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Civil War Flashcards

The Civil War
A Civil War is a war between opposing groups of citizens from the same country. In 1861, two parts of America went to war against each other. After 4 years, the Union won. Many people died on both sides, and the South suffered terribly.
No one expected the Civil War to be long. It became one of the worst wars in American history.
WAR BEGINS
In April 1861, the Civil War begin at Fort Sumter. The fort belonged to the North, or the Union, but it was in South Carolina-deep in the South.

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1103017265AbolitionistA person who worked to end slavery.
1103017266SlaveryThe treatment of people as property. People who are denied freedom in this way are said to be enslaved
1103017267Secedeseparate from Union
1103017268Civil WarThe war that divides America in the 1860s. A war between citizens of the same country.
1103017269UnionDuring the Civil War, the Union came to mean the government and armies of the North
1103017270ConfederacyAnother name for the Confederate States of America, made up of the 11 states that seceded from the Union
1103017271Emancipation ProclamationA special order by President Lincoln on January 1st, 1863 declaring slaves in Confederate sates to be free
1103017272Kansas-Nebraska ActAct passed in 1854 that created Kansas and Nebraska territories and abolished the Missouri Compromise by allowing states to determine whether slavery would be allowed in new territories
1103017273State's rightsthe rights belonging to various states, especially with reference to interpretation of Constitution
1103017274Battle of GettysburgJuly 1st-3rd (1863) Union leaders defeated General Lee. A turning point battle during the Civil War
1103017275Dred Scottformer slave who sued for his freedom in the Supreme Court.
1103017276Abe LincolnPresident during the Civil War
1103017277Harriet TubmanShe led 300 slaves to freedom, because of her bravery she is the symbol of the Underground Railroad
1103017278Jefferson DavisPresident of the Confederacy
1103017279Ulysses S. GrantGeneral for the Union, later became 18th President
1103017280General Robert E. LeeGeneral for the Confederacy
1103017281Fort SumterSouth Carolina, April 12-14, 1861, start of the Civil War
1103017282AntietamMaryland, September 16-18, 1862, bloodiest single day in American military history, 23,000 died
1103017283Battle of GettysburgPennsylvania, July 1-3rd, 1863- Union leaders defeated General Lee. Turning point of Civil War. Followed by famous speech by Lincoln to dedicate cemetery.
1103017284Causes of Civil Warslavery and state's rights
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Civil War & Reconstruction Flashcards

What led to the Civil War? What happened during the Civil War? What happened after the Civil War?

