Biology 3 Final Flashcards
Professor Guzman, Pierce College, T/Th 11:10-12:35 PM
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| 790484588 | METABOLISM | The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life | |
| 790484589 | HOMEOSTASIS | The ability of a system or living organism to adjust its internal environment to maintain a stable equilibrium; such as the ability of warm-blooded animals to maintain a constant temperature; Such a dynamic equilibrium or balance | |
| 790484590 | DEDUCTIVE LOGIC | A type of logic that offers a restatement of premises for a new understanding of truth. No new information is offered in deductive logic. Rather, the mere "facts" (premises) are restated in fresh ways. Here, the person moves from the general to the specific. | |
| 790484591 | INDUCTIVE LOGIC | This type of logic is formed with a collective body of facts. From this body, the individual jumps to a conclusion. Here, a person moves from the specific to the general. Inductive logic requires the amassing of facts and details before any sort of conclusion may be drawn. | |
| 790484592 | SCIENCE | A systematic, mechanistic discipline where generalization to unknowns are determined through observation & experimentation. | |
| 790484593 | HYPOTHESIS | A proposition made as a basis for reasoning, without any assumption of its truth | |
| 790484594 | THEORY | An idea used to account for a situation or justify a course of action | |
| 790484595 | ATOM | The smallest particle of an element that retains all the properties of that element. | |
| 790484596 | MATTER | Physical substance in general, as distinct from mind and spirit; (in physics) that which occupies space and possesses rest mass, esp. as distinct from energy | |
| 790484597 | ELEMENT | A substance that cannot be decomposed into any other substances by chemical means. | |
| 790484598 | SUBATOMIC PARTICLES | A particle smaller than an atom (e.g., a neutron) or a cluster of such particles (e.g., an alpha particle). Compare with elementary particle | |
| 790484599 | ATOMIC NUMBER | The characteristic number of protons for each element. |  |
| 790484600 | ATOMIC MASS | The mass of an atom of a chemical element expressed in atomic mass units. It is approximately equivalent to the number of protons and neutrons in the atom (the mass number) or to the average number allowing for the relative abundances of different isotopes |  |
| 790484601 | ISOTOPE | Each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular, a radioactive form of an element | |
| 790484602 | IONIC BOND | a chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains an electron to form a negative ion |  |
| 790484603 | COVALENT BOND | A bond formed when one atom shares electrons with another atom. Generally a very strong bond. |  |
| 790484604 | HYDROGEN BOND | A weak attraction between molecules or parts of very large molecules. |  |
| 790484605 | POLARITY | The tendency of living organisms or parts to develop with distinct anterior and posterior (or uppermost and lowermost) ends, or to grow or orient in a particular direction | |
| 790484606 | HYDROPHILIC | Having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water | |
| 790484607 | HYDROPHOBIC | Tending to repel or fail to mix with water | |
| 790484608 | SPECIFIC HEAT | The heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a given substance by a given amount (usually one degree)... | |
| 790484609 | DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS (CONDENSATION) | Take out water Condensation - Make it more compact | |
| 790484610 | HYDROLYSIS | Split water molecule | |
| 790484611 | RIBOSE (STRUCTURE & WHAT IT IS) | C₅H₁₀O₅. A carbohydrate that is also a monosaccharide. Sugar found in nucleotides of RNA and in ATP. |  |
| 790484612 | DEOXYRIBOSE (STRUCTURE & WHAT IT IS) | Deoxyribose, or more precisely 2-deoxyribose, is a monosaccharide with idealized formula H-(C=O)-(CH2)-(CHOH)3-H. Its name indicates that it is a deoxy sugar, meaning that it is derived from the sugar ribose by loss of an oxygen atom. C₅H₁₀O₄ |  |
| 790484613 | GLUCOSE (STRUCTURE & WHAT IT IS) | (C₆H₁₂O₆) Glucose, a simple sugar (monosaccharide), is an important carbohydrate in biology. Cells use it as a source of energy and a metabolic intermediate. Glucose is one of the main products of photosynthesis and starts cellular respiration. . |  |
| 802042171 | SUCROSE | A disaccharide with formula C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁, consisting of two simple sugars, glucose and fructose; normal culinary sugar |  |
