AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!
Test on May 23rd
| 804051601 | What was the Abolition Movement? | The movement to abolish slavery. | |
| 804051602 | Who was Fredrick Douglass? | Most famous escaped black slave, wrote autobiography; describing the differences between his slave owners; produced the North Star. | |
| 804051603 | Who wrote "Uncle Tom's Cabin"? | Harriet Beecher Stowe. It was various slave's stories and it was one of the causes of the great Civil War. |
SHS
APUSH
| 601757318 | Treaty of Varsailles | forced Germany to accept blame for WWI and to pay reparations; (Adolf Hitler would later take advantage of this source of Bitterness the "war guilt" caused in the Germans) led to the break-up of Austria-Hungary germany can't maintain army, established new nations and league of nations, shrink German colonies, Woodrow Wilson himself went to Paris to negoiate the treaty and did not take any prominent republicians with him in his delegation. he also urged the us to vote for democrates in the upcomming election to help support him to get through the war this also offended them because they had been working with him. (maybe this lead to some of the republicians not being in support of the league of nations) this did cause democrates to loose spots in the house and senate. 14 republicans and 2 democratic opposed being in the League of nations US didn't sign | |
| 601793056 | League of Nations | an international organization formed in 1920 after WWI to promote cooperation and peace among nations. Suggested originally by Woodrow Wilson but the U S never joined. and it remained powerless; it was dissolved in 1946 after the United Nations was formed | |
| 608084078 | Committee on Public Information | Organized by President Woodrow Wilson and established on April 14, 1917 headed by George Creel it composed of the secretaries of state, war, and the navy, with the help of journalists, photographers, artists, entertainers, was a propaganda committee that built support for the war effort in Europe among Americans. It depicted Germans and other enemies on bad terms, and served to censor the press. The committee helped spur up the anti-German feeling in America as well as motivated Americans to support war against Germany once declared. Employed over employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. Goal was to urge people especially immigrants to become "One hundred percent American" German Americans were most affected. Concert halls banned music by German composers. School districts shut down German language programs, and hamburgers were renamed "liberty sandwiches:" There were posters exhorting citizens to root out German spies | |
| 608084079 | muckrakers | included Frank Norris (The Octopus), Ida Tarbell (A History of the Standard Oil Company), Lincoln Steffens (The Shame of the Cities), and Upton Sinclair (The Jungle). They were bright young reporters at the turn of the twentieth century who won this unfavorable moniker from Theodore Roosevelt, but boosted the circulations of their magazines by writing exposés of widespread corruption in American society. Their subjects included business manipulation of government, white slavers, child labor, and the illegal deeds of the trusts, and helped spur the passage of reform legislation. (1906) | |
| 608084080 | Russo-Japanese War | "the first great war of the 20th century"; conflict between Japan and Russia over Korea and Manchuria for control of Port Arthur ; Japan's victory is first Asian victory over West. Japan retains Manchuria. | |
| 608084081 | Henry Cabot Lodge | Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations and disagreed with the Versailles Treaty. Wilson's great senatorial antagonist, succeeded in his goal of keeping America out of the League of Nations He mostly disagreed with the section that called for the League to protect a member who was being threatened. | |
| 608084082 | Open Door Policy | a policy, proposed by the United States in 1899, under which all nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China this was done because England and US were afraid that that trade with China would be affected by all of the other countries looking at china like a dog looking at a bone. ( This happened after Japan defeated them in war and the other countries saw that China could not effectively defend itself against others.) | |
| 608084083 | Fourteen Points | Fourteen goals of the United States in the peace negotiations after World War I. President Woodrow Wilson announced the Fourteen Points to Congress in early 1918. They included public negotiations between nations, freedom of navigation, free trade, self-determination for several nations involved in the war, and the establishment of an association of nations to keep the peace. The "association of nations" Wilson mentioned became the League of Nations. | |
| 608084084 | Panama Canal | Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000 | |
| 608084085 | Federal Trade Commission | Created in 1914, replaced the Bureau of Corporations. This nonpartisan commission investigated and reported on corporate behavior, and was authorized to issue cease and desist orders against unfair trade practices. Enabled the government to more easily kill monopolies. | |
| 608084086 | Creel Committee | Headed by George Creel, this committee was in charge of propaganda for WWI (1917-1919). He depicted the U.S. as a champion of justice and liberty - important b/c it was pro war - first propaganda movement to this extent - made to sell wilsons war goals to america and the world AKA the Committee on Public Information. US WWI propaganda machine | |
| 608084087 | International Workers of the World | 1905 - Also known as IWW or Wobblies - radical labor union created in opposition to American Federation of Labor. Followed socialist ideas based off of Karl Marx; this group was persecuted during WWI due to their socialist tendencies and activism against the government | |
| 608084088 | Federal Reserve System | The country's central banking system, which is responsible for the nation's monetary policy . created by Congress in 1913 to establish banking practices and regulate currency in circulation and the amount of credit available. It consists of 12 regional banks supervised by the Board of Governors. Often called simply the Fed. | |
| 608084089 | irreconcilables | Led by Senators William Borah of Idaho and Hiram Johnson of California, this was a hard-core group of militant isolationists who opposed the Wilsonian dream of international cooperation in the League of Nations after World War I. Their efforts played an important part in preventing American participation in the international organization. They opposed any treaty ending WW1 that had a League of Nations folded into it | |
| 608084090 | Dollar Diplomacy | Foriegn Policy idea by Taft to make countries dependant on the U.S. by heavily investing in their economies,this policy started as a way for the US to have some control in what was happening in other countries without fighting with them, later caused the US to cotinue their involvement in different countries politics in order to protect american investments in those countries. | |
| 608084091 | W.E.B. DuBois | first black Ph.D. from Harvard; a founder of the NAACP; said that blacks should strive for equal opportunities now and not later; differed from Booker T. Washington's ideas in terms of how black should fight segregation | |
| 608084092 | Niagara movement | group of African American thinkers founded in 1905 that pushed for immediate racial reforms, particularly in education and voting practices | |
| 608084093 | Hay-Buneau-Varilla Treaty | Buena Varilla compromised with Hay and T. Roosevelt to engineer a revolution in Panama against the Colombian government, therefore allowing the US to build a canal there 1900-1918 | |
| 608084094 | Woodrow Wilson | 28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize | |
| 608084095 | Progressive Movement | This was a period of widespread political reform that lasted from the 1890s through the first two decades of the 20th century. The movement actually comprised a number of efforts on the local, state, and national levels, and included both Democrats and Republicans who championed such causes as tax reform, woman suffrage, political reform, industrial regulation, the minimum wage, the eight-hour work day, and workers' compensation. The reform-minded enthusiasm of this era came to an end as the United States entered World War I in 1917, and energies were redirected into the war effort. | |
| 608084096 | Wobblies | An international union that was led by William Haywood who was eventually convicted under the Espionage Act. This organization, often abbreviated as the IWW and officially called the Industrial Workers of the World, held the belief that all laborers should be united as a class and also that the wage system should be eradicated. This group organized created extremely damaging industrial sabatoge due to the fact that they were victims of terrible working conditions. This is significant because it portrays how labor still suffered terrible grievances especially during the war because people were more focused on being selfless and thinking solely about how to help the war effort. | |
| 608084097 | Article X | This part of the Versailles Treaty morally bound the U. S. to aid any member of the League of Nations that experienced any external aggression. | |
| 608084098 | reservationists | These were Republicans who wanted no part with the League of Nations unless there were some changes. They were a burden to the vote on the League of Nations and had a part in its failure to pass. | |
| 608084099 | spheres of influence | sections of a country where foreign nations enjoy special rights. China was split into these during the age of imperialism | |
| 608084100 | Ballinger-Pinchot Affair | Ballinger, who was the Secretary of Interior, opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska against Roosevelt's conservation policies. Pinchot, who was the Chief of Forestry, supported former President Roosevelt and demanded that Taft dismiss Ballinger. Taft, who supported Ballinger, dismissed Pinchot on the basis of insubordination. This divided the Republican Party. | |
| 608084101 | 16th amendment | Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income. | |
| 608084102 | 17th amendment | Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures. | |
| 608084103 | Upton Sinclair | He was the author of the sensational novel, THE JUNGLE, published in 1906. His intention was to describe the conditions of canning factory workers. Instead, Americans were disgusted by his descriptions of dirty food production. His book influenced consumers to demand safer canned products. | |
| 608084104 | The Jungle | This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry.and portrayed the dangerous and unhealthy conditions prevalent in the meatpacking industry at that time The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act, and prompted President T. Roosevelt to sign the Meat Inspection Act. | |
| 608084105 | Volstead Act | specified that "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act." It did not specifically prohibit the purchase or use of intoxicating liquors | |
| 608084106 | Mann-Elkin Act | 1910, gave the Interstate Comerce Commission the power to suspend new railroad rates, along with oversee telephone and cable companies; included communications | |
| 608084107 | Sussex/Arabic Pledges | pledges by the Germans before US entrance into WWI to stop using submarine warfare against US ships and to pledge not to destroy any more American citizens, in time they violated these pledges 1934-1941 | |
| 608161858 | Charles and Mary Beard | Wrote The Rise of American Civilization (1927), Historians best know for their study of American History stating that it was economics values not political philosophies that laid the base for our government adn modern society. | |
| 608161859 | Anthracite Coal Strike | 1st evidence of TR's reform -over 150,000 miners walked off their jobs demanding higher pay, shorter days and offiicial recognition of their union - result= mine owners agreed to arbitration - was also perceived as having sided with the strikers rather then movement= huge switch from government positions | |
| 608161860 | Zimmerman Note (Telegram) | a 1917 diplomatic proposal from the German Empire to Mexico to make war against the United States. The proposal was intercepted and decoded by British intelligence. Revelation of the contents outraged American public opinion and helped generate support for the United States declaration of war on Germany in April. Also promised Mexico the recovery of land lost to America in exchange for their help in the war. | |
| 608161861 | Eugene V. Debs | Labor leader and socialist who was a tireless spokesman for labor radicalism; founded the American Railway Union and the workers in the Pullman Strike of 1894 and sentenced to six months in jail as a result; organized the Social Democratic party in 1897 and ran for President in 1900, 1904 and 1912. | |