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950837583Abolitionistpeople who were against slavery. Some famous abolitionists were Frederick Douglas (a former slave, writer and orator), William Lloyd Garrison (editor of the Liberator newspaper), John Brown (mastermind of the Harpers Ferry attack), and Harriet Beecher Stowe (writer of Uncle Tom's Cabin).
950837584Nat TurnerAlong with six slaves, he led a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. Using axes and guns, he and his followers killed at least 57 slave-owners.
950837585Harriet Beecher StoweWrote Uncle Tom's Cabin which was first published in parts in an abolitionist newspaper and later published as a novel. In the North, this story turned millions of people against slavery. The South scorned and cursed the author.
950837586DiscriminationUnequal treatment based on race, religion, gender, place of birth or other arbitrary characteristic.
950837587Segregationthe separation of groups of people based on differences such as race.
950837588Eli WhitneyInvented the cotton gin in 1793. This invention reduced the time needed to separate the seeds from the cotton. This helped make cotton profitable and brought wealth to the South. Cotton planters depended on slave labor, so the cotton gin also helped prolong slavery in the South.
950837589UnionThe United States of America as one country united all the states under one country. During the Civil War, the Union referred to the Northern states.
950837590ConfederacyBefore the Civil War, southern states seceded from the Union. They became the Confederate States, elected Jefferson Davis as their president, and adopted their own constitution.
950837591FugitiveA person who flees or tries escape. Many slaves tried to escape, for example.
950837592John BrownHe was a militant abolitionist and felt that the time had come to end slavery by any means. After the Kansas-Nebraska Act passed, proslavery settlers raided Lawrence, Kansas. he participated in a retaliatory massacre in the town of Pottawatomie on May 21, 1856. On October 16, 1859, he and his men seized the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. The plan was to seize the weapons, arm the slaves, and escape to the Virginia mountains where they would attack the plantations. The plan did not succeed and all his men were captured or killed during the raid. He was convicted of treason and sentenced to die, but many northerners viewed him as a hero. These events led many others to agree that the slavery issue could not be resolved in a nonviolent way
950837593Civil WarA conflict between two groups/peoples in one country. The American Civil War started after southerners attacked Fort Sumter in 1861 and ended when Lee surrendered to Grant at the Appomattox Court House in 1865. Four of the border states - Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina joined the other slave states and fought on the side of the Confederacy. The other four border states - Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri remained in the Union. Billions of dollars were spent and more than 620,000 soldiers were killed during the conflict. Also, the South, where the war was primarily focused, was devastated after the war.
950837594Abraham LincolnHe was sworn into office as president on March 4, 1861. After he won the 1860 presidential election, southern states began to secede from the Union. On April 12, 1861 southerners opened fire on a Fort Sumter; a federal fort in Charleston Harbor and he declared war. Initially, Lincoln's goal was preserving the Union. As the war continued, Lincoln changed his mind and on January 1, 1863 he issued the Emancipation Proclamation which declared Confederate slaves free. He was reelected president in the election of 1864, but was assassinated on April 14, 1865 just five days after the war ended.
950837595Jefferson DavisAs the president of the Confederacy, he was devoted to the secessionist cause. He attended the military academy at West Point, New York and served as commander of the Mississippi Rifles in the Mexican War. He also filled a term as a U.S. Senator.
950837596Ulysses S. GrantHe was the final Union general. He used a strategy of total war in which Northern soldiers marched through the South burning fields and houses.
950837597Thomas Stonewall JacksonHe earned his nickname during the Battle of Bull Run. His regiment of Virginians stood like a "stone wall" and refused to give way to the northern troops. This inspired the other rebel troops which held firm until reinforcements arrived. Later he led his men to victory with screams that sent the Union troops running back to Washington.
950837598Dorothy DixShe was already well known for her efforts to help improve conditions for the mentally ill before the war. She was appointed director of the Union army's nurses and was known as "Dragon Dix" because of her strict rules. She insisted all female nurses be over 30 years old, plain in appearance, physically strong, and willing to do unpleasant work.
950837599Clara BartonShe followed the Union armies into battle, tending troops where they fell. Later, she founded the American red Cross. She was known as "the angel of the battlefield."
950837600Civil War Northern AdvantagesThe North had more resources - troops, food, railroads to transport supplies and troops. The North had more farms to supply the troops and 90 percent of the manufacturing was in the North. The North had 21,000 miles of railroad track. Most of the nation's gold was in northern banks. Abraham Lincoln was also a major advantage of the North. He never wavered in his determination to preserve the Union.
950837601Civil War Northern DisadvantagesThe greatest weakness of the North was its military leadership. Many northern officers were too old for command, and Lincoln was not able to find an effective general to lead the war until Grant.
950837602Civil War Southern AdvantageThe South was fighting a defensive war in their own territory. The greatest strength was its military leadership. Most of America's best military leaders at that time were southerners who chose to fight for the Confederacy. Colonel Robert E. Lee resigned from the U.S. Army to become the commander-in-chief of the Confederate forces.
950837603Civil War Southern DisadvantagesThe greatest weakness of the South was an economy that could not support a long war. It did not have many factories to produce guns and military supplies. After the Union ships blockaded southern pots and cut off European trade the Confederacy could no longer trade cotton for weapons and supplies. They faced severe shortages. They also did not have the railroad network needed to move supplies. President Jefferson Davis was also never able to form a strong, single nation out of the 11 strongly independent states that seceded from the Union.
950837604Battle of GettysburgThe turning point of the Civil War. This battle was won by the North and was the last attempt that Lee made to invade the North.
950837605Gettysburg AddressOn November 19, 1863, Lincoln delivered a famous speech at the dedication of the cemetery for those killed during the battle of Gettysburg. Lincoln started his speech saying, "Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal." He ended his speech saying, "we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth."
950837606The Atlanta CampaignUnion General Sherman was ordered to inflict "all the damage you can against their war resources." The northern Georgia battles started in the summer of 1865 against Confederate generals Hood and Johnson. In September of 1864 he reached Atlanta and his army set the city on fire. The capture of Atlanta improved northern morale and helped Lincoln become reelected.
950837607Sherman's March to the SeaAfter burning Atlanta, Sherman marched his army to Savannah. His troops destroyed everything of value within a 60-mile-wide path. Houses, fields, hay, and food supplies were burned or destroyed. Any animals that could not be used or taken were killed and left on the roads. Savannah was captured on December 1864. From there, Sherman turned north and destroyed all opposition in the Carolinas before marching to Raleigh, North Carolina where he awaited Grant's final attack on Richmond.
950837608Appomattox Court HouseThe battle at Petersburg, VA lasted 9 months until the Union forces broke through on April 1, 1965 and captured Richmond two days later. The official end of the Civil War occurred when Lee surrendered to Grant's forces at the Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865. Grant allowed the Confederate soldiers to go home if they promised not to continue fighting. Soldiers could keep their horses and mules and officers could keep their weapons. Grant also sent food to Lee's half-starved men.
