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Toward a Sustainable Future ch. 5-9 Flashcards

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416559019Younger Dryas eventa rapid change in global climate that brought 1,500 years of cold weather about 10,000 to 12,000 years ago
416559020pollutionthe presence of a substance in the environment that prevents the functioning of natural processess and produces undesirable environmental and health effects
416559021crude death rate (CDR)the number of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year
416559022natural lawsgeneralizations derived from our observations of matter, energy, and other phenomena
416559023omnivoresan animal that feeds on both plant material and other animals
416559024sustainable agricultureagriculture that maintains the integrity of soil and water resources such that it can be continued indefinitely
416559025fire climax ecosystemsecosystems that depend on the recurrence of fire to maintain the existing balance
416559026chlorophyllthe green pigment in plants responsible for absorbing the light energy required for photosynthesis
416559027cellulosethe organic macromolecule that is the main part of a plant's cell walls
416793094biomass pyramidthe structure that is obtained when the respective biomasses of producers, herbivores and carnivores in an ecosystem are compared. Producers have the largest biomass, followed by herbivores and then carnivores
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Toward a Sustainable Future ch.19-23 Flashcards

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430874324Atmospheric Brown Cloud (ABC)1-3km thick pollution cloud over south and central Asia, high in black carbon and soot from burning & combustion ozone and acid rain, major dimming, reduction in rainfall
430874325Temperature inversionhigh pressure air sits above cool surface air trapping it keeps pollution from dissipating as warm as usually rises
430874326VOCvolatile organic compounds
430874327hydroxyl radicalcleansing agent that oxidizes many gaseous pollutants to products that are harmless or can be brought down to ground water
430874328sea saltscleansing agent from ocean spray - act as nuclei for raindrops, rain brings down other pollutants
430874329industrial smogcombination of smoke and fog concentrated in areas where coal in primary energy, mostly in winter
430874330photochemical smogbrownish smog from automobile exhausts (NOx and VOCs) is acted on by sunlight, appears during sunny times
430874331primary pollutantsdirect products of combustion and evaporation particulates, VOCs, CO, NOx, SO2, lead and air toxics
430874332secondary pollutantsproducts of reactions form primary pollutants ozone, peroxyayacetyl nitrates, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid
430874333coalsource of most SO2 emissions and heavy metals like mercury
430874334Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emissions FactorsEPA tracks trend in national emissions of primary pollutants through the _____________.
430874335ambient concentrationsEPA measures air quality in _____________.
430874336Clean Air Act1970, set ambient standards to protect environment and human health, command and control
430874337photochemical oxidantsozone and PANs formed form chemical rxns between nitrogen oxides and volatile organic carbons
430874338peroxyacytel nitrates(PANs) damage plants and forests, irritants mucous membranes
430874339ozoneO3 toxic to animals and plants, causes crop damage (in through stomata), levels in Appalachian forest are high, from industry, dry cleaners, print shops
430874340tenfolddifference between pH 1 and pH 2 is ______.
430874341acid depositionSO2 and NOx are oxidized by OH radicals to acids which dissolve in rain water H2SO4:HNO3 = 2:1 in rain
430874342chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseCOPD, progressive lung disease, emphysema, bronchitis and asthma
430874343carcinogensair toxic pollutants like benzene (tobacco smoke) are _______.