| 608161862 | Samuel "Golden Rule" Jones | Toledo Mayor that helped established the Ohio Oil Company which was later bought by Standard Oil Company, making Jones a wealthy man. -asked his workers to work hard, be honest, and follow the golden rule -opened free kindergartens, built parks, instituted an eight-hour day for city workers, and reformed the city government -was not well liked by other businessmen, the average citizen supported him. When his term was over Jones was not renominated by the Republicans. | |
| 608161863 | Underwood-Simmons Tariff | 1914, Reduced import duties on most goods and lowered the overall average duty from 40% to 25%. . It lowered tariff rates but raised federal revenues. It was significant because Wilson wanted to lower tariffs because he thought that it encouraged the growth of monopolies .Lost tax revenue would be replaced with an income tax that was implemented with the 16th amendment It was a milestone in tax legislation since it enacted a graduated income tax. | |
| 608161864 | Bull Moose Party | The Republicans were badly split in the 1912 election, so Roosevelt broke away forming his own Progressive Party (or Bull Moose Party because he was "fit as a bull moose..."). The party wanted tariff reduction, women's suffrage, higher corporate regulation and a child labor ban, a federal compensation for workers, and several other platforms. His loss led to the election of Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, but he gained more third party votes than ever before. | |
| 608161865 | Theodore Roosevelt | 26th president Republician 'Speak softly but carry a big stick', known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France | |
| 608161866 | Gentlemen's Agreement | Chinese immigration to California boomed during the Gold Rush of 1852 By 1905, anti-Japanese rhetoric filled the pages of the San Francisco Chronicle. The immediate cause of the Agreement was anti-Japanese nativism in California. In 1906, the San Francisco, California Board of Education passed a regulation whereby children of Japanese descent would be required to attend separate, racially specific schools. They were able to do this after the earthquake and fire in san fransisco before they could not seperate them because there was no funding to build a school just for them. At the time, Japanese immigrants made up approximately 1% of the population of California; many of them had immigrated under the treaty in 1894 which had assured free immigration from Japan. Japanese-Americans soon contacted the media in Japan to make the government aware of the segregation. Tokyo newspapers denounced the segregation as an "insult to their national pride and honor". The Japanese government was also highly concerned with their reputation overseas as they wanted to protect their reputation as a world power. Government officials became aware that a crisis was at hand, and intervention was necessary in order to maintain diplomatic peace. Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japenese men already living in the US to join them. The agreement was never passed by congress and was nullified in 1924. The government of Japan did issue passports for immigration to Hawaii, and the Japaneese could then go over to the main land with little trouble. | |
| 608161867 | "Birth of a Nation" | -1915 -silent drama film directed by D.W. Griffith -based on the novel/play The Clansman -assassination of Abe Lincoln by Booth is dramatized -commercial success but highly controversial with portrayal of African American men played by white actors as unintelligent and sexually aggressive toward white women -Ku Klux Klan portrayed as a heroic force -widespread protests against it, banned in several cities sparked protests, riots, and divisiveness since its first release | |
| 608161868 | D.W. Griffith | He directed the motion picture of "Birth of a Nation" (1915) that was a racist depiction of Reconstruction that glorified the KKK, and defamed both blacks and Northern carpetbaggers. | |
| 608161869 | "good and Bad" trusts | Theodore Roosevelt's leadership boiled everything down to a case of right versus wrong and good versus bad. If a trust controlled an entire industry but provided good service at reasonable rates, it was a "good" trust to be left alone. Only the "bad" trusts that jacked up rates and exploited consumers would come under attack | |
| 608161870 | Emilio Aguinaldo | he was a Philippinian nationalist who was a member of the secret Katipunan brotherhood; he won several victories against the Spaniards in 1896; he agreed to exile to Hong Kong, but continued to try to fight against the Spaniards from there; in the face of the Spanish-American War, he hoped for independence for the Philippines, but did not lend troops to the American side of the war as Americans hoped he would; he declared independence for the Philippines on June 12, 1898; the United States refused to recognize his authority, so he declared war on American forces in 1899; he was captured in 1901 and forced to pledge allegiance to America | |
| 608161871 | John Pershing | "Black Jack" American commander in France during World War I ,led troops into France to bolster Anglo-French morale; requested that Wilson send a million American troops by the following spring and the president obliged ; his nickname of "Black Jack" resulted from his command of black troops earlier in his career. Before being dispatched to France, Pershing led an American incursion into Mexico in 1916 in a failed attempt to capture Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa. | |
| 608161872 | Jacob Riis | A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890. | |
| 608161873 | Lusitania | British passenger liner torpedoed and sank by Germany on May 7, 1915. It ended the lives of 1,198 people, including 128 Americans, and pushed the United States closer to war. The Germans claimed that it was carrying munitions and soldiers and was armed. | |
| 608161874 | Muller v. Oregon | a landmark decision in United States Supreme Court history, as it relates to both sex discrimination and labor laws. The case upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health. | |
| 608161875 | Triple wall of privilege | President Woodrow Wilson, in 1912, set out to break down what he called, "the triple wall of privilege." This included the bank, trusts, and the tariff. He addressed the tariff first; in early 1913, he summoned a special session of Congress. asked Senators not to give in to lobbyists. the Underwood Tariff Bill passed and substantially reduced import fees, along with placing an income tax for amounts over $3,000. Then Wilson tackled the banking system. In June 1913, Wilson again personally addressed both houses of Congress and appealed for sweeping reforms of the banking system, which eventually resulted in him signing the monumental Federal Reserve Act in 1913. This Act created the Federal Reserve Board which oversaw a nation-wide system of regional banks. The Board was given the power to issue paper money called "Federal Reserve Notes" during times of economic pressure. Last he attacked the trusts. early in 1914 Wilson made a personal appearance before Congress and nine months later received the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914. This bit of legislation allowed a presidential appointed commission to search out monopolies and crush them. The Act was followed by the Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914 which added to the Sherman Act's list of bad business practices. The Clayton Act also helped laborers as it exempted unions and labor organizations from antitrust persecution and gave them protection for legal and peaceful protest. | |
| 608161876 | insurgent's revolt | Cuban rebellion against Spanish rule that was supported by American sugar planters; yellow press coverage of the Spanish backlash led to the Spanish-American War. | |
| 608161877 | Robert LaFollette | Governor of Wisconsin who was a militant progressive. He wrestled control out of the hands of corrupt corporations and perfected a way for regulating public utilities. helped found the National Progressive Republican League, which intended to unseat Taft He is remembered for introducing the first workers' compensation system, railroad rate reform, direct legislation, municipal home rule, open government, the minimum wage, non-partisan elections, the open primary system, direct election of U.S. Senators, women's suffrage, and progressive taxation | |
| 608161878 | Big Stick Policy | Roosevelt's philosophy - In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen; used by T.R. to improve world peace, "Speak softly and carry a big stick." Said that the "big stick" (aka the US army/navy) could be used to keep other countries in line and to make sure that the countries of Latin America behaved themselves | |
| 608161879 | Roosevelt Corollary | Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force. U.S. was granted the right to intervene militarily in neighboring countries in cases of "chronic wrong-doing" such as not paying debts or failure to maintain order. This made the U.S. an "international police power." | |
| 608161880 | Keating-Owen Child Labor Act | Act signed by President Wilson in 1916 that excluded from interstate commerce goods manufactured by children under fourteen; later ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court on the ground that regulation of interstate commerce could not extend to the conditions of labor. | |
| 608161881 | Food Administration | Created by Wilson during WWI - Led by Herbert Hoover - set up ration system to save food for soldiers | |
| 608161882 | Insular Cases | The Supreme Court cases (1901-1903) that dealt with the constitutional rights in the newly acquired overseas territories. The Court ruled that the Constitution did not necessarily follow the flag, and therefore Congress was to determine how to administer the territories. | |
| 608161883 | New Nationalism | Theodore Roosevelt's program in his campaign for the presidency in 1912, the New Nationalism called for a national approach to the country's affairs and a strong president to deal with them. It also called for efficiency in government and society; it urged protection of children, women, and workers; accepted "good" trusts; and exalted the expert and the executive. Additionally, it encouraged large concentrations of capital and labor. | |
| 608161884 | Pure Food and Drug Act | In response to upton sinclair's novel the Jungle US legislation in 1906 placed restrictions on the makers of prepared foods and patent medicines and forbade the manufaxture, sale, or transportation of adulterated, misbranded, pr harmful foods, drugs, and liquors. -Halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling italso gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA. | |
| 608161885 | Northern Securities Case | Roosevelt's legal attack on the Northern Securities Company, which was a railroad holding company owned by James Hill and J.P. Morgan. In the end, the company was "trust-busted" and paved the way for future trust-busts of bad trusts. | |
| 608161886 | Lochner v. New York | (1905) This supreme court case debated whether or not New York state violated the liberty of the fourteenth amendment which allowed Lochner to regulate his business when he made a contract. The specific contract Lochner made violated the New York statute which stated that bakers could not work more than 60 hours per week, and more than 10 hours per day. Ultimately, it was ruled that the New York State law was invalid, and violated the workers "liberty of contract" to accept any terms they chose. | |
| 608161887 | Clayton Anti-trust Act | An attempt to improve the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, it outlawed price discrimination,and tying agreements,the provisions were quilifiey by the conservative senet by tacking on the phrase "where the effect may be to substatially lesson competition." interlocking directorates (companies in which the same people served as directors), forbade policies that created monopolies, and made corporate officers responsible for antitrust violations. Benefiting labor, it declared that unions were not conspiracies in restraint of trade and outlawed the use of injunctions in labor disputes unless they were necessary to protect property orprevent injury. passed in 1914. | |
| 608161888 | New Freedom | Woodrow Wilson's program in his campaign for the presidency in 1912, the New Freedom emphasized business competition and small government. It sought to reign in federal authority, release individual energy, and restore competition. It echoed many of the progressive social-justice objectives while pushing for a free economy rather than a planned one. | |
| 608161889 | Great White Fleet | 1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy(16 American battleships) on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement." (This was not unpresidented since France had done the same with Russia to get the czar to sign a treaty in 1894.) It was a common practice in the early 1900 for countries to show off their navy fleets to one another at different countries celebrations around the world. ( a kind of showing off to one another.) |
Just what it sounds like: important dates in American history up to 1850!
