpassing state law., John Marshall ruled against a state legislature that invalidated corrupt land sales in order to protect property rights. | |
| 518714790 | gibbons Vs ogden | This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights. | |
| 518714791 | cohens vs Virgina | cohens illegaly sold lottery tickets, va court guilty est federal court review of state courts. State won case, but lost power 2 make final decision to federal gov't | |
| 518714792 | McCulloch vs Maryland | The state of Maryland taxed banknotes produced by the Bank of the United States, claiming that the Bank was unconstitutional. Using implied powers, Marshall countered that the Bank was constitutional and ruled that Maryland was forbidden from taxing the Bank. | |
| 518714793 | protective tariff | a tariff imposed to protect domestic firms from import competition | |
| 518714794 | Missouri Comprimise | missouri entered as a slave state, maine entered as a free state. they drew an imaginary at latitude 36 30`. anything north of the line can't be a slave state. | |
| 518714795 | constitution | law determining the fundamental political principles of a government | |
| 518714796 | pecular institution | Another term for slavery; The owning of human beings existed in a country that practiced liberty. | |
| 518714797 | land act of 1820 | authorized a buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres at a minimum of $1.25 an acre. The West also demanded cheap transportation and cheap money. | |
| 518714798 | ohio fever | the rush of people going West because of cheap land, especially European immigrants | |
| 518714799 | panic of 1819 | A natural post-war depression caused by overproduction and the reduced demand for goods after the war. However, it was generally blamed on the National Bank. | |
| 518714800 | era of good feelings | A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts. Issues lurked beneath surface | |
| 518714801 | internal improvements | improvements on roads and transportation inside a state- congress voted in 1817 to give each state 1.5 million for internal imp- Madison vetoed it | |
| 518714802 | Tallmadge Amendment | This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South. | |
| 518714803 | tariff of 1816 | first tariff instituted primarily for protection rather than revenue | |
| 518714804 | sectionalism | loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole | |
| 518714805 | Virginia dynasty | "dynasty" comprised of the four of the first five presidents (Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe), all of whom Virginian plantation owners. Hartford Convention prohibeted election of 2 presidents from the same state 2 years in a row | |
| 518714806 | American System | 1824 Economic program by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank that would provide easy/abundant credit and create high tariffs that would provide for internal improvements, especially in the ohio river valley. Emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy- products would flow from south and west to north and east | |
| 518714807 | Washington Irving/James Fenimore Cooper | He with James Fenimore Cooper received recognitions as the nations first writers of importance 2 use American themes and things | |
| 518714808 | Rush Bagot Agreement | an agreement that limited navel power on the great lakes for both the united states and british canada. (by 1870's, agreements 2 share great lakes made | |
| 518714809 | Hartford Convention | late 1814 - A convention of New England merchants who opposed the Embargo and other trade restriction, and the War of 1812. When it seemed New Orleans was captured, Massachusetts called convention. They proposed some Amendments to the Constitution and advocated the right of states to nullify federal laws. They also discussed the idea of seceding from the U.S. if their desires were ignored. The Hartford Convention turned public sentiment against the Federalists and led to the demise of the party. Final report demanded $ assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade | |
| 518714810 | Treaty of Ghent | Sir Alexander I of Russia proposed mediation between U.S. and Britain. John Quincy Adams lead negotiations. No decisions made about the Indian menace or such and seizures. was an agreement signed by the Americans and the British that agreed to stop fighting which potentially led to the end of the War of 1812. It was signed before the Battle of New Orleans, but Americans did not learn of the treaty until after the victory at New Orleans. Americans assumed the "victory" for the war. The British signed quickly because they were more concerned with European affairs. | |
| 518714811 | Battle of Horsehoe bend | Andrew Jackson defeated Southwest Indians at this battle | |
| 518714812 | star spangled banner | written by Francis Scott Key as he watched the British bombard Ft. McHenry in Baltimore Harbor | |
| 518714813 | battle of Plattsburgh | battle in which Macdonough challenged and defeated the British near Plattsburgh; close to defeat, Macdonough reversed his ship, confronted the enemy with a fresh broadside and won; forced British to retreat, saved NY from conquest and the Union from dissolution. Battle of Plattsburgh forced advancing British army to retreat | |