950837609SharecroppingA practice of renting land to African Americans in exchange for crops that was little better than slavery since the freedmen were usually trapped in a lifetime of poverty and debt. Planters split their land into small plots that were rented to individual tenant farmers. Since freedmen did not have money, they paid their rent by giving the land owner a share of the crops (usually ½ to ⅓). Landowners also loaned sharecroppers food, seeds, tools and supplies, so these farmers were usually never able to earn enough crops to repay the debt.
950837610FreedmenAfrican Americans who had been set free from slavery.
950837611Freedmen's BureauBefore the Civil War ended, Congress established this bureau to assist former slaves. It provided food and medical care to both blacks and whites in the South. It also built schools for freemen who were desperate to get an education.
950837612Civil RightsThe rights the Constitution entitles all people to as citizens, especially equal treatment under the law.
950837613ReconstructionRebuilding the south and bringing the southern states back into the Union. President Johnson's Reconstruction plan allowed a former Confederate state to rejoin the Union once it had written a new state constitution, canceled its war debts, and ratified the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery. Congress controlled Reconstruction after Republican candidates won a two-thirds majority of both houses of Congress in the 1866 election. Congress passed its own Military Reconstruction Act in 1867. This divided the South into 5 military districts controlled by federal troops. These troops helped register voters. Confederates were banned from voting, so the new voters included freedmen, white southerners who had opposed the war, and northerners who had moved South after the war.
950837614Ulysses S. GrantThe Union general during the Civil War became president in the election of 1868. He was elected with the help of half a million black votes. He supported Reconstruction and promised to protect the rights of African Americans in the South.
950837615White TerrorismGroups like the Ku Klux Klan threatened, beat, and even murdered African Americans to keep them from participating in the political process (voting).
950837616Black CodesAfter the Civil War, state governments were controlled by the same leaders. They passed laws to control former slaves. The laws spelled out rights, helped planters find workers to replace their slaves, and kept freedmen at the bottom of the social order in the South. Freedmen were given the right to marry and own property, to sue in court, and to work for wages. But they were not given other civil rights like serving on juries or voting. Freedmen could only work in jobs requiring few skills (farm work) and could not enter many trades or start businesses. Laws also called for segregation and required freedmen to work or they could be arrested and hired out.
950837617The Civil Rights Act of 1866This bill declared freedmen to be full citizens with the same rights as whites. President Johnson vetoed the bill but Congress overrode his veto.
950837618Military Reconstruction ActIn 1867 Congress passed an act dividing the South into five military districts, each governed by a general backed by federal troops. The state governments set up under President Johnson's Reconstruction plan were declared illegal. New governments were to be formed by both black and white southerners loyal to the United States.
950837619Southern ReconstructionThe military controlled South registered three groups of voters- freedmen, white southern who had opposed the war, and northerners who had moved south after the war. Delegates were elected to constitutional conventions. About one-fourth of those elected were African Americans and new constitutions were written. These were the most progressive in the nation. They guaranteed voting to every adult male, ended imprisonment for debt, and called for establishment of the first public schools in the South. New state governments were elected. The majority of those elected were Republicans and about one-fifth were African Americans. By 1870 every southern state had rejoined the Union. Work began on rebuilding damaged roads, bridges, and railroads. Schools and hospitals were built. The legislature raised taxes by up to 400 percent between 1860 and 1870 to pay for these improvements.
950837620Jim Crow lawsLaws enforcing segregation of blacks and whites in the South after the Civil War. "Jim Crow" was a black character from an entertainer's act in the mid-1800s.
950837621Plessy v. FergusonHomer Plessy was arrested for refusing to obey a Jim Crow law and took his case all the way to the Supreme Court. The Court ruled that segregation laws did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment as long as facilities available to both races were roughly equal. After this decision even more Jim Crow laws were passed. Blacks and whites attended separate schools, sat in separate sections in theaters, etc.
950837622The Enforcement ActsIn 1870 and 1871 Congress passed three laws to combat terrorism against African Americans. These laws made it illegal to prevent another person from voting by bribery, force, or scare tactics. President Grant sent troops to the south to enforce these acts but people brought to trial were seldom convicted.
950837623The Amnesty Act of 1872Most northerners were losing interest in Reconstruction and the plight of freedmen by this time. The Amnesty (forgiveness) Act of 1872 allowed most former Confederates to vote again. As a result, Democrats had regained control of almost all southern states by 1876.
950837624The End of ReconstructionIn 1876 Americans went to the polls to choose a new president. The Democrats nominated New York governor Samuel J. Tilden and the Republicans supported Rutherford B. Hayes. Tilden won the popular vote, but was one short of the 185 electoral votes needed to win the election. Twenty votes in dispute were awarded to Hayes by the Republican controlled Congress which would have made Hayes the winner. However, the Democrats were outraged and threatened to block the election. The two parties agreed to the Compromise of 1877, Democrats would allow Hayes to become president if he gave southerners "the right to control their own affairs." Hayes withdrew all remaining troops from the South and Reconstruction ended.
950837625Reconstruction ReversedWhen Democrats in the south regained control of the states, they cut education spending and many schools closed. Only those who could afford to pay sent their children to school. By the 1880s, only about half of all black children in the South attended school. Southern states passed laws requiring citizens to pay a poll tax or pass a literacy test to vote. These tests were usually rigged to fail any African American, regardless of education. Whites were also excused from paying poll taxes or literacy tests by a "grandfather clause" that said that the tax or test did not apply if your grandfather could vote on January 1, 1867. New segregation acts called Jim Crow laws were also passed.
950837626Plessy v. FergussonHomer Plessy was arrested when he refused to obey a Jim Crow law. He took his case to the Supreme Court. In 1896 the court ruled that segregation laws did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment as long as the facilities available to both races were roughly equal.
950837627MigrationThousands of African Americans responded to violence and segregation by leaving the South. In 1878, 200 southern African Americans returned to Liberia (an African nation founded by freed slaves on the west coast of Africa). Many blacks moved from the South to cities in the North where they competed with recent European immigrants for jobs. Others headed West where they found work as cowboys.
950837628Self-HelpMost African Americans remained in the South. They worked hard to improve their lives. Between 1865 and 1903, the number of black owned businesses in the South soared from 2,000 to 25,000. Families, churches and communities banded together to build schools and colleges for black children in the South. Because of this, literacy rose from 5% to 50% by 1900.
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APUSH Flashcards