430874344regional haze rule1999 EPA established goals to increase visibility especially in wilderness and NP
430874345neutralizerlimestone is a ___________ for acid rain, lakes
430874346National Ambient Air Quality StandardsNAAQS set primary standards for particulates, SO2, NOx and CO: based on presumed tolerance minus 10-50% safety margin
430874347ozone shieldstratospheric layer that absorbs majority of UV radiation, thinned by CFCs (catalyst)
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Toward a Sustainable Future ch.10-13 Flashcards

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420119873aerosolsmicroscopic liquid or solid particles originating from land and water surfaces
420119874purificationoccurs when water is separated from the solutes and particles it contains
420119875Hadley cellthe system composed of rising and falling air
420119876rain-shadowdry region downwind of a mountain range
420119877infiltrationwhen precipitation soaks into the ground as it hits the ground
420119878watershedall the land area that contributes water to a particular stream or river
420119879capillary waterwater held in soil
420119880gravitational waterinfiltrating water not held in the soil
420119881water tableupper surface of ground water
420119882aquiferslayers of porous material through which groundwater moves
420119883recharge areathe area where water enters an aquifer
420119884seepwater flows out over a relatively wide area
420119885springwater exits the ground as a significant flow from a relatively small opening
420119886land subsidencegradual sinking/ settling of land as water table drops
420119887sinkholeland subsidence that develops suddenly and dramatically
420119888salt water intrusionresults from lowering water table, reduces pressure on aquifer, permitting salt water to flow into aquifer and wells
420119889desalinationremoving the salt from seawater for domestic use
420119890gray waterslightly dirtied water from sinks, showers, bathtubs and laundry tubs
420119891parent materialmineral material of soil
420119892sandlargest particles
420119893siltmedium sized particles
420119894clayfinest particles
420119895loam40% sand, 40% silt, 20% clay
420119896workabilityease with which a soil can be cultivated
420119897o horizontopmost layer, consists of dead organic matter, humus
420119898a horizontopsoil
420119899e horizonzone of leaching
420119900b horizonsubsoil
420119901c horizonweathered parent material
420119902eluviationthe process of leaching (dissolving away) many minerals due to the downward movement of water
420119903mollisolsfertile, dark soils found in temperate grassland biomes
420119904oxisolssoils of the tropical and subtropical rain forests
420119905alfisolswidespread, moderately weathered soils
420119906aridisolsvery widespread soils of drylands and deserts
420119907tilthsoils ability to support plant growth
420119908transpirationevaporation from plant leaves
420119909soil aerationdiffusion of oxygen into, and carbon dioxide out of, soil
420119910compactionpacking of the soil, occurs with excessive foot or vehicle traffic
420119911pHacidity or alkalinity of any solution
420119912humusresidue of partly decomposed matter
420119913compostingthe process of fostering the decay of organic wastes under more or less controlled conditions
420119914mycorrhizaefungi that penetrates the detritus, absorbs nutrients and transfers them directly to the plant==> no nutrient loss from leaching
420119915erosionthe process of soil and humus particles being picked up and carried away by water or wind
420119916splash erosionthe impact of falling raindrops breaking up the clumpy structure of the topsoil
420119917sheet erosionrunoff caries fine particles away from the surface
420119918desert pavementthe thin surface layer of stones and gravel which protects underlying soil against further erosion
420119919cryptogamic crustthe growth and colonization of primitive plants that create a crust on the soil
420119920desertificationas water-holding and nutrient-holding capacity is diminished by erosion of topsoil areas become deserts
420119921TerrAfrica2005, alliance to fight land degradation in sub-Saharan Africa
420119922no-till agriculturepermits continuous cropping, yet minimizes soil erosion, field first sprayed with herbicide to kill weeds, soil never left exposed, enough detritus to maintain soil
420119923contour strip croppingplowing and cultivating at right angles to contour slopes
420119924shelterbeltsprotective belts of trees and shrubs alongside plowed fields
420119925sedimentseroding soils
420119926irrigationsupplying water to croplands by artificial means
420119927flood irrigationwater diverted from rivers through canals and flooded through furrows in fields
420119928center-pivot irrigationwater is pumped from a central well through a sprinkler that slowly pivots
420119929salinizationaccumulation of salts in and on the soil to the point where plant growth is suppressed
420119930Sustainable Agriculture Research and Educationcreated by USDOA, 1988, provides funding for investigating ways to accomplish all of the goals of sustainable agriculture