| 238647346 | 1607 | Jamestown | |
| 238647347 | 1649 | Toleration Act | |
| 238647348 | 1688 | Glorious Revolution | |
| 238647349 | 1692 | Witch Trials | |
| 238647350 | 1754-1763 | French and Indian War | |
| 238647351 | 1763 | Proclamation of 1763 | |
| 238647352 | 1765 | Stamp Act | |
| 238647353 | 1770 | Boston Massacre | |
| 238647354 | 1773 | Tea Party | |
| 238647355 | 1775 | Lexington and Concord | |
| 238647356 | 1776 | Decalaration of Independence | |
| 238647357 | 1777 | Saratoga | |
| 238647358 | 1781 | Yorktown | |
| 238647359 | 1783 | Treaty of Paris | |
| 238647360 | 1787 | Constitutinal Convention | |
| 238647361 | 1788 | Washington's Election | |
| 238647362 | 1798 | XYZ Affair | |
| 238647363 | 1798 | Alien and Sedition Act | |
| 238647364 | 1800 | Convention of 1800 | |
| 238647365 | 1800 | Jefferson's Election | |
| 238647366 | 1803 | Lousiana Purchase | |
| 238647367 | 1812-1815 | War of 1812 | |
| 238647368 | 1814 | Battle of New Orleans | |
| 238647369 | 1816-1824 | Era of Good Feelings | |
| 238647370 | 1820 | Missouri Compromise | |
| 238647371 | 1823 | Monroe Doctrine | |
| 238647372 | 1820's | Sectionalism | |
| 238647373 | 1828 | Jackson's Election | |
| 238647374 | 1828-1830 | Tariff Crisis | |
| 238647375 | 1830 | Indian Removal Act | |
| 238647376 | 1832 | Nat Turner Rebellion | |
| 238647377 | 1830-1850 | Manifest Destiny | |
| 238647378 | 1836 | Battle of the Alamo | |
| 238647379 | 1844 | Polk's Election | |
| 238647380 | 1845 | Texas Annexation | |
| 238647381 | 1845-1848 | Mexican War | |
| 238647382 | 1848 | Seneca Falls Convention | |
| 238647383 | 1850 | Compromise | |
| 238647384 | 1850 | Fugitive Slave Act |
APUSH Test on Chapter's 16 - 19 in The American Pageant ; Fourteenth Edition
| 314978910 | Natural Population | What caused the great increase in the slave's population in the first 1/2 of the 19th century? | |
| 314978911 | Still discriminated against | How were free blacks in the North treated? | |
| 314978912 | Deep South (including Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana) | By 1860 slaves were concentrated in the Black Belts, where are the Black Belts? | |
| 314978913 | Whipping | How did slave owners encourage slaves to do more work? | |
| 314978914 | Slaves were able to maintain a two parent household | What was family life like for slaves? | |
| 314978915 | Black leader, Martin Delany | Who came up with the idea of recolonizing Black's back to Africa? | |
| 314978916 | The Amistad | In 1839, enslaved African's rose up aboard what Spanish slave ship? | |
| 314978917 | Tyler disapproved of Andrew Jackson's tactics | Why did John Tyler join the Whig party? | |
| 314978918 | Britain invades America by setting an American Steamer, called the Caroline, on fire | During the 1837 Canadian Rebellion against Britain, what happened? | |
| 314978919 | Fighting over the boundary of Maine and Canada | What was the Aroostook War? | |
| 314978920 | They wanted to ignore slavery issues & not have it brought up | Why would we not want to annex Texas? | |
| 314978921 | A joint resolution | How did we annex Texas? | |
| 314978922 | Rich soil ; Farmland | Why did Americans want to migrate to the Oregon country? | |
| 314978923 | Manifest Destiny | In the 1840's they knew that God had ordained the growth of the American Nation stretching from North America. What was it called? | |
| 314978924 | They were fighting over a single issue ; the issue was Oregon | Why was the election of 1844 notable? | |
| 314978925 | By Buying It | In his quest for California, how did the president James K. Polk first try to get the land? | |
| 314978926 | Rio Grande | President Polk claimed that "American blood has been shed on the American soil" it refers to news on the armed Mexicans and Americans in what river? | |
| 314978927 | The U.S would pay $15 million to Northern Mexico | The terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican war includes what? | |
| 314978928 | Amendment sought to ban slavery in any territory that the U.S acquired from Mexico | What was the Wilmot Proviso? | |
| 314978929 | The Mexican Cession | What was the largest single addition in America Territory? | |
| 314978930 | Spain | Who was the first old war European's that first came to America? | |
| 314978931 | As if they were insignificant ; disrespectfully | How did the Spanish Franciscan missionaries treat the Native inhabitants of CA? | |
| 314978932 | Slavery | In order to maintain the political parties that are vital bonds of national unity, party leaders avoided talk of ______? | |
| 314978933 | Condemned slavery for destroying chances of jobs for white male workers. Less jobs = Less money / decreased salary | Illustrate the ideas of the Free-Soil Party? | |
| 314978934 | The people that lived in that territory | According to the principal, popular sovereignty, the replace of slavery in the territory would be determined by who? | |
| 314978935 | Gold | The event that threatened to destroy the long standing equality of free and slave states in the U.S said it was the _____? | |
| 314978936 | Worried about the state hood ; Worried that free states would have more power ; No balance | The South grew increasingly worried about the future of slavery because? | |
| 314978937 | Helping slaves escape to Canada ; The Underground Railroad | How did Harriet Tubman gain fame? | |
| 314978938 | More restricted Fugitive Slave Laws | What did Daniel Webster ask for in the Seventh of March Speech? | |
| 314978939 | William H. Seward | During the debate of 1850 who argued that there was a higher law than the Constitution that compelled him to demand the inclusion of slavery from the territories? | |
| 314978940 | Zachary Taylor dies | What help caused the Compromise of 1850? | |
| 314978941 | Popular Sovereignty | In the Compromise of 1850 Congress determined that slavery in New Mexico and Utah territories was going to be determined by what? | |
| 314978942 | Asking for a Fugitive Slave Law | In light of future evidence it seems apparent that in the Compromise of 1850 the South made a tactical blunder by doing what? | |
| 314978943 | Slavery | What caused the fatal split in the Whig Party? | |
| 314978944 | The Whig Party fell apart | Why was the election of 1852 significant? | |
| 314978945 | Matthew C. Perry | What was the name of the guy who opened up Japan to the United States? | |
| 314978946 | Cuba | In 1850's what piece of land were the Manifest Destiny people trying to get? | |
| 314978947 | The Treaty of Wanghia | What was the first formal diplomatic agreement of U.S and China? | |
| 314978948 | The Ostend Manifesto | What was the name of the scheme that Pierce had to acquire Cuba from Spain? | |
| 314978949 | A Railroad | How do people think we could keep the Pacific Coast Territory from breaking away from the U.S? | |
| 314978950 | Popular Sovereignty | How does Stephen A. Douglas want to decide slavery in the Kansas-Nebraska Territory? | |
| 314978951 | The Missouri Compromise | In order for the Kansas-Nebraska Act to work properly what legislation did they have to repeal? | |
| 314978952 | To show the cruelty of slavery | What was the purpose of Uncle Tom's Cabin? | |
| 314978953 | More Abolitionists & people who would not help with the Fugitive Slave Law | What result did Uncle Tom's Cabin have in the North? | |
| 314978954 | Lawrence, Kansas was raided / attacked by Pro-Slavery people | In 1856, what happened in Kansas that was the breaking point? | |
| 314978955 | The proposed state constitution in Kansas ; It was written so that states could only apply to be a statehood if they were a slave state | What is the Lecompton Constitution? |
1820 to 1850
US Expansion
Industrial Revolution
| 990242859 | Louisiana Purchase | first major part of US Expansion, 1803 from France | |
| 990242860 | France | the country the US purchased Louisiana from | |
| 990242861 | Thomas Jefferson | President who bought the Louisiana Purchase | |
| 990242862 | Napolean | leader of France when the US bought Louisiana | |
| 990242863 | Lewis and Clark | the explorers sent by Jefferson to study and map the Louisiana Purchase | |
| 990242864 | Missouri River | the physical feature Lewis & Clark followed on their journey through the Louisiana Purchase | |
| 990242865 | 1803 | the year the US bought the Lousiana Purchase | |
| 990242866 | Adams-Onis Treaty | the agreement that gave Florida to the US | |
| 990242867 | Spain | the country the US bought Florida from | |
| 990242868 | Texas | this territory fought for it's OWN independence before joining the US | |
| 990242869 | Oregon | the US gained this territory in an agreement with Britain; Britain received British Columbia | |
| 990242870 | Mexican Cession | the result of the Mexican-American War, California was part of this territory | |
| 990242871 | cede | to give up, usually by treaty | |
| 990242872 | Gadsden Purchase | territory of desert bought from Mexico in 1853, originally considered for building the transcontinental railroad | |
| 990242873 | Manifest Destiny | the belief the US would reach from the Atlantic to Pacific Ocean | |
| 990242874 | John Quincy Adams | the president who was involved in buying Florida | |
| 990242875 | Industrial Revolution | period during the 1800s of extremely rapid growth in the use of machines and factories | |
| 990242876 | cotton gin | invention by Eli Whitney that enabled farmers in the south to grow more of this crop | |
| 990242877 | Eli Whitney | inventor of the cotton gin | |
| 990242878 | Zebulon Pike | explorer who explored Northern Kansas | |
| 990242879 | Stephen Long | explorer who coined the phrase "The Great American Desert" | |
| 990242880 | embargo | banning trade with a country | |
| 990242881 | Santa Fe Trail | trail used for TRADE | |
| 990242882 | Oregon Trail | trail used to MOVE and start new farms | |
| 990242883 | interchangeable parts | making the parts of things the EXACT same, so if one part breaks you can simply replace it | |
| 990242884 | mass production | making a lot of the exact same thing | |
| 990242885 | assembly line | system of putting items together in order, allows workers to specialize on a certain part | |
| 990242886 | War of 1812 | conflict with Britain, aka Mr. Madison's War | |
| 990242887 | James Monroe | president during the Era of Good Feelings | |
| 990242888 | Coronado | first explorer to Kansas | |
| 990242889 | transcontinental | "across" a large section of land; Railroad | |
| 990242890 | Alien & Sedition Acts | allowed the President to kick immigrants out of the country | |
| 990242891 | precedent | an action that later serves as an example to the future | |
| 990242892 | Scientific Method | observation and experimentation of natural events to form theories that predict other events | |
| 990242893 | New York City | first capital of the United States | |
| 990242894 | cede | to give up, usually by treaty | |
| 990242895 | Monroe Doctrine | said that Europe should stay out of the Western Hemisphere | |
| 990242896 | Simon Bolivar | leader in South America who helped a lot of countries fight for freedom | |
| 990242897 | Independence, MO | city where BOTH trails started | |
| 990242898 | Willamette Valley | where the Oregon Trail ended | |
| 990242899 | Salt Lake City | city where Mormons settled | |
| 990242900 | Sacramento | city where the California Trail ended | |
| 990242901 | Promontory Point, UT | where the Transcontinental Railroad met, the golden spike was placed here | |
| 990242902 | Mexican-American War | how the US gained California | |
| 990242903 | telegraph | invention that allowed Americans to send messages over a distance, leads to the telephone | |
| 990242904 | Samuel Morse | inventor of the telegraph, a CODE is named after him | |
| 990242905 | XYZ Affair | scandal where Americans bribed French officals, officals were named Agent ___, Agent ___, and Agent ___ | |
| 990242906 | forts | things built along the Santa Fe trail to provide protection | |
| 990242907 | confluence | where to rivers meet, or come TOGETHER | |
| 990242908 | Andrew Jackson | the 7th president, fought Seminole indians in Flordia | |
| 990412979 | Florida | T erritory given by Spain to U.S. by treaty | |
| 990412980 | California | Territory gained through the war with Mexico and included southwest territory becoming part of U.S |
Yo, this is the first 2 of the 6 periods of time in WH (pre-history to 600 CE). All the key terms on the last page of the chappie are included, as well as other bolded terms found sprinkled throughout. Don't forget, these periods together will make 20% of the MC questions. Happy studying! :D
PS: If you have found additional info or a mistake on one of these terms, shoot me a chat message/email/stop me in the middle of the hall and tell me. Thanks!