SOMETHING THINGS YOU NEED TO KNOW about apush.

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1126410693MercantillismEconomic philosophy in which England established the colonies to provide raw materials to the mother country; the colonies receive manufactured goods in return.
1126410694Iroquois confederationThe league of Indian tribes in the Northeast that fought with the English in the French-Indian War and supported the Loyalists in the America Revolution.
1126410695Deism18th century concept which held that God created the world according to rational laws and that he was like a clockmaker who would not interefere in the natural order of things.
1126410696Stamp Actprior to the American Revolution, the British instituted the __ __ which taxed all transactions involving paper without colonial consent. No other act outraged all 13 colonies than this one.
1126410697Navigation Actstrade laws administered by GB in the 1600's to enforce mercantilism on the Amer. Colonies
1126410698Great AwakeningMajor religious revival (1750-1770) prior to the American Revolution that furthered individualism, established authority, and American nationalism.
1126410699Albany Congressduring the French and Indian war, Ben Franklin attempted to unify the colonies behind G.B. in its war against France.
1126410700Boston Tea Partyorganized by the sons of liberty, the __ __ __ eventually forced the British to pass the Coercive Acts in 1775.
1126410701Fundamental Orders of ConnecticutFirst constitution in the colonies drafted that stated a government's authority rests upon the consent of the governed and expressed the will of the majority.
1126410702Proclamation of 1763A line drawn by the British gov't that forbade colonist from settling the western lands won after the French and Indian War.
1126410703John LockeEnlightenment philosopher whose ideas influenced T. Jefferson's Declaration of Independence and Madison's work on the Bill of rights; specifically his ideas on Life, Liberty, and Property.
1126410704Townshend Actsnamed after the British political leader who wrongly believed that this external "tax" or "duty" would be accepted by colonies.
1126410705Virginia House of BurgessesFirst of the many mini legislatures created by the Colonies that started the tradition of Salutary Neglect and home rule.
1126410706Calvinismprevalent Puritan religious belief centered in the New England Colonies that believed only the "elect" were predestined for salvation.
1126410707Boston MassacreA 1770 clash between townspeople and Irish soldiers ordered to guard British customs houses
1126410708Anne HutchinsonPuritan dissenter that was banished by Governor Winthrop for teaching antinomianism.
1126410709Halfway covenantUsed by Puritan Churches to bolster attendance but also keep political leadership under the control respectable families. Conversion needed but not "regeneration" to be a member of the congregation.
1126410710Committees of Correspondenceorganized by Massachusetts in 1772 __ __ __ purpose was to keep a close watch on the British and report any violations on individual rights.
1126410711Bacon's RebellionDisgruntled Virginia (Chesapeake) colonial farmers attempted to overthrow Gov. Berkeley in 1676 because of economic hardship and perceived failure with Indian raids and lack of women that could be married.
1126410712Midnight JudgesJohn Adam's appointment of Fedearlist party members to federal courts before Thomas Jefferson took office in 1800.
1126410713Great compromiseAlso known as the Connecticut compromise, the __ __ established a bicameral legislature with proportional representation in the lower house (House Rep) and equal representation in the upper house [2 senators each state]
1126410714Virginia & Kentucky Resolutionsissued by Jefferson and Madison in response to President Adam's passage of the Alien & Sedition Acts, the __ & __ __ advocated states rights to nullify laws the considered to be un-constitutional.
1126410715National BankAlexander Hamilton's ___ __ was established to improve the national economy, but it also created a constitutional crisis on interpretation of the US constitution.
1126410716Shay's Rebelliondebt ridden farmers mounted a protest to foreclosures led by revolutionary war veteran's that demonstrated the weaknesses of the Articles of confederation.
1126410717Pinckney's Treaty1795 Treaty with Spain fearful of Jay Treaty with GB might threaten Spanish holdings in the West. Spain permitted US navigation rights on the Mississippi and conceded its right to lands east of the Mississippi.
1126410718Republican MotherhoodAfter the election of 1800 Jeffersonian promoted this as the ideal for women to raise their children with idealism of the American nation.
1126410719Olive Branch Petitionthe 2nd continental congress sent this to King George III in hopes of reconciliation.
1126410720SaratogaImportant battle of the Revolutionary War. The American victory encouraged Frane to aid colonial independence from Britain.
1126410721XYZ Affairdiplomatic incident involving the US and France in 1797-98. French officials of the Directory dubbed by _ _ _ demand tribute money in exchange for not raiding American shipping.
1126410722Articles of ConfederationFirst US government which was ineffectual in dealing with the nation's financial and political problems because in lacked coercive power.
1126410723Whiskey RebellionWestern Pennsylvania Farmers failed uprising against the Washington administration. They took up arms as a result of Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey in 1794.
1126410724Lewis and ClarkIn 1804 Corps of Discovery surveyed and made scientific observation of the newly acquired Louisiana territory.
1126410725Alexander HamiltonSecretary of Treasury under Washington and perhaps the greatest administrive genius in US history. He was the father of the 1st national Bank, pro industry, nationalist, and founder of the Federalist Party.
1126410726The Federalist PapersJay, Madison, and Hamilton published a series of letters under the pseudonym "Publius" to help grow support for the ratification of the Constitution.
1126410727Hartford ConventionMeeting of New England Federalist who were opposed to the War of 1812 and wanted to seek a separate peace with Britain even if it meant seceding from the Union.
1126410728War hawksHenry Clay and John C Calhoun were called __ __ for their support of the war of 1812 (Now a common term used for pro-war sentiment)
1126410729Old National Road (Cumberland Road)First of the internal improvements provided by congress in 1806 to help the colonization of the west. A toll bill linked to the road was vetoed by Monroe.
1126410730Second great AwakeningReligious revivals between 1800-1840 that lead to rise of major reform movements and utopian/religious sects like the Shakers, Mormons, Millerites,
1126410731Corrupt Bargainthe alleged deal between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay in the Election of 1824 that stole the election from Andrew Jackson
1126410732American system 1819This was HENRY CLAY'S three part plan to improve the national economy through a 2nd National Bank, Internal Improvements, and Protective Tariffs.
1126410733Missouri compromiseHENRY CLAY proposed this bill in 1820 to solve the devisive issue of the expansion of slavery which threatened to upset the political balance in the Senate. This bill set the tone for the congressional actions prior to the civil War.
1126410734HENRY CLAYsenator from Kentucky called the Great Compromiser because he was the author of the Missouri compromise and other major compromises between 1820-1850.
1126410735Era of Good FeelingsBring period of nationalism and patriotism that followed the American over the British in the War of 1812. It was marked by a spirit of cooperation of economic matters, internal improvements, and westward expansion.
1126410736TippecanoeHarrison's victory over Tecumseh (Shawnee) in Indiana in 1811 became the slogan of his presidential bid in 1840.
1126410737Alexis de TocquevilleFrench liberal politician who observed the evolution of American political thought, customs, and social interaction in the 1830's. his book Democracy in America is still considered one the most accurate primary sources on American culture.
1126410738Monroe DoctrineAnnouncement made during the Era of Good Feelings because the US feared that the Concert of Europe might intervene in Latin American revolutions-Us stood opposed to any further colonization in western hemisphere and would not intervene in European affairs.
1126410739John MarshallMost important Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who kept the Federalist ideals alive long after the party faded into history
1126410740Marbury vs. Madison(Marshall's) Landmark supreme court case that established the principle of judicial review
1126410741McCulloch vs. MarylandEstablished the principle of implied powers and upheld the constitutionality of the bank. "the power to tax is the power to destroy."
1126410742Logrolling (Pork Barrel Politics)Mutual assistance in the passage of legislation so that one member of Congress votes for a colleague's bill in return for his/her support on their bill.
1126410743Horace Mannduring the age of reform 1825-1859 he was an outspoken reformer who focused on education
1126410744Doctrine of Separate Spheres19th century belief that men were superior in worldly pursuits and women were superior in their moral influences.
1126410745McGuffy Readers1836-1870 these were used by schools to expose children to a common curriculum that preached honesty, industry (hard work), and patriotism.
1126410746Cotton Whigs and Conscience WhigsSouthern Whigs who support slavery and Northern Whigs who opposed slavery.
1126410747Onieda Communitysocio religious group of "perfectionists". Began in 1848 its members shared property, complex marriage, and raising of the children in communal form to reach a utopian society.
1126410748Free Soil party 1847-1848political movement that opposed the expansion of slavery into the western territories
1126410749Nat TurnerSlave who led a bloody revolt in 1831 and who believed he was divinely inspired to kill his master and other slave owners. 60 men, women, and children were killed by his hand. Southern states wrote more restrictive slave laws limiting the movement of slaves