| 790484615 | MALTOSE | A disaccharide, C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ formed from the digestion of starch by amylase; is converted to glucose by maltase |  |
| 790484616 | LACTOSE | Lactose is a disaccharide sugar derived from galactose and glucose that is found in milk. C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ |  |
| 790484617 | STARCH | Complex carbohydrate formed as a polymer of glucose. A means of storing energy for later use. |  |
| 790484618 | CELLULOSE | a polysaccharide that is the chief constituent of all plant tissues and fibers | |
| 790484619 | TRIGLYCERIDES | Composed of a glycerol and 3 fatty acids |  |
| 790484620 | FATS | Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and generally insoluble in water. Chemically, fats are triglycerides: triesters of glycerol and any of several fatty acids. Fats may be either solid or liquid at room temperature, depending on their structure and composition |  |
| 790484621 | OILS | An oil is any substance that is liquid at ambient temperatures and is hydrophobic but soluble in organic solvents. Oils have a high carbon and hydrogen content and are nonpolar substances |  |
| 790484622 | PHOSPHOLIPIDS | Has a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails.molecules that make up double layer membranes; one end of the molecule attracts water while the other end repels water. Building blocks of cellular membranes. |  |
| 790484623 | STEROIDS | Any of a large class of organic compounds with a characteristic molecular structure containing four rings of carbon atoms (three six-membered and one five). They include many hormones, alkaloids, and vitamins |  |
| 790484624 | AMINO ACID | The building blocks of proteins. A simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl (COOH) and an amino (NH2) group |  |
| 790484625 | PEPTIDE BOND | A covalent bond between two amino acids. |  |
| 790484626 | NUCLEIC ACIDS (RNA, DNA) | A complex organic substance present in living cells, esp. DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain. |  |
| 790484627 | NUCLEOTIDE | The building block of nucleic acids. It is composed of three subunits, a sugar (either deoxyribose or ribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. |  |
| 790484628 | CELL | The smallest unit of life. Each cell carries on the functions associated with life including metabolism, homeostasis, growth and reproduction. |  |
| 790484629 | TRANSPORT PROTEIN | Proteins which carry a substance from one place and leave them in another; proteins are often involved in transporting large or charged molecules across cell membranes. |  |
| 790484630 | NUCLEUS | Contains the genetic material (DNA) of plant and animal cells, directing all the cell's activities. |  |
| 790484631 | NUCLEOLUS | The nucleolus (also called nucleole) is a non-membrane bound structure composed of proteins and nucleic acids found within the nucleus. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) are transcribed and assembled within the nucleolus | |
| 790484632 | CHROMATIN | the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins; during mitotic division it condenses into chromosomes |  |
| 790484633 | RIBOSOMES | Synthesize proteins by assembling the chains of amino acids. |  |
| 790484634 | ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (FUNCTIONS) | Covered with ribosomes, rough E.R. processes and packages the raw proteins produced by the ribosomes. |  |
| 790484635 | SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (FUNCTIONS) | Synthesizes lipids | |
| 790484636 | GOLGI COMPLEX (FUNCTIONS) | Processes and packages lipids and proteins |  |
| 790484637 | LYSOSOME (FUNCTIONS) | Contains digestive enzymes that can destroy worn out components of the cell. |  |
| 790484638 | MITOCHONDRIUM (FUNCTIONS) | The "Power House" of the cell, generates ATP (A high-energy compound) for all cellular activity. |  |
| 790484639 | CHLOROPLAST (FUNCTIONS) | Converts sunlight into chemical energy (photosynthesis) |  |
| 790484640 | SOLVENT | A liquid in which the solute is dissolved | |
| 790484641 | SOLUTE | A substance dissolved in a solvent | |
| 790484642 | SOLUTION | A combination of solute and solvent | |
| 790484643 | GRADIENT | A rate of change with respect to distance of a variable quantity, as temperature or pressure, in the direction of maximum change. | |
| 790484644 | ISOTONIC | same solute | |
| 790484645 | HYPERTONIC | more solute | |
| 790484646 | HYPOTONIC | less solute | |
| 790484647 | SEMIPERMEABLE | (of a material or membrane) Allowing certain substances to pass through it but not others, esp. allowing the passage of a solvent but not of certain solutes | |