| 678855797 | Agriculture | THE art of farming! The science or practice of farming. | |
| 678855798 | Agrarian | Someone who farms. Or something pertaining to farming. | |
| 678855799 | Clans | A small group of people that had similar culture and characteristics. | |
| 678855800 | Bureaucracy | A system of government in which state officials would control parts of the area. Different parts of the government would specialize and stabilize. | |
| 678855801 | Civilization | A complex society with organized economies, governmental structures, and/or religious organizations. | |
| 678855802 | City-States | Parts of early civilizations with an urban ceter and any agricultural land under its control. Shared common cultural characteristics with others, but also independent of each other (often competing, too). | |
| 678855803 | Domestication | The process of adapting a wild animal to become accostomed to human interaction and presence. | |
| 678855804 | Economy | The wealth and resources of a country or region. | |
| 678855805 | Egalitarian | Of, relating to, or belief in the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities. | |
| 678855806 | Emperor | The ruler of an empire; has complete control. | |
| 678855807 | Empire | An extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority; usually made through battles and war. | |
| 678855808 | Feudalism | Legal and social system in which vassals were protected and maintained by their lords. | |
| 678855809 | Foraging Society | Society of hunter-gatherers. Lived at the mercy of nature with little personal belongings since they were nomadic. | |
| 678855810 | Hierarchy | A system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority. | |
| 678855811 | Hunter-Gatherers | A foraging society/clan that traveled from place to place as the climate and availability of plants and animals dictated in order to survive. | |
| 678855812 | Irrigation | A process to supply dry land with water by means of ditches, aqueducts, pipes, etc. | |
| 678855813 | Monarchy | A form of government run by a king or queen. | |
| 678855814 | Monotheism | The belief in one god. | |
| 678855815 | Neolithic Era | Means "New Stone Age". Transition period from 10000 BCE to 3000 BCE when groups of people moved from nomadic lifestyles to agricultural life styles and town and city life. Also known as the Agricultural Revolution. | |
| 678855816 | Nomadic | To move from place to place; no permanent residence anywhere. Wherever you go is your "home". | |
| 678855817 | Pastoral Society | Society characterized by the domestication of animals. They were often found in mountainous regions and in areas with insufficient rainfall. | |
| 678855818 | Paleolithic Era | Means "Old Stone Age". The period of time before the Neolithic Revolution. Started 2.5 million years ago to 10000 BCE. | |
| 678855819 | Philosophy | The study of fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence. | |
| 678855821 | Subsistence | A type of farming that provides for the basic needs of the farmer without surpluses for marketing. | |
| 678855822 | Surplus | An excess amount of things needed; the extra stuff. | |
| 678855823 | Theocracy | A system of government in which priests rule in the name of a god. | |
| 678855824 | Urbanization | The process of taking on the characteristics of a city; includes technological and social class advancement. | |
| 678855825 | Cultural Diffusion | An effect when a society changed because it was exposed to a different way of doing things when it interacted with another culture. | |
| 678855826 | Agricultural Revolution | Transition period from 10000 BCE to 3000 BCE when groups of people moved from nomadic lifestyles to agricultural life styles and town and city life. Also called the Neolithic Revolution. | |
| 678855827 | Bronze Age | The latter part of the Neolithic Era. The time when people figured out how to create bronze and create more advanced tools and weapons with it. | |
| 678855828 | Mesopotamia | "The land between the rivers"; specifically talking about the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Part of the Fertile Crescent and home to Sumer, Babylon, and Persia. | |
| 678855829 | Sumer | A civilization in the southern part of Mesopotamia. Developed cuneiform, a 12 month calendar, a math system based on units of 60, and ziggurats for worship. | |
| 678855830 | Ziggurat | A terraced pyramid made by Sumerians as a temple to appease their many gods. | |
| 678855831 | Akkad | A city north of Sumer that eventually dominated the region. Developed the first known code of laws (written in cuneiform). 1700 BCE, they were overun by Babylon. | |
| 678855832 | Babylon | Took over the Akkadians. A famous dude that lead them was King Hammurabi, who made a code that dealt with their lives. Was taken over by the Kassites and then the Hittites. | |
| 678855833 | Code of Hammurabi | Written by King Hammurabi of Babylon. An extensive code that dealth with every part of daily life; distinguished between major and minor offenses and applied to nearly everyone. Often credited as a significant step toward modern legal codes. | |
| 678855834 | Hittites | By 1500 BCE, they dominated the region because they learned how to use iron in their weapons. | |
| 678855835 | Assyria | Civilization that used iron to defeat the Hittites and build an empire that swept across the entire Fertile Crescent. Their capital was Ninevah, and the army was often hated by those they conquered. | |
| 678855836 | Nebuchadnezzar | The Chaldean king who rebuilt Babylon as a showplace of architecture and culture after defeating the Assyrians. | |
| 678855837 | Persian Empire | An empire that defeated the New Babylon and grew from the Nile River Valley to present-day Turkey and parts of Greece, plus parts of through present-day Afghanistan. | |
| 678855838 | Great Royal Road | A 1600 mile road built in the Persian Empire for transportation and communication. | |
| 678855839 | Lydians | A society within the Persian Empire. Important because they came up with the concept of using coined money to conduct trade rahter than using the barter system. | |
| 678855840 | Phoenicians | A society within the Persian Empire that established powerful naval city-states along the Mediterranean and developed a simple alphabet that used only 22 letters. | |
| 678855841 | Hebrews | A society within the Persian Empire. They were significant because of their religious beliefs called Judaism; they were the first Jews. | |
| 678855842 | Egypt | A civilization that developed along the Nile River. Known for their pharoahs, hieroglyphics, and polytheism. | |
| 678855843 | King Menes | Pharoah who united the Lower and Upper parts of Egypt. Led efforts to manage floodwaters and build irrigation systems. | |
| 678855844 | Pharoah | An Egyptian ruler who directed the construction of obelisks and pyramids, controlled all of Egypt, and were considered gods. | |
| 678855845 | Hieroglyphics | A system of writing developed by the Egyptians. Used a series of pictures that represented letters and words. | |
| 678855846 | Queen Hatshepsut | The first female ruler in history. Served as pharoah of Egypt, and credited with greatly expanding Egyptian trade expeditions. | |
| 678855847 | Indus River Valley | A civilization built near the Indus River. Contact with outside civilzations was more limited than in Mesopotamia, but not completely cut off. | |
| 678855848 | Khyber Pass | A pass in the Indus River Valley through the Hindu Kush Mountains that provided a connection to the outside world. Was also used by merchants on trade excursions, and later used as a way for invaders into the land. | |
| 678855849 | Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro | The two major cities of the Indus River Valley civilization. (I had to put them together because there wasn't a lot of differences) | |
| 678855850 | Aryans | Nomadic tribes from north of the Caucasus Mountains. Used horses and advanced weaponry to easily defeat the Indus River Valley civilization. Had a polytheistic religion based on the Vedas and Upanishads. | |
| 678855851 | Caste System | The Aryan social structure involving (from top to bottom): priests, warriors, merchants, and peasants. Subcasts were added, and movement between castes were removed over time. | |
| 678855852 | Shang China | A civilization that rose from the Hwang Ho River Valley (aka Yellow River Valley). Controlled large parts of northern China and had chariots. However, it had limited contact with the rest of the world, which contributed to its ethnocentric belief. | |
| 678855853 | Patriarchy | A familial structure led by the eldest male. | |
| 678855854 | Zhou Dynasty | Led by Wu Wang to take over Shang China. Maintained many of the traditions and customs developed under Shang, and ruled for almost 900 years (the longest). | |
| 678855855 | Mandate of Heaven | A belief in the Zhou Dynasty that heaven granted the Zhou power as long as its rulers governed justly and wisely. | |
| 678855856 | Bantu Migrations | Farmers in the Niger and Benue River valleys of West Africa would migrate south and east. Brought their languages and knowledge of agriculture and metallurgy. | |
| 678855857 | Jenne-Jeno | Believed to be the first city in sub-Saharan Africa. Unusual because it was organized by hierarchy, but by a collection of individual communites. | |
| 678855858 | Olmec | An urban civilization in modern-day Mexico (1500 to 400 BCE). Had surpluses of corn, beans, and squash. Not a river civilization! | |
| 678855859 | Chavin | An urban civilization in the Andes (900 to 200 BCE). Supplemented their diet with seafood and used llamas as beasts of burden. Not a river civilization! | |
| 678855860 | Mayans | Civilization that dominated present-day southern Mexico and parts of Central America (300 BCE to 800 CE). Used city-states that were all ruled by the same king; its capital is Tikal. | |
| 678855861 | Mauryan Empire | An Indian civilization founded by Chandragupta Maurya; covered the Indus River Valley to the Ganges River Valley to the Deccan Plateau. Flourished from trade and its military strength. | |
| 678855862 | Chandragupta Maurya | The founder of the Mauryan Empire; unified the smaller Aryan kingdoms into this great civilization. | |
| 678855863 | Ashoka Maurya | The son of Chandragupta Maurya, and took the Mauryan Empire to its greatest height. Converted to Buddhism and began to preach nonviolence and moderation. Also famous for his Rock and Pillar Edicts. | |
| 678855864 | Rock and Pillar Edicts | Carvings on rocks and pillars that reminded Mauryans to live generous and righteous lives. | |
| 678855865 | Chandra Gupta the Great | The ruler who revived the Mauryan Empire under the Gupta Empire. Ruled from 375 to 415 CE. | |
| 678855866 | Gupta Empire | A more decentralized and smaller empire than the Mauryan. But, it is often referred to as a golden age because it enjoyed peace and saw significant advances in art and science. | |
| 678855867 | Arabic Numerals | A decimal system made by the Guptans. Used the numerals 1 through 9. | |
| 678855868 | Qin Dynasty | An extremely short lasting dynasty following the Zhou (221 to 209 BCE). The empire was organized, centralized, and territorial. Was eventually taken down so quickly because of resentment for its harsh rule. Also had the Great Wall of China. | |
| 678855869 | Qin Shihuangdi | The Qin Dynasty's first emperor. Recentralized various feudal kingdoms; standardized all the laws, currencies, weights, meassures, and systems of writing; and refused to tolerate any dissent (belief in something different). | |
| 682442483 | Great Wall of China | Fortification walls built by the Qin Dynasty. Proof that the empire was very organized and militaristic. | |
| 682442484 | Han Dynasty | The dynasty that took over the Qin Dynasty. One of the most significant developments here was Confucianism, along with paper, sundials, calendars, rudders, compasses, and navigation techniques. | |
| 682442485 | Xiongnu | A large nomadic group from northern Asia (who may have been Huns). Invaded territories extending from China to Eastern Europe; but were more successful in Europe than in China. | |
| 682442486 | Wu Ti | The "Warrior Emperor" who greatly enlarged the Han Empire to central Asia. | |
| 682442487 | Ancient Greece | A civilization located on a peninsula between the waters of the Augean and Mediterranean Seas. Mostly mountainous, but could easily sail to other places for trade with wine and olive products. Known for their two city-states: Sparta and Athens. | |
| 682442488 | Polis | The city-states of Greece; all shared a common culture and identity. | |
| 682442489 | Athens | The most political, commercial, and cultural city-state of Greek civilization. | |
| 682442490 | Sparta | A city-state of Greece that was mostly agricultural and militaristic. | |
| 682442491 | Draco and Solon | Two aristocrats from Athens who worked together to create democracy in that city-state. Wanted to ensure fair, equal, and open participation. | |
| 682442492 | Persian Wars | The wars in 449 BCE that united all the Greek city-states against their mutual enemy, Persia. Much of Athens was destroyed in these wars, but Greece held on and the wars ended in a stalemate. | |
| 682442493 | Golden Age of Pericles | An era of peace and prosperity in Greece after the Persian Wars (480-404 BCE). The time when Athens became a cultural powerhouse under the leadership of Pericles. Philosophy and the arts flourished greatly. | |
| 682442494 | Pericles | The leader of Athens during the Golden Age. Established democracy for all adult males, and rebuilt Athens (including the Parthenon). He also established the Delian League. | |
| 682442495 | Delian League | An alliance between Athens and other city-states against aggression from its common enemies. | |
| 682442496 | Socrates | A Greek philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy. Renowned for his contribution to the field of ethics. | |
| 682442497 | Plato | A Greek philosopher who was a student of Socrates. Was also a mathematician and founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world | |
| 682442498 | Aristotle | A Greek philosopher who was a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Focused on math and logic. | |
| 682442499 | Homer | A Greek author of famous epic poems, like the Illiad and the Odyssey. | |
