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US History Final Exam Flashcards

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798458161Rolling Thunderbombing campaign in Vietnam
798458162Tet Offensivehuge attack by North Vietnamese, was shown on TV, huge U.S. victory
798458163Kent StateOhio National Guard opened fire on students for excessive protesting of the Vietnam War (4 killed, 12 injured)
798458164POWprisoner of war
798458165Iran-Iraq Warbrutal war, US supported Iran
798458166Glasnost/perestroikaopening up of USSR, restructuring of USSR
798458167Iran-Contra Affairsold weapons to Iran, used the money for the contras
798458168sandinistasleaders of Nicaraguan gov.
798458169Berlin Wallwest side=free, east side= hostile, communist
798458170star warsmissile defense system created by Ronald Reagan
798458171Thurgood Marshallfirst, black supreme court justice
798458172Rosa Parksdidn't give up her seat on bus, started the bus boycott
798458173Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.civil rights leader, gave famous "I have a dream" speech
798458174Malcom Xopposite from MLK, assassinated by his own people
798458175Louis Farrakhanmilitant black leader, leader of Muslim nation
798458176Jesse Jackson"face" of civil rights movement, cried at Obama's inaguration
798458177March on Selmalead by MLK, focused on rights for voting
798458178Freedom RidesAfricans+Whites marched to DC and protested
798458179Civil Rights Act1964, under Lyndon B. Johnsonq
798458180Voting Rights Actcan't have someone not vote because of their race or heritage
798458181Million Man March1995, a couple hundred thousand black males marched to DC
798458182SCLCSouthern Christian Leadership Conference
798458183NAACPNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People
798458184Black Panthersmilitant group of blacks
798458185Plessy vs fergusonsewing because of segregation of transportation
798458186Brown Vs Board of Educationcase that desegregated schools
798458187gay rightshomosexuals were looking for equal rights
798458188Dwight Eisenhowerbig into fight against communism, helped to build roads and freeways
798458189John F. Kennedybattled communism, sparked Vietnam war, Bay of Pigs, Cuban missile crisis, civil rights movement
798458190Lyndon B. Johnsomcivil rights legislation
798458191Richard Nixonended Vietnam war, dealt with civil rights, watergate scandal
798458192Gerald Fordlower taxes, smaller governmentq
798458193Jimmy Carterenergy crisis, high interest rates, Iran Hostage Crisis
798458194Ronald Reaganlowered taxes, smaller government, huge military government, ended cold war
798458195George H. W. Bush"no new taxes", Persian Gulf War
798458196Bill Clintonaffair while in office, was impeached, good economy
798458197George W. Bushtanked economy, housing crisis
798458198Barrack Obamarecession, Obama care, Bengasi incident
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EOC US history review terms 1865-1920 Flashcards

Review terms for EOC exam Modern US history

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739233597Freedmen's Bureau1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs
73923359813th AmendmentThis post-Civil War amendment freed all slaves without compensation to the slaveowners. It legally forbade slavery in the United States.
739233599Civil rightsthe rights of full citizenship and equality under the law
739233600tenant farmingsystem of farming in which a person rents land to farm from a planter
73923360114th AmendmentThis post-Civil War amendment declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States were entitled equal rights regardless of their race, and that their rights were protected at both the state and national levels.
739233602carpetbaggerNortherners who went to the South during Reconstruction in hopes of profiting. They were resented by many Southerners as outsiders and opportunists profiting from their misery. Part of the radical government, they passed much needed reforms.
739233603black codeslaws passed in the south just after the civil war aimed at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit african american workers
739233604sharecroppinga system of farming in which landowners provided land, tools and supplies to grow crops and workers (usually freedpeople and poor whites) provided the labor in exchange for half of the crop (minus any debts incurred during the year); left sharecroppers in a state of debt and thus unable to leave
739233605Reconstructionperiod after the Civil War (1865-1877) when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union on condition of ending slavery and recognizing former slaves' citizenship
739233606Ku Klux Klansecret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep former slaves from obtaining their civil rights.
743873988Enforcement Acts1870-71 Three acts passed by Congress allowing the government to use military force to stop violence against former slaves by the KKK. One penalized anyone who restricted another's right to vote; the second Act required all elections to be monitored by Federal officials and marshals; the third Act allowed the suspension of habeas corpus for Klansmen.
74387398915th AmendmentRatified 1870. Last of the three "Reconstruction Amendments". Provided that no (state) government shall prevent a citizen from voting based on the citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Specifically omitted women.
743873990scalawaga white Southerner who supported Republican Reconstruction policies after the Civil War in order to get an advantage over former Confederates
743873991poll taxa tax a person is required to pay before he or she is allowed to vote. Poll taxes were used in many southern states after the Reconstruction period to restrict African-American citizens' right to vote. Outlawed by the 24th Amendment in 1964.
743873992grandfather clauseLaw that excused a voter from a literacy test if his father or grandfather had been eligible to vote on January 1, 1867-- Allowed illiterate whites to vote.
743873993segregationa system used in the South during the Jim Crow era (1880s-1960s) that separated the races in schools, public buildings, hospitals, hotels, and other public accommodations. Held to be constitutional in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896.
743873994Jim CrowSegregation system put into place after Reconstruction ended. Laws written to separate blacks and whites in public areas in the 1880s-1960s meant African Americans had unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government.
743873995Plessy v. Ferguson1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal-- the doctrine was then called "separate but equal"
743894701National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)Founded in 1909 to improve living conditions for inner city Blacks, evolved into a national organization dedicated to establishing equal legal rights for Blacks. W. E. B. Du Bois was a founder.
743894702Marcus GarveyAfrican American leader during the 1920s; founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.
743894703Thomas Edison(1847-1931) Inventor; holder of more than 1,300 patents for a range of items including the automatic telegraph machine, the phonograph, improvements to the light bulb, a modernized telephone and motion picture equipment.
743894704telegraphMachine invented by Samuel Morse in 1837 that used a system of dots and dashes to send messages across long distances electronically through a wire
743894705telephonedevice for transmitting sound over long distances through wires patented in 1876; invented by Alexander Graham Bell and Elisha Gray
743920122transcontinental railroadthe first one was completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah; it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west; was funded by government grants of land to railroad companies Central Pacific and Union Pacific
743920123robber baronsa negative term for owners and managers of large industrial enterprises during the Gilded Age (1880s-1900) that implied they built their fortunes by stealing from the public and cheating their workers of wages
743920124Captains of Industrycomplimentary term for owners and managers of large industrial enterprises during the Gilded Age who wielded extraordinary political and economic power
743920125Andrew Carnegie(1835-1919) A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, when he sold out to J P Morgan, his company dominated the American steel industry. Known for vertical integration and for his Gospel of Wealth theory.
743920126Gospel of WealthArticle written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.
743920127vertical integrationmonopolistic practice in which a single manufacturer controls all of the steps in the manufacturing process used to change raw materials into finished products, thus minimizing costs at each step
743920128John D. Rockefeller(1839-1937) an American industrialist, Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry. In 1870, Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Company in Cleveland to refine petroleum into kerosene, etc. Became the world's richest man and first U.S. billionaire, possibly the richest person in history
743920129Social DarwinismApplied Darwin's theory of natural selection and "survival of the fittest" to human society -- the poor are poor because they are not as fit to survive. Used as an argument against social reforms to help the poor.