1126410750Peculiar institutionthe historical term used to identify slavery prior to the Civil War.
1126410751Manifest DestinyAn almost religious belief prior to the Mexican American War that the US should possess the N. American continent from east to west.
1126410752Fugitive Slave Lawthe most controversial portion of the compromise of 1850. It allowed southern slave holders to retrieve escaped slaves in the north
1126410753Wilmot Provisothis bill was presented during the Mexican-American War. It stipulated that none of the territory acquired should be opened to slavery
1126410754Know nothing PartySecret Nativist political party that opposed Immigration during the 1840's and early 1850's. Officially called the American Party
1126410755Pet BanksAndrew Jackon (Old Hickory) opposition to National Bank (Henry Clay) prompted him to remove Federal deposits and place them in State Banks or __ __.
1126410756Seneca Falls1st national meeting for women's suffrage held in 1848. Elizabeth Cady Stanton issued the "Declaration of Sentiments" calling for the equality of the sexes.
1126410757Whig Partythe political party formed as the anti-Jackson party by Henry Clay and supporters of the American System, and southern "states rights" advocates.
1126410758Robert FultonCreator of the American steamboat who started the era of commercial steam navigation.
1126410759Nullification Crisis1832-33 was over the tariff policy of the Fed. Gov't during Jackson's presidency which prompted South Carolina to threaten the use of NULLIFICATION, possible secession and Andrew Jackson's determination to end with military force.
1126410760Henry David ThoreauA transcendentalist who wrote the essay "civil disobedience" which outlined his protest to the Mexican American war. This essay later influenced non-violent protests by Gandhi and M.L. King Jr.
1126410761Underground RailroadA network of safe houses used by abolitionist to aid the escape of Southern Slaves into the North.
1126410762Frederick Douglasescaped slave who became a leading figure in the anti-slavery movement.
1126410763Compromise of 1850controversial bill which allowed CA to enter the union as a free state while agreeing to some southern demands on slavery issues.
1126410764Abolitionistsanti slavery activists who demanded the immediate end of slavery.
1126410765Mexican/American WarA war fought on the principle of "manifest destiny" and supported by southern planters desiring to expand the cotton culture. Was opposed by the northeast who thought war was "unrighteous and gave the south more political power.
1126410766"54 40 or Fight"Slogan used by pro-war westerners wanting a war with Great Britain for all of the Oregon territory in the 1840's.
1126410767Samuel SlaterInduced by American textile industries, he left England with the memorized knowledge on how to build a textile factory
1126410768Panics of 1819, 1837, 1857, 1873, 1883, 1893Economic Depression brought about by over speculation in land or rail roads on a cycle of 20 to 10 years.
1126410769American systemthis was Henry Clay's three part plan to improve the US economic condition through the 2nd National Bank, internal improvements and protective tariffs.
1126410770American Temperance societyFirst national organization to protest the abuse of alcohol. They demanded the "total" abstinence and pressured churches to expel members who condoned alcohol.
1126410771Dorethea DixUnitarian Sunday School teacher who during the age of reform worked for better treatment for the mentally insane.
1126410772LiberatorAnti-slavery (abolitionist) newspaper founded by New Englander William Lloyd Garrison/Liberator was outspoken and controversial because of their unwavering stand on slavery.
1126410773SectionalismTerm used to describe the regions (Northeast, South, & West) and differing economic, social, and cultural systems and interest prior the Civil War.
1126410774Antietambloodiest single day of fighting during the Civil War resulted in a draw and prompted Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.
1126410775Emancipation ProclamationIssued by Lincoln, the __ ___ freed slaves only in the states under rebellion.
1126410776King Cottonterm used to describe the dominance of the South's cash crop (Cotton) on politics, agriculture, and society prior to the Civil War in the Ante-Bellum South.
1126410777Wade Davis BillRadical reconstruction plan with the far reaching punitive measures against the southern states and their eventual readmission into the union.
1126410778Copperheadsnorthern democrats who opposed the civil war and were also referred to as peace democrats.
1126410779Anaconda Planthe Union (Northern) plan devised by General Winfield Scott to blockade the south and restrict its trade to win the war.
1126410780Kansas-Nebraska ActStephen Douglas' attempt to allow popular sovereignty to decide the slavery issue in the territories in exchange for the Trans-Continental Rail Road linking California and Illinois.
1126410781Lincoln-Douglas DebatesSeven debates for the Illinois senate in 1858. This was the last peaceful debate over slavery prior to the Civil War.
1126410782Black Codespassed by southern "Johnson" governments to force Freedmen back on the plantations.
1126410783Stephen A Douglas(the little giant) Senator and presidential candidate form ILL. Who authored the Kansas-Nebraska Act to benefit his political career.
1126410784Bleeding KansasConflict over the expansion of slavery into the Kansas Territory during its transition to statehood. Free-Staters battled slavery supporters with violence.
1126410785John BrownFanatic anti-slavery leader who attempted to start a massive slave uprising by seizing the federal armory at Harpers Ferry in 1859.
1126410786Fall of AtlantaMajor turning point of the civil War when Sherman's Union Army victory insured the re-election of Abe Lincoln
1126410787Uncle tom's CabinWritten by Harriet Beecher Stowe in response to the Fugitive slave Law. __ __ __ is considered to have been one of the most effective Anti-slavery statements made prior to the Civil War.
1126410788Brooks/Sumner EpisodeA bloody altercation between a southern congressman and a northern senator in the senate chamber in 1856.
1126410789Dred Scott Case1857 Supreme court case that developed the fact that slaves were property not persons entitled to constitutional rights. It was the second Supreme Court decision to declare a law unconstitutional- Missouri Compromise
1126410790Andrew Johnsonvice president who succeeded Lincoln after the assassination and was the first president to be impeached
1126410791Forgettable Presidentsterm applied to the US presidents between Grant and Roosevelt. (Hayes, Cleveland, Garfield, Arthur, Harrison, McKinnley) Because business men dominated the National scene.
1126410792Compromise of 1877The __ __ __ resolved the disputed election of 1876 between Sam Tilden and Rutherford B Hayes.
1126410793Gospel of WealthBelief that those blessed with great wealth earned it through Darwinist competition but also were obligated to improve society and mankind through philanthropy.
1126410794ScalawagA southern supporter of northern "Carpet Bag" governments during Reconstruction in the South
1126410795StalwartA supporter of the Republican Party during the Gilded Age who supported the Spoils system, Protective Tariffs, and HardMoney; he opposed reform
1126410796ReconstructionThe period following the Civil War in which the devastated Southern States were slowly resotred economically, politcally, and socially.
1126410797Jim Crow LawsLaws enforcing segregation or conrol of Blacks in such a manner as to make them unequal after reconstruction
1126410798Pinkerton"Detective" agency or private police hired by the Feder Government to guard the President prior to 1865 and used by business owners to intimidate Unions with strong arm tactics.
1126410799Knights of Laborearly American labor union that failed to achieve economic and social acceptance because its members were unskilled, expendable and "un-American." The union was prone to violence, linked to communism, and anarchism.
1126410800Waving the Bloody ShirtAn expression used as a vote getting stratagem by the Republicans during the election of 1876 to offset charges of corruption by blaming the Civil War on the Democrats.
1126410801GrantismA 19th century term for political corruption during the Gilded Age. Which included bribery scandals, abuses of the spoils system and political cronyism.
1126410802Tweed RingDuring the Gilded Age it was the notorious Tammany Hall political machine led by "Boss" William Marcy Tweed. In two years it defrauded the city of $200,000,000 1868-71.
1126410803Dawes ActBill that attempted to pacify the plains Indians by giving them land to farm. May Indians sold their land for alcohol.
1126410804Pendleton ActThis act sought to end the abuses of the spoils system and was passed by Grover Cleveland. It mandated civil service exams for employment in the government.
1126410805GreenbackPaper money issued during the civil war to help finance the war effort and stabilize the economy.
1126410806Vertical and Horizontal IntegrationTwo forms of monopolistic system used by the "captains of industry" in the U.S. from the 1870's to 1900 to control production and sale. (Vertical= mine to market)(Horizontal= specialized in one particular aspect of business such as refining of raw materials)
1126410807RedeemersSouthern political movement that sought and did return "home rule" to the southern states during reconstruction.
1126410808Thomas NastPolitical cartoonist who's work exposed the abuses of the Tweed ring, criticized the South's attempts to impede Reconstruction, and lampooned labor unions. Created the animal symbols of the Democratic and Republican Parties.
1126410809Robber BaronsThe term used to describe the Gilded Age monopolist for their Social Darwinist practices who reffered to themselves as "Captains of Industry."
1126410810GrangersThe Patrons of Husbandry or farmers organized aginst rail road abuses. Similar group to the Farmers Alliance.
1126410811Social Darwinism19th century of belief that evolutionary ideas theorized by Charles Darwin could be applied to society.
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Marxism Flashcards