| 682442500 | Peloponnesian War | A war between Athens and Sparta from 431 to 404 BCE. A conflict of power between the Delian League (Athens) and the Peloponnesian League (Sparta). Sparta won, but never destroyed Athens out of respect. | |
| 682442501 | Macedonians | Led by Philip III of Macedon, a group of people that invaded Athens and conquered the entire Greek region. Fortunately, they respected Greek culture and adopted it, spreading it throughout their empire. | |
| 682442502 | Alexander the Great | The son of Philip III of Macedon who widely expanded Macedonian dominance. Conquered the Perisan Empire and moved to the shores of the Indus River, creating the largest empire of the time. Divided the empire into three smaller empires. | |
| 682442503 | Antigonid | Part of the Macedonian Empire, controlled Greece and Macedon. | |
| 682442504 | Ptolemaic | Part of the Macedonian Empire, controlled Egypt. | |
| 682442505 | Seleucid | Part of the Macedonian Empire, controlled Bactria and Anatolia. | |
| 682442506 | Hellenism | The culture, ideals,and pattern of life of Classical Greece. | |
| 682442507 | Patricians | The Roman class of land-owning, noblemen. | |
| 682442508 | Plebeians | The Roman class of free men. Above slaves, but below Patricians. | |
| 682442509 | Twelve Tables of Rome | The laws of Rome that were codified. Had the first concept of "innocent until proven guilty". These laws were extended to an international code that Rome applied to its conquered territories. | |
| 682442510 | Carthage | A city-state in North Africa with powerful ambitions that became Rome's first enemy. | |
| 682442511 | First Punic War | Part of the war between Rome and Carthage (264-241 BCE). Fought to gain control of Sicily; Rome won. | |
| 682442512 | Second Punic War | Part of the war between Rome and Carthage (218-201 BCE). Carthage was led by Hannibal, who made a suprise attack on Rome. However, Carthage was forced to retreat and defend, causing to sue for peace with Rome. | |
| 682442513 | Third Punic War | Part of the war between Rome and Carthage (149-146 BCE). Rome invaded Carthage and burned it to the ground, defeating them once and for all. | |
| 682442514 | Hannibal | A Carthaginian general considered one of the greatest military geniuses of all time. | |
| 682442515 | First Triumvirate | The result of the Roman Senate weakened due to its expansion. Three men who controlled all of Rome as co-rulers: Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar. | |
| 682442516 | Julius Caesar | One of the first triumvirate who ended up pushing the other two co-rulers out of the picture. Became an "emperor for life", but was quickly assassinated by his own senators. | |
| 682442517 | Second Triumvirate | The result of Julius Caesar's death. Three men who controlled all of Rome as co-rulers: Octavius, Marc Antony, and Lepidus. | |
| 682442518 | Octavius | One of the second triumvirate who ended up pushing the other two co-rulers out of the picture. Assumed the name Augustus Caesar when he became emperor. Started the Pax Romana with his rule of law, common coinage, civil service, and secure travel. | |
| 682442519 | Diocletian | Emperor of Rome in 284 CE. He attempted to deal with the increasing problems in the empire by dividing it into two regions for co-emperors. His strategy ended up as the beginning of the fall of the Roman Empire. | |
| 682442520 | Constantine | A co-emperor of Rome in 306 CE who defeated his rivals and assumed control over the entire empire in 322. Ordered the building of Constantinople at the site of the Greek city of Byzantium as the capital of the empire. | |
| 682442521 | Visigoths | German peoples who had adopted Roman law and Chrisitianity. Ended up taking over Rome in 410 CE in response to the Huns. | |
| 682442522 | Attila | Leader of the Huns who began to press on the Germanic tribes near Rome. | |
| 682442523 | Silk Road | A major trade route that went through China to the Roman Empire. Famous for the fabric that was produced from silkworms. | |
| 682442524 | Polytheism | Belief system dedicated to many gods. Through 600 CE, was popular in Mesopotamia and Mediterranean empires. Was in the center of the art and architecture of many famous places. | |
| 682442525 | Confucianism | Belief system developed specifically for the Chinese culture. Not a religion, but a political and social philosophy focused on relationships between people. | |
| 682442526 | Daoism | Belief system practiced by some Chinese from 500 BCE onward. Defined as the way of nature and the way of the cosmos. Passive and yielding, focused on all the workings of the world. | |
| 682442527 | Legalism | Belief system practiced by the Chinese, especially during the Qin Dynasty. Didn't trust human nature and advocated for tough laws to keep stabilization and a centralized government. | |
| 682442528 | Hinduism | Belief system practiced in various cultures of India. Had one supreme force called Brahma, the creator. Was a religion as well as a social system (caste system). | |
| 682442529 | Buddhism | Belief system practiced by India, China, Southeast Asia, and Japan. Followed the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path. There were two kinds: Theravada/Hinayana and Mahayana. | |
| 682442530 | Judaism | Belief system practiced by the Hebrews. The first great monotheistic religion. The taks of human beings is to honor and serve God, promote ethics of prophets, and maintain identity. | |
| 682442531 | Christianity | Belief system practiced by some Jews, non-Jewish people, and some Romans. Stemmed off of Judiasm from a man named Jesus, who promoted the practice to know and love God while spreading it to the unconverted. |
Yo, this is the first 2 of the 6 periods of time in WH (pre-history to 600 CE). All the key terms on the last page of the chappie are included, as well as other bolded terms found sprinkled throughout. Don't forget, these periods together will make 20% of the MC questions. Happy studying! :D
PS: If you have found additional info or a mistake on one of these terms, shoot me a chat message/email/stop me in the middle of the hall and tell me. Thanks!
| 678855797 | Agriculture | THE art of farming! The science or practice of farming. | |
| 678855798 | Agrarian | Someone who farms. Or something pertaining to farming. | |
| 678855799 | Clans | A small group of people that had similar culture and characteristics. | |
| 678855800 | Bureaucracy | A system of government in which state officials would control parts of the area. Different parts of the government would specialize and stabilize. | |
| 678855801 | Civilization | A complex society with organized economies, governmental structures, and/or religious organizations. | |
| 678855802 | City-States | Parts of early civilizations with an urban ceter and any agricultural land under its control. Shared common cultural characteristics with others, but also independent of each other (often competing, too). | |
| 678855803 | Domestication | The process of adapting a wild animal to become accostomed to human interaction and presence. | |
| 678855804 | Economy | The wealth and resources of a country or region. | |
| 678855805 | Egalitarian | Of, relating to, or belief in the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities. | |
| 678855806 | Emperor | The ruler of an empire; has complete control. | |
| 678855807 | Empire | An extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority; usually made through battles and war. | |
| 678855808 | Feudalism | Legal and social system in which vassals were protected and maintained by their lords. | |
| 678855809 | Foraging Society | Society of hunter-gatherers. Lived at the mercy of nature with little personal belongings since they were nomadic. | |
| 678855810 | Hierarchy | A system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority. | |
| 678855811 | Hunter-Gatherers | A foraging society/clan that traveled from place to place as the climate and availability of plants and animals dictated in order to survive. | |
| 678855812 | Irrigation | A process to supply dry land with water by means of ditches, aqueducts, pipes, etc. | |
| 678855813 | Monarchy | A form of government run by a king or queen. | |
| 678855814 | Monotheism | The belief in one god. | |
| 678855815 | Neolithic Era | Means "New Stone Age". Transition period from 10000 BCE to 3000 BCE when groups of people moved from nomadic lifestyles to agricultural life styles and town and city life. Also known as the Agricultural Revolution. | |
| 678855816 | Nomadic | To move from place to place; no permanent residence anywhere. Wherever you go is your "home". | |
| 678855817 | Pastoral Society | Society characterized by the domestication of animals. They were often found in mountainous regions and in areas with insufficient rainfall. | |
| 678855818 | Paleolithic Era | Means "Old Stone Age". The period of time before the Neolithic Revolution. Started 2.5 million years ago to 10000 BCE. | |
| 678855819 | Philosophy | The study of fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence. | |
| 678855821 | Subsistence | A type of farming that provides for the basic needs of the farmer without surpluses for marketing. | |
| 678855822 | Surplus | An excess amount of things needed; the extra stuff. | |
| 678855823 | Theocracy | A system of government in which priests rule in the name of a god. | |
| 678855824 | Urbanization | The process of taking on the characteristics of a city; includes technological and social class advancement. | |
| 678855825 | Cultural Diffusion | An effect when a society changed because it was exposed to a different way of doing things when it interacted with another culture. | |
| 678855826 | Agricultural Revolution | Transition period from 10000 BCE to 3000 BCE when groups of people moved from nomadic lifestyles to agricultural life styles and town and city life. Also called the Neolithic Revolution. | |
| 678855827 | Bronze Age | The latter part of the Neolithic Era. The time when people figured out how to create bronze and create more advanced tools and weapons with it. | |
| 678855828 | Mesopotamia | "The land between the rivers"; specifically talking about the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Part of the Fertile Crescent and home to Sumer, Babylon, and Persia. | |
| 678855829 | Sumer | A civilization in the southern part of Mesopotamia. Developed cuneiform, a 12 month calendar, a math system based on units of 60, and ziggurats for worship. | |
| 678855830 | Ziggurat | A terraced pyramid made by Sumerians as a temple to appease their many gods. | |
| 678855831 | Akkad | A city north of Sumer that eventually dominated the region. Developed the first known code of laws (written in cuneiform). 1700 BCE, they were overun by Babylon. | |
| 678855832 | Babylon | Took over the Akkadians. A famous dude that lead them was King Hammurabi, who made a code that dealt with their lives. Was taken over by the Kassites and then the Hittites. | |
| 678855833 | Code of Hammurabi | Written by King Hammurabi of Babylon. An extensive code that dealth with every part of daily life; distinguished between major and minor offenses and applied to nearly everyone. Often credited as a significant step toward modern legal codes. | |
| 678855834 | Hittites | By 1500 BCE, they dominated the region because they learned how to use iron in their weapons. | |
| 678855835 | Assyria | Civilization that used iron to defeat the Hittites and build an empire that swept across the entire Fertile Crescent. Their capital was Ninevah, and the army was often hated by those they conquered. | |
| 678855836 | Nebuchadnezzar | The Chaldean king who rebuilt Babylon as a showplace of architecture and culture after defeating the Assyrians. | |
| 678855837 | Persian Empire | An empire that defeated the New Babylon and grew from the Nile River Valley to present-day Turkey and parts of Greece, plus parts of through present-day Afghanistan. | |
| 678855838 | Great Royal Road | A 1600 mile road built in the Persian Empire for transportation and communication. | |
| 678855839 | Lydians | A society within the Persian Empire. Important because they came up with the concept of using coined money to conduct trade rahter than using the barter system. | |
| 678855840 | Phoenicians | A society within the Persian Empire that established powerful naval city-states along the Mediterranean and developed a simple alphabet that used only 22 letters. | |
| 678855841 | Hebrews | A society within the Persian Empire. They were significant because of their religious beliefs called Judaism; they were the first Jews. | |
| 678855842 | Egypt | A civilization that developed along the Nile River. Known for their pharoahs, hieroglyphics, and polytheism. | |
| 678855843 | King Menes | Pharoah who united the Lower and Upper parts of Egypt. Led efforts to manage floodwaters and build irrigation systems. | |
| 678855844 | Pharoah | An Egyptian ruler who directed the construction of obelisks and pyramids, controlled all of Egypt, and were considered gods. | |
| 678855845 | Hieroglyphics | A system of writing developed by the Egyptians. Used a series of pictures that represented letters and words. | |
| 678855846 | Queen Hatshepsut | The first female ruler in history. Served as pharoah of Egypt, and credited with greatly expanding Egyptian trade expeditions. | |
| 678855847 | Indus River Valley | A civilization built near the Indus River. Contact with outside civilzations was more limited than in Mesopotamia, but not completely cut off. | |
| 678855848 | Khyber Pass | A pass in the Indus River Valley through the Hindu Kush Mountains that provided a connection to the outside world. Was also used by merchants on trade excursions, and later used as a way for invaders into the land. | |
| 678855849 | Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro | The two major cities of the Indus River Valley civilization. (I had to put them together because there wasn't a lot of differences) | |
| 678855850 | Aryans | Nomadic tribes from north of the Caucasus Mountains. Used horses and advanced weaponry to easily defeat the Indus River Valley civilization. Had a polytheistic religion based on the Vedas and Upanishads. | |
| 678855851 | Caste System | The Aryan social structure involving (from top to bottom): priests, warriors, merchants, and peasants. Subcasts were added, and movement between castes were removed over time. | |
| 678855852 | Shang China | A civilization that rose from the Hwang Ho River Valley (aka Yellow River Valley). Controlled large parts of northern China and had chariots. However, it had limited contact with the rest of the world, which contributed to its ethnocentric belief. | |