| 790484648 | SIMPLE DIFFUSION | refers to a process whereby a substance passes through a membrane without the aid of an intermediary such as a integral membrane protein. |  |
| 790484649 | FACILITATED DIFFUSION | Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport that allows substances to cross membranes with the assistance of special transport proteins. |  |
| 790484650 | OSMOSIS | The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane. |  |
| 790484651 | ACTIVE TRANSPORT | Active transport is the movement of all types of molecules across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient (from low to high concentration) REQUIRES ATP. |  |
| 790484652 | ENDOCYTOSIS | Endocytosis in animal cells occurs in three different ways: 1. Phagocytosis: Pseudopodia engulf the particle to be imported to create a food vacuole. Once inside the cell, a lysosyme containing digestive enzymes will fuse with the food vacuole. 2. Pinocytosis: The cell membrane pinches in to engulf a portion of extracellular fluid containing solutes required by the cell. This process is non-specific, any solutes in the solution will be engulfed. 3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis: This process allows the intake of large quantities of molecules that may not be in high concentration in the extracellular fluid. Endocytosis and exocytosis also act in the continual replacement of the cell membrane. |  |
| 790484653 | EXOCYTOSIS | the transport vesicle lipid bilayer merges with the plasma membrane and the contents of the vesicle are released to the outside. Secretory cells use exocytosis to export molecules. Endocytosis and exocytosis also act in the continual replacement of the cell membrane. |  |
| 790484654 | KINETIC ENERGY | The kinetic energy of an object is the energy it possesses because of its motion |  |
| 790484655 | POTENTIAL ENERGY | An object can store energy as the result of its position |  |
| 790484656 | ACTIVATION ENERGY | Activation energy is the energy that must be overcome in order for a chemical reaction to occur. It is also the minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction and is stated in kilojoules per mole |  |
| 790484657 | EXERGONIC REACTION | Reactions that release energy |  |
| 790484658 | ENDERGONIC REACTIOIN | Reactions that store energy |  |
| 790484659 | COUPLED REACTION | A chemical reaction having a common intermediate in which energy is transferred from one side of the reaction to the other. |  |
| 790484660 | ATP (AS AN ENERGY CARRIER) | Adenosine triphosphate, coenzyme used as an energy carrier in the cells of all known organisms |  |
| 790484661 | ELECTRON CARRIERS | Any of various molecules that are capable of accepting one or two electrons from one molecule and donating them to another in the process of electron transport | |
| 790484662 | ENZYME | Enzymes are large biological molecules responsible for the thousands of chemical interconversions that sustain life |  |
| 790484663 | STOMATA | Stomata are tiny pores on the surfaces of leaves that permit the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the inside of the leaf |  |
| 790484664 | PERFECT FLOWER | A "perfect" flower has both stamens and carpels, and may be described as "bisexual" or "hermaphroditic" |  |
| 790484665 | IMPERFECT FLOWER | A flower that lacks either stamens or carpels. |  |
| 790484666 | COMPLETE FLOWER | A flower having all four floral parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. |  |
| 790484667 | INCOMPLETE FLOWER | A flower lacking one or more of the four parts found in a complete flower:sepals, petals, stamens, or pistils |  |
| 790484668 | POLLINATION | The transfer of pollen from the anthers of a flower to the stigma of the same flower or of another flower. A prerequisite for fertilization. |  |
| 790484669 | POLLINATION VECTOR | (pollinator) Animals such as butterflies or bats that transfer pollen from the anther to the receptive area of a flower, enabling seed plants to reproduce | |
| 790484670 | POLLINATION SYNDROME | suites of flower traits that have evolved in response to natural selection imposed by different pollen vectors, which can be abiotic (wind and water) or biotic, such as birds, bees, flies, and so forth | |
| 790484671 | REWARDS | Efficiency of pollination: the rewards given to pollinators (commonly nectar or pollen or both, but sometimes oil, scents, resins, or wax) may be costly to produce. | |
| 790484672 | NECTAR | A sugary fluid secreted by plants, esp. within flowers to encourage pollination by insects and other animals. It is collected by bees to make into honey | |