420119931Federal Agricultural Improvement and Reform Acteliminated many subsidies and controls over farm commodities
4201199322002 Farm Security and Rural Investment Actcontinued to subsidize a host of farm products, maintaining price supporters and farm income for American farmers
420119933Food, Conservation and Energy Act of 2008maintains high levels of farm support, corn subsidies for ethanol
420119934Conservation Reserve Programallows for highly erodible cropland to be established as "conservation reserve" of forest and gras
420120035Conservation Reserve Programreimburses farmers for "retiring" erosion-prone land and planting it with trees or grasses
420120036Green Revolutionremarkable increases in crop production due to increasing technology
420120037Subsistence farmerspeople/families who live on small parcels of land that provide them with food for their household and a small cash crop
420120038CAFOsconfined animal feeding operations
420120039Doubly Green Revolutiongreen revolution in terms of conserving natural resources and the environment
420120040Cartagena Protocol on Biosafetyagreement about need for proof that the genetically modified organisms were safe before they are allowed into countries
420120041precautionary principlewhere there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for failing to take measures to prevent potential damage
420120042food securityassured access for every person to enough nutritious food to sustain an active and healthy life; family, nation, global community
420120043malnutritionlack of essential nutrients
420120044overnourishmentovereating/over weight
420120045pestany organism that is noxious, destructive, or troublesome
420120046agricultural pestsorganisms that feed on agricultural crops or ornamental plants or animals
420120047weedsplants that compete with agricultural crops, forests, and forage grasses for light and nutrients
420120048herbicideschemicals that kill plants
420120049pesticideschemicals that kill animals
420120050integrated pest managementan approach to controlling pest populations by using all suitable methods- chemical and ecological- in a way that brings about long-term management of pest populations and also has minimal environmental impact
420120051first-generation pesticidesearly pesticides that included lead, arsenic and mercury
420120052secondary-pest outbreakcycle of resurgence
420120053pesticide treadmillattempts to eradicate pests with synthetic organic chemicals
420120054bioaccumulationsmall, seemingly harmless amounts of toxins received over a long period of time may reach toxic levels
420120055biomagnificationmultiplying effect of bioaccumulation that occurs through a food chain
420120056juvenile hormonetriggers caterpiller pupation
420120057ecdysonethe molting hormone of insects
420120058insurance sprayingthe use of pesticides to prevent losses to pests
420120059Organic Foods Protection Act1990, established the National Organic Standards Board
420120060Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act1947, 72, requires manufactures to register pesticides with the EPA before marketing them, tests for toxicity
420120061Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act1938, EPA sets allowable levels of pesticide residue on foods
420120062Delaney clausesaid no food additive shall be deemed to be safe if it is found to induce cancer when ingested by man or animal
420120063Food Quality Protection Act1996, Ammended FIFRA, FFDCA, Delaney, with pesticide guidelines, more reasonable guidelines for carcinogens
420120064prior informed consentexporting countries inform all potential importing countries of actions they have taken to ban or restrict the use of pesticides
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Toward a Sustainable Future Ch.1-3 Flashcards

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410070334Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Changeprovided convincing evidence that human-induced climate change is already severely impacting global climate and sea level
410070335Kyoto Protocol Goalan international agreement among the developed nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (the US is still not part of this)
410070336biodiversityvariablility among living organisms and the ecological complexes of which they are part
410070337reasons for loss of biodiversity:conversion of land and pollution species declining in range and population
410070338environmental sciencestudy of how the world works
410070339environmental science:gives answers that allows societies to make changes consistent with a sustainable future
410070340environmentalistspeople and organizations with a strong focus on environmental concerns
410070341environmentalismwidespread development of the environmental movement
410070342Rachel Carsonwrote 'silent spring' in 60's which alerted the public about the dangers of pesticides and their role in rapidly declining bird populations. Example of sterwardship.
