Terms : Hide Images
| 606995029 | assimilation | Blending of culturally distinct groups into a single group with a common culture and identity | |
| 606995030 | Chinese Exclusion Act | (1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate. repealed in 1943 | |
| 606995031 | Exodusters | African Americans who moved from post reconstruction South to Kansas. | |
| 606995032 | Battle of Little Big Horn | 1876 - General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse...last victory if the native americans | |
| 606995033 | Custer's Last Stand | 1876 when there was a gold rush in the reservations and the Sioux tribe lead by Chief Crazy Horse and Chief Sitting Bull tried to hold back the rush. George A. Custer and his troops attacked the Indians and he and his 264 men were killed. Took place at the Little Big Horn. | |
| 606995034 | Battle of Wounded Knee | US soldiers massacred 300 unarmed Native American in 1890 dancing the Ghost Dance. This ended the Indian Wars. | |
| 606995035 | Dawes Act | 1887, dismantled American Indian tribes, set up individuals as family heads with 160 acres, tried to make rugged individualists (farmers) out of the Indians, attempt to assimilate the Indian population into that of the American, it failed | |
| 606995036 | Ghost Dance | A ritual the Sioux performed to bring back the buffalo and return the Native American tribes to their land. | |
| 606995037 | Homestead Act | 1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration. | |
| 606995038 | Transcontinental Railroad | The railroad which linked the east to the west. It allowed many settlers to travel west and allowed the goods they produced to travel back east. It ran through farmland and plains and had a negative effect on the buffalo population. | |
| 606995039 | The Grange/Patrons of Husbandry | 1867; social organization to bring farm families together; focused on economic issues affecting farmers; used political clout to help states pass laws regulating railroad freight and storage rates | |
| 606995040 | Populism | a late 19th century political movement demanding that people have a greater voice in government and seeking to advance the interests of farmers and laborers | |
| 606995041 | Populist Party | William Jennings Bryan was a presidential candidate for this third political party, that called for the nationalization of railroads, the free and unlimited coinage of silver, a graduated income tax, direct election of senators, immigration restrictions, 8 hour workday, single term for president, direct election of senators | |
| 606995042 | bimetallism | the use of both gold and silver as a basis for a national monetary system | |
| 606995043 | free silver | Political issue involving the unlimited coinage of silver, supported by farmers and William Jennings Bryan | |
| 606995044 | William Jennings Bryan | Repeat candidate for president, advocated free silver, gave the cross of gold speech against gold standard; prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925) | |
| 606995045 | Cross of Gold Speech | William J. Bryan presented this speech which advocated free silver. In his speech, Bryan said the poor were being crucified on a cross of gold. This speech resulted in his nomination as the Democratic candidate for president | |
| 606995046 | Bessemer Process | a way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities. This made skyscrapers possible, advances in shipbuilding, construction, etc. | |
| 606995047 | electricity | allowed for factories to be built away from rivers. | |
| 606995048 | Thomas Edison | Inventor who perfected the incandescent light bulb; created systems for producing and distributing electricity | |
| 606995049 | telephone | Invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 | |
| 606995050 | mass production | production of goods in large numbers through the use of machinery and assembly lines | |
| 606995051 | assembly line | Production system created by Henry Ford to make goods faster by moving parts on a conveyor belt past workers. Increased production | |
| 606995052 | corporation | a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts | |
| 606995053 | horizontal integration | a process in which a company buys out all of its competition | |
| 606995054 | vertical integration | process in which a company buys out its suppliers | |
| 606995055 | monopoly | complete control of a product or business by one person or group | |
| 606995056 | trust | a combination of firms or corporations formed by a legal agreement, especially to reduce competition, run by a single board of directors | |
| 606995057 | robber baron | a business leader who became wealthy through dishonest methods | |
| 606995058 | captain of industry | term describing business leader whose way of earning a personal fortune helps others | |
| 606995059 | Andrew Carnegie | Industrialist who made a fortune in steel in the late 1800s through vertical consolidation; as a philanthropist, he gave away some $350 million | |
| 606995060 | John D. Rockefeller | Founder of Standard Oil Company; at one time his companies controlled 85-90 percent of refined oil in America. Standard Oil became the model for monopolizing an industry and creating a trust. | |
| 606995061 | J.P. Morgan | Investment banker whose firm channeled European capital into America and grew into a financial power; he also controlled one-sixth of the nation's railway system, and consolidated the steel industry with the United States Steel Corporation, the first billion-dollar corporation. | |
| 606995062 | Standard Oil Company | John D. Rockefeller's comapny, formed in 1870, which came to symbolize the trusts and monopolies of the Gilded age. By 1877 it controlled 95% of the oil refineries in the U.S. It became a target for trust reformers, and in 1911 the Supreme Court ordered it to break up into several dozen smaller companies. | |
| 606995063 | Cornelius Vanderbilt | created a railroad empire worth millions by crushing competitors and ignoring protests from the public. by the time of his death in 1877, his companies controlled 4,500 miles of track and linked New York City to the Great Lake Region | |
| 606995064 | "New" Immigrants | Refers to the immigrants from southern and eastern Europe who came primarily during the age of Industrialization in the late 1800's and early 1900's. | |
