| 703257744 | conformation | the three dimensional shape of a molecule at a given instant that can change as a result of rotation about sigma bonds | |
| 703257745 | conformational analysis | The investigation of the various conformations of a compound and their relative stabilities, their energy. | |
| 703257746 | conformer | different conformations of a molecule | |
| 703257747 | constitutional isomers | molecules that have the same molecular formula but differ in the way the atoms are connected | |
| 703257748 | cycloalkane | an alkane in which carbon chain arranged in a closed ring | |
| 703257749 | 1,3-diaxial interaction | The interaction between an axial substituent and the other two axial substituents on the same side of the cyclohexane ring. | |
| 703257750 | dipole-dipole interaction | Type of intermolecular force in which opposite poles of neighboring dipole molecules are drawn together; an interaction between the dipole of one molecule and the dipole of another molecule. | |
| 703257752 | eclipsed conformation | Occurs when substituents are directly aligned, causing substantial repulsion between the substituents and an unfavorable conformation. Also called cis-conformation; a conformation in which the bonds on adjacent carbons are aligned as viewed looking down the carbon-carbon bond. | |
| 703257754 | equatorial bond | a bond of the chair form of cyclohexane that juts out from the ring in approximately the same plane that contains the chair | |
| 703257756 | ether | organic molecule that contains an oxygen atom between two carbon atoms, R-O-R | |
| 703257758 | flagpole hydrogen | also known as: transannular hydrogens- the two hydrogens in the boat conformation of cyclohexane that are closest to each other. | |
| 703257760 | functional group | the center of the reactivity in a molecule; specific cluster of atoms attached to the carbon skeleton of organic molecules that enters into reactions and behaves in a predictable way | |
| 703257761 | gauche conformer | a staggered conformer in which the largest substituents bonded to the two carbons are gauche to each other; that is, they have a dihedral angle of approximately 60 degrees | |
| 703257762 | angle strain | Five and six membered rings are more stable than three or four, which results when bond angles deviate from the ideal bond angle of 109.5 degrees. | |
| 703257763 | geometric isomers | same formulas, same bonds, different orientation
They have the same molecular formula and the same order of attachment but a different orientation in space that CANNOT be overcome by rotation around a sigma bond. | |
| 703257764 | half-chair conformation | the least stable conformation of cyclohexane | |
| 703257765 | heat of formation | The change in energy when one mole of a compound is formed from its components under standard state conditions. When it is negative, energy is released when it is formed. | |
| 703257766 | homolog | a member of a homologous series | |
| 703257767 | homologous series | a family of compounds in which each member differs from the one before in the series by one methylene (CH2) group | |
| 703257768 | hydrocarbon | A compound that contains only the elements carbon and hydrogen | |
| 703257769 | hydrogen bond | The intermolecular force occurring when a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom of one molecule is attracted to two unshared electrons of another molecule; usually strong dipole-dipole attraction 5kcal/mol between a hydrogen bonded to O, N, or F and the non-bonding electrons or O, N, or F of another molecule. | |
| 703257770 | hyperconjugation | delocalization of electrons by overlap of carbon-hydrogen or carbon-carbon sigma bonds with an empty p orbital | |
| 703257771 | induced-dipole-induced-dipole interaction | an interaction between a temporary dipole in one molecule and the dipole that the temporary dipole induces in another molecule. Also called London Dispersion and sometimes called van der Waals forces;
the "random chance" if a partial negative and partial positive can be created | |
| 703257772 | IUPAC nomenclature | The international system of rules for naming chemical compounds;, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry | |
| 703257773 | melting point | the temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid. Overall, melting point increases as the molecular weight increases.