743920130Sherman Anti-Trust Act1890- First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions
748981863monopolythe exclusive source of a commodity or service in a particular market, or a control of the production of a certain product that makes possible the manipulation of prices
748981864cartela formal organization of producers that agree to coordinate prices and production
748981865sweatshopfactory where workers do piecework for poor pay and are prevented from forming unions
748981866division of laborthe breaking down of a job into separate, smaller tasks to be performed individually
748981867SocialismA system in which the central government owns and controls the main means of production or major industries
748981868Great Railroad Strike1877- Baltimore & Ohio railroad workers strike to protest 20% wage cut; several governors call out militia, RR brought in replacement workers; first national strike by union members
748981869Homestead Strike1892- one of most violent strikes in U.S. history; At Homestead Steel Works, part of the Carnegie Steel Company, Manager Henry Frick cut wages for unionized employees and refused to negotiate. The strikere were brutally attacked by Pinkerton Police and the state militia, which further damaged the image of unions.
748981870Haymarket Square Riot1886- began as rally in support of striking workers in Illinois; however, someone threw a bomb at police which led to gunfire; 8 anarchists tried (4 convicted); marked decline of Knights of Labor
748981871referendumvote of the people on an initiative, which is a law that itself was suggested by the people; Progressive era pro-democracy reform
748990837initiativeProgressive era reform allowed all citizens to introduce a bill to later be voted on by the people
748990838gold standarda monetary system in which paper money and coins are equal to the value of a certain amount of gold
748990839The GrangeEstablished in 1867 and also known as the Patrons of Husbandry, this organization helped farmers form cooperatives and pressured state legislators to regulate businesses on which farmers depended such as railroads; became involved in the Populist movement
748990840Interstate Commerce Act1887- 1st national law regulating business practices--established a national Interstate Commerce Commission to investigate/regulate railroad shipping rates and regulate unfair or unethical practices
748990841PopulismFarm-based movement of the late 1800s that arose mainly in the area from Texas to the Dakotas and grew into a joint effort between farmer and labor groups against big business and machine-based politics. The movement became a third party in the election of 1892.
748990842laissez-fairethe economic concept that government should keep its "hands off" the economy and that unregulated market forces should rule without intervention
748994174Pendleton Act1883-Federal legislation which created a system in which federal employees were chosen on the basis of competitive examinations, therefore making merit, or ability, the reason for hiring people to fill federal positions
748994175Bull Moose partypolitical party founded in 1912 by former President Theodore Roosevelt to promote his brand of Progressivism
750339291Pacific Railway Act1862- legislation to encourage the construction of a transcontinental railroad, connecting the West to industries in the Northeast (Union Pacific and Central Pacific RR)
750339292land speculationinvestors bought western lands along potential railroad routes hoping to then sell them at inflated prices when railroad routes were built. This caused land prices to fluctuate wildly
750339293Homestead Act1862- gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25. Led to expanded white settlement in the Great Plains and hostilities from Plains tribes.
750339294Benjamin Singleton(1809-1900) Leader of African American pioneers known as exodusters, who moved to the Great Plains (especially Kansas) after the Civil War.
750339295nomadspeople with no permanent home; move from place to place in search of food engaging in hunter/gatherer type of activity. Many Native American Plains tribes were nomadic.
750339296Reservation Systemallotted small, designated areas to Native American tribes in the west, beginning in the 1850s and ending with the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. The U.S. government encouraged and sometimes violently coerced Native Americans to stay on the reservations at all times in order to free more land for white settlement.
750339297Battle of Little Bighorn1876- Sioux leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated Col. George A. Custer's 7th Cavalry troops who tried to force them back on to the reservation, Custer and all his men were killed.
750339298Battle of Wounded Knee1890- the US Army slaughtered 300 unarmed Sioux women, children, and elders on the Pine Ridge Reservation at Wounded Knee, South Dakota; the last of the so-called "Indian Wars." It was subsequently described as a "massacre" by General Nelson A. Miles in a letter to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs.
750339299assimilationthe process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture, this term was used to describe the process by which Native Americans and immigrants were supposed to adopt American language, culture and customs in place of their own
750339300Dawes Severalty Act1887- designed to break up tribal organizations, which many felt kept Native Americans from becoming assimilated; divided reservations into 160 acres plots or less depending on family size. US citizenship was granted to those who stayed on the land for 25yrs and adopted habits of civilized life
750339301pogromsGovernment supported attacks against Jews in Russia in the 19th century onward which resulted in Russian Jewish immigration to America and other countries
750339302Gentlemen's Agreement1907- Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange President Teddy Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japanese men already living in the US to join them
750339303ghettoscity slum areas inhabited by minority groups, especially Jews, who lived there due to social or economic pressures
750339304Chinese Exclusion Act1882- banned Chinese immigration in US for a total of 40 years because the United States thought of them as a threat. Caused Chinese population in America to decrease.
750339305Elisha Graves Otis(1811-1861) United States inventor who manufactured the first elevator with a safety braking device, making skyscrapers more useful
750339306tenementsa rundown, fire-prone apartment house barely meeting minimal standards; during the urbanization of the late 19th century, immigrants and the poor were forced to live in these
750339307political machinea group that offers voters jobs or benefits in exchange for controlling their votes; most common in urban areas from the 1800s
750339308philanthropistsPeople who give large sums of money to charities; many robber barons such as Carnegie and Rockefeller later donated large sums from their fortunes for universities, libraries, etc.
750339309Booker T. Washington(1856-1915) Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was founder of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. Was criticized for "accomodating" segregation.
750339310W. E. B Du Bois(1868-1963) Black American civil rights leader of late 19th and early 20th century;believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediately and that a "talented tenth" of African Americans should be given full access to the finest education; criticized Booker Washington and later founded the NAACP
750339311Catherine Beecher(1800-1878) Female reformer that pushed for female employment as teachers; still embraced the role of a good homemaker for women; an example of the fact that not all women were pushing for radical reforms.
750339312Seneca Falls Convention1848- Took place in upstate New York. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which claimed full equality for women and sought women's the right to vote.
750339313suffragethe right to vote; the franchise
750339314department storesRetailers that sell a broad range of items and offer a good selection within each product line; first ones in the US included Macy's and Marshall Field.
750339315NAWSANational American Woman Suffrage Association; founded in 1890 to help women win the right to vote
750339316civil disobedienceIdea from Henry David Thoreau, a transcendentalist writer, that one has a right to disobey a law if one believes the law is unjust or immoral. Influenced Gandhi and the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
750343796flappera young woman in the 1920s who flaunted her unconventional conduct and dress- short hair, short skirts, high heels, make-up, smoking and drinking
750343797barrioa neighborhood in which most of the residents are Hispanic or Latino and/or speak Spanish; often low-income
750343798Alice Paul Amendmentanother name for the Equal Rights Amendment; a proposed Constitutional Amendment that guaranteed equal rights for men as well as women; defeated in 1982
75045335516th Amendment1913- Progressive era amendment which created an income tax (which had previously been found unconstitutional) in order to reduce tariff rates and fund government programs.