| 518714814 | Burning of Washington DC | british force of 4000 landed in Chesapeake Bay area- British displaced panicky militia at Bladensburg | |
| 518714815 | Battle of the Thames | Redcoats were forced to withdraw from Detroit due to Oliver Hazard Perry and were defeated by General Harrison's army at this battle in oct 1813, Battle at which Tecumseh died in, which ended the Indian confederation | |
| 518714816 | Monroe Doctrine | A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. | |
| 518714817 | Florida Purchase | Under the Adams-Onis Treaty, Spain ceded Florida to US; US relinquished its claim on Texas back to Spain. Western boundaries of Louisiana Purchace runs zig-zag along the Rockies 2 42nd parallel and then west 2 pacific | |
| 518714818 | CHAPTER 13 | ... | |
| 518714819 | rotation in office | Jackson's system of periodically replacing officeholders to allow ordinary citizens to play a more prominent role in government, Beginning in 1829, Jackson said "no one man has any more intrinsic right to office than another." | |
| 518714820 | William harrison | Whigs candidate for 1840 election- believed to be most able voter getter- was at the battle of Tipacanoe and the Thames- considered a hero. 9th president- issueless and penniless , was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe. | |
| 518714821 | second party system | first representation in 1840 elections between Democrats and Whigs. First time true full blown party system emerged. | |
| 518714822 | Jacksonian democrats | believed in agrarian society; distrusted powerful central government both economically and politically; opposed reform movements | |
| 518714823 | whigs | conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. . Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster | |
| 518714824 | Santa anna | Put Sam Huston in jail for trying to negotiate differences with the Mex. gov't. Mexican dictator who was in charge when war broke out between the Mexicans and Americans. He lost Texas to rebels, and was the leader of the armed forces during the war. Raised army to supreme Texans and swept into Texas in 1836 when they declared independence | |
| 518714825 | Martin Van Buren | 8th President of the United States (1782-1862), Served as secretary of state during Andrew Jackson's first term, vice president during Jackson's second term, and won the presidency in 1836. Had to deal with The Jaksonian depression | |
| 518714826 | Sam Huston | in 1833 went to negotiate differences with Mexican government Who commanded the texas army and became the president of the republic of texas | |
| 518714827 | Stephen Austin | in 1827 granted huge piece of land if he cuold bring 300 families from the United States. known as the Father of Texas. Immigrants had to be roman catholic and settlers properly Mexicanized | |
| 518714828 | independent treasury | President Van Buren's plan to keep government funds in its own vaults and do business entirely in hard money rather than keep them in deposits within shaky banks. | |
| 518714829 | Daniel Webster | Created bill that would have renewed the Bank f the U.S. Henry Clay wanted bill renewed before 1832 so Jackson would need 2 make a decision on it. In Clay's mind-if Jackson was for it- loose western support, against it, looses presidency because of the wealthy and influential. Jackson vetoed bill | |
| 518714830 | King mob | Nickname for all the new participants in government that came with Jackson's presidency. This nickname was negative and proposed that Jackson believed in too much democracy, perhaps leading to anarchy | |
| 518714831 | Andrew Jackson | The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers. "his passions were so profound, that on occasion, he would choke with silence when he tried to speak | |
| 518714832 | Nicholas Biddle | smart but arrogant president of the bank of the United States, He was an American financier who was also president of the Bank of the United States. He was also known for his bribes. He was in charge during the bank war, where Jackson refused to deposit federal funds, which bled the bank dry. He also showed the corruption of the bank. | |
| 518714833 | John c Calhoun | Wrote South Carolina Exposition which protested the tarriff of abominations. Vice president of Jackson stated tarrif unconstitutional and unjust. Leader of South Carolina's offense to nullification of the Tarrif of 1832. Saw nullification as way to save union and prevent a southern secession | |
| 518714834 | Henry Clay | Senator who persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Maine into the Union as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state. Speaker of house who broke presidential tie and got | |
| 518714835 | corrupt bargain | In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State. | |
| 518714836 | osceola | Seminole leader who resisted the removal of his people from Florida in the 1830s. He died under suspicious circumstances after being tricked into surrendering (1837). 4/5 of his tribe were moved, the rest hid | |
| 518714837 | Black hawk | Sauk leader who in 1832 led Fox and Sauk warriors against the United States (1767-1838) in state of illinois who were resisting eviction. defeated 1832 | |