Packing influences the mp. | |
| 703257774 | methylene (CH2) group | a CH2 group | |
| 703257775 | Newman projection | represent the three-dimeensional spatial arrangements resulting from rotation about a sigma bond. The projection assumes that the viewer is looking along the longitudinal axis of a particular C-C bond. the carbon in front is represented by a point; where three lines are seen to intersect; and the carbon in the back is represented by a circle; The three lines emanating from each of the carbons represent its other bonds. | |
| 703257776 | packing | is a property that determines how well the individual molecules in a solid fit together in a crystal lattice; the tighter the fit the more energy is required to break the lattice and melt the compound. | |
| 703257777 | parent hydrocarbon | the longest continuous carbon chain in a molecule and their substituents are listed in alphabetical order, with a number to designate their position on the chain. | |
| 703257778 | perspective formula | a method of representing the spatial arrangement of groups bonded to an asymmetric center. Two bonds are drawn in the plane of the paper; a solid wedge is used to depict a bond that projects out of the plane of the paper toward the viewer, and a hatched wedge is used to represent a bond that projects back from the paper away from the viewer. | |
| 703257779 | polarizability | indicates the ease with which an electron cloud of an atom can be distorted; larger atoms are more polarizable. | |
| 703257780 | primary alcohol | an alcohol in which the OH group is bonded to a primary carbon,
OH is attached to an end carbon of an alkyl | |
| 703257781 | primary alkyl halide | an alkyl halide in which the halogen is bonded to a primary carbon | |
| 703257782 | primary amine | An amine in which nitrogen is bonded to one carbon and two hydrogens. -NH2 | |
| 703257783 | primary carbon | a carbon atom that is bonded to one other carbon atom | |
| 703257784 | primary hydrogen | a hydrogen bonded to a primary carbon | |
| 703257785 | quaternary ammonium salt | Compounds with four alkyl groups bonded to nitrogen | |
| 703257786 | ring flip | also Known as: chair-chair interconversion, the conversion of the chair conformer of cyclohexane into the other conformer. Bonds that are axial in one chair conformer are equatorial in the other.
Changes Position | |
| 703257787 | secondary alcohol | OH- attached to a secondary (middle) carbon; an alcohol that has two alkyl groups bonded to the carbon atom with the -OH group | |
| 703257788 | secondary alkyl halide | an alkyl halide in which the halogen is bonded to a secondary carbon | |
| 703257789 | secondary amine | an amine with two alkyl groups bonded to the nitrogen | |
| 703257790 | secondary carbon | A carbon bonded to two other carbons | |
| 703257791 | secondary hydrogen | a hydrogen bonded to a secondary carbon | |
| 703257792 | skeletal structure | a structure that shows the carbon-carbon bonds as lines and does not show the carbon-hydrogen bonds | |
| 703257793 | skew-boat conformation | also known as a twist-boat, more stable that a boat conformation because the flagpole hydrogens have moved away from each other. | |
| 703257794 | solubility | the ability to dissolve "like disolves like" | |
| 703257795 | solvation | the interaction between solvent and a molecule or an ion dissolved in that solvent | |
| 703257796 | staggered conformation | a conformation in which the bonds on one carbon bisect the bond angle on the adjacent carbon when viewed looking down the carbon-carbon bond. , more stable because there's no torsional strain | |
| 703257797 | steric strain | the strain, the extra energy; experienced by a molecule when atoms or groups are close to one another, causing their electron clouds to repel each other. More steric strain in a gauche conformation than in an anti conformation because the two substituents; In butane, the methyl groups are closer together in a gauche conformation. | |
| 703257798 | straight-chain alkane | an alkane in which the carbons form a continuous chain with no branches | |
| 703257799 | symmertrical ether | an ether with two identical substituents bonded to the oxygen | |
| 703257800 | systematic nomenclature | nomenclature based on structure | |
| 703257801 | tertiary alcohol | an alcohol in which the OH group is bonded to a tertiary carbon | |
| 703257802 | tertiary alkyl halide | an alkyl halide in which the halogen is bonded to a tertiary carbon | |
| 703257803 | tertiary amine | an amine with three alkyl groups bonded to the nitrogen | |
| 703257804 | tertiary carbon | A carbon bonded to three other carbons. | |
| 703257805 | tertiary hydrogen | hydrogen bonded to a tertiary carbon.
attached to a carbon attached to three other carbons | |
| 703257806 | trans isomer | the isomer with the hydrogens on opposite sides of the double bond or cyclic structure, the isomer with the identical substituents on opposite sides of the double bond | |
| 703257807 | twist-boat conformation | a conformation of cyclohexane that is somewhat more stable than a pure boat conformation | |
| 703257808 | unsymmetrical ether | an ether with two different substituents bonded to the oxygen | |
| 703257809 | van der Waals forces | also known as London forces; induced dipole-induced-dipole interactions. A slight attraction that develops between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules. "weakest of any force" | |
| 703257810 | Alkanes | are hydrocarbons composed by only carbon and hydrogen with only single bond.
-are nonpolar
-Most under 30 carbons have small densities
-Alkanes & water will form 2 layers!