75045335617th Amendment1913- allowed for the voters in each state to elect their US senators directly. Previously, senators had been chosen by state legislatures. Progressive reform to expand democracy.
75045335718th Amendment1919- Progressive amendment that made the production and sale of alcohol illegal in an attempt to improve morality and family life.
75045335819th Amendment1920- Progressive amendment which guaranteed women the right to vote, or suffrage. Women already voted in some local and state elections, but this guaranteed the right to vote in federal elections.
750453359Susan B. Anthony(1820-1906) Women's rights crusader, also active in the Temperance and Abolition movements. Author of the Declaration of Sentiments at the Seneca Falls Convention.
750453360Charles Lindbergh(1902-1974) World War I hero pilot who later flew the first solo trans-Atlantic flight in his plane, the Spirit of St. Louis
750480671USS Maine1898- U.S. Battleship exploded in Havana Harbor; Spanish military was blamed by Yellow Journalism. The incident was a catalyst for the Spanish American War.
750480672yellow journalismJournalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers.
750480673Spanish- American WarApril 25 to August 12, 1898; originally fought to guarantee Cuban independence from Spain, it also resulted in the US acquisition of the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, and Cuban independence. Made the US a Pacific power and spelled the end of Spain as an imperial power.
75048067414 Pointsthe only statement of war aims by any nation involved in World War I; President Wilson sought to promote free trade, self-determination for colonized people, democracy, and an end to secret alliances. Also promoted was a new world body to prevent future wars (League of Nations).
750480675Panama Canal(1904-1914) American funded canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans across the isthmus of Panama; operated by the US until 1999.
750480676League of Nations(1919-1946) international body created through the Treaty of Versailles in hopes of preventing future wars; the US was never a member due to fears that doing so would restrict American sovereignty to act independently
750490901war- guilt clausein treaty of Versailles; declared Germany and Austria responsible for starting WWI; ordered Germany to pay reparation to Allied powers
750490902Zimmermann note1917- a secret document to Mexico that said Germany would help them regain lost territories in Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico if they joined the war on the Central Powers side
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EOC US History Flashcards

TN end of course US History study guide

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743855217Ronald ReaganAdvocated supply side economics
743855218George Bush Jr.President __________nominated Clarence Thomas
743855219Jerry FalwellPreacher, organized the Moral Majority
743855220Roe v. WadeSupreme Court case advocating women's right to abortion
743855221Gulf of Tonkin resolutionA joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 which gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson the power to send troops to Vietnam WITHOUT a formal declaration of war by Congress.
7438552221973_________ was the year that the last troops pulled out of South Vietnam.
743855223WatergateThe events and scandal surrounding a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in 1972 and the subsequent cover-up of White House involvement, leading to the eventual resignation of President Nixon under the threat of impeachment.
743855224Daniel ElsbergWho released the Pentagon Papers?
747248232Jeff BezosDeveloped Amazon.com
747248233Bill GatesCreated Microsoft Crporations
747248234Donald Trumpdeveloped Casino resorts and hotel
747248235Lee IoccocaCEO of Chrysler Corporations
747248236Ray KROCPurchased Mcdonalds 's
747248237Sam WaltonCreated Wal-mart
747248238Counter CultureTeenagers rebeling against parental authority
747248239Jackie RobinsonFirst African American to join major League Baseball
747248240Elvis PresleyKing of Rock n' Roll
747248241John F. KennedyFirst televised presidentIal debate between Nixon
747248242WSMRadio station that sponsored Grand Ole Opry
747248243Sun StudioStudio in Memphis that recorded Rock N Roll
7472482441st Atomic Bomb on JapanAugust 6,1945- dropped on Hiroshima
747248245John F. KennedyThe president said we would have a man on the moon by the end of the decade
747248246Strom ThurmanLeader of of Dixiecrats
747248247Malcolm XCivil rights leader who studied Nation of Islam teaching
747248248George walleceAL governor that fought integration
747248249Eugene BullconnerPolice chief who used dogs and fire hoses to fight black activist
747248250Betty FriedmanCo-founder of NOW , wrote Feminine Mystique
747248251Rosenberg Spy CaseMost famous spy case in U.S
747248252Oakridge TNLand acquired to separate the building of the atomic bomb
769400995Fort Campbell KentuckyTraining ground for 101th Airborne Divsion
769400996T.V.A. (tennessee valleyHelps citizens in the South with hydroelectric power
769400997G.I. BillHelped World War II veterans get established
769400998F.D.I.CBank insurance for depositors
769400999Social Securitytax taken from workers to benefit the elderly
769401000Wagner ActGuaranteed collective bargaining rights
7694010019/9/39Official date of World War II beginning in Europe
769401002Bonus ArmyWorld War I vets march to Washington demanding their "pay"
76940100312/7/41Japan attacks Pearl Harbor
769401004Anti-SemitismPrejudice against Jewish People
769401005NationalismDevotion to ones country
769401006CommunionCollective ownership of Property
769401007TotalitarianismGovernment exerts total control
769401008bankruptFederal court process to help individuals/business eliminate debts
769401009Mirianda RightsTreaty ended World War I
769401010United NationsInternational Organization Established to maintain worldwide peace and security
7694010111931What year did Japan march into China(Manchuria) and create a puppet government?
769401012IsolationismWanted to avoid participation in foreign war(s)
769401013Booker T. WashingtonWhich African Americans philosophies thought they should start at the bottom of the ladder and gradually work on being accepted into society through and education?
769401014W.E.B. DuBoisWho thought African Americans should get racial equality immediately?
769401015Cuban Missile CrisisRussia gave aid to Cuba & Nuclear missiles aimed at US
769401016BrinkmanshipPushing a highly violate situation to the edge of war
769401017Bay of PigsCuban exiles sent back to overthrow Castro
769401018Brown Vs. Board of EducationSegregated public facilities declared illegal
769401019Great SocietyLBJs administration
769401020April 4,1986Year Dr Martin Luther King,Jr . was assassinated
769401021James Earl RayWho was Dr.King's assassin?
777597605James MeredithFirst African American to attend Ole Miss
777597606Little Rock 9Group of African Americans uniting to integrate an all white Arkansas school
777597607Montgomery, ALA year-long bus boycott of African Americans
777597608Sit insGoing into department stores and demanding to be served at lunch counters
777597609Freedom RidersGroup protesting no segregation at bus stations
777597610Miranda vs. ArizonaYou have the right to remain silent................
