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AP Literature - Key Terminology Flashcards

Key terms in AP English Literature and Composition from the Kaplan study guide.

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672198745allegorya prose or poetic narrative in which the characters, behavior, or setting demonstrate multiple levels of meaning or significance
672198746alliterationthe sequential repetition of a similar initial sound
672198747allusiona reference to a literary or historical event, person, or place
672198748anapestica metrical foot in poetry that consists of two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed one: "Twas the NIGHT before CHRISTmas"
672198749anaphorathe regular repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases or clauses
672198750anecdotea brief story or tale told by a character in a piece of literature
672198751antagonistany character or force that is in opposition to the main character, or protagonist
672198752antithesisthe juxtaposition of sharply contrasting ideas in balanced or parallel words
672198753apostrophean address or invocation to something that is inanimate
672198754archetypesrecurrent designs, patterns of action, character types, themes, or images which are identifiable in a wide range of literature
672198755assonancea repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds
672198756asyndetona style in which conjunctions are omitted
672198757attitudethe sense expressed by the tone of voice and/or mood of a piece of writing
672198758ballada narrative poem that is, or originally was, meant to be sung
672198759ballad stanzaa common stanza form, consisting of a quatrain (stanza of four lines) that alternates four-beat (iambic tetrameter) and three-beat (iambic trimeter) lines: "In SCARlet TOWN where I was BORN/ there LIVED a FAIR maid DWELLin'"
672198760blank versethe verse form that most resembles common speech, consisting of unrhymed lines in iambic pentameter
672198761caesuraa pause in a line of verse, indicated by natural speech patterns rather than specific metrical patterns
672198762caricaturea depiction in which a character's characteristics or features are so deliberately exaggerated as to render them absurd
672198763chiasmusa figure of speech by which the order of the terms in the first of two parallel clauses is reversed in the second: "Pleasure is a sin, and sometimes sin's a pleasure."
672198764colloquialordinary language, the vernacular
672198765conceita comparison of two unlikely things that is drawn out within a piece of literature, particularly a piece of extended metaphor within a poem
672198766connotationwhat is suggested by a word, apart from what it implicitly describes
672198767consonancethe repetition of a sequence of two or more consonants, but with a change in the intervening vowels: "pitter-patter, pish-posh"
672198768couplettwo rhyming lines of iambic pentameter that together present a single idea or connections: "So long as men can breathe or eyes can see/So long lives this and this gives life to thee."
681376620dactylica metrical foot in poetry consisting of two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable: "Everywhere, everywhere, Christmas tonight."
681376621denotationa direct or specific meaning, often referred to as the dictionary meaning of a word
681376622dialectthe language and speech idiosyncrasies of a specific area, region, or group of people
681376623dictionthe specific word choice an author uses to persuade or convey tone
681376624dramatic monologuea monologue set in a specific situation and spoken to an imaginary audience; soliloquy
681376625elegya poetic lament upon the death of a particular person, usually ending in consolation
681376626enjambmentthe continuation of a sentence from one line or couplet of a poem to the next
681376627epica poem that celebrates, in a continuous narrative, the achievements of mighty heroes and heroines, often concerned with the founding of a nation or developing of a culture
681376628expositionthat part of the structure that sets the scene, introduces or identifies characters, and establishes the situation at the beginning of a story or play
681376629extended metaphora detailed or complex metaphor that extends over a long section of a work, also known as a conceit
681376630fablea legend or short story often using animals as characters
681376631falling actionthat part of plot structure in which the complications of the rising action are untangled; also known as the denouement
681376632farcea play or scene in a play or book that is characterized by broad humor, wild antics, and often slapstick or physical jokes
681376633flashbackretrospection, where an earlier event is inserted into the normal chronology of the narrative
681376634foreshadowingto hint at or to present an indication of the future beforehand
681376635formal dictionlanguage that is lofty, dignified, and impersonal
681376636free versepoetry that is characterized by varying line lengths, lack of traditional meter, and non-rhyming lines
681376637genrea type or class of literature such as epic or narrative poetry or belles lettres
681376638hyperboleoverstatement characterized by exaggerated language
681376639iambica metrical foot in poetry that consists of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable: "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?/Thou art more lovely and more temperate."