-Alkanes on top (less Dense) | |
| 703257811 | Saturated Hydrocarbons can be | -Hydrocarbons-contain C and H atoms only
-saturated-Only single bonds
-Alphatic "Fat" like
-Can be acyclic (no rings) also known as straight chain or cyclic (cycloalkanes) | |
| 703257812 | Alkane Formula | CnH2n+2 | |
| 703257813 | Methane | CH4 | |
| 703257814 | Ethane | CH3CH3
C2H6 | |
| 703257815 | Propane | CH3CH2CH3
C3H8 | |
| 703257816 | Butane | CH3CH2CH2CH3
C4H10 | |
| 703257817 | Pentane | CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
C5H12 | |
| 703257818 | Hexane | CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
C6H14 | |
| 703257819 | Heptane | CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
C7H16 | |
| 703257820 | Octane | CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
C8H18 | |
| 703257821 | Nonane | CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
C9H20 | |
| 703257822 | Decane | CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
C10H22 | |
| 703257823 | Isomers | Two or more chemical substances having the same elementary composition and molecular weight but DIFFERING IN STRUCTURE. | |
| 703257824 | Primary rule | If a group is attached to a primary carbon, an "n" is listed unless otherwise stated. "n" will also inform you that the molecule is a "straight chain" | |
| 703257825 | Secondary carbon | If a group is attached to 2nd carbon, typically called sec-unless at the first of the molecule when it is called iso) | |
| 703257826 | tert | group attached to 3rd (tert) carbon | |
| 703257827 | Amines Primary, Secondary, and Tert | 1=have 1 alkyl group on the nitrogen 1 R-NH2
2=have 2 alkyl groups on the nitrogen 2 R-NH2
3=have 3 alkyl groups on the nitrogen 3 R-NH2 | |
| 703257828 | Boiling Point of a Compound | is the temperature at which the liquid becomes a gas.
For something to boil--the forces between the molecules must be "broken and kept apart" Therefore, boiling point depends on the strength of the attractive forces between the individual molecules | |
| 703257829 | Boiling Point and Alkanes | -Different forces hold alkanes (and organic molecules) together.
-Contain only C and H bonds
-En values of C and H are extremely close, therefore, bonds of alkanes are typically nonpolar.
-This also means that alkanes typically have no partial charge, they are neutral molecules | |
| 703257830 | Boiling Point trends for ethers, alkyl halides, alcohols and amines | in these molecules, we have polar bond (C attached to either a N, O, F, Cl, or Br).
-Partial charges will happen but they are NOT RANDOM
-If permanent charges happen we have dipole-dipole interaction. stronger forces that must be overcome for a substance to boil | |
| 703257831 | Dipole-Dipole | Dipole-Dipole forces are stronger than van der Waals forces.
-Ether typically have higher boiling points than alkanes as they rely on Van der Waals forces and dipole-dipole.
-Alcohols have even higher boiling points as they exhibit van der Waals, dipole-dipole, AND HYDROGEN BONDS. | |
| 703257832 | Hydrogen Bonding | is a special kind of dipole-dipole interaction.
-occurs between a hydrogen bonded to an Oxygen, a nitrogen, or a Fluorine in another molecule.
-Stronger than other dipole-dipole interactions.
-O is more EN than N, therefore, H-bonds with O involved will be stronger | |
| 703257833 | Hydrogen Bonding Boiling Points | Alcohols>Amines>Ethers>Alkanes | |
| 703257834 | Which amine would have a higher boiling point Primary or Seconday | Primary H-bonding happens easier (Nitrogen is more exposed) | |
| 703257835 | Boiling Points of Alkyl Halides | -halogen atom size increases, the electron cloud increases.
-Larger electron cloud=stronger van der Waals.
BP of Alkyl halides are as follows:
R-I > R-Br > R-Cl > R-F | |
| 703257836 | Compounds listed in order of decreasing bp (lowest to highest) | A. Hexane
B. 3-methyl pentane
C. Pentane with OH group on 3rd carbon?
D. Pentane with OH groups on the 1,3, and 5 carbon?
E.Pentane with OH groups on the 1 & 3 carbon
F. Pentane with an amine group on the 3rd carbon?
ANSWERS: D > E > C >F >A >B | |
| 703430370 | Solubility/Miscibility | -"like dissolves like"
-Polar dissolves in polar
-Polar solvents have partial charges that can interact with partial charges on the solute(compound).
-Nonpolar compounds dissolves in nonpolar substances
-When molecules are surrounded by solvent, the process is called SOLVATION | |
| 703430371 | Solubility | a solid placed in a liquid | |
| 703430372 | Miscibility | a liquid placed in a liquid | |
| 703430373 | Alcohols & Solubility/Miscibility | alcohols "they are two faced" they have a nonpolar and polar part.
-form H bonds
-Size matters
-If an alcohol has a small alkyl group, then the alcohol will be miscible in water(ethyl, isopropyl, etc.)