777597611Plessy v. FergusonSeparate but equal
777597612Brown v. Board of EducationSegregation in schools unconstitutional
777597613Gideon v. WainwrightCourt appointed attorney if one couldn't afford one
777597614ConsumerismAmericans enter and era of buying frenzy
777597615counter cultureAgainst conformity
777597616Joseph McCarthyHe waged a campaign to rid America of Communist
777597617Korea38th parallel divided this country
777597618Vietnam17th parallel divided this country
777597619National Highway ActAct passed to improve and increase national defense in 1956
777597620Sputnik (Russia)1st artificial satellite
777597621Cold WarWar between Soviet Union and United States
777597622ContainmentPolicy to stop the spread of communism
777597623"The Jungle " - Upton SinclairNovel discussing horrible conditions of meat packing industry
777597624October 29, 1929Stock market collapsed -Black Tuesday
777597625TennesseePerfect "36" ( First state to pass the 19th Amendment; it gave women the right to vote)
77759762619th AmendmentWomen suffrage
777597627Anne Dallas DudleyFamous suffragist from Tennessee
777597628KDKA (Pittsburgh, PA)1st radio station
777597629Route 66Famous interstate road to west
777597630Prohibition18th Amendment
777597631Al CaponeFamous gangster
777597632speakeasiesIllegal saloons
777597633Rearing 20'sPopular culture (entertainment, communication, & consumerism)
777597634Woodrow WilsonPresident during World War I
777597635ended Prohibition21st Amendment
777597636Zimmerman telegramintercepted by the British; caused the Americans to enter World War I
777597637Sammuel GompersAFL leader
777597638muckrakersWriters revealing corruption
777671176recallA procedure in which people can vote to remove a public official
777671177referendumSubmitting a bill passed by lawmaking group to direct votes of citizens. (TN lottery)
777671178initiativeRight of citizens outside legislatures to introduce a new law by vote
777671179Teddy RooseveltTrust buster
777671180ImperialismThe Age of American acquiring new territory
777671181Spanish American War1898 War
777671182yellow journalismSensational newspaper writing
777671183Joseph PulitzerOwned NY World
777671184William Randolph HearstOwned NY Journal
777671185Monroe DoctrineAmerica informs Europe that American continent is no longer open to colonization
777671186Menlo Park, NJLocation of Thomas Edison's lab
777671187Alexander Graham BellInventor of the telephone
777671188ChicagoCity that introduces the cable car system
777671189Interstate Commerce Act (Granger laws)Laws regulating railroad rates
777671190ICCCommission that sets up investments in railroads
777671191Boss TweedPolitical boss
777671192Pendelton Civil ServiceCivil Service commission set up after President Garfield's assassinsation
777671193Credit MobilerA coperation set up to skim profits from the Union Pacific Railroad
777671194Black FridayWhen Fisk and Gould bought a large amount of gold, planning to sell it for a profit. In order to lower the high price of gold, the Treasury was forced to sell $4 million in gold from its reserves.
777671195Gilded AgeA period of history which was beautiful on the outside but corrupt on the inside, 1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor
777671196Cornelius VanderbiltRailroad Baron
777671197John RockerfellerOil baron
777671198Andrew CarnegieSteele baron
777671199Amour SwiftMeat Packing baron
777671200Homestead Act160 acres of free land; 1862
7776712011849 California Gold RushMining frontier began in California gold rush
777671202Booker T. WashingtonAtlanta Compromise Speech
777671203Sojourner Truth"Ain't I a Woman" speech
777671204Jane AdamsHull House founder
777671205Jacob Riss"How the Other Half Live" author and photographer
777671206Manifest DestinyProvidence that America should go from sea to sea
777671207Promitory, UTTrans-Continental railroad met in Utah
777671208Bessermer ProcessInjects air into molten iron
777671209Treaty of Guadelupe HidalgoTreaty that ended the Mexican War
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Physics Formula Flashcards

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793494829Time -independent kinematics equationV^2=(V_0)^2+2ax
793494830Netforce∑F = ma
793494831Force in terms of momentumF = dp/dt
793494832ImpulseJ ⃑=∫Fdt
793494833Definition of momentump = mV
793494834Impulse - Momentum TheoremJ =Δp
793494835Force of FrictionF=μF
793494836Work done by a constant force(dot product)w = F*d
793494837Work done by a variable force(integral)W=∫F*ds
793494838Kinetic EnergyE = (1/2)mv^2
793494839Powerp = dW/dt
793494840Power - alternate expressionp = F*v
793494841Work - Energy TheoremW = ΔE
793494842Centripetal Accelerationa= V^2/r
793494843Torqueτ = r × F
793494844Newton's Second law for rotation∑τ =Iα
793494845moment of inertia of a collection particles∑m*r^2
793494846Rotational inertia of a solid sphereI = 2m*r^2/5
793494847Rotational inertia of a rod centerI = ml^2/12
793494848Angular momentum of a moving particlel = r x p
793494849angular momentum of a rigid rotation bodyL = Iω
793494850Position of center of mass for a collection of particlesr=(∑m*r)/M
793494851Conversion between linear and angular velocityω ×r =V →V=rω
793494852Rotational kinetic energyE= (1/2)Iω^2
793494853Force of a springF= -kx
793494854Potential energy of a springU = (1/2)kx^2
793494855Period of a spring mass systemT=2π√(m/k)
793494856Period of a simple pendulumT=2π√(l/g)
793494857Relationships between period, frequency and angular frequency1/T=f=ω/2π
793494858Newton's law of GravitationF=G(m_1*m_2)/r^2
793494859Gravitational Potential EnergyU=-G (m_1*m_2)/r
793494860Coulomb's law (using 4πεo)F=(1/4πϵ) ((q_1*q_2)/r^2)
793494861Definition of Electric fieldE = F/q
793494862Force on Electric Charge by both E and B ("Lorentz Force law")F =q(E +v ×B)
793494863Gauss's Law (closed integral)Φ=∯〖E *dA 〗=q_enc/ϵ
793494864Calculating the potential V from field E (integral)V=-∫E *dr 〗
793494865Electric Potential Due to a Point ChargeV=(1/4πϵ_0 ) (q/r)
793494866Electric Potential: Collection of Point charges (sigma)V=∑V(point) → ∑(1/4πϵ_0 ) (q/r)
793494867Electric Potential Due to a Continuous Distribution of charge (integral)V=1/(4πϵ_0 ) ∫dQ/R
793494868Electric Potential Energy: Collection of Point ChargesU_E=(1/4πϵ_0 ) ∑(Q_i q)/r_i
793494869Capacitance DefinedC=q/V
793494870Capacitance: Parallel-Plate CapacitorC=(kϵ_0 A)/d
793494871Energy Stored in a Charged CapacitorUcap= q^2/2C =1/2 CV^2
793494872Current Definedi = dq/dt
793494873resistanceR = pl/A
793494874Ohm's LawR = V/i
793494875Resistors in seriesR = ∑R
793494876Resistors in parallel1/R = ∑1/R
793494877Capacitors in series1/C = ∑1/C
793494878Capacitors in parallelC = ∑C
793494879capacities time constantτ=RC
793494880Ampere's law∮〖B *ds 〗=μ i_enc
793494881Law of Biot and SavartdB=(μsinθ)/(4πr^2 ) ids
793494882Magnetic Force on a Current Carrying WireF=il×B
793494883Magnetic Field of a Long Straight WireB=(μ_0 i)/2πR
793494884Magnetic Field at the Center of a Circular ArcB=(μ*iφ)/4πR
793494885Magnetic Field inside an ideal solenoidB=μ* in
793494886Inductive Time Constantτ=L/R
793494887Magnetic FluxΦ=∯〖B *dA 〗
793494888Faraday's Lawε=-N (dΦ/dt)
793494889Energy Stored in a Current Carrying InductorU=(1/2)LI^2
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Physics formula cards Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
789740673SpeedDistance / time
789740674AccelerationChange in velocity / time taken
789740675ForceMass x acceleration
789740676WeightMass x gravitational field strength
789740677MomentumMass x velocity
789740678Pressure and voltage calculationP1 x V1 = P2 x V2
789740679MomentForce x perpendicular distance from pivot
789740680PowerCurrent x voltage
789740681EnergyPower x time
789740682CurrentChange in columbs / time
789740683VoltageCurrent x resistance
789740684Primary and secondary turnsInput voltage / output voltage Primary turns / secondary turns
789740685Wave speedFrequency x wavelength
789740686Refractive indexSin i / Sin r
789740687EfficiencyUseful energy output / total energy input
789740688Work doneForce x distance
789740689Gravitational potential energyMass x gravitational field strength x height
789740690Kinetic energy1/2 x mass x velocity^2
789740691PowerWork done / time taken
789740692DensityMass / volume
789740693PressureForce / area
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Physics Formula Flashcards

Some physics formulae.