681376640idylla short poem describing a country or pastoral scene, praising the simplicity of rustic life
681376641imageryany sensory detail or invocation in a work; also, the use of figurative language to evoke a feeling, call to mind an idea, or describe and object
681376642informal dictionlanguage that is not as lofty or impersonal as formal diction; similar to everyday speech
681376643in medias res"in the midst of things"; refers to opening a story in the middle of the action, necessitating filling in past details by exposition or flashback
681376644ironya situation or statement characterized by significant difference between what is expected or understood and what actually happens or is meant
681376645jargonspecialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group
681376646juxtapositionthe location of one thing as being adjacent or juxtaposed with another, to create a certain effect
681376647limited point of viewa perspective confined to a single character, whether a first person or a third person
681376648litotea figure of speech that emphasizes its subject by conscious understatement: "Last week I saw a woman flayed and you would hardly believe how it altered her appearance for the worse."
681376649loose sentencea sentence grammatically complete and usually stating its main idea before the end
681376650lyricoriginally designated poems meant to be sung to the accompaniment of a lyre; now any short poem in which the speaker expresses intense personal emotion rather than describing a narrative or dramatic situation
681376651messagea misleading term for theme; the central statement or idea of a story, misleading because it suggests a simple, packaged statement that pre-exists and for the simple communication of which the story was written
681376652metaphorone thing pictured as if it were something else, suggesting a likeness or analogy between them
681376653meterthe more or less regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry
681376654metonymya figure of speech in which an attribute or commonly associated feature is used to name or designate something: "The White House announced today," "The pen is mightier than the sword."
681376655mooda feeling or ambiance resulting from the tone of the piece as well as the writer/narrator's attitude and point of view
681376656motifa recurrent device, formula, or situation that often serves as a signal for the appearance of a character or event
681376657narrative structurea textual organization based on sequences of connected events, usually presented in a straightforward, chronological framework
681376658narratorthe character who "tells" the story, or in poetry, the persona
681376659occasional poema poem written about or for a specific occasion, public or private
681376660odea lyric poem that is somewhat serious in subject and treatment, is elevated in style, and sometimes uses elaborate stanza structure, which is often patterned in sets of three; often written to praise or exalt a person, quality, characteristic, or object
681376661omniscient point of viewalso called unlimited focus; a perspective that can be seen from one character's view, then another's, then another's and can be moved at any time
681376662onomatopoeiaa word capturing or approximating the sound of what it describes: "buzz," "clank"
683212383overstatementexaggerated language also called hyperbole
683212384oxymorona figure of speech that combines to apparently contradictory elements: "jumbo shrimp," "deafening silence"
683212385parablea short fictional story that illustrates an explicit moral lesson through the use of analogy
683212386paradoxa statement that seems contradictory but may actually be true: "fight for peace"
683212387parallel structurethe use of similar forms in writing for nouns, verbs, phrases, or thoughts: "Jane likes reading, writing, and skiing," NOT "Martha takes notes quickly, thoroughly, and in a detailed manner."
683212388parodya work that imitates another work for comic effect by exaggerating the style and changing the content of the original
683212389pastorala work that describes the simple life of country folk, usually shepherds who live a timeless, painless life in a world full of beauty, music, and love; also called an eclogue, a bucolic, or and idyll
683212390periodic sentencea sentence that is not grammatically complete until the end: "The child, who looked as if she were being chased by demons, ran."