| 606995065 | push and pull factors of immigration | ~ factors that make immigrants want to leave their country ~ examples include economic reasons, overpopulation, religious persecution, and natural disasters ~ factors that make immigrants want to come to the United States ~ examples include America - magic land of opportunity, job opportunities, and family members in the US | |
| 606995066 | Angel Island | Immigration processing station in the San Francisco Bay for Asian immigrants. | |
| 606995067 | Ellis Island | New York Harbor Immigration station for European immigrants | |
| 608139400 | ghettos | a part of a city, (esp. a slum area), occupied by a minority group or groups | |
| 608139401 | settlement houses | neighborhood centers in poor areas that offered education, recreation, and social activities | |
| 608139402 | Hull House | settlement house founded by Progressive reformer Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889 | |
| 608139403 | Jane Addams | social reformer who helped the poor, Founder of Hull House | |
| 608139404 | tenement housing | Poorly and cheaply constructed apartment dwellings, usually occupied by multiple families, for the housing of factory workers in the cities | |
| 608139405 | political machine | A group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city and offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support. | |
| 608139406 | Boss Tweed | William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Ring, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million. | |
| 608139407 | Tammany Hall | New York City's most famous political machine headed by Boss Tweed | |
| 608139408 | Sherman Anti-Trust Act | First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. Intended to prevent the creation of monopolies by making it illegal to establish trusts that interfered with free trade, However, it was initially misused against labor unions | |
| 608139409 | Clayton Anti-Trust Act | law passed by Wilson that prohibited companies from buying the stock of competing companies on order to form a monopoly, forbade companies from selling goods below cost with the goal of driving thier competitors out of buisness and made strikes, boycotts and peaceful picketing legal (corrected problems with Sherman Anti-Trust Act) | |
| 608139410 | Federal Reserve Act | a 1913 law passed by Wilson that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply | |
| 608139411 | Social Darwinism | the application of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution to the business world; against any government regulation in society. Industrialists and social conservatives used these arguments to justify ruthless business tactics and widespread poverty among the working class. | |
| 608139412 | Terence V. Powderly | Knights of Labor leader, opposed strikes, producer-consumer cooperation, temperance, welcomed blacks and women (allowing segregation) | |
| 608139413 | Samuel Gompers | Led the AFL (American Federation of Labor), a skilled craft union, fought for wages and working conditions, they went on strike, boycotted and used collective bargaining | |
| 608139414 | Eugene V. Debs | (1855-1926) Leader of the American Railway Union and supporter of the Pullman strike; he was the Socialist Party candidate for president five times. | |
| 608139415 | Knights of Labor | one of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century, demanded an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories | |
| 608139416 | labor union | an organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members | |
| 608139417 | American Federation of Labor | 1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent. | |
| 608139418 | Industrial Workers of the World | radical labor organization, also known as the Wobblies, founded in 1905 & led for years by Eugene Debs; they advocated revolution and societal reorganization to put the working class in control of government and the economy, a labor organization for unskilled workers, formed by a group of radical unionists and socialists in 1905 | |
| 608139419 | Great Railroad Strike of 1877 | large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting. The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men | |
| 608139420 | Homestead Strike | It was one of the most violent strikes in U.S. history. It was against the Homestead Steel Works, which was part of the Carnegie Steel Company, in Pennsylvania in retaliation against wage cuts. The riot was ultimately put down by Pinkerton Police and the state militia, and the violence further damaged the image of unions. | |
| 608139421 | Pullman Strike | an 1894 railway workers' strike for higher wages that was broken by federal troops, in which President Grover Cleveland issued an injunction. weakened the labor movement | |
| 608139422 | Haymarket Square Riot | A union protest where an anarchists threw a bomb and killed police officers. Led to an anti-anatchists movement and to the end of knights labor. | |
| 608139423 | Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire | (1911) 146 women killed while locked into the burning building (brought attention to poor working conditions) | |
| 608139424 | Socialist Party | a political party in the United States formed in 1900 to advocate socialism. Wanted to change economic system, in response to Laissez-Faire capitalism, that caused problems such as monopolies. lead by Eugene Debs | |
| 610410291 | Progressivism | A reform movement in the early twentieth century that sought to correct social and political problems., the political orientation of those who favor progress toward better conditions in government and society | |
| 610410292 | Goals of Progressivism | (1) protect social welfare (2) create economic reform (3) promote moral improvement (4) fostering efficiency | |
| 610395009 | Mary Harris "Mother" Jones | supported the Great Strike of 1877 and later joined the United Mine Workers of America., leader of women's labor movement; supported passage of child labor laws; led disfigured child workers to Pres. Roosevelt's house to expose the cruelties of child labor | |