410070343sound science***understanding how the world works and how we interact with it
410070344sustainability***a process which can be continued infinitely without depleting the energy or material resources on which it depends, a goal we should be working toward
410070345stewardship***managing natural resources and promoting human well-being for the common good
410070346junk sciencepresented as science but does not conform to the rigorous methods of legitimate science
410070347scientific methodobservation hypothesis test explanation observations
410070348natural lawslaws by which we define and predict the matter and energy
410070349Controversies exist:becuase there is bias, new info, subjective values (different feelings about issues)
410070350sustainable ecosystemsnatural systems that thrive over time by recycling nutrients, maintain a diversity of species and use sun as a source of energy
410070351sustainable developmentprogress that meets needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet needs
410070352developmentimporvement of human well-being
410070353globalization***acceleration interconnectedness of human activities, ideas, and cultures -little to do to improve economic well-being -western culture being marketed throughout the world
410070354human populationj-shaped
410070355the cause of overexploitation of resourcesis overpopulation
410070356China's example demonstrates that economic growth can lift millions out of poverty and establish a country's strong place in the world marketBut this growth comes at the cost of natural resources and harming the health of their people (toxic water, polluted air)
410070357economic growthcan lift people out of poverty but not sustainable when the growth is at the cost of natural resources and health
410070358economicssocial science that deals with production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services
410070359economysystem of exchanges of goods and services worked out by member sof society
410070360economic systemssocial and legal arrangements of ppl constucted to satisfy their needs and wants
410070361free market economy occurs withdemocracies
410070362rulers make allbasic decisions in a centurally planned economy
410070363no country has a pure system of either economy!!...
410070364market economies only offer access to goods and services...
410070365Sustainable economy characteristics-imporve human well-being vs promoting growth -value and preserve ecosystem goods and services vs drawing down natural capital -use the precautionary principle to minimize risks vs promoting damaging technologies -businesses will eagerly provide green products
410070366ecological economistsargue that the environment encompasses teh economy, not the other way around
410070367econimic productionthe process of converting the natural world to the manufactured world
410070368produced capitalgoods and services-human made products
410070369natural capitalgoods and services supplied by natural ecosystems
410070370renewable natural capital can be depleted if not managed wiselynonrenewable natural capital can be depleted
410070371GDP is flawedit does not include goods created and services preformed by a family for itself omits natural services from ecosy clean air is not included in GDP
410070372GPIassumes some economic activities are positive and negative
410070373human capitalpopulations physical psychological and cultural attributes
410070374social capitalsocietal and political environment
410070375knowledge assetsknowledge that can be transferred to others
410070376intragenerational equitymaking possible for others what is possible for you
410070377intergenarational equitymeeting needs of present without harming the ability of tfutre generations to meet their needs
410070378***laws protecting the environment are not luxuries to be tolerated only if they do not interfere with freedom of economic developmentpart of the foundation of human society they are essential for sustainibility
410070379Payments for ecosystem servicesestablishes a monetary value for an ecosystem service
410070380external costseffect of a business process not included in the usual calculations of profit and loss
410070381costsinclude poor health and damages that would have occured without regulations
410070382benefitsimprove human health
410070383shadow pricingassesses what people might pay for a particular benefit ex. houses next to airports have lower values
410070384ecologystudy of all processes influencing the distribution and abundance of organisms
410070385speciesdifferent kinds of living things
410070386populationnumber of individuals that make up the interbreeding group ina certain area
410070387biotic communitythe grouping of population in a natural area
410070388ecosysteminteractive complec of communities and the abiotic environment affecting them within an area
410070389ecotonea transitional region between ecosystems
410070390landscapea cluster of interacting ecosystems
410070391biomea large area of earth with the same climate and similar vegetation
410070392biosphereone huge system formed by all living things
410070393conditionfactor that varies in space and time but is not used up
410070394resourceany factor consumed by organisms water nutrients light oxygen
410070395factorcan be both condition and resource
410070396range of teleranceentire range allowing any growth
410070397limits of growthhigh and low ends of the range of tolerance
410070398zones of stressbtw the optimal range and high and low limit of tolerance
410070399synergistic effectsfactors that interact to cause greater effect than expected
410070400habitatplace where species is adapted to live
410070401microhabitiatpuddles rock holes
410070402nichesum of conditions and resources under which a species can live or what the animal eats where it feeds and lives, how it responds to abiotic factors
410070403matteranything that occupies space
410070404massamount of matter in something
410070405law of conservation of matteratoms do not change and are not created or destroyed
410070406ionan atom that has gained or lost an electron
410070407moleculetwo or more atoms bonded in a specific way
410070408compoundtwo or more diff kinds of atoms H2O
410070409atmospherelayer of gases separating earth from outerspace
410070410six key elementsC H O N P S, Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S).