| 790484673 | AUTOTROPH (PRODUCER) | an organism that produces complex organic compounds (such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) from simple substances present in its surroundings, generally using energy from light (photosynthesis) or inorganic chemical reactions (chemosynthesis) | |
| 790484674 | HETEROTROPH (CONSUMER) | an organism that cannot fix carbon and uses organic carbon for growth. An organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances | |
| 790484675 | PHOTOSYNTHESIS EQUATION | ... |  |
| 790484676 | LOCATION OF LIGHT AND DARK REACTIONS | 1. Light Reactions (Occurs in Grana) The purpose of the light reactions is to change light energy into chemical energy of ATP and NADPH. a) Require light b) Light makes excited electrons leave the chlorophyll. The electrons pass their energy to make ATP. c) The light splits water to make hydrogen ions (H+) and oxygen. d) The oxygen is released to the air. e) The H+ and more excited electrons are used to make NADPH (an energy & H+ carrier). ATP carries energy to the dark reactions. NADPH carries energy and H+ to the dark reactions. 2. Dark Reactions (Occurs in Stroma) The purpose of the dark reactions is to change CO2 into sugar by adding energy & the H+ from ATP & NADPH. a) Can occur in light or dark. b) 6 CO2 & lots of ATP & NADPH are needed to make one sugar molecule. c) The sugar is then used for plant growth or stored for use in the winter (so we can eat it!) | |
| 790484677 | PHOTOSYSTEMS (I & II) | I - P700, makes NADPH, does not take place first II - One of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane; it has two molecules of P680 chlorophyll a at its reaction center, makes ATP and uses electrons from light | |
| 790484678 | CHLOROPHYLL | green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis | |
| 790484679 | ACCESSORY PIGMENTS | Accessory pigments are light-absorbing compounds, found in photosynthetic organisms, that work in conjunction with chlorophyll a. They include other forms of this pigment, such as chlorophyll b in green algal and higher plant antennae, while other algae may contain chlorophyll c or d. | |
| 790484680 | GLYCOLYSIS: WHERE OCCURS, WHAT'S PRODUCED | takes place in cytosol. Glycolysis (a sweet splitting process) is a central pathway for the catabolism of carbohydrates in which the six-carbon sugars are split to three-carbon compounds with subsequent release of energy used to transform ADP to ATP. Glycolysis can proceed under anaerobic (without oxygen) and aerobic conditions in the cytoplasm | |
| 790484681 | ANAEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION | without air | |
| 790484682 | AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION | with air | |
| 790484683 | KREBS CYCLE: | The sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria, consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy-rich ATP | |
| 790484684 | KREBS CYCLE: WHERE OCCURS, WHAT'S PRODUCED/USED | Occurs in the Matrix of the mitochondria. Produces 1 ATP (or GTP), 4 NADH, and 1 FADH2. The Krebs cycle uses the product of glycolysis (pyruvic acid) to generate electron carriers. - true - generates NADH and FADH2. | |
| 790484685 | NUMBER ATP PER FADH2 | Krebs cycle, 2 ATP for 2 FADH₂ | |
| 790484686 | NUMBER ATP PER NADH | Krebs cycle, 2 ATP for 6 NADH | |
| 790484687 | CHEMIOSMOSIS | A term used to describe the ability of a membrane to use energy to pump hydrogen ions and then harness the hydrogen ion gradient to carry out cellular functions, most importantly, the production of ATP's. | |
| 790484688 | SYSTEMATICS | is the scientific study of life's diversity, arranging groups of organisms on the basis of their evolutionary relationship. | |
| 790484689 | TAXONOMY | A systematic method of classifying plants and animals. Classification of organisms based on degrees of similarity purportedly representing evolutionary (phylogenetic) relatedness. | |
| 790484690 | ECOLOGY | The branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings | |
| 790484691 | POPULATION | A community of animals, plants, or humans among whose members interbreeding occurs | |
| 790484692 | SPECIES | A group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding. The species is the principal natural taxonomic unit, ranking below a genus and denoted by a Latin binomial, e.g., Homo sapiens | |
| 790484693 | CLUMPED DISPERSION | All living organisms exhibit some kind of dispersion pattern. A clumped dispersion pattern is one of three generally recognizable dispersion patterns. Uniform and random are the two other dispersion patterns. A clumped dispersion describes a group of like organisms clustered around certain thing(s), such as food and water. Essentially, the organisms cluster in the habitat as a means of survival. | |
