study guide for fall 2012 biology mid-term
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| 480841622 | Hydrogen bonding in water | water molecule is (-) on one side and (+) on the other. Opposite sides attract. polarity results in bonding. |  |
| 480841623 | 4 properties of hydrogen bonding | 1.high water surface tension 2. high solubility of chemical compounds 3. unusual thermal properties of water 4. unusual density of water | |
| 480841624 | What number is pH neutral at? | 7 | |
| 480841625 | pH is basic when... | +7 | |
| 480841626 | pH is acidic when... | -7 | |
| 480841627 | What are the 4 macromolecules present in living things? | carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids | |
| 480841628 | what are the main jobs of carbs. (2) | provide energy and support for organisms | |
| 480841629 | what are the main jobs of proteins? (2) | structural components of cells, enzymes | |
| 480841630 | What are proteins made of ? | amino acids | |
| 480841631 | what are the main jobs of lipids? | fats-store energy, steroids, phospholipids | |
| 480841632 | what are the 2 main types of nucleic acids? | DNA, RNA | |
| 480841633 | What are nucleic acids made of? | -they are composed of nucleotides -nucleotides contain a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base - nitrogen bases: adenine} a&t thymine cytosine} c&g guanine | |
| 480841634 | Prokaryotic Cells: | -have no nucleus -less complex (no internal structures) | |
| 480841635 | Eukaryotic Cells: | -have nucleus - have organelles (internal structures) | |
| 480841636 | Plasma membrane | regulates what goes in and out of the cell | |
| 480841637 | nucleus | where ribosomes are produced, its nuclear pores regulate traffic in and out of cell | |
| 480841638 | Endoplasmic reticulum (E.R.) | -rough E.R. (ribosomes attached)> workbench for protein synthesis -smooth E.R (ribosomes not attached)> synthesizes phospholipids and steroids | |
| 480841640 | Golgi Apparatus | fuses with E.R. vesicles to sort, modify, and send off proteins to correct destination | |
| 482104486 | Ribosomes | assemble cell's proteins (work bench) | |
| 480841641 | Mitochondrion | produces energy, location of cellular respiration (ATP) | |
| 480841642 | Cell Wall | protects cell contents, structural support | |
| 480841643 | chloroplast | converts carbon dioxide and oxygen into sugars and oxygen, contains pigment that make plant green | |
| 480841644 | lysosome | recycles proteins, carbs and fats | |
| 480841645 | Central Vacuole | maintains pressure inside individual cells,keeps plant upright | |
| 480841646 | Cytoskeletal Elements | give the cell shape, holds organelles in place | |
| 480841648 | what is a nutrient? | a substance found in the environment that an organism requires for survival, growth, and development | |
| 480841650 | What is a micronutrient? | a required nutrient in a very small environment | |
| 480841651 | simple sugars | digested and enter the bloodstream shortly after ingestion | |
| 480841652 | complex carbs | made of of many sugars that the body slowly digests | |
| 480841653 | fiber | composed of carbs that humans can't digest | |
| 480841654 | What is an essential amino acid? | amino acid your body can't produce on its own | |
| 480841655 | saturated fats | molecular structure in which carbons are bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible | |
| 480841656 | unsaturated fats | carbons aren't bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible | |
| 480841657 | polyunsaturated fats | contains many unsaturated carbons | |
| 480841658 | What is active transport? | transport in which cells must maintain a higher concentration on either the outside or the inside of a call -pump molecules across cell membrane - uses energy and carrier proteins | |
| 480841659 | What is passive transport? | transport that requires no energy | |
| 480841660 | What is diffusion? | When molecules can move freely across a cell membrane (passive transport) -move from high to low concentration, only small particles | |
| 480841661 | With what type of molecules would a cell use exocytosis and endocytosis? | molecules that are too big to be moved any other way | |
| 480841662 | WHat is cellular respiration? | the conversion of energy stored in chemical bonds of food to energy the cells can use | |
| 480841663 | Cellular Respiration equation | C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ --> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water | |
| 480841664 | Durring respiration, how is energy stored by the cell? | energy is stored in high-energy bonds in ATP | |
| 480841665 | Photosynthesis equation | 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ carbon dioxide + water + light --> glucose + oxygen | |
| 480841666 | What is a tumor? | mass of cells with no function | |
| 480841667 | Benign Tumors | doesn't affect surrounding tissue | |
| 480841668 | Malignant Tumors | (cancerous) affects surrounding tissue | |
| 480841669 | What is metastasis? | cells break away from a malignant tumor and start new cancer at another location | |
| 480841670 | How do cancer cells differ from normal cells? | divide when shouldn't, invade surrounding tissues, move to other locations of body | |
| 480841671 | Homologous pair chromosomes | set of chromosomes that are the same size, shape, and genes in the same locations. (may have diff. alleles) | |
| 480841672 | Sister Chromatids | duplicated, identical copies of a chromosome | |
| 482628557 | incomplete dominance | when the offspring of two organisms share an equal amount of traits from either parent. -one parent RR, other rr | |
| 482628558 | why does mitosis occur? | produce new cells, replace old cells, asexual reproduction (1 parent, offspring genetically identical to parent) | |
| 482935081 | Mitosis | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis |  |
| 482628559 | Why does meiosis occur? | Organisms use meiosis to produce gametes for sexual reproduction | |
| 482935082 | Meiosis phases | Prophase I, Metaphase I, Antaphase I, Telophase I, Cytokinesis I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Antaphase II, Telophase II, Cytokinesis II |  |
| 482628560 | What is an allele? | a different version of the same gene | |
| 482628561 | WHat is independent assortment? Why is it important? | It randomly decides which member of a pair of chromosomes goes into a gamete. It makes genetic diversity possible. | |
| 482628562 | Dizygotic twin | (genetically different) twins develop from 2 different sperms and eggs | |
| 482628563 | Monozygotic twins | (genetically identical) develop from 1 sperm and egg then split | |
| 482628564 | Who was Gregor Mendel? | A genetic scientist who was the first to describe the rules of inheritance for simple traits. | |
| 482628565 | Phenotype | physical traits of an individual | |
| 482628566 | Genotype | description of alleles for a specific gene | |
| 482935083 | What is protein synthesis? | process of using instructions carried on one gene to create proteins | |
| 482935084 | what are the 4 bases that make up DNA? | adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine | |
| 482935085 | What are the 4 bases that make up RNA? | adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine | |
| 482935086 | Describe the process of transcription. | 1. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter reigon of the gene 2. RNA polymerase zips down the length of the gene, matching RNA nucleotides with complementary DNA nucleotides 3. product of transcription is mRNA (messenger) | |
| 482935087 | Describe the process of translation. | 1. mRNA , made in transcription, moves out of nucleus and into cytoplasm 2. mRNA is fed through ribosome (has a large and small subunit) 3. tRNA carries amino acids to mRNA and matches its anti-codons with codons on the mRNA 4. amino acids join together to form polypeptide | |
| 482905398 | What is a genetic code? | a 3 nucleotide sequence that codes for a specific amino acid | |
| 482905399 | What is a mutation? | a change in the genetic sequence | |
| 482905400 | What are the possible outcomes of mutation? | no change in protein ( neutral mutation), non-functional mutation, or a different protein | |
| 482905401 | What is a recombinant protein? | a protein that has been taken from it original genome and combined with another. -the result of genetic engineering | |
| 482905402 | What us a transgenic organism? | (genetically modified organisms) the result of putting one gene from one organism into the genome of another organism | |
| 482905403 | What is a stem cell? | a group of unaffected cells that are capable of growing in many different cells and tissues |