| 610395010 | Florence Kelley | An advocate for improving the lives of women and children. (Social Welfare). She was appointed chief inspector of factories in Illinois. She helped win passage of the Illinois factory act in 1893 which prohibited child labor and limited women's working hours. | |
| 610395012 | Muckraker | Journalist who exposed corruption and other problems of the late 1800s and early 1900s | |
| 610395014 | Ida Tarbell | Muckraker who targeted the unfair practices of big business. Her articles about the standard oil company led to demands for tighter controls on trust. | |
| 610395016 | Upton Sinclair | wrote The Jungle. While intending to reveal the plight of the worker, he revealed the unsanitary conditions where meat was created, which prompting Roosevelt to pass the Meat Inspection Act. | |
| 610395019 | Thomas Nast | political cartoonist who helped arouse public outrage against Tammany Hall's graft, invented "Uncle Sam" and came up with the elephant and the donkey for the political parties. | |
| 610395021 | trustbusting | attempt by Teddy Roosevelt to break up large corporations that were harmful to the public using the Sherman Anti-Trust Act | |
| 610395023 | conservation | the preservation and wise use of natural resources, supported by Teddy Roosevelt | |
| 610395025 | municipal reforms | reforms proposed by progressives at the city level against political bosses, against political machines, included commission form of government to successfully take control of utilities from monopolies in some cities | |
| 610395027 | direct primary | a primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office | |
| 610395029 | initiative | a bill originated by the people rather than lawmakers | |
| 610395031 | referendum | process by which people vote directly on a bill | |
| 610395032 | recall | Procedure for submitting to popular vote the removal of officials from office before the end of their term. | |
| 610410293 | suffrage | The right to vote | |
| 610410294 | Alice Paul | women's suffrage leader who helped form the National Woman's Party | |
| 610410295 | Carrie Chapman Catt | president of NAWSA, who led the campaign for woman suffrage during Wilson's administration | |
| 610410296 | Meat Inspection Act | a law, enacted in 1906, that established strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackers and created a federal meat-inspection program | |
| 610410297 | Pure Food and Drug Act | Halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling | |
| 610766548 | Sixteenth Amendment | gave congress the power to tax people's incomes | |
| 610766549 | Seventeenth Amendment | Progressive measure that required U.S. senators to be elected directly by the people rather than by state legislatures | |
| 610766550 | Eighteenth Amendment | prohibition- Banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol | |
| 610766551 | Nineteenth Amendment | granted women the right to vote in 1920, women's suffrage | |
| 610766552 | NAACP | founded in 1909 to work for racial equality, led by W.E.B. Debois | |
| 610766553 | W.E.B. Du Bois | African American who believed Blacks should fight segregation; pushed for higher education opportunities for Blacks to achieve economic independence; helped to found the NAACP | |
| 610766554 | Theodore Roosevelt | became president after McKinley's assassination, reelected in 1904; Republican; Rough Rider, "trust buster," conservationist, progressive known for "Square Deal", Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Big Stick Diplomacy, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War, ran for president again in 1912 as a Bull Moose candidate | |
| 610766555 | William Howard Taft | 27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests, Taft fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term., promoted "dollar diplomacy" to expand foreign investments, (1908-1912) | |
| 610766556 | Woodrow Wilson | 28th president of the United States, Democrat known for his progressive program New Freedom and his foreign policy program Moral Diplomacy. He created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs (Underwood Act), women's suffrage (reluctantly), World War I leadership, Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize, | |
| 610766557 | Bull Moose Party | Nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to support Roosevelt in the election of 1912, The party wanted tariff reduction, women's suffrage, higher corporate regulation and a child labor ban, a federal compensation for workers, and several other platforms. | |
| 610766558 | election of 1912 | this presidential election featured Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) vs. Teddy Roosevelt (Progressive) vs. William H Taft (Republican) vs. Eugene Debs (Socialist); Wilson wins the election 435-96 electorally | |
| 610781910 | Imperialism | A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically. | |
| 610781911 | Causes of U.S. Imperialism | Desire for military strength. Desires for raw materials/new markets. The U.S needed to expand it's market due to a surplus of goods. Belief in cultural superiority. | |
| 610781912 | jingoism | extreme patriotism; favoring an aggressive, warlike foreign policy, Aggressive nationalism | |
| 610781913 | military expansion | The US wanted a strong military that would have the most powerful weapons. Being economically ahead also meant having a stronger military to secure the transportation of goods and to be ready to fight in disputes., tied to the ideas of social darwinism and nationalism, we must compete with british and germans | |
| 610781914 | Social Darwinism | The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion | |
| 610781915 | yellow journalism | Term given to sensationalist newspaper writing, exemplified by that of Hearst and Pulitzer when they were attempting to garner support for war with Spain | |
| 610781916 | annexation of Hawaii | U.S. wanted Hawaii for business and so Hawaiian sugar could be sold in the U.S. duty free, Queen Liliuokalani opposed so Sanford B. Dole overthrew her in 1893, William McKinley convinced Congress to annex Hawaii in 1898 | |
| 610781917 | Spanish-American War | 1898 conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported Cubans' fight for indepedence. started because of yellow journalism, the De Lome letter, and the explosion of U.S.S. Maine |