| 790484694 | UNIFORM DISPERSION | uniform dispersion-individuals are separated by a fairly consistent distance | |
| 790484695 | RANDOM DISPERSION | random dispersion-each individual's location is independent of the locations of other individuals in the population | |
| 790484696 | COMMUNITY | A group of interdependent organisms of different species growing or living together in a specified habitat - communities of insectivorous birds | |
| 790484697 | HERBIVORE | animal that eats plants for nutrition only | |
| 790484698 | CARNIVORE | animal that eats meat for nutrition only. | |
| 790484699 | OMNIVORE | animal that eats both plants and meats for nutrition. | |
| 790484700 | CRYPSIS | the ability of an organism to avoid observation or detection by other organisms. | |
| 790484701 | APOSEMATIC COLORATION | Bright or gaudy coloration patterns that indicate to predators that an animal is distasteful or poisonous to eat. | |
| 790484702 | BATESIAN MIMICRY | Mimicry in which an edible animal is protected by its resemblance to a noxious one that is avoided by predators | |
| 790484703 | MULLERIAN MIMICRY | A distasteful species evolves to resemble another distasteful species. Both gain increased protection, because predators learn to avoid the common pattern more quickly. | |
| 790484704 | COMMENSALISM | An association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm | |
| 790484705 | MUTUALISM | The doctrine that mutual dependence is necessary to social well-being | |
| 790484706 | PARASITISM | the relation between two different kinds of organisms in which one receives benefits from the other by causing damage to it (usually not fatal damage) | |
| 790484707 | ADAPTATIONS | A change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment | |
| 790484708 | BIOMES | Well-defined terrestrial environment (e.g., desert, tundra, or tropical forest). The complex of living organisms found in an ecological region. | |
| 790484709 | DNA HELICASE | Enzyme that is involved in opening the DNA helix into its single strands for DNA replication | |
| 790484710 | DNA POLYMERASE | Enzymes that catalyze the combining of nucleotides to form DNA (genetic transcription and DNA replication). | |
| 790484711 | DNA LIGASE | In molecular biology, DNA ligase is a special type of ligase, which is basically an enzyme that in the cell repairs single-stranded discontinuities in double stranded DNA molecules, in simple words strands that have double-strand break (a break in both complementary strands of DNA) | |
| 790484712 | LEADING STRAND | The leading strand is the template strand of the DNA double helix so that the replication fork moves along it in the 3' to 5' direction. This allows the newly synthesized strand complementary to the original strand to be synthesized 5' to 3' in the same direction as the movement of the replication fork. | |
| 790484713 | LAGGING STRAND | The lagging strand is the strand of the template DNA double helix that is oriented so that the replication fork moves along it in a 5' to 3' manner. Because of its orientation, opposite to the working orientation of DNA polymerase III, which moves on a template in a 3' to 5' manner, replication of the lagging strand is more complicated than that of the leading strand. | |
| 790484714 | OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS | An Okazaki fragment is a relatively short fragment of DNA (with no RNA primer at the 5' terminus) created on the lagging strand during DNA replication | |
| 790484715 | TRANSCRIPTION | Transcription is the process of creating an equivalent RNA copy of a sequence of DNA . Both RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language that can be converted back and forth from DNA to RNA in the presence of the correct enzymes | |
| 790484716 | TRANSLATION | In molecular biology and genetics, translation is the process in which cellular ribosomes create proteins. It is part of the process of gene expression. In translation, messenger RNA (mRNA) produced by transcription is decoded by the ribosome to produce a specific amino acid chain, or polypeptide, that will later fold into an active protein. | |
| 790484717 | START CODON | ATG and AUG denote sequences of DNA and RNA, respectively, that are the start codon or initiation codon encoding the amino acid methionine (Met) in eukaryotes and a modified Met (fMet) in prokaryotes. | |