Terms : Hide Images
799252412MomentDistance from Pivot × Force = D×F
799252413ConstantPressure × Volume/Temperature (k) = PV/T
799252414TemperatureAverage Kinetic Energy (KE) of particles.
799252415Thermal CapacityEnergy Supplied/Change in Temperature = Q/∆T
799252416Thermal Capacity: Energy SuppliedSpecific Heat Capacity × Change in Temperature = C×∆T
799252417Specific Heat CapacityEnergy Supplied/Mass × Change in Temperature = Q/m×∆T
799252418Specific Heat Capacity: Energy SuppliedMass × Specific Heat Capacity × Change in Temperature = m×C×∆T
799278261SpeedDistance/Time = D/T
799278262VelocityDistance/Time = D/T
799290108AccelerationChange in Speed/Time Taken = ∆S/T
799290109DensityMass/Volume = m/V
799290110ForceMass × Acceleration = m×a
799335997Kinetic EnergyHalf × Mass × Speed^2 = 1/2×m×S^2
799335998Potential EnergyMass × Gravity × Height = m×g×h
799335999PowerEnergy/Time = Work/Time = E/T = W/T
799336000PressureForce/Area = F/A
799336001Latent HeatMass × Specific Latent Heat = m×L
799336002Wave SpeedFrequency × Wavelength = F×λ
799336003Frequency1/Period = 1/T
799354899Potential Difference (Voltage)Energy/Charge = E/Q
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Perfect square roots 1-25 Flashcards

Learn these perfect square roots

Terms : Hide Images
300240008√11
300240009√42
300240010√93
300240011√164
300240012√255
300240013√366
300240014√497
300240015√648
300240016√819
300240017√10010
300240018√12111
300240019√14412
300240020√16913
300240021√19614
300240022√22515
300240023√25616
300240024√28917
300240025√32418
300240026√36119
300240027√40020
300240028√44121
300240029√48422
300240030√52923
300240031√57624
300240032√62525
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US History EOC Prep Part I Flashcards

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606995029assimilationBlending of culturally distinct groups into a single group with a common culture and identity
606995030Chinese Exclusion Act(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate. repealed in 1943
606995031ExodustersAfrican Americans who moved from post reconstruction South to Kansas.
606995032Battle of Little Big Horn1876 - General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse...last victory if the native americans
606995033Custer's Last Stand1876 when there was a gold rush in the reservations and the Sioux tribe lead by Chief Crazy Horse and Chief Sitting Bull tried to hold back the rush. George A. Custer and his troops attacked the Indians and he and his 264 men were killed. Took place at the Little Big Horn.
606995034Battle of Wounded KneeUS soldiers massacred 300 unarmed Native American in 1890 dancing the Ghost Dance. This ended the Indian Wars.
606995035Dawes Act1887, dismantled American Indian tribes, set up individuals as family heads with 160 acres, tried to make rugged individualists (farmers) out of the Indians, attempt to assimilate the Indian population into that of the American, it failed
606995036Ghost DanceA ritual the Sioux performed to bring back the buffalo and return the Native American tribes to their land.
606995037Homestead Act1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.
606995038Transcontinental RailroadThe railroad which linked the east to the west. It allowed many settlers to travel west and allowed the goods they produced to travel back east. It ran through farmland and plains and had a negative effect on the buffalo population.
606995039The Grange/Patrons of Husbandry1867; social organization to bring farm families together; focused on economic issues affecting farmers; used political clout to help states pass laws regulating railroad freight and storage rates
606995040Populisma late 19th century political movement demanding that people have a greater voice in government and seeking to advance the interests of farmers and laborers
606995041Populist PartyWilliam Jennings Bryan was a presidential candidate for this third political party, that called for the nationalization of railroads, the free and unlimited coinage of silver, a graduated income tax, direct election of senators, immigration restrictions, 8 hour workday, single term for president, direct election of senators
606995042bimetallismthe use of both gold and silver as a basis for a national monetary system
606995043free silverPolitical issue involving the unlimited coinage of silver, supported by farmers and William Jennings Bryan
606995044William Jennings BryanRepeat candidate for president, advocated free silver, gave the cross of gold speech against gold standard; prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)
606995045Cross of Gold SpeechWilliam J. Bryan presented this speech which advocated free silver. In his speech, Bryan said the poor were being crucified on a cross of gold. This speech resulted in his nomination as the Democratic candidate for president
606995046Bessemer Processa way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities. This made skyscrapers possible, advances in shipbuilding, construction, etc.
606995047electricityallowed for factories to be built away from rivers.
606995048Thomas EdisonInventor who perfected the incandescent light bulb; created systems for producing and distributing electricity
606995049telephoneInvented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876
606995050mass productionproduction of goods in large numbers through the use of machinery and assembly lines
606995051assembly lineProduction system created by Henry Ford to make goods faster by moving parts on a conveyor belt past workers. Increased production
606995052corporationa business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts
606995053horizontal integrationa process in which a company buys out all of its competition
606995054vertical integrationprocess in which a company buys out its suppliers
606995055monopolycomplete control of a product or business by one person or group
606995056trusta combination of firms or corporations formed by a legal agreement, especially to reduce competition, run by a single board of directors
606995057robber barona business leader who became wealthy through dishonest methods
606995058captain of industryterm describing business leader whose way of earning a personal fortune helps others
606995059Andrew CarnegieIndustrialist who made a fortune in steel in the late 1800s through vertical consolidation; as a philanthropist, he gave away some $350 million
606995060John D. RockefellerFounder of Standard Oil Company; at one time his companies controlled 85-90 percent of refined oil in America. Standard Oil became the model for monopolizing an industry and creating a trust.
606995061J.P. MorganInvestment banker whose firm channeled European capital into America and grew into a financial power; he also controlled one-sixth of the nation's railway system, and consolidated the steel industry with the United States Steel Corporation, the first billion-dollar corporation.
606995062Standard Oil CompanyJohn D. Rockefeller's comapny, formed in 1870, which came to symbolize the trusts and monopolies of the Gilded age. By 1877 it controlled 95% of the oil refineries in the U.S. It became a target for trust reformers, and in 1911 the Supreme Court ordered it to break up into several dozen smaller companies.