| 678855853 | Patriarchy | A familial structure led by the eldest male. | |
| 678855854 | Zhou Dynasty | Led by Wu Wang to take over Shang China. Maintained many of the traditions and customs developed under Shang, and ruled for almost 900 years (the longest). | |
| 678855855 | Mandate of Heaven | A belief in the Zhou Dynasty that heaven granted the Zhou power as long as its rulers governed justly and wisely. | |
| 678855856 | Bantu Migrations | Farmers in the Niger and Benue River valleys of West Africa would migrate south and east. Brought their languages and knowledge of agriculture and metallurgy. | |
| 678855857 | Jenne-Jeno | Believed to be the first city in sub-Saharan Africa. Unusual because it was organized by hierarchy, but by a collection of individual communites. | |
| 678855858 | Olmec | An urban civilization in modern-day Mexico (1500 to 400 BCE). Had surpluses of corn, beans, and squash. Not a river civilization! | |
| 678855859 | Chavin | An urban civilization in the Andes (900 to 200 BCE). Supplemented their diet with seafood and used llamas as beasts of burden. Not a river civilization! | |
| 678855860 | Mayans | Civilization that dominated present-day southern Mexico and parts of Central America (300 BCE to 800 CE). Used city-states that were all ruled by the same king; its capital is Tikal. | |
| 678855861 | Mauryan Empire | An Indian civilization founded by Chandragupta Maurya; covered the Indus River Valley to the Ganges River Valley to the Deccan Plateau. Flourished from trade and its military strength. | |
| 678855862 | Chandragupta Maurya | The founder of the Mauryan Empire; unified the smaller Aryan kingdoms into this great civilization. | |
| 678855863 | Ashoka Maurya | The son of Chandragupta Maurya, and took the Mauryan Empire to its greatest height. Converted to Buddhism and began to preach nonviolence and moderation. Also famous for his Rock and Pillar Edicts. | |
| 678855864 | Rock and Pillar Edicts | Carvings on rocks and pillars that reminded Mauryans to live generous and righteous lives. | |
| 678855865 | Chandra Gupta the Great | The ruler who revived the Mauryan Empire under the Gupta Empire. Ruled from 375 to 415 CE. | |
| 678855866 | Gupta Empire | A more decentralized and smaller empire than the Mauryan. But, it is often referred to as a golden age because it enjoyed peace and saw significant advances in art and science. | |
| 678855867 | Arabic Numerals | A decimal system made by the Guptans. Used the numerals 1 through 9. | |
| 678855868 | Qin Dynasty | An extremely short lasting dynasty following the Zhou (221 to 209 BCE). The empire was organized, centralized, and territorial. Was eventually taken down so quickly because of resentment for its harsh rule. Also had the Great Wall of China. | |
| 678855869 | Qin Shihuangdi | The Qin Dynasty's first emperor. Recentralized various feudal kingdoms; standardized all the laws, currencies, weights, meassures, and systems of writing; and refused to tolerate any dissent (belief in something different). | |
| 682442483 | Great Wall of China | Fortification walls built by the Qin Dynasty. Proof that the empire was very organized and militaristic. | |
| 682442484 | Han Dynasty | The dynasty that took over the Qin Dynasty. One of the most significant developments here was Confucianism, along with paper, sundials, calendars, rudders, compasses, and navigation techniques. | |
| 682442485 | Xiongnu | A large nomadic group from northern Asia (who may have been Huns). Invaded territories extending from China to Eastern Europe; but were more successful in Europe than in China. | |
| 682442486 | Wu Ti | The "Warrior Emperor" who greatly enlarged the Han Empire to central Asia. | |
| 682442487 | Ancient Greece | A civilization located on a peninsula between the waters of the Augean and Mediterranean Seas. Mostly mountainous, but could easily sail to other places for trade with wine and olive products. Known for their two city-states: Sparta and Athens. | |
| 682442488 | Polis | The city-states of Greece; all shared a common culture and identity. | |
| 682442489 | Athens | The most political, commercial, and cultural city-state of Greek civilization. | |
| 682442490 | Sparta | A city-state of Greece that was mostly agricultural and militaristic. | |
| 682442491 | Draco and Solon | Two aristocrats from Athens who worked together to create democracy in that city-state. Wanted to ensure fair, equal, and open participation. | |
| 682442492 | Persian Wars | The wars in 449 BCE that united all the Greek city-states against their mutual enemy, Persia. Much of Athens was destroyed in these wars, but Greece held on and the wars ended in a stalemate. | |
| 682442493 | Golden Age of Pericles | An era of peace and prosperity in Greece after the Persian Wars (480-404 BCE). The time when Athens became a cultural powerhouse under the leadership of Pericles. Philosophy and the arts flourished greatly. | |
| 682442494 | Pericles | The leader of Athens during the Golden Age. Established democracy for all adult males, and rebuilt Athens (including the Parthenon). He also established the Delian League. | |
| 682442495 | Delian League | An alliance between Athens and other city-states against aggression from its common enemies. | |
| 682442496 | Socrates | A Greek philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy. Renowned for his contribution to the field of ethics. | |
| 682442497 | Plato | A Greek philosopher who was a student of Socrates. Was also a mathematician and founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world | |
| 682442498 | Aristotle | A Greek philosopher who was a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Focused on math and logic. | |
| 682442499 | Homer | A Greek author of famous epic poems, like the Illiad and the Odyssey. | |
| 682442500 | Peloponnesian War | A war between Athens and Sparta from 431 to 404 BCE. A conflict of power between the Delian League (Athens) and the Peloponnesian League (Sparta). Sparta won, but never destroyed Athens out of respect. | |
| 682442501 | Macedonians | Led by Philip III of Macedon, a group of people that invaded Athens and conquered the entire Greek region. Fortunately, they respected Greek culture and adopted it, spreading it throughout their empire. | |
| 682442502 | Alexander the Great | The son of Philip III of Macedon who widely expanded Macedonian dominance. Conquered the Perisan Empire and moved to the shores of the Indus River, creating the largest empire of the time. Divided the empire into three smaller empires. | |
| 682442503 | Antigonid | Part of the Macedonian Empire, controlled Greece and Macedon. | |
| 682442504 | Ptolemaic | Part of the Macedonian Empire, controlled Egypt. | |
| 682442505 | Seleucid | Part of the Macedonian Empire, controlled Bactria and Anatolia. | |
| 682442506 | Hellenism | The culture, ideals,and pattern of life of Classical Greece. | |
| 682442507 | Patricians | The Roman class of land-owning, noblemen. | |
| 682442508 | Plebeians | The Roman class of free men. Above slaves, but below Patricians. | |
| 682442509 | Twelve Tables of Rome | The laws of Rome that were codified. Had the first concept of "innocent until proven guilty". These laws were extended to an international code that Rome applied to its conquered territories. | |
| 682442510 | Carthage | A city-state in North Africa with powerful ambitions that became Rome's first enemy. | |
| 682442511 | First Punic War | Part of the war between Rome and Carthage (264-241 BCE). Fought to gain control of Sicily; Rome won. | |
| 682442512 | Second Punic War | Part of the war between Rome and Carthage (218-201 BCE). Carthage was led by Hannibal, who made a suprise attack on Rome. However, Carthage was forced to retreat and defend, causing to sue for peace with Rome. | |
| 682442513 | Third Punic War | Part of the war between Rome and Carthage (149-146 BCE). Rome invaded Carthage and burned it to the ground, defeating them once and for all. | |
| 682442514 | Hannibal | A Carthaginian general considered one of the greatest military geniuses of all time. | |
| 682442515 | First Triumvirate | The result of the Roman Senate weakened due to its expansion. Three men who controlled all of Rome as co-rulers: Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar. | |
| 682442516 | Julius Caesar | One of the first triumvirate who ended up pushing the other two co-rulers out of the picture. Became an "emperor for life", but was quickly assassinated by his own senators. | |
| 682442517 | Second Triumvirate | The result of Julius Caesar's death. Three men who controlled all of Rome as co-rulers: Octavius, Marc Antony, and Lepidus. | |
| 682442518 | Octavius | One of the second triumvirate who ended up pushing the other two co-rulers out of the picture. Assumed the name Augustus Caesar when he became emperor. Started the Pax Romana with his rule of law, common coinage, civil service, and secure travel. | |
| 682442519 | Diocletian | Emperor of Rome in 284 CE. He attempted to deal with the increasing problems in the empire by dividing it into two regions for co-emperors. His strategy ended up as the beginning of the fall of the Roman Empire. | |
| 682442520 | Constantine | A co-emperor of Rome in 306 CE who defeated his rivals and assumed control over the entire empire in 322. Ordered the building of Constantinople at the site of the Greek city of Byzantium as the capital of the empire. | |
| 682442521 | Visigoths | German peoples who had adopted Roman law and Chrisitianity. Ended up taking over Rome in 410 CE in response to the Huns. | |
| 682442522 | Attila | Leader of the Huns who began to press on the Germanic tribes near Rome. | |
| 682442523 | Silk Road | A major trade route that went through China to the Roman Empire. Famous for the fabric that was produced from silkworms. | |
| 682442524 | Polytheism | Belief system dedicated to many gods. Through 600 CE, was popular in Mesopotamia and Mediterranean empires. Was in the center of the art and architecture of many famous places. | |
| 682442525 | Confucianism | Belief system developed specifically for the Chinese culture. Not a religion, but a political and social philosophy focused on relationships between people. | |
| 682442526 | Daoism | Belief system practiced by some Chinese from 500 BCE onward. Defined as the way of nature and the way of the cosmos. Passive and yielding, focused on all the workings of the world. | |
| 682442527 | Legalism | Belief system practiced by the Chinese, especially during the Qin Dynasty. Didn't trust human nature and advocated for tough laws to keep stabilization and a centralized government. | |
| 682442528 | Hinduism | Belief system practiced in various cultures of India. Had one supreme force called Brahma, the creator. Was a religion as well as a social system (caste system). | |
| 682442529 | Buddhism | Belief system practiced by India, China, Southeast Asia, and Japan. Followed the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path. There were two kinds: Theravada/Hinayana and Mahayana. | |
| 682442530 | Judaism | Belief system practiced by the Hebrews. The first great monotheistic religion. The taks of human beings is to honor and serve God, promote ethics of prophets, and maintain identity. | |
| 682442531 | Christianity | Belief system practiced by some Jews, non-Jewish people, and some Romans. Stemmed off of Judiasm from a man named Jesus, who promoted the practice to know and love God while spreading it to the unconverted. |
| 974898615 | Sex-Linked Traits | -For genes on the X chromosome, women can be homozygous or heterozygous. Men however, have a single X chromosome, and therefore have a single copy of each gene. That single allele, no matter if recessive or dominant, is always expressed. Sex linked recessive traits such a color blindness or hemophilia, or a disease of the blood, are therefore more often found in men than in women. -Genes on the sex chromosomes do not follow Mendelian rules. This is because sex chromosomes do not come in homologous pairs as the autosomes, and because males and females carry different combinations of sex chromosomes, or e.g. in humans, females are XX, males are XY. | |
| 974898616 | Linkage | Linked genes tend to be inherited together. However, during prophase I of meiosis, sometimes homologous chromosomes exchange fragments through of process known as recombination or crossing-over. Particular combinations of alleles can be broken down through recombination therefore generating new phenotypic diversity. | |
| 974898617 | Codominance | When both alleles are expressed: for blood type, a person carrying an allele A and an allele B has blood type AB. | |
| 974898618 | Incomplete Dominance or Semi-dominance | he dominant allele only masks partially the recessive allele. In this case, a heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the phenotype of a homozygote dominant and a homozygote recessive: a plant with red flowers, bearing two dominant alleles, crossed to a plant with white flowers, bearing two recessive alleles, produce plants bearing pink flowers, bearing a dominant and a recessive allele. | |
| 974898619 | Epistasis | When a gene can alter the effect of a second gene, often masking or preventing its expression. | |
| 974898620 | Pleiotropy | When a gene affects more than a single phenotype. | |
| 974898621 | Most characters have both a genetic and an environmental component. | given genotype might result in a different phenotype depending on environmental conditions. | |
| 974898622 | penetrance | the proportion of individuals with a given genotype that express the expected phenotype. | |
| 974898623 | Molecular Genetics | The study of genes at the molecular level. | |
| 974898624 | Genes have different regions: | Coding regions or exons their sequence is translated into the protein Non-coding regions or introns are regions of DNA within a gene that are not translated into protein Regulatory regions function a kind of control center determining when and how much of the gene should be expressed. | |
| 974898625 | mutations | -During DNA replication, the DNA polymerases occasionally make mistakes. -In order for mutations to be inherited, they must occur in the sex cells, eggs, or sperm. Radiation, chemicals, and even viruses can also induce mutations. | |