| 518714838 | John Quincy Adms | Sixth President of the United States, 1825-1829; proposed greater federal involvement in the economy through tariffs and improvements such as roads, bridges, and canals. South thought if the gov't can get it's hands on education, it could (and they were right) get it's hands on slavery issue | |
| 518714839 | john tyler | Vice-president under Harrison brought in to gain support of the South. His presidency was responsible for the veto against another Bank of the U.S and settled the Texas and Maine disputes in the country | |
| 518714840 | William Crawford | Originally from Georgia, Crawford ran in the 1824 election representing the south. He was forced to drop out of the race due to a stroke. | |
| 518714841 | Alex de Tocqueville | French writer who expanded idea of american democracy and advocated prison reform in america. | |
| 518714842 | Democratic Republican | Founded by Thomas Jefferson, the Democratic Republicans favored states rights and opposed the Federalist Party. The victory of the Democratic Republicans marked the first party overturn in American history. Later party of Andrew Jackson | |
| 518714843 | antislavery | Opposed to human slavery. | |
| 518714844 | Lone star | texas declared independence in 1836 and Houston forced signed treaty with Santa Ana in 1836. Made Sam Huston commander in cheif | |
| 518714845 | Divorce bill | A bill passed by Van Buren in 1837, that divorced the government from banking altogether, and established an independent treasury, so the governemtn could lock its money in vaults in several of the larger cities. | |
| 518714846 | favorite sons "plan" (unofficial stratagy) | plan of the Whigs to run several "favorite sons" in election in hope of spreading out the votes so issue goes to the house of reps where whigs might have a chance | |
| 518714847 | favorite son | whigs- William Henry Harrison of Ohio- Tippecanoe | |
| 518714848 | annexation | The adding of a region to the territory of an existing political unit. | |
| 518714849 | pet banks | State banks where Andrew Jackson placed deposits removed from the federal National Bank., federal funds were deposited into these pro Jackson institutions. Banks flooded country with paper $ | |
| 518714850 | panic of 1837 | When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress. | |
| 518714851 | specie circular | issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed. | |
| 518714852 | Anti masonic party | third party which attracted support from evangelical Protestants and were against secret societies. Considered secret societies citadels of privilage and monopoly. Jackson was a mason and publically gloried being one. Party against Jackson | |
| 518714853 | Bank of the united states | notes in silver and gold so value did not fluctuate. Most powerful bank in the U.S. accountable not to the people, but investors. Foreclosed many western farms. Profit, not public service was first priority | |
| 518714854 | trail of tears | Jackson uprooted more than 100,000 indians by using indian removal act of 1830 to do so | |
| 518714855 | Tariff of 1833 | made by henry clay, it reduced the tariff of 1832, with a 10 percent decrease every year for 10 years, when the tariff rate would be back to where it was in 1816. | |
| 518714856 | force bill | Authorizes president to use army/navy if necessary to collect federal tariff duties- SC nullifies it again | |
| 518714857 | nullification | The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution. | |
| 518714858 | tariff of 1832 | a slightly lower tariff compared to the Tariff of 1828/ tariff of abominations. It fell short of the South's demands | |
| 518714859 | slaveocracy | society organized around slavery; slaveholders have power, Although large planters represented only 0.5% of the white population, they virtually controlled the economic, social, legal, and political institutions of the South and even of the nation. ). Southern planters exercised powers in excess of their numbers. The South was an oligarchy—governed by an elite. They controlled the state legislatures, governorships, and legal system. | |
| 518714860 | tariff of abominations | protected north, but felt like restrictive burden 2 south | |
| 518714861 | revolution of 1828 | Jackson's election showed shift of political power to "the common man" (1828), when the government changed hands from quincy adams to jackson. first shift in parties | |
| 518714862 | south carolina exposition | written by John C. Calhoun denouncing the 1828 Tariff as unconstitutional and that the states should declare it null and void. Carolina had threatened to secede if the tariff was not revoked; Calhoun suggested state nullification as a more peaceful solution. | |
| 518714863 | spoils system | The practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs. Jackson made this practice famous for the way he did it on a wide scale. | |
| 518714864 | corrupt bargain | In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State. | |
| 518714865 | 12th amendment | Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie, stated that presidential and vice-presidential nominees would run on the same party ticket. Before that time, all of the candidates ran against each other, with the winner becoming president and second-place becoming vice-president. |