606995063Cornelius Vanderbiltcreated a railroad empire worth millions by crushing competitors and ignoring protests from the public. by the time of his death in 1877, his companies controlled 4,500 miles of track and linked New York City to the Great Lake Region
606995064"New" ImmigrantsRefers to the immigrants from southern and eastern Europe who came primarily during the age of Industrialization in the late 1800's and early 1900's.
606995065push and pull factors of immigration~ factors that make immigrants want to leave their country ~ examples include economic reasons, overpopulation, religious persecution, and natural disasters ~ factors that make immigrants want to come to the United States ~ examples include America - magic land of opportunity, job opportunities, and family members in the US
606995066Angel IslandImmigration processing station in the San Francisco Bay for Asian immigrants.
606995067Ellis IslandNew York Harbor Immigration station for European immigrants
608139400ghettosa part of a city, (esp. a slum area), occupied by a minority group or groups
608139401settlement housesneighborhood centers in poor areas that offered education, recreation, and social activities
608139402Hull Housesettlement house founded by Progressive reformer Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889
608139403Jane Addamssocial reformer who helped the poor, Founder of Hull House
608139404tenement housingPoorly and cheaply constructed apartment dwellings, usually occupied by multiple families, for the housing of factory workers in the cities
608139405political machineA group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city and offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support.
608139406Boss TweedWilliam Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Ring, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million.
608139407Tammany HallNew York City's most famous political machine headed by Boss Tweed
608139408Sherman Anti-Trust ActFirst federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. Intended to prevent the creation of monopolies by making it illegal to establish trusts that interfered with free trade, However, it was initially misused against labor unions
608139409Clayton Anti-Trust Actlaw passed by Wilson that prohibited companies from buying the stock of competing companies on order to form a monopoly, forbade companies from selling goods below cost with the goal of driving thier competitors out of buisness and made strikes, boycotts and peaceful picketing legal (corrected problems with Sherman Anti-Trust Act)
608139410Federal Reserve Acta 1913 law passed by Wilson that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply
608139411Social Darwinismthe application of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution to the business world; against any government regulation in society. Industrialists and social conservatives used these arguments to justify ruthless business tactics and widespread poverty among the working class.
608139412Terence V. PowderlyKnights of Labor leader, opposed strikes, producer-consumer cooperation, temperance, welcomed blacks and women (allowing segregation)
608139413Samuel GompersLed the AFL (American Federation of Labor), a skilled craft union, fought for wages and working conditions, they went on strike, boycotted and used collective bargaining
608139414Eugene V. Debs(1855-1926) Leader of the American Railway Union and supporter of the Pullman strike; he was the Socialist Party candidate for president five times.
608139415Knights of Laborone of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century, demanded an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories
608139416labor unionan organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members
608139417American Federation of Labor1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.
608139418Industrial Workers of the Worldradical labor organization, also known as the Wobblies, founded in 1905 & led for years by Eugene Debs; they advocated revolution and societal reorganization to put the working class in control of government and the economy, a labor organization for unskilled workers, formed by a group of radical unionists and socialists in 1905
608139419Great Railroad Strike of 1877large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting. The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men
608139420Homestead StrikeIt was one of the most violent strikes in U.S. history. It was against the Homestead Steel Works, which was part of the Carnegie Steel Company, in Pennsylvania in retaliation against wage cuts. The riot was ultimately put down by Pinkerton Police and the state militia, and the violence further damaged the image of unions.
608139421Pullman Strikean 1894 railway workers' strike for higher wages that was broken by federal troops, in which President Grover Cleveland issued an injunction. weakened the labor movement
608139422Haymarket Square RiotA union protest where an anarchists threw a bomb and killed police officers. Led to an anti-anatchists movement and to the end of knights labor.
608139423Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire(1911) 146 women killed while locked into the burning building (brought attention to poor working conditions)
608139424Socialist Partya political party in the United States formed in 1900 to advocate socialism. Wanted to change economic system, in response to Laissez-Faire capitalism, that caused problems such as monopolies. lead by Eugene Debs
610410291ProgressivismA reform movement in the early twentieth century that sought to correct social and political problems., the political orientation of those who favor progress toward better conditions in government and society
610410292Goals of Progressivism(1) protect social welfare (2) create economic reform (3) promote moral improvement (4) fostering efficiency
610395009Mary Harris "Mother" Jonessupported the Great Strike of 1877 and later joined the United Mine Workers of America., leader of women's labor movement; supported passage of child labor laws; led disfigured child workers to Pres. Roosevelt's house to expose the cruelties of child labor
610395010Florence KelleyAn advocate for improving the lives of women and children. (Social Welfare). She was appointed chief inspector of factories in Illinois. She helped win passage of the Illinois factory act in 1893 which prohibited child labor and limited women's working hours.
610395012MuckrakerJournalist who exposed corruption and other problems of the late 1800s and early 1900s
610395014Ida TarbellMuckraker who targeted the unfair practices of big business. Her articles about the standard oil company led to demands for tighter controls on trust.
610395016Upton Sinclairwrote The Jungle. While intending to reveal the plight of the worker, he revealed the unsanitary conditions where meat was created, which prompting Roosevelt to pass the Meat Inspection Act.
610395019Thomas Nastpolitical cartoonist who helped arouse public outrage against Tammany Hall's graft, invented "Uncle Sam" and came up with the elephant and the donkey for the political parties.
610395021trustbustingattempt by Teddy Roosevelt to break up large corporations that were harmful to the public using the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
610395023conservationthe preservation and wise use of natural resources, supported by Teddy Roosevelt
610395025municipal reformsreforms proposed by progressives at the city level against political bosses, against political machines, included commission form of government to successfully take control of utilities from monopolies in some cities
610395027direct primarya primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office
610395029initiativea bill originated by the people rather than lawmakers
610395031referendumprocess by which people vote directly on a bill
610395032recallProcedure for submitting to popular vote the removal of officials from office before the end of their term.
610410293suffrageThe right to vote
610410294Alice Paulwomen's suffrage leader who helped form the National Woman's Party
610410295Carrie Chapman Cattpresident of NAWSA, who led the campaign for woman suffrage during Wilson's administration
610410296Meat Inspection Acta law, enacted in 1906, that established strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackers and created a federal meat-inspection program
610410297Pure Food and Drug ActHalted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling
610766548Sixteenth Amendmentgave congress the power to tax people's incomes
610766549Seventeenth AmendmentProgressive measure that required U.S. senators to be elected directly by the people rather than by state legislatures
610766550Eighteenth Amendmentprohibition- Banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol
610766551Nineteenth Amendmentgranted women the right to vote in 1920, women's suffrage
610766552NAACPfounded in 1909 to work for racial equality, led by W.E.B. Debois
610766553W.E.B. Du BoisAfrican American who believed Blacks should fight segregation; pushed for higher education opportunities for Blacks to achieve economic independence; helped to found the NAACP
610766554Theodore Rooseveltbecame president after McKinley's assassination, reelected in 1904; Republican; Rough Rider, "trust buster," conservationist, progressive known for "Square Deal", Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Big Stick Diplomacy, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War, ran for president again in 1912 as a Bull Moose candidate
610766555William Howard Taft27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests, Taft fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term., promoted "dollar diplomacy" to expand foreign investments, (1908-1912)
610766556Woodrow Wilson28th president of the United States, Democrat known for his progressive program New Freedom and his foreign policy program Moral Diplomacy. He created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs (Underwood Act), women's suffrage (reluctantly), World War I leadership, Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize,
610766557Bull Moose PartyNickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to support Roosevelt in the election of 1912, The party wanted tariff reduction, women's suffrage, higher corporate regulation and a child labor ban, a federal compensation for workers, and several other platforms.