-If an alcohol has a larger alkyl group, then the alcohol/water mixture WILL NOT be miscible.
-FOUR CARBONS ARE TYPICALLY THE DIVIDING LINE
-Alcohols with branched alkyl groups are more miscible | |
| 703430374 | van der Waals, dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding | the greater the attractive forces the higher the boiling point of a compound. | |
| 703430375 | Ethers, Amines, Alkyl Halides | -Ethers are similar to alcohols, they have an oxygen that can participate in polar solubility/miscibility, if smaller than 3 Carbons can dissolve in water.
-Amines are soluble 1 prim >2 Sec >3 Tert
-Alkyl halides are also somewhat soluble/miscibile. (R-F being the most miscible) | |
| 703430376 | Sigma Bond | single bond in organic, formed by two sp3 orbitals, can rotate very easily. Because of rotation, an alkanes can have "different positions" known as conformations.
Typically, these two conformations are known as "staggered" and "eclisped" | |
| 703430377 | Torsional Strain | -Names given to the repulsion felt by the bonding electrons of one substituent as they pass close to the bonding electrons of another.
STAGGERED Conformer-MOST STABLE
ECLIPSED Conformer-LEAST STABLE
"Molecules can convert millions of times per second" | |
| 703430378 | Cyclos | -have conformers
-All cyclo rings have "ring strain"
-ideal bond is 109.5 degrees | |
| 703430379 | Cyclopropane angles | 60 degrees | |
| 703430380 | Cyclobutane angles | 90 degrees | |
| 703430381 | Cyclopentane angles | 108 degrees | |
| 703430382 | Cyclohexane angle | is just right! perfers chair position of angles at 111 degree,
-different bond of axial and equatoral
-axial=Alternate above and below the ring
-equatorial=Point outwards from the ring (slightly slanted) | |
| 703430383 | Ring Strain | straight even overlap is strong bond, but uneven overlap is weak bond
= 0 for cyclohexane; increases as rings become larger, up to 9 and smaller. Ring strain causes higher energy and less stability | |
| 703430384 | Energies and Stabilitiy of chair half-chair, boat, twisted boat | THE RING WITH THE LARGEST GROUP IN THE EQUATORIAL POSITION IS ALWAYS THE MOST STABLE
methyl group on a cyclo ring in the equatorial position | |
| 703430385 | Cis Molecule | If two groups pointed in the same direction, you have a cis molecule | |
| 703430386 | Trans molecule | If the two groups are pointed in opposite directions you have a trans molecule. | |
| 703430387 | Alkyl Halides | -are compounds in which a hydrogen has been replaced by a halogen
-ide replacing the ine for common name
-IUPAC
-Fluorine=Floro
-Chlorine=Chloro
the halogen name going to the beginning
EXample:
Common names for CH3CH2CHClCH3 (sec-butyl chloride)
Systematic name is 2-chlorobutane | |
| 704115215 | Hyperconjugation | delocalization of electrons by overlap of carbon-hydrogen or carbon-carbon sigma bonds with an empty p orbital | |
| 704115216 | Rotation about a C-C bond results in two extreme conformations a staggered and eclipsed, that rapidly interconvert | staggered is more stable than eclipsed because of hyperconjugation. | |
| 704115217 | Two types of Staggered conformer | anti conformer and gauche conformer with anti being more stable because of Steric strain | |
| 704115218 | Steric Strain | the repulsion between the electron clouds of atoms or groups. | |
| 704115219 | gauche interaction | steric strain in a gauche conformer | |
| 704115220 | Alcohol | a compound in which a hydrogen of an alkane has been replaced by an OH group. | |
| 704115221 | banana bond | The C-C bonding orbitals in cyclopropane cannot point directly at each other, but instead they form shapes that resemble bananas. | |
| 704115222 | A hydrogen in an alkane is replaced by an OH | the compound becomes an alcohol | |
| 704115223 | A hydrogen in an alkane is replaced by an NH2 | the compound becomes an amine | |
| 704115224 | A hydrogen in an alkane is replaced by an halogen | the compound becomes an alkyl halide | |
| 704115225 | A hydrogen in an alkane is replaced by an OR | the compound becomes an ether | |
| 704115226 | methyl | CH3- | |
| 704115227 | ethyl | CH3CH2- | |
| 704115228 | propyl | CH3CH2CH2- | |
| 704115230 | butyl | CH3CH2CH2CH2- | |
| 704115234 | pentyl | CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2- | |
| 704115236 | hexyl | CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2- | |