| 974898626 | Frameshift mutations | the result of an insertion or a deletion of bases therefore changing the reading frame and the gene product. | |
| 974898627 | Silent mutation | The point mutation does not result in an amino acid substitution, or remember, the genetic code is redundant; in most cases more than one codon codes for the same amino acid. | |
| 974898628 | Missense mutation | The point mutation results in an amino acid substitution, or think miss sense mutation... the "sense" of the protein is missed because the amino acid changed. | |
| 974898629 | Nonsense mutation | The point mutation changes the original codon for a stop codon. The protein might be truncated as its translation was stopped early, or think no sense mutation...the protein doesn't make sense anymore - it was cut short. | |
| 974898630 | Chromosomal inversions | When a large chunk of chromosome is removed, flipped, and the inserted back where it was so. | |
| 974898631 | DNA isolation | CSI and Law and Order have probably taught you all about DNA isolation by now... though the process is significantly more involved than these shows might suggest, it is true DNA can be isolated from the follicle of a single hair, some cells the victim collected under the nails when scratching the assailant, or even some saliva, as long as there are some cells in it. | |
| 974898632 | Polymerase chain reaction | Once you have some DNA, it is possible to make millions of copies of a particular fragment through polymerase chain reaction or PCR. This technique relies on thermal cycling - cycles of steps at different temperatures. First, the DNA is denatured at a high temperature. Second, at a lower temperature specific to the reaction, small fragments of DNA matching the beginning and the end of the fragment of interest are annealed to the two strands of DNA—read as technical term for gluing DNA. Third, a fancy DNA polymerase that only functions at high temperature comes in and extends the fragment from primer to primer using each strand as a template. And then the cycle starts again until thousands of millions of copies of the fragment are produced. | |
| 974898633 | Molecular cloning | It is also possible to make copies of a fragment of DNA using bacteria. First, a piece of DNA is ligated, or a fancy term for sewing together two pieces of DNA to a plasmid, or circular piece of DNA often found in bacteria. Then the plasmid with the extra DNA we want to make copies of is inserted into bacteria. Then the bacteria are left to do what they are best at: grow in numbers really fast. Finally, the plasmid is removed from the bacteria, and the fragment of DNA cut out, often using restriction endonucleases. | |
| 974898634 | Population Genetics | The study of the genetic constitution of populations and how allelic frequencies might change in response to evolutionary forces. Where genetics is, math and evolution come together. But no worries; you won't miss your calculator during the test. | |
| 974898635 | Locus | The location of a gene on a chromosome, or kind of like its "address." | |
| 974898636 | Allele | Different forms of a gene. Say the gene is eye color, an allele is blue eyes, and a different form is brown eyes. | |
| 974898637 | Allelic frequencies | The frequency or proportion, from 0 to 1, of the different alleles at the same locus. Let's look a bit more at what frequency means. If 25% of your hoodies are Abercrombie and Fitch, then 0.25 of your hoodies are Abercrombie and Fitch. You calculate the frequency of A&F hoodies in your closet, or any other frequency, by counting the number of A&F hoodies, or say 3 of your hoodies are A&F, and then dividing it by the total number in the group, or say you own 12 hoodies : 3/12=0.25. Frequencies always add up to 1. You have 0.25 A&F hoodies (3/12), 0.5 The Gap hoodies (6/12), and 0.25 Banana Republic hoodies (3/12): 0.25 + 0.5 + 0.25 = 1. Now, for allelic frequencies, instead of hoodies in your closet, simply picture alleles at the same locus. | |
| 974898638 | Genotypic frequencies | The frequency or proportion, from 0 to 1, of the different genotypes in a population. It is the same theory as for allelic frequencies. But this time, we are talking about combinations of those alleles. For example, at a locus there are two alleles, A and a. The possible genotypes are AA, Aa, and aa. Their frequencies simply tell you the proportion of each; for example, AA = 0.4, Aa = 0.5, aa = 0.1. | |
| 974898639 | Gene pool | The collection of all the different alleles at all loci from a population. | |
| 974898640 | Evolution | off course in pop genetics, the definition of evolution is from a genetics' point of view... changes over time in allelic frequencies in a population. | |
| 974898641 | Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium | describes a population where NO evolution takes place, meaning a population where allelic frequencies do not change over time. It is useful as a starting point to understand what happens when a population evolves. | |
| 974898642 | Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumes | A large population size. In a small population, genetic drift (random changes in allelic frequencies due to chance) is likely to occur. Non-overlapping generations. Random mating (vs. individuals picking who to mate with). If not all genotypes reproduce and mix according to their frequencies, allelic/genotypic frequencies in the population are likely to change No mutation. Mutation introduces new alleles No migration or no gene flow. Individuals coming from other populations are likely to change the allelic/genotypic frequencies in the population No natural selection. Differential reproduction of genotypes, or a genetics' point of view of natural selection, would change allelic/genotypic frequencies in the population | |
| 974898643 | The simplest possible scenario is for a single locus with two alleles: | p = frequency of the dominant allele A, q = frequency of the recessive allele a, p + q = 1. | |
| 974898644 | If the population is in equilibrium, we can calculate the frequencies of each genotype: | Frequency of AA = p2, Frequency of Aa = 2pq, Frequency of aa = q2. |
| 104308228 | reaty of Paris (1763) | This is the treaty that ended the French and Indian War. France gave up claims to Canada and all lands east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain. Spain claimed territory west of the Mississippi River and ceded Florida to Great Britain. | |
| 104308229 | Albany Plan of Union | This was proposed by Benjamin Franklin. It called for a Grand Council made up of delegates chosen by colonial legislatures for a three-year term. Presiding officer was a president0general who was appointed by the king; he had the power to veto. Council was responsible for defensive, westward expansion, Native Americans, and taxation. The plan was rejected by the colonies and the British. | |
| 104308230 | Stamp Act | First direct tax imposed by Parliament on the English colonies. This taxed newspapers, pamphlets, and other printed materials or legal documents in the form of revenue stamps. It raised the issue of no taxation without representation. It was repealed because of opposition both in the colonies and Great Britain. | |
| 104308231 | Stamp Act Congress | Representatives of 9 colonies met to protest the Stamp Act. They issued the Declaration of Rights and Grievances. They saw the Stamp Act as a violation of colonists' rights as Englishmen; only the colonial legislature had the power to tax, not the British courts. | |
| 104308232 | Virtual Representation | The colonist were mad that they didn't have enough representaion in parliament said "taxation without representation" felt unfair. Parliament rebuddled with the theory of virtual representation which said that parliament represented all british subjects regarless of who elected them. The colonist knew that their representation was very small and they wanted to make their own taxes, but british refused. | |
| 104308233 | Declaratory Act | This was enacted by Parliament the same day as the Stamp Act was repealed. It stated that Parliament continued to have authority to make laws binding the colonies. Parliament determined to straighten its hold on the colonies after giving in to pressure on the Stamp Act. | |
| 104308234 | Townshend Acts | William Pitt was ill so next in line for colonial affairs was Charles townshend, who drafted these acts. 1. They taxed good imported directly from Britain. 2.some of the taxes collected were set aside to pay the tax collectors-took away ability of colonial assemblies to decide wages of governtment officials to ge their way. 3. Set up more british courts and a few new government positions to enforce these new rules. 4. Instituted writs of assistance- license that gave british power to search any place they suspectd smuggled Response to this was the massachusettes circular letter- which were sent to all colonies asking to protest and boycott. | |
| 104308235 | Non-Importation Agreement | This was the series of commercial restrictions adopted by American colonists to protest British revenue policies. The Stamp Act triggered the first non-importation agreement. It was to protest taxation without representation. British repealed the Stamp Act within a year after facing pressure from these agreements. After Parliament imposed the Townshend duties, colonist implemented a second non-importation agreement, again banning British imports from their docks. It led to Parliament repealing the Townshend Acts on everything except tea. They were important starters of the American Revolution and helped awaken colonists to their emerging national identify. | |
| 104308236 | Boston Massacre | A fight between the citizens of Boston and the British troops. A mass of Boston citizens crowded by the Customs House, when Boston shots fired killed 5. It helped spark the rebellion that led to the Revolutionary War. A heavy British military presence in Boston led to a tense situation that led to this incident. Most of the soldiers acquitted in the civilian court; John Adams was their lawyer. | |
| 104308237 | Tea Act | It was designed to prop up the East India Company, which was facing bankruptcy from millions of pounds of unsold tea, by giving them monopoly on the tea sold in the colonies. The tea was to be shipped directly to the colonists (no middle man) and was sold at a bargain price. However, American leaders found reason to believe that his act was a propaganda to buy support for the taxes already in force. It was also harmful to the colonial tea merchants and those smuggling tea from Holland. Britain however was determined to be tough with this after bowing to pressure on the Stamp Acts. Colonists turned the tea ships back to Britain or left it to rot by the docks.It would launch the final spark (Boston Tea Party) to the revolutionary movement. | |
| 104308238 | Boston Tea Party | ... | |
| 104308239 | Coercive Acts | AKA the Intolerable Acts. They were a set of five laws passed by the British Parliament to punish Boston and Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party. It triggered outrage and resistance in the colonies and led to the American Revolution. Britain hoped that these harsh measures would make an example out of Massachusetts and reverse the trend of colonial resistance. It closed the ports of Boston until the tea was paid for and limited Massachusetts' ability to self-govern. British officials charged with capital cases had to be tried in England. | |
| 104308240 | First Continental Congress | albany union- This was the first gathering of Americans as a response to the coercive acts. It was a group to complain about them and how unfair they are. It was a meeting in philadalphia- unified America with one cause. All colonies except Georgia came. Not a unified body. Came op with a restrained declaration of rights and resolves-define American greivences. | |
| 104308241 | Second Continental Congress | Weeks after battle of Lexington and concord prepared for war by establishing the continental army, printing money and creating government offices to supervise policy. Chose george Washington to pead the army. They are the government that governs after the revolutionary war is won. They made the articles of confederation. | |
| 104308242 | Battles of Lexington and Concord | The first military battle of the American Revolution. They were fought in the towns of Lexington and Concord. They marked the outbreak of open armed conflict between Britain and the colonists. British troops were given secret orders to capture military supplies that were in Concord. Colonists received word weeks before the expedition and moved them to other locations. The colonial militias (Minutemen) were outnumbered at Lexington and fell back, preceding again in Concord. British suffered significant casualties returning from Concord where they destroyed some equipment. | |
| 104308243 | Battle of Saratoga | In October 1777 americans won this victory against general john Burgoyne who surrended 5700 british troups- this victory convince the French that it was worth allying with the Americans whichc ultimately helped them win their independence. | |
| 104308244 | Treaty of Paris (1783) | It ended the American Revolutionary War. Britain recognized the independence of the United States with the Mississippi River as the western boundary. US was given fishing rights and British troops were to be removed from American soil. All debts owed to either side were valid. US reassured the states that Loyalist property would be restored. | |
| 104308245 | State Constitutions | States wrote a new constitution to replace their colonial charters after they declared independence. Most called for bicameral legislature and a governor (usually one year term for elected officials). You had to own property or pay a certain amount of tax to vote. Individual liberties protected people (including freedom of religion), but did not separate church and state. | |
| 104308246 | Jewish Political Rights | ... | |