610766558election of 1912this presidential election featured Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) vs. Teddy Roosevelt (Progressive) vs. William H Taft (Republican) vs. Eugene Debs (Socialist); Wilson wins the election 435-96 electorally
610781910ImperialismA policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.
610781911Causes of U.S. ImperialismDesire for military strength. Desires for raw materials/new markets. The U.S needed to expand it's market due to a surplus of goods. Belief in cultural superiority.
610781912jingoismextreme patriotism; favoring an aggressive, warlike foreign policy, Aggressive nationalism
610781913military expansionThe US wanted a strong military that would have the most powerful weapons. Being economically ahead also meant having a stronger military to secure the transportation of goods and to be ready to fight in disputes., tied to the ideas of social darwinism and nationalism, we must compete with british and germans
610781914Social DarwinismThe application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion
610781915yellow journalismTerm given to sensationalist newspaper writing, exemplified by that of Hearst and Pulitzer when they were attempting to garner support for war with Spain
610781916annexation of HawaiiU.S. wanted Hawaii for business and so Hawaiian sugar could be sold in the U.S. duty free, Queen Liliuokalani opposed so Sanford B. Dole overthrew her in 1893, William McKinley convinced Congress to annex Hawaii in 1898
610781917Spanish-American War1898 conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported Cubans' fight for indepedence. started because of yellow journalism, the De Lome letter, and the explosion of U.S.S. Maine
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AP Macroeconomics Unit 1 Flashcards

Textbook vocabulary based upon McEachern Economics: A Contemporary Introduction 8e
Unit 1: Chapters 1-4 and 6

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604125012Economicssocial science dealing with the study of how people satisfy seemingly unlimited and competing wants with the careful use of scarce resources. Chapter 1
604125013Resourcesalso called factors of production, are all the things used in producing goods and services. Chapter 1
604125014Laborhuman effort, physical and mental effort, directed toward producing goods and services. Chapter 1
604125015CapitalThe buildings, equipment, and human skills used to produce goods and services. Chapter 1
604125016Natural ResourcesAll gifts of nature used to produce goods and services; includes renewable and exhaustible resources. Chapter 1
604125017Entrepreneurial abilityManagerial and organizational skills needed to start a firm, combined with the willingness to take the risk of profit or loss.
604125018EntrepreneurA profit-seeking decision maker who starts with an idea, organizes an enterprise to bring that idea to life, and assumes the risk of the operation. Chapter 1
604125019WagesPayment to resource owners for their labor. Chapter 1
604125020InterestPayment to resource owners for the use of their capital. Chapter 1
604125021RentPayment to resource owners for the use of their natural resources. Chapter 1
604125022ProfitReward for entrepreneurial ability; sales revenue minus resource cost. Chapter 1
604125023GoodA tangible product used to satisfy human wants. Chapter 1
604125024ServiceAn activity, or intangible product, used to satisfy human wants. Chapter 1
604125025ScarcityOccurs when the amount people desire exceeds the amount available at a zero price. Chapter 1
604125026MarketA set of arrangements by which buyers and sellers carry out exchange at mutually agreeable terms. Chapter 1
604125027Product MarketA market in which a good or service is bought and sold. Chapter 1
604125028Resource Market (aka Factor Market)A market in which a resource is bought and sold. Chapter 1
604125029Circular-Flow ModelA diagram that traces the flow of resources, products, income, and revenue among economic decision makers. Chapter 1
604125030Rational Self-InterestIndividuals try to maximize the expected benefit achieved with a given cost or to minimize the expected cost of achieving a given benefit. Chapter 1
604125031MarginalIncremental, additional, or extra; used to describe a change in an economic variable. Chapter 1
604125032MicroeconomicsThe study of the economic behavior in particular markets, such as that for computers or unskilled labor. Chapter 1
604125033MacroeconomicsThe study of the economic behavior of entire economies. Chapter 1
604125034Economic theory or Economic modelA simplification of reality used to make predictions about cause and effect in the real world. Chapter 1
604125035VariableA measure, such as price or quantity, that can take on different values at different times. Chapter 1
604125036Ceteris ParibusThe assumption, when focusing on the relation among key economic variables, that other variables remain unchanged. Aka Other-things-constant assumption Chapter 1
604125037Behavioral assumptionAn assumption that describes the expected behavior of economic decision makers, what motivates them. Chapter 1
604125038Positive Economic StatementA statement that can be proved or disproved by reference to facts. Chapter 1
604125039Normative Economic StatementA statement that reflects an opinion, which cannot be proved or disproved by reference to the facts. Chapter 1
604125040Fallacy of CompositionThe incorrect belief that what is true for the individual, or part, must necessarily be true for the group, or the whole. Chapter 1
604125041Post Hoc FallacyAka Association-is-causation fallacy: The incorrect idea that if two variables are associated in time, one must necessarily cause the other. Chapter 1
604125042Secondary effectsUnintended consequences of economic actions that may develop slowly over time as people react to events. Chapter 1
604138426Opportunity CostThe value of the best alternative forgone when an item or activity is chosen. (Chapter 2)
604138427Sunk CostA cost that has already been incurred cannot be recovered, and thus is irrelevant for present and future economic decisions. (Chapter 2)
604138428Law of Comparative AdvantageThe individual, firm, region or country with the lowest opportunity cost of producing a particular good should specialize in the production of that good. (Chapter 2)
604138429Absolute AdvantageThe ability to make something using fewer resources than other producers use to make the same good. (Chapter 2)
604138430Comparative AdvantageThe ability to make something at a lower opportunity cost than other producers face. (Chapter 2)
604138431BarterThe direct exchange of one good for another without using money. (Chapter 2)
604138432Division of LaborBreaking down the production of a good into separate tasks. (Chapter 2)
604138433Specialization of LaborFocusing work effort on a particular product or a single task. (Chapter 2)
604138434Production Possibilities Frontier (PPF)Aka PPC A curve showing alternative combinations of goods that can be produced when available resources are used efficiently; a boundary line between inefficient and unattainable combinations. (Chapter 2)
604264555EfficiencyThe condition that exists when there is no way resources can be reallocated to increase the production of one good without decreasing the production of another; getting the most from available resources. (Chapter 2)
604264556Law of Increasing Opportunity CostTo produce more of one good, a successively larger amount of the other good must be sacrificed. (Chapter 2)
604264557Economic GrowthAn increase in the economy's ability to produce goods and services; reflected by an outward shift of the economy's production possibilities frontier. (Chapter 2)
604264558Economic SystemThe set of mechanisms and institutions that resolve the what, how and for whom questions. (Chapter 2)
604264559Pure CapitalismAn economic system characterized by the private ownership of resources and the use of prices to coordinate economic activity in unregulated markets. (Chapter 2)
604264560Private Property RightsAn owner's right to use, rent, or sell resources or property. (Chapter 2)
604264561Pure Command SystemAn economic system characterized by the public ownership of resources and centralized planning. (Chapter 2)