| 790484718 | STOP CODONS | One of three codons that signal that translation of an RNA sequence should cease. | |
| 790484719 | mRNA (FUNCTIONS) | the form of RNA that carries information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome sites of protein synthesis in the cell) | |
| 790484720 | rRNA (FUNCTIONS) | Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is the RNA component of the ribosome, the protein manufacturing machinery of all living cells. Ribosomal RNA provides a mechanism for decoding mRNA into amino acids and interacts with tRNAs during translation by providing peptidyl transferase activity | |
| 790484721 | CODON | A sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule | |
| 790484722 | ANTICODON | A sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA | |
| 790484723 | RNA POLYMERASE | Enzymes that polymerise ribonucleotides in accordance with the information present in DNA | |
| 790484724 | CATALYTIC SITE | In molecular biology the active site is part of an enzyme where substrates bind and undergo a chemical reaction. The majority of enzymes are proteins but RNA enzymes called ribozymes also exist. | |
| 790484725 | SALIVARY AMYLASE | Amylase is an enzyme that breaks starch down into sugar. Amylase is present in human saliva, where it begins the chemical process of digestion. | |
| 790484726 | EPIGLOTTIS (FUNCTIONS) | A flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue, which is depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe | |
| 790484727 | ESOPHAGUS (FUNCTIONS) | The part of the alimentary canal that connects the throat to the stomach; the gullet. In humans and other vertebrates it is a muscular tube lined with mucous membrane | |
| 790484728 | PERISTALSIS | The involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wavelike movements that push the contents of the canal forward | |
| 790484729 | STOMACH (FUNCTIONS) | The internal organ in which the first part of digestion occurs, being (in humans and many mammals) a pear-shaped enlargement of the alimentary canal linking the esophagus to the small intestine | |
| 790484730 | PEPSIN | The chief digestive enzyme in the stomach, which breaks down proteins into polypeptides | |
| 790484731 | LIVER (FUNCTIONS) | large and complicated reddish-brown glandular organ located in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity; secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat; synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood; synthesizes vitamin A; detoxifies poison | |
| 790484732 | GALLBLADDER (FUNCTIONS) | The small sac-shaped organ beneath the liver, in which bile is stored after secretion by the liver and before release into the intestine | |
| 790484733 | PANCREAS (FUNCTIONS) | The pancreas is a glandular organ in the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates. It is both an endocrine gland producing several important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide, and a digestive organ, secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes that assist the absorption of nutrients and the digestion in the small intestine. | |
| 790484734 | BILE (FUNCTIONS, WHERE PRODUCED/STORED) | A bitter greenish-brown alkaline fluid that aids digestion and is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder | |
| 790484735 | SMALL INTESTINE (FUNCTIONS) | The part of the intestine that runs between the stomach and the large intestine; the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The small intestine (or small bowel) is the part of the gastrointestinal tract following the stomach and followed by the large intestine, and is where much of the digestion and absorption of food takes place | |
| 790484736 | LARGE INTESTINE (FUNCTIONS) | The large intestine (or bowel, colon) is the last part of the digestive system in vertebrate animals. Its function is to absorb water from the remaining indigestible food matter, and then to pass useless waste material from the body. | |
| 790484737 | GILLS | The paired respiratory organ of fishes and some amphibians, by which oxygen is extracted from water flowing over surfaces within or attached to the walls of the pharynx | |
| 790484738 | LUNGS | Each of the pair of organs situated within the rib cage, consisting of elastic sacs with branching passages into which air is drawn, so that oxygen can pass into the blood and carbon dioxide be removed. Lungs are characteristic of vertebrates other than fish, though similar structures are present in some other animal groups | |
| 790484739 | ALVEOLUS | Any of the many tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place | |