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608056641MarxismA political-economic theory based on the writings of Karl Marx (1818 - 1883) that offers a critique of capitalism. It presents a vision of social change & society liberated from capitalist exploitation through a communist revolution.
608056642Dominant ideology thesisFor Karl Marx, in any historical period (epoch), the ideas of the ruling class - i.e. the class that controls the means of material production - are dominant.
608056643BourgeoisieThe dominant class who own & control the means of production & present their interests as the dominant ideology.
608056644ProletariatThe working class who are forced to offer their labour in return for minimal wages & soul-destroying work.
608056645Base/superstructure modelRefers to Marx's theory that it is economic, material conditions (e.g. capitalist production) that form the foundations of society & culture.
608056646Dialectical materialismThe Marxist view of historical change sees developments in the economic 'base' (the means of material production) as the fundamental, driving force. The crucial factor is the relationship to the means of production e.g. 'owner' & 'worker'.
608056647Economic determinismThe theory that it is the economic 'base' that drives historical change & determines all aspects of culture & being.
608056648CommunismMarx's vision of a post-revolutionary, classless, stateless, egalitarian (completely equal) society involving shared ownership of the means of production & an end to private property & economic exploitation.
608056649Ideological hegemonyA term particularly associated with Antonio Gramsci (1891 - 1937) which suggests the ruling ideology is in a constant tactical battle for dominance with competing ideas. A refinement of the dominant ideology thesis.
608056650False consciousnessMarx's term for the condition of the working class under capitalism whereby they are prevented from recognising their own interests.
608056651InterpellationFor Louis Althusser (1918 - 1990) we are not free agents making free decisions; we are "brought into being" as subjects by capitalist discourse (i.e. addressed in different ways by a more or less invisible ideology) via a process of "hailing."
608056652Commodity fetishismA term coined by Marx to describe the almost magical value attributed to objects in a capitalist economy. This value is derived not from how products are used, or from the labour of exploited workers who produce them - which is usually heavily disguised by advertising - but from the price they can command on the market.
608056653AlienationMarxist term refering to the loss of meaning, fulfillment, & personal identity that occurs under capitalism: it includes loss of control over the creative process of capitalist production, separation of the producer from the value of the things produced, & isolation from fellow producers during the process.
608056654False needsA term coined by Herbert Marcuse (1898 - 1979) of the Frankfurt School to describe the capacity of the capitalist culture industry to manipulate tastes & desires in order to persuade people to consume in carefully controlled & standardised manner.
608056655One-dimensional manMarcuse's term refering to what we become when capitalism manages to substitute our 'real needs' for the carefully manipulated desire for products. We essentially become like puppets in the hands of a cynical advertising industry with no control over our lives or capacity to realise our true potential.
608056656Frankfurt SchoolA group of German critical theorists - Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Herbert Marcuse, & Walter Benjamin - whose critique of industrial capitalism centred on the power of the mass media to restrict & control cultural life forcing people into mass consumption & conformity.
608056657Cultural capitalA term coined by Pierre Bourdieu (1930 - 2002) denoting cultural & social class resources that people inherit, learn, & use to their advantage in various situations. It explains how certain goods & cultural practices acquire a cachet of 'good taste' related to more subtle distinctions than simple cost.
608056658Culture industryA Frankfurt School (Adorno & Horkheimer) term for the standardised, conformist, popular cultural product (TV, magazines, films) used to entertain & pacify the working classes.
608056659Culture industriesMusic, TV, advertising, etc. The means by which capitalist values are reinforced & disseminated (spread).
608056660EliteThe wealthy, dominant group in a capitalist society whose conspicuous consumption makes them subjects of envy & emulation.
608056661Ideological state apparatusesAlthusser's view is that we are constituted as subjects by ideological practice i.e our values & desires are formed by the media, education system etc. & these constantly reinforce capitalism.
608056662Pseudo-individualisationAdorno's term for the illusion of individuality provided by the (popular) culture industry.
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WHAP Chapter 12 The era of the Tang and Song Dynasties Flashcards