410070411organic compoundschemical compoinds making up tissue of living organisms
410070412inorganic compoundsall things that do not contain carbon atoms, are not living organism nor products of living things
410070413natural organic compoundsmakes up living organisms
410070414synthetic organic compoundshuman-made
410070415energyability to do work
410070416workforce x distance
410070417entropymeasure of the degree of disorder in a system
410070418oxidationloss of electrons
410070419photosynthesis6CO2 + 6H2O -----> C6 H12 O6 = 6O2
410070420comparing carbon and nitrogen cyclesC is mainly found in the atmosphere directly taken in by plants N is found in air, N & P cdant be taken up directly, are limiting factors
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Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future 11e Flashcards

Chapter 3: LSU 1127 for Vincent Wilson

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452789907ecologystudy of all processes influencing the distribution and abundance of organisms and the interactions between living things and their environment
452789908speciesdifferent kinds of living things in the community-all members that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
452789909populationa certain number of individuals that make up the interbreeding, reproducing group- only to those ind. of a certain species that live within a given area
452789910biota/biotic communitygrouping of populations we observe when we study a natural area: all vegetation, all animals, and all microscopic creatures
452789911abioticnonliving: chemical and physical ex. amount of water, climate, salinity, type of soil
452789912ecosysteman interactive complex of communities and the abiotic environment affecting them within a particular area
452789913ecotonetransitional region between two ecosystems that shares many of the species and characteristics of both ecosystems
452789914landscapecluster of interacting ecosystems such as a forest, an open meadow, and a nearby river
452789915biomesa large area of Earth's surface with the same climate and similar vegetation- limited to terrestrial systems
452789916biosphereall the species on Earth live in ecosystems, and the ecosystems are interconnected, so that all living things form one huge system
452848895conditionsany factors that vary in space and time, but that are not used up or made unavailable to other species: temperature, wind, pH, salinity, fire
452848896resourcesany factors-biotic or abiotic- that are consumed by organisms: water, chemical nutrients, light, oxygen, food, space for resting or nesting
452848897optimuma certain level at which the organisms grow or survive most
452848898range of toleranceentire span that allows any growth
452848899limits of tolerancepoints at the high and low ends of the range of tolerance
452848900zones of stressbetween the optimal range and the high or low limit of tolerance: organisms experience increasing stress as factor is raised or lowered until they can't survive
452848901limiting factora factor that limits growth
452848902law of limiting factors/Liebig's Law of the Minimumany one factor being outside the optimal range will cause stress and limit the growth, reproduction, or even survival of a population
452848903synergistic effects/synergismstwo or more factors interacting in a way that causes an effect much greater than one would anticipate from each of the two acting separately
452848904habitatrefers to the kind of place- defined by the plant community and the physical environment- where a species is biologically adapted to live
452854879nicherefers to what the animals feeds on, where it feeds, when it feeds, where it finds shelter, how it responds to abiotic factors, and where it nests
453635907matteranything that occupies space and has mass
453635908atomsvery small pieces that matter is composed of- combined to form molecules, and these combined to form more complex structures
453635909elements94 naturally occurring atoms in nature
453635910Law of Conservation of Matteratoms are neither created nor destroyed- same number and kind of atoms exist before and after any reaction
453635911molecule2 or more atoms bonded in a specific way ex)O2 is molecule, but not compound
453635912compound2 or more different kinds of atoms that are bonded ex)H2O is both compound and molecule
453635913atmospherethin layer of gases separating Earth from outer space
453635914hydrospherewater in all of its liquid and solid compartments: oceans, rivers, ice and groundwater
453635915lithosphereEarth's crust, made up of rocks and minerals
453652120mineralnaturally occurring solid, made by geologic processes; it is a hard, crystalline structure of a given chemical composition
453652121inorganicrefers to molecules or compounds with neither carbon-carbon nor carbon-hydrogen bonds