683212391personificationtreating an abstraction or nonhuman object as if it were a person by endowing it with human qualities
683212392personathe voice or figure of the author who tells and structures the story and who may or may not share the values of the actual author (e.g. adult Scout in 'To Kill a Mockingbird,' Watson in 'Sherlock Holmes')
683212393Petrarchan sonneta sonnet form that divides the poem into one section of eight lines (octave) and a second section of six lines (sestet) usually following the abba abba cde cde rhyme scheme; also called an Italian sonnet
683212394plotthe arrangement of the narration based on the cause-effect relationship of the events
683212395protagonistthe main character in a work, who may or may not be heroic
683212396quatraina poetic stanza of four lines
683212397realismthe practice in literature of attempting to describe nature and life without idealism and with attention to detail
683212398refraina repeated stanza or line(s) in a poem or song
683212399rhetorical questiona question that is simply asked for stylistic effect and is not expected to be answered
683212400rhymethe repetition of the same or similar sounds, most often at the ends of lines
683212401rhythmthe modulation of weak and strong elements in the flow of speech
683212402rising actionthe development of action in a work, usually at the beginning
683212403sarcasma form of verbal irony in which apparent praise is actually harshly or bitterly critical
683212404satirea literary work that holds up human failings to ridicule and censure
683212405scansionthe analysis of verse to show its meter
683212406settingthe time and place of the action in a story, poem, or play
683212407Shakespearean sonneta sonnet form that divides the poem into three units of four lines each and a final unit of two lines, usually abab cdcd efef gg; also called an English sonnet
683212408shaped verseanother name for concrete poetry, poetry that is shaped to look like an object
683212409similea direct, explicit comparison of one thing to another, using the words 'like' or 'as'
683212410soliloquya monologue in which the character in a play is alone and speaking only to himself or herself
683212411speakerthe person, not necessarily the author, who is the voice of a poem
683212412stanzaa section of a poem demarcated by extra line spacing
683212413couplettwo-line stanza
683212414tercetthree-line stanza
683212415quatrainfour-line stanza
683212416cinquainfive-line stanza
683212417sestetsix-line stanza
683212418heptatichseven-line stanza
683212419octaveeight-line stanza
683212420stereotypea characterization based on conscious or unconscious assumptions that some aspect, such as gender, age, ethnic or national identity, religion, occupation, marital status, and so on, are predictable accompanied by certain character traits, action, and even values
683212421Everyman charactermain character that actually represents all people
683212422stock charactercharacter who appears in a number of stories or plays such as the cruel stepmother, the femme fatale, etc.
683212423structurethe organization or arrangement of the various elements in a work
683212424stylea distinctive manner of expression
683212425symbola person, place, thing, event, or pattern in a literary work that designates itself and at the same time figuratively represents or "stands for" something else
683212426synecdochewhen a part is used to signify a whole: "All hands on deck," "He stole five hundred head of longhorns."
683212427syntaxthe way words are put together to form phrases, clauses, and sentences
683212428terza rimaa verse form consisting of three-line stanzas in which the second line of each rhymes with the first and third of the next, in the form ababcb
683212429themea generalized, abstract paraphrase of the inferred central or dominant idea or concern of a work
683212430tonethe attitude a literary work takes toward its subject and theme
683212431tragedya drama in which a character (usually good and noble and of high rank) is brought to a disastrous end in his or her confrontation with a superior force due to a fatal flaw in his or her character
683212432trochaica metrical foot in poetry that is the opposite of iambic, with the first syllable stressed and the second not: "BY the SHORES of GITCHee GUMee,/BY the SHINing BIG-Sea-WATer"
683212433turning pointthe third part of plot structure, the point at which the action stops rising and begins falling or reversing; also called the climax
683212434villanellea verse form consisting of 19 lines divided into six stanzas - five tercets and one quatrain; the first and third lines of the first tercet rhyme, and this rhyme is repeated through each of the next four tercets and in the last two lines of the concluding quatrain
683212435voicethe acknowledged or unacknowledged source of the words of the story; the "person" telling the story or poem
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Cold War Flash Cards Flashcards

Flash Cards for the cold war test.

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763081955Communisman economic system in which the central government directs all major economic decisions
763081956Bolshevik RevolutionThe overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life.
763081957Joseph StalinRussian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)
763081958the Treaty of Brest-Litovskended Russian participation in World War I
763081959Truman DoctrinePresident Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology
763081960Containment Policyestablished by the Truman administration in 1947 to contain Soviet influence to what it was at the end of World War II.