Reunification and Renaissance in Chinese civilization: The era of the Tang and Song Dynasties

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1071255002Period of the five dynastiesEra of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han.
1071255003WendiMember of prominent northern Chinese family during period of Six Dynasties; proclaimed himself emperor; supported by nomadic peoples of northern China; established Sui dynasty
1071255004YangdiSecond member of Sui dynasty; murdered his father to gain throne; restored Confucian examination system; responsible for construction of Chinese canal system; assassinated in 618
1071255005Li YuanAlso known as Duke of Tang; minister for Yangdi; took over empire following assassination of Yangdi; first emperor of Tang dynasty; took imperial title of Gaozu.
1071255006Ministry of RitesAdministered examinations to students from Chinese government schools or those recommended by distinguished scholars
1071255007JinshiTitle granted to students who passed the most difficult Chinese examination on all of Chinese literature; became immediate dignitaries and eligible for high office
1071255008Chan BuddhismKnown as Zen in Japan; stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; popular with members of elite Chinese society
1071255009Mahayana Buddhism"Great Vehicle" branch of Buddhism followed in China, Japan, and Central Asia. The focus reverence for Buddha and for bodhisattvas, enlightened person who have postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment.
1071255010WuzongChinese emperor of Tang dynasty who openly persecuted Buddhism by destroying monasteries in 840s; reduced influence of Chinese Buddhism in favor of Confucian ideology
1071255011Yang GuifeiRoyal concubine of Tang emperor Xuanzong; introduction of relatives into administration led to revolt.
1071255012KhitansNomadic peoples of Manchuria; militarily superior to Song dynasty China but influenced by Chinese culture; forced humiliating treaties on Song China in 11th century
1071255013Zhao Kuangyin(960-976) Founder of Song dynasty; originally a general following fall of Tang; took title of Taizu; failed to overcome northern Liao dynasty that remained independent.
1071255014Zhu Xi(1130-1200) Most prominent of neo-Confucian scholars during the Song dynasty in China; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life and action
1071255015Wang AnshiConfucian scholar and chief minister of a Song emperor in 1070s; introduced sweeping reforms based on Legalists; advocated greater state intervention in society.
1071255016Southern SongRump state of the Song Dynasty from 1127 to 1279; carved out of the much larger domains of the Tang and northern Song; culturally one of the most glorious reigns in Chinese history.
1071255017JurchensFounders of Qin kingdom that succeeded the Liao in northern China; annexed most of the Yellow River basin and forced Song to flee to south.
1071255018Grand CanalBuilt in 7th century during reign of Yangdi during Sui dynasty; designed to link the original centers of Chinese civilization on the north China plain with the Yangtze river basin to the south; nearly 1200 miles long
1071255019JunksChinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula
1071359371Chang'anCapital of Tang dynasty; population of 2 million, larger than any other city in the world at that time.
1071359372HuangzhouCapital of later Song dynasty; located near East China Sea; permitted overseas trading; population exceeded 1 million.
1071359373Foot bindingPractice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household
1071359374Bi Sheng11th century artisan; devised technique of printing with movable type; made it possible for China to be the most contemporary literate civilization.
1071359375Li BoMost famous poet of the Tang era; blended images of the mundane world with philosophical musings.
1071359376Empress Wu(690 - 705 C.E.) Tang ruler who supported Buddhist establishment; tried to elevate Buddhism to state religion; had multistory statues of Buddha created.
1071359377XuanzongLeading Chinese emperor of the Tang dynasty who reigned from 713 to 755 though he encouraged overexpansion
1071359378Liao DynastyFounded in 907 by nomadic Khitan peoples from Manchuria; maintained independence from Song dynasty in China.
1071359379SinficationExtensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of Korea and Japan, less typical of Vietnam.
1071359380Neo-ConfuciansRevived ancient Confucian teachings in Song era of China; great impact on the dynasties that followed; their emphasis on tradition and hostility to foreign systems made Chinese rulers and bureaucrats less receptive to outside ideas and influences.
1071359381Tangut tribesrulers of Xi Xia kingdoms of northwest china; one of regional kingdoms during the period of the southern song; conquered by Mongolia in 1226
1071359382Xi XiaKingdom of the Tangut people, north of Song Kingdom, in the mid-11th century; collected tribute that drained Song resources and burdened Chinese peasantry.
1071359383Jin KingdomKingdom north of the song empire. Established by the Jurchens after overthrowing Liao Dynasty; ended in 1234
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Byzantine Flashcards