604264562Mixed SystemAn economic system characterized by the private ownership of some resources and the public ownership of other resources; some markets are regulated by government. (Chapter 2)
604264563Traditional SystemA system in which customs handed down from generation to generation determine how a society is organized to produce, distribute, and consume goods and services. (Chapter 2)
604264564UtilityThe satisfaction received from consumption; sense of well-being. (Chapter 3)
604264565Transfer PaymentsCash or in-kind benefits given to individuals as outright grants from the government. (Chapter 3)
604264566FirmsEconomic units formed by profit-seeking entrepreneurs who employ resources to produce goods and services for sale. (Chapter 3)
604264567Sole ProprietorshipA firm with a single owner who has the right to all profits but who also bears unlimited liability for the firm's losses and debts. (Chapter 3)
604264568PartnershipA firm with multiple owners who share the profits and bear unlimited liability for the firm's losses and debts. (Chapter 3)
604264569CorporationA legal entity owned by stockholders whose liability is limited to the value of their stock ownership. (Chapter 3)
604264570CooperativeAn organization consisting of people who pool their resources to buy and sell more efficiently than they could individually. (Chapter 3)
604264571Not-for-profit OrganizationGroups that do not pursue profit as a goal; they engage in charitable, educational, humanitarian, cultural, professional or other activities, often with a social purpose. (Chapter 3)
604264572MonopolyA sole supplier of a product with no close substitutes. (Chapter 3)
604264573Natural MonopolyOne firm that can supply the entire market at a lower per-unit cost than could two or more firms. (Chapter 3)
604264574Private GoodA good, such as pizza, that is both rival in consumption and exclusive. (Chapter 3)
604264575Public GoodA good that, once produced, is available for all to consume, regardless of who pays and who doesn't; such a good is non rival and nonexclusive, such as a safer community. (Chapter 3)
604264576ExternalityA cost or a benefit that affects neither the buyer nor seller, but instead affects people not involved in the market transaction. (Chapter 3)
604264577Fiscal PolicyThe use of government purchases, transfer payments, taxes, and borrowing to influence economy-wide variables such as inflation, employment and economic growth. (Chapter 3)
604264578Monetary PolicyRegulation of the money supply to influence economy-wide variables such as inflation, employment, and economic growth. (Chapter 3)
604264579DemandA relation between the price of a good and the quantity that consumers are willing and able to buy per period, other things constant. (Chapter 4)
604264580Law of DemandThe quantity of a good that consumers are willing and able to buy per period relates inversely, or negatively, to the price, other things constant. (Chapter 4)
604264581Substitution effect of a price changeWhen the price of a good falls, that good becomes cheaper compared to other goods so consumers tend to substitute that good for other goods. (Chapter 4)
604264582Money IncomeThe number of dollars a person received per period, such as $400 per week. (Chapter 4)
604264583Real IncomeIncome measured in terms of the goods and services it can buy; real income changes when the price changes. (Chapter 4)
604264584Income effect of a price changeA fall in the price of a good increases consumers' real income, making consumers more able to purchase goods; for a normal good, the quantity demanded increases. (Chapter 4)
604264585Demand CurveA curve showing the relation between the price of a good and the quantity consumers are willing and able to buy per period, other things constant. (Chapter 4)
604264586Quantity DemandedThe amount of a good consumers are willing and able to buy per period at a particular price, as reflected by a point on a demand curve. (Chapter 4)
604264587Normal GoodA good, such as new clothes, for which demand increases, or shifts rightward, as consumer income rises. (Chapter 4)
604264588Inferior GoodA good, such as used clothes, for which demand decreases, or shifts leftward, as consumer income rises. (Chapter 4)
604264589SubstitutesGoods, such as Coke and Pepsi, that relate in such a way that an increase in the price of one shifts the demand for the other rightward. (Chapter 4)
604264590ComplementsGoods, such as milk and cookies, that relate in such a way that an increase in the price of one shifts the demand for the other leftward. (Chapter 4)
604264591Tastes and PreferencesConsumer preferences; likes and dislikes in consumption; assumed to remain constant along a given demand curve. (Chapter 4)
604264592Movement along a demand curveChange in quantity demanded resulting from a change in the price of the good, other things constant. (Chapter 4)
604264593Shift of a demand curveMovement of a demand curve right or left resulting from a change in one of the determinates of demand. Price does NOT shift the curve! (Chapter 4)
604264594SupplyA relation between the price of a good and the quantity that producers are willing and able to sell per period, other things constant. (Chapter 4)
604264595Law of SupplyThe amount of a good that producers are willing and able to sell per period is usually directly related to its price, other things constant. (Chapter 4)
604264596Supply CurveA curve showing the relation between price of a good and the quantity producers are willing and able to sell per period other things constant. (Chapter 4)
604264597Quantity suppliedThe amount offered for sale per period at a particular price, as reflected by a point on a given supply curve. (Chapter 4)
604264598Movement along the supply curveChange in quantity supplied resulting from a change in the price of the good, other things constant. (Chapter 4)
604264599Shift of the supply curveMovement of a supply curve right or left resulting from a change in one of the determinates of supply. Price does NOT shift the curve! (Chapter 4)
604264600SurplusAt a given price, the amount by which quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded; a surplus usually forces the price down. (Chapter 4)
604264601ShortageAt a given price, the amount by which quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied; a shortage usually forces the price up. (Chapter 4)
604264602EquilibriumThe condition that exists in a market when the plans of buyers match those of sellers, so quantity demanded equals quantity supplied and the market clears. (Chapter 4)
604264603DisequilibriumThe condition that exists in a market when the plans of buyers do not match those of sellers; a temporary mismatch between quantity supplied and quantity demanded as the market seeks equilibrium. (Chapter 4)
604264604Price FloorA minimum legal price below which a product cannot be sold; to have an impact, a price floor must be above the equilibrium price. (Chapter 4)
604264605Price CeilingA maximum legal price above which a product cannot be sold; to have an impact, a price ceiling must be set below the equilibrium price. (Chapter 4)
604275223Total UtilityThe total satisfaction you derive from consumption; this could refer to either your total utility of consuming a particular good or your total utility from all consumption. (Chapter 6)
604275224Marginal UtilityThe change in your total utility from a one-unit change in your consumption of a good. (Chapter 6)
604275225Law of diminishing marginal utilityThe more of a good a person consumes per period, the smaller the increase in total utility from consuming one more unit, other things constant. (Chapter 6)
604275226Consumer EquilibriumThe condition in which an individual consumer's budget is spent and the last dollar spent on each good yields the same marginal utility; therefore, utility is maximized. (Chapter 6)
604275227Consumer SurplusThe difference between the most a consumer would pay for a given quantity for a good and what the consumer actually pays. (Chapter 6)
604275228Producer SurplusA bonus for producers in the short run; the amount by which total revenue from production exceeds variable cost. (Chapter 6)
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