| 790484740 | OXYGENATED | Supply, treat, charge, or enrich with oxygen | |
| 790484741 | DEOXYGENATED | Remove oxygen from | |
| 790484742 | ARTERIES | Any of the muscular-walled tubes forming part of the circulation system by which blood (mainly that which has been oxygenated) is conveyed from the heart to all parts of the body | |
| 790484743 | VEINS | Any of the tubes forming part of the blood circulation system of the body, carrying in most cases oxygen-depleted blood toward the heart | |
| 790484744 | CAPILLARIES | Any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules | |
| 809899093 | GENE | A unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring | |
| 809899094 | CHROMATIN | Chromatin is the combination of DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes. It is found inside the nuclei of eukaryotic cells. It is divided between heterochromatin (condensed) and euchromatin (extended) forms. | |
| 809899095 | HISTONES | histones are strongly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei, which package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components of chromatin, act as spools around which DNA winds, and play a role in gene regulation | |
| 809899096 | CHROMOSOMES | A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes | |
| 809899097 | SISTER CHROMATIDS | Sister chromatids are 2 identical copies of a chromatin connected by a centromere. Compare sister chromatids to homologous chromosomes, which are the two different copies of the same chromosome that diploid organisms (like humans) inherit, one from each parent. | |
| 809899098 | HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES | Homologous chromosomes are chromosome pairs of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern with genes for the same characteristics at corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's mother, the other from the organism's father. | |
| 809899099 | DIPLOID (2n) | (of a cell or nucleus) Containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent | |
| 809899100 | HAPLOID (n) | (of a cell or nucleus) Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes | |
| 809899101 | SOMATIC CELL | Any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells | |
| 809899102 | AUTOSOMAL CHROMOSOME | An autosome is a chromosome that is not a sex chromosome - that is to say there are an equal number of copies of the chromosome in males and females | |
| 809899103 | GAMETE (SEX CELLS) | A mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote | |
| 809899104 | PROKARYOTIC CELL CYCLE: BINARY FISSION | Binary fission, or prokaryotic fission, is the form of asexual reproduction and cell division used by all prokaryotes, some protozoa, and some organelles within eukaryotic organisms. | |
| 809899105 | INTERPHASE | Not part of mitosis; occurs before 90% cell life. | |
| 809899106 | MITOSIS | A type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth. | |
| 809899107 | MITOSIS : 1. PROPHASE | Chromosomes condense Spindle fibers form Nuclear membrane disintegrates centrioles travel to opposite poles Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes | |
| 809899108 | MITOSIS: 2 MITOSIS | Dynamically assembled and disassembled array of centrioles that moves chromosomes during nuclear division duplicated homologous chromosomes line up at the spindle equator (halfway between spindle poles) Sister chromatids begin to move apart toward opposite spindle poles | |
| 809899109 | MITOSIS: 3 ANAPHASE | Centrioles separate the sister chromatids of each chrosomes and pull them toward opposite spindle poles Each DNA molecule is now a separate chorosome | |
| 809899110 | MITOSISL 3 TELOPHASE | Two Cluster of chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles and decondense; new nuclei form. End of mitosis Nuclear envelopes form around the two clusters of chromosomes, forming two new nuclei with the parental chromosome number. | |
| 809899111 | Cytokinesis | A cell's cytoplasm usually divides after mitosis, forming two cells, each with its own nucleus Mechanisms of cytokinesis differ between animal cells and plant cells | |
| 809899112 | Cytokinesis In animal cells | A contractile ring pinches the cytoplasm in two Cleavage furrow - indentation where cytoplasmic division will occur | |
| 810451151 | Cytokinesis in plant cells | A cell-plate forms midway between the spindle poles and partitions the cytoplasm when it connects to the parent cell wall. Cell plate - after nuclear division, a disk shaped structure that forms a cross wall between the two new nuclei, expands by water pressure. |