453652122natural organic compoundscompounds making up living organisms
453652123synthetic organic compoundshuman-made compounds
453652124energythe ability to move matter
453652125kinetic energyenergy in action or motion
453652126potential energyenergy in storage
453652127chemical energypotential energy contained in things such as chemicals ex) gasoline releases kinetic energy when ignited
453652128calorieamount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius
453652129kilocalorie1 kilocalorie=1000 calories
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Chapter 2: Ecosystems: What they are Flashcards

Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future 10th ed. Richard Wright

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510214666biotathe sum total of all living organisms
510214667biotic communityall the living organisms that live in a particular area
510214668biotic structurethe organization of living organisms in an ecosystem into groups such as producers, consumers, detritus feeders, and decomposers.
510214669biomesa group of ecosystems that are related by having a similar type of vegetation governed by similar climatic conditions
510214670biospherethe overall ecosystem of Earth
510214671biomassmass of biological material
510214672biomass pyramidthe structure that is obtained when the respective biomasses of producers, herbivores, and carnivores, in an ecosystem are compared
510214673abioticpertaining to factors or things that are separate and independent from living things; nonliving
510214674associationsa unique combination of plants on a given site
510214675autotrophsany organism that can synthesize all its organic substance from inorganic nutrients, using light or certain inorganic chemicals as a source of energy.
510214676chlorophyllthe green pigment in plants responsible for absorbing the light energy required for photosynthesis.
510214677chemosynthesisprocess whereby some microorganisms utilize the chemical energy contained in certain reduced inorganic chemicals to produce organic material
510214678consumersin an ecosystem, those organisms that derive their energy from feeding on other organisms or their products
510214679carnivoresan animal that feeds more or less exclusively on other animals
510214680climatea general description of the average temperature and rainfall conditions of a region over the course of a year
510214681speciesall the organisms of a single kind
510214682populationa group within a single species whose individuals can and do freely interbreed
510214683ecosystema grouping of plants, animals, and other organisms interacting with each other and with their environment in such a way as to perpetuate the grouping more or less indefinitely
510214684ecotonea transitional region between two adjacent ecosystems that contains some of the species and characteristics of each one and also certain species of its own
510214685ecologythe study of any and all aspects of how organisms interact with each other and with their environment
510214686ecological niche(ecology) the status of an organism within its environment and community (affecting its survival as a species)
510214687landscapea group of interacting ecosystems occupying adjacent geographical areas
510214688trophic structurethe major feeding relationships between organisms within ecosystems, organized into trophic levels
510214689trophic levelfeeding level with respect to the primary source of energy
510214690photosynthesisthe chemical process carried on by green plants through which light energy is used to produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water
510214691organicrelating or belonging to the class of chemical compounds having a carbon basis
510214692inorganicrelating or belonging to the class of compounds not having a carbon basis
510214693heterotrophsany organism that consumes organic matter as a source of energy
510214694herbivorean organism such as a rabbit or deer that feeds primarily on green plants or plant products
510214695omnivorean animal that feeds on both plant material and other animals
510214696detritus feedersorganisms such as termites, fungi, and bacteria that obtain their nutrients and energy mainly by feeding on dead organic matter
510214697detritusthe dead organic matter, such as fallen leaves, twigs, and other plant and animal wastes, that exists in any ecosystem
510214698decomposersorganisms whose feeding action results in decay or rotting of organic material
510214699primary consumersan organism, such as a rabbit or deer, that feeds more or less exclusively on green plants or their products, such as seeds and nuts
510214700secondary consumersan organism such as a fox or coyote that feeds more or less exclusively on other animals that feed on plants
510214701predatoran animal that feeds on another living organism, either plant or animal