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645911707byzantine empirea continuation of the Roman Empire in the Middle East after its division in 395
645911708justinianByzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code
645921751hagia sophiathe Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian
645921752justinian's codean organized collection and explanation of Roman laws for use by the Byzantine Empire
645921753theodorathe wife of Justinian, she helped to improve the status of women in the Byzantinian Empire and encouraged her husband to stay in Constntinople and fight the Nike Revolt.
645921754autocrata cruel and oppressive dictator
645921755patriarchthe male head of family or tribe
645921756icona religious image used by eastern Christians
645921757yaroslavgolden age; issued written law code, translated Greek to his own language; arranged marriages
645921758cyril & methodiusChristian missionaries who tried to teach the Bible to Slavs in central and eastern Europe. and made an alphabet for them
645921759genghiz khanMongol leader who united the nomads of Central Asia and overran lands from China to Eastern Europe
645921760golden hordea Mongolian army that swept over eastern Europe in the 13th century
645921761steppeextensive plain without trees (associated with eastern Russia and Siberia)
645921762boyara Russian noble
645921763czara person having great power
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AP Human Geography Chapter 5 Rubenstien Flashcards

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748982425Ebonicsa dialect spoken by some african americans
748982426Franglaisthe widespread use of english in the french language, A term used by the French for English words that have entered the French language, a combination of franfais and anglai." the French words for "French" and "English," respectively.
748982427spanglishCombination of Spanish and English, spoken by Hispanic-Americans.
748982428Lingua FrancaA language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages
748982429Pidgin languageA form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.
748982430accentthe manner in which people speak and the way words are pronounced in different parts of the world
748982431dialectA regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation
748982432extinct languageA language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used.
748982433ideogramsymbol that stands for a concept rather than a word
748982434isoglossA boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate
748982435isolated languageA language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family.
748982436language branchA collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that these derived from the same family.
748982437languageA system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.
748982438language groupA collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.
748982439language familya collection of languages related to each other through a commmon ancestor long before recorded history
748982440literary traditionA language that is written as well as spoken
748982441mono-lingualitySpeaking only one language.
748982442bi-lingualitySpeaking two languages.
748982443multi-lingualitySpeaking several languages.
748982444official languageThe language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.
748982445orthographythe study of where languages are found/located
748982446standard languageThe form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.
748982447toponymthe name by which a geographical place is known
748982448trade languageA language used between native speakers of different languages to allow them to communicate so that they can trade with each other.
748982449vernacularthe everyday speech of the people (as distinguished from literary language)
748982450BRPBritish Received Pronounciation. The dialect of English assosciated with upper class britons living in the london area now considered a standard,
748982451creolea language that results from the th mixing of a colonizer's langage with the indigenous language of the people being dominated
748982452Vulgar Latinnonclassical Latin dialects spoken in the Roman Empire
748982453EsperantoA made-up Latin-based language, which its European proponents in the early twentieth century hoped would become a global language.
748982454lingusticsstudy of language
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the republican party emergers Flashcards

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2174331251.Why did some people want a new political party? ***they thought that none of the paries that existed would tkae a strong stand against slavery
2174331262.What was the name of the new political party and what was its purpose? ***the republican parties purpose was to keep slavery out of the west
2174331273.Describe Abraham Lincoln? ***Abe was born in kentucky and lived in illinois where he grew up, but only spent one year in schiool. he later taught himself how to read and right, and after he studied law.
2174331284.How many times did Lincoln and Douglas debate one another and what was the very important issue? ***7 times, and the issue was slavery
2174331295.What did Lincoln and Douglas believe about the slavery issue? ***lincoln was an abolishonist, and douglas was for popular soveriegnty
2174331306.Who won the Senate seat - Lincoln or Douglas? ***douglas
2174331317.Who is John Brown and what did he do?john brown was a northerner who tried to spark a slave revolt in harpers ferry virginia
2174331328.What is an arsenal?a gun warhouse
2174331339.What is treason?actions against ones country
21743313410.What is a martyr?someone who dies for there beliefs
21743313511.Was John Brown a hero or a villain? How did northerners and southerners view John Brown?The north saw him as a martyr, but the south just saw him as some radical abolishonist
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APUSH Mexican-American War Flashcards

Review these key terms regarding the Mexican-American War!

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838900149Rio Grande Riverthe Texas border, according to the US
838900150Nueces Riverthe Texas border, according to Mexico
838900151Mexican-American Wardispute over boundaries led to war from 1846-1848
838900152Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgotreaty in which US gave Mexico $15 million for California, New Mexico, and Texas border at Rio Grande
838900153President Polkdeclared war on Mexico in 1846
838900154Abraham Lincolnwrote the "Spot Resolutions" which argued against the Mexican-American War
8389001551845the year Texas was annexed to the US
8389001561848the year the Mexican-American War ended
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Mexican-American War Flashcards

Vocabulary of Mexican-American War

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102062588"Manifest Destiny"The belief that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. The phrase was coined by New York journalist John L. O'Sullivan.
102062589annexto take or attach territory, especially territory conquered during a war.
102062590Bear Flag RevoltA group of rebellions from Sonoma that declared that California was an independent republic in 1846. To represent this new nation, the rebels created a flag with a single star and a grizzly bear
102062591Mexican-American warWar with Mexico which began in 1846 when the U.S. annexed Texas and Mexico challenged the Border. Battles were fought in Texas, and Mexico was invaded from the Atlantic Ocean by General Winfield Scott. Scott attacked Mexico City and Chapultepec. The war ended with the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848.
102062592Antonio Lopez de Santa Annapolitical opportunist and general who served as president of Mexico eleven different times and commanded the Mexican army during the Texas Revolution in the 1830s and the war with the United States in the 1840s.
102062593Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgoa treaty that the US forced Mexico to sign in 1848, giving Mexico's northern lands to the US (NM,CO,AZ,UT,CA,NV)
102062594Gadsen Purchase$10 million purchase of land from Mexico - omitted from the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. This strip - south of the Gila River, includes the route of the Southern Pacific railroad
102062595Wilmot Proviso1846, PA Congressman David Wilmot proposed that a bill be amended to forbid slavery in any of the new territories taken from Mexico; passed House twice but failed to pass Senate
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