| 104308247 | Articles of Confederation | This was the first constitution of the freed America. The colonists were worried of being too much like the English so they gave way too much power to the individual states and not enough to the central power, congress. Congress was unable to tax, or manage trade. Any amendmants needed the consent of every state- which was practically impossble which created situations where one state would hold others hostage and the congress could not do anything about it and ultimately had no control over any of the states. It caused economic damage because they were unable to tax, and unable to pay off important debts. They were also unable to get revenue fom inter-trade and trade with toher countries because each state was pratcaly on its own. People rebelled because they felt the unfairness of articles. One in particular was shays rebellion. Which brought awareness to congress of needs for change. Some good things wre the northwest ordinances- which was the territory given to congress. Able to set laws and expand and get revenue by selling them. They also created a new sense of unity within the states. | |
| 104308248 | Ordinance of 1784 | .led for the land west of the Appalachian Mountains, north of the Ohio iver aRnd east of the Mississippi River to be divided into separate states. However, it did not define the mechanism by which the land would become states, or how the territories would be governed or settled before they became states | |
| 104308249 | Land Ordinance of 1785 | Provided the systematic survey and sale of the region west of pennsylavania and north of ohio river.- began the rectangular grid pattern of land settlement. Income from land sales promisced help redce the national debt. | |
| 104308250 | Northwest Ordinance of 1787 | Political organization of the region. First under congressionally appointed officials and then under popularly elected territorial assemblies. They open territory would not remain under colonies subordinance but would be fully incorporated as new states into expanding American nation. Contained a bill of rights- Prohibited the importation of new slaves. Set specific regulations concerning the conditions under which rerritored can aplly for statehood, gave congresss more political clout. The native ameircans were not very happy though. They felt that Americans were claiming their land without their consent. | |
| 104308251 | Alien and Sedation Acts | ..• As prospects for real war increase, the Federalists pass a series of laws it neded to protect nation security. What they actually were, were an excuse for cracking down on the political opposition.- extend residency requirements- expand power of pres to deport alien living ni us that mabe dangerous or against law- any american citizen conspire against gov. gets fined or imprisoned | |
| 104308252 | Election of 1800 | this was the jefferson election. | |
| 104308253 | Loyalists | ... | |
| 104308254 | Newburgh Conspiracy | spring: troops are mad that they are not paid for their duties. George washington says calm down nothing we can do right now- so they calm down. summer:again still not getting paid so they chase after congress- really embarassing. | |
| 104308255 | Shay's Rebellion | This was rebellion of Daniel ShayDaniel Shay, a poor farmer, (previously an officer who resigned in 1780 because of the delay in pay), went to the legislature of Massachusetts to prevent these foreclosures. Its denial of his request led him to start Shay's Rebellion (1786-1787). Shay assembled a group of poor farmers like himself and attempted to capture a federal arsenal. In the end they are caught, and Shay is charged with treason. The absence of a central government allows this incident, and many like it, to occur. This rebellion may not have made a change in policy, but it provided ammunition for leaders at that time to think about the need for a stronger central governemnt. | |
| 104308256 | Annapolis Convention | it was clear that the government lacked sufficent authority under the articles of confederation so Alexandler Hamilton convened this convention to discuss revision of articles of confederation but only 5 delegates showed up. | |
| 104308257 | Federal Convention | constitutional convention, philidalphia convention. may 1787 delegates representing every state except rhode island began assembling in philedalphia., 1787. followed the Articles of Confederation in hopes to revise it but then decided to start over and created the United States Constitution. big federalists who were there were aledxander hamilton, james madison, george washington came. | |
| 104308258 | Virginia Plan | the design of the new national government.set conventions agenda and outlined a potentially powerful national governemnt. belived , Plan presented to the Constitutional Convention that proposed the creation of a bicameral legislature, lower house elected by the people and upper house(senate), chosen by the lower house from nominess propsed by state legislatures. this favored bigger states.(proportional representation rather than equal representation of states)- plan also called for a president,named by congress, a national judiciary and a council of revision( to review the constitutionality of laws) | |
| 104308259 | New Jersey Plan | the smaller states were not happy with this for it favored the bigger states. therefor william patternson introduced counter proposal-this plan. it urged the articles of confederation to be the basic structure of the government while allowing congress to tax and regulate trade. After vote of seven to three, the virginia plan was adopted as basis for further discussion. | |
| 104308260 | Great Compromise | ..., At the Constitutional Convention, larger states wanted to follow the Virginia Plan, which based each state's representation in Congress on state population. Smaller states wanted to follow the New Jersey Plan, which gave every state the same number of representatives. The convention compromised by creating the House and the Senate, and using both of the two separate plans as the method for electing members of each., , the agreement by which Congress would have two houses, the Senate (where each state gets equal representation-two senators) and the House of Representatives (where representation is based on population). taxes would also be apportioned on basis of population- white population plus 3/5 of blacks | |
| 104308261 | Charles Beard | He wrote An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution in 1913. He believed that the delegates of the Constitutional Convention had selfish economic interest in the outcome. He argued that the delegates represented an economic elite of speculators in western lands, holders of depreciated government securities, and creditors whose wealth was mostly in "paper." He provided useful arguments of the unquestioning hero worship of our founding fathers. He has been proven wrong because the founding fathers had no compelling stake in paper wealth, only in land holding. | |
| 104308262 | Elastic Clause | law that government should provide for the general welfare of people and all laws necessary to effectively carry out other laws are allowed to be added.- | |
| 104308263 | Supreme Clause | ..., a clause in Article VI that declares the Constitution, acts of Congress, and treaties are the "supreme Law of the Land" | |
| 104308264 | The Federalist Papers | ..., Series of newspaper articles written by John Hay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton which enumerated arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of the anti-federalists. and to promote ratification in new york. | |
| 104308265 | Anti-Federalists | ..., They opposed the ratification of the Constitution because it gave more power to the federal government and less to the states, and because it did not ensure individual rights. Many wanted to keep the Articles of Confederation. The Antifederalists were instrumental in obtaining passage of the Bill of Rights as a prerequisite to ratification of the Constitution in several states. After the ratification of the Constitution, the Antifederalists regrouped as the Democratic-Republican (or simply Republican) party. | |
| 104308266 | Bill of Rights | these were implemented to satisfy the several states that made it a condition of their ratification(mostly the anti-federalists) it protected the citizens rights- an extra precaution. freedom of speach, press, and religion. right to trial by joury and due process law- forbade "unreasonable searches and seizures- protected individuals against self incriminiation and crimnal cases. | |
| 104308267 | Judiciary Act of 1789 | t, Article Three of the United States Constitution created the Supreme Court and gave Congress the power to establish inferior courts. This landmark statute was adopted on September 24, 1789 in the first session of the First United States Congress. The law established the U.S. federal judiciary: it set the number of Supreme Court justices at six: one Chief Justice and five Associate Justices; it established a circuit court and district court in each judicial district; and it created the office of Attorney General. | |
| 104308268 | Treaty of Fallen Timbers | In 1792, Congress steps in to authorize the creation of a 5000 man army to go into the Northwest territory andd deal with the Indian problem once and for all. The troops who make up the region are trained to use the same hit and run tactics, the same camouflage techniques, etc as the NA used. The battle they fight is successful • **Ends threat from Native Americans in Northwest Territory • 7 tribes sign treaty with US- most of the territory that makes up Ohio and Indiana is given over to the US (the tribes who lived in that land moved to the West) | |
| 104308269 | Hamilton's Economic Program | set on trying to restore debt of us. started by banks of us. started a whisky task. checked the us credit- kept the income more than outcome. first bank of us. tariff to protect american man- (if buy something from another country put tax so buy from American) | |
| 104308270 | Whiskey Rebellion | • Farmers in western Pennsylvania found it expensive to transfer bulk grain east to NY--> had idea to make alcohol out of it because its easier to ship that product. • The tax gets these farmers mad- o Tax collectors were attacked o Farmers who tried to evade the tax were arrested (and brought to federal court)o These are anti-federalists- theyre nervouse like the Bostonians had been with the Stamp Act. Theyre suspicious of the power of the government. | |
| 104308271 | Democratic-Republicans | Limited central govt; states rights (based on 10th amendment) Pro-French; Anti-British Southern planters, small farmers, immigrants Become the majority party after 1800 -Democrats -Whigs Saying that the federalists are being monarchists .Thomas Jefferson + Aaron Burr | |
| 104308272 | Citizen Genet | this is the french embassador in american who tries to set up an army to attack spanish florida and trying to recruit american ships as pirateers. he is thrown out of the country because washington declared neutrality when comes to foreign wars | |
| 104308273 | XYZ Affair | ..• French position- we will stop seizing American ships IF the US loans France 12 million dollars + provide a ¼ million dollar bribe to each of the French negotiatiors (mr X, mr Y, Mr z) + apologize to tehe French government for the slights made against the French government • American Repsonse: Congress make navy to protect American Ships, American populations dislikes France. | |
| 104308274 | Jay's Treaty | ...france and GB were at war and britihs wer seizing american ships on way to france and french colonies. us strongly protested and this treaty resulted.terms: GB agreed to move all troops from american soil- repair ships and cargo taht was seized. british west indies now open for trade.GB stil claimed rights to seize ships. and said american needed to pay for debts from revolution | |
| 104308275 | Pinckey's Treaty (Treaty of San Lorenzo) | spain wants to work out problems with US. terms: us free nagivation of mississippi river. us hav right to establish warehouses in new orleans for american goods. both agreed nto to incite native americans agaist eachoter. establish boundary between american territory(georgia) and spanish florida | |
| 104308276 | Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions | response to alien and sedation acts. democratc-republicans see these acts as proof of what the've been saying- when central gov too string-individual rights lost. therefore give a compact theory of how gvt. should work: const. between states-limited givt powers. all powers gov no have given to states. when govt. overeaches w power doesnt have- staes can declare void. | |
| 104308277 | Louisiana Purchase | 1803 - The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for $15 million. Jefferson was interested in the territory because it would give the U.S. the Mississippi River and New Orleans (both were valuable for trade and shipping) and also room to expand. Napoleon wanted to sell because he needed money for his European campaigns and because a rebellion against the French in Haiti had soured him on the idea of New World colonies. The Constitution did not give the federal government the power to buy land, so Jefferson used loose construction to justify the purchase. |
| 48662348 | What were the pieces, that were falling into place,needed to make Cotton king in the south? | Demand for cotton, the cotton gin, demand for slaves | |
| 48662349 | 1830 | The North begins to play important role in cotton industry | |
| 48662350 | Why does America need to produce more cotton? | The English mills demand more cotton fiber. | |
| 48662351 | Lucy Larcom | ran boarding houses for young women who worked in cotton mills. | |
| 48662352 | Francis Cabot Lowell | Built a small mill in Waltham, Massachusettes - the first American to handle the total production of cotton cloth - carding, spinning and wearing. | |
| 48662353 | Who re-invented the Power Loom? | Francis Cabot Lowell | |
| 48662354 | What sparked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution? | the reinvention of the Power Loom. | |
| 48662355 | Textile industry | cotton mills | |
| 48662356 | What was the new American textile industry was able to do? | It could produce cloth for its own people (Americans) and for export. | |
| 48662357 | 1814 | Waltham mill opened and gave women jobs. Women wanted the ability to work. | |
| 48662358 | By 1840, | 9,500 women and men worked in Lowell textile mill, about 50% of the city's total population. | |
| 48662359 | How many major companies were operating textile mills in Lowell, by 1840? | 10 major companies operated more than thirty textile mills. | |
| 48662360 | Grower and plantation owners neede to what? | get the crops to market and sell it. |
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