510214702preyanimal hunted or caught for food
510214703parasitesorganisms that attach themselves to another organism, the host, and feed on it over a period of time without killing it immediately, but usually doing harm to it
510214704pathogensan organism, usually a microbe, that is capable of causing diease
510214705hostan animal or plant that nourishes and supports a parasite
510214706food chainthe transfer of energy and material through a series of organisms as each one is fed upon by the next
510214707food webthe combination of all the feeding relationships that exist in an ecosystem
510214708mutualismthe relation between two different species of organisms that both derive a benefit
510214709symbiosisthe intimate living together or association of two kinds of organisms
510214710habitatthe specific environment in which an organism lives
510214711resourcesbiotic and abiotic factors that are consumed by organisms
510214712optimumthe condition or amount of any factor or combination of factors that will produce the best results
510214713range of tolerancethe range of conditions within which an organism can survive and reproduce
510214714limits of toleranceextremes of any factor that an organism or population can tolerate and still survive and reproduce
510214715zones of stressregions where a species finds conditions tolerable, but suboptimal. Species survives under stress
510214716limiting factora factor primarily responsible for determining the growth or reproduction of an organism or a population
510214717law of limiting factorsAlso known as Liebig's Law of Minimums. An ecosystem can be limited by the absence or minimum amount of any one vital factor.
510214718microclimatethe actual conditions experienced by an organism in its particular location
510214719PaleolithicThe period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.
510214720Neolithic RevolutionThe development of agriculture begun by human societies around 12,000 years ago, leading to more permanent settlement and population increases
510214721Industrial RevolutionDuring the 19th century, the development of manufacturing processes using fossil fuels and based on applications of scientific knowledge
510214722human systemthe entire system that humans have created for their own support, conditioning of agriculture, industry, transportation, communications networks, etc.
510214723Environmental RevolutionIn the view of some, a coming change in the adaptation of humans to the rising deterioration of the environment. The ER should bring about sustainable interactions wit the environment.
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Functional Groups Flashcards

biological functional groups
specific chemical groups often attached to carbons that play a role in chemical reactions
group it's associated with, functional properties, structure
Sorry about the structures. They don't exactly line up right.

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932844493hydroxylalcohols; polar, can form bonds with water which helps dissolve organic compounds; --OH
932844494carbonylketones & aldehydes; ketones & aldehydes may be structural isomers, found in sugars; --C=O \
932844495carboxylorganic acids; has acidic properties (source of H⁺; --C=O \ OH
932844496aminoacts as a base (can pick up H⁺), ionized with a +1 charge under cellular conditions; H / - - N \ H
932844497sulfhydrylthiol groups; two can form a covalent bond (cross-linking) which helps stabilize protein structure; --SH
932844498phosphatecontributes to negative charge of a molecule, has the potential to react with H₂O to release energy (ATP, NADP, etc.); l O l ₋O--P=O l O⁻
932844499methylH | --C--H | H
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Ch 3- AP BIO Flashcards

water

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549340599Electronegativity(chemistry) the tendency of an atom or radical to attract electrons in the formation of an ionic bond
549340600cohesion(physics) the intermolecular force that holds together the molecules in a solid or liquid
549340601adhesionthe tendency for water molecules to H bond w/ other polar molecules
549340602high specific heatamount of heat needed to raise the temp of 1g of substance 1 degree C
549340603high heat of vaporizationThe amount of heat necessary to cause a phase transition between a liquid and a gas; Large a mount of heat is needed to vaporize liquid
549340604densityThe ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance
549340605thermal overturncold water sinks because it is more dense and brings o2 down and hot water rises bringing nutrients
549340606solventsubstance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution
549340607dissociation of waterWater has both acidic and basic properties; dissociation produces both the hydronium ion and hydroxide ion.
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