763081961Domino Theorythe political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control
763081962Marshall Plana United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)
763081963Turkey and GreeceAre satellite nations that are close enough to the Soviet Union that they could bomb the Soviets if the United States were attacked
763081964NATOan international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security
763081965Warsaw Pacttreaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania
763081966United Nationsan organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security
763081967Communist Chinaa communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia
763081968Mao ZedongChinese communist leader (1893-1976)
763081969Koreaan Asian peninsula (off Manchuria) separating the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan
763081970North Koreaa communist country in the northern half of the Korean Peninsula
763081971South Koreaa republic in the southern half of the Korean Peninsula
76308197238th Parallelline of latitude that separated North and South Korea
763081973June 1950Korean War Begins
763081974UN Security Councila body of 5 great powers (which can veto resolutions) and 10 rotating member states, which makes decisions about international peace and security including the dispatch of UN peacekeeping forces
763081975UN Security ForceIt was a force to help a nation keep its independence 80% of this force was American troops
763081976General Douglas MacArthurHe was one of the most-known American military leaders of WW2(He liberated the Phillipines and made the Japanese surrender at Tokyo in 1945, also he drove back North Korean invaders during the Korean War)
763081977EisenhowerPromised during his campaign that he would stop sending troops to Korea but he instead escalated the number of troops
763081978DMZ Zone"No Man's Land" along the 38th parallel, separates North and South Korea
763081979McCarthy EraJoseph McCarthy (a senator) started a scare that there were 205 State Department employees who were communist members; got a lot of people in businesses questioned and fired
763081980Ethel and Julius Rosenbergwere American communists who were executed after having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage. The charges were in relation to the passing of information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. Theirs was the first execution of civilians for espionage in United States history
763081981Cubaa communist state in the Caribbean on the island of Cuba
763081982Alger Hissa former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.
763081983Fidel CastroCuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)
763081984Communist CubaFidel Castro
763081985JFK35th President of the United States
763081986Cuban Missile CrisisAn international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later.
763081987Bay of Pigs Invasionfailed invasion of Cuba in 1961 when a force of 1,200 Cuban exiles, backed by the United States, landed at the Bay of Pigs.
763081988Alliance for Progress(JFK) 1961,, a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems, money used to aid big business and the military
763081989Peace Corps(JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America
763081990Organization of American StatesFormed in 1948 to promote democracy, economic cooperation, & human rights; Members pledged not to interfere with one another; The US often dominated this organization
763081991Vietnama prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States
763081992South Vietnama former country in southeastern Asia that existed from 1954 (after the defeat of the French at Dien Bien Phu) until 1975 when it was defeated and annexed by North Vietnam
763081993North Vietnama former country in southeastern Asia that existed from 1954 (after the defeat of the French at Dien Bien Phu) until 1975 when South Vietnam collapsed at the end of the Vietnam War
763081994Ho Chi MinhVietnamese communist statesman who fought the Japanese in World War II and the French until 1954 and South vietnam until 1975 (1890-1969)
763081995Diemleader of South Vietnam, 1954-1963; supported by United States, but not by Vietnamese Buddhist majority; assassinated in 1963
763081996Vietcongthe guerrilla soldiers of the Communist faction in Vietnam, also know as the National Liberation Front
763081997Military Advisersa noncombat specialist who trains and equips another nations soldiers
763081998Gulf of TonkinIncident in 1964 that President Johnson used to justify increased U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. Claim was that two U.S. ships had been attacked.
763081999Tet Offensive1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment
763082000The Age of hippiesThis was were young people did not want to go to war into the draft
763082001LBJ36th President of the United States
763082002RFKJFK's brother and a senator from NY; won California primary and was then assassinated
763082003NixonVice President under Eisenhower and 37th President of the United States
763082004End of Vietnam War1975
763082005Détentethe easing of tensions or strained relations (especially between nations)
763082006SALTnegotiations between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics opened in 1969 in Helsinki designed to limit both countries' stock of nuclear weapons
763082007Reagan40th President of the United States (1911-)
763082008Star WarsPresident Reagan's proposed weapons system to destroy Soviet missiles from space.
763082009Gorbechevcontributed to end of cold war and soviet system with the two principals, perestroika and glasnost. also brought down the berlin wall.
763082010The fall of CommunismUSSR loses power for two reasons: U.S. builds arms and USSR cannot keep up; and satellite Communist governments collapse (Poland, Czech., Yugo., Rumania, East Germany).
763082011Soviet Uniona former communist country in eastern Europe and northern Asia
763082012United Statesthe executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States
763082013Democracya political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
763082014Cold WarA conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.
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AP Psychology Crash Course Key Terms Flashcards

All the key terms from the AP Psychology Crash Course by Larry Krieger.

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775493844Behavioral PerspectivePerspective emphasizing observable behavior that can be objectively measured.
775493845Humanistic PerspectivePerspective emphasizing the importance of self-esteem and free will.
775493846Psychodynamic PerspectivePerspective emphasizing the role of unconscious conflicts and drives in determining behavior and personality.
775493847Cognitive PerspectivePerspective emphasizing thinking, perceiving, and information processing.
775493848Biological PerspectivePerspective emphasizing genetics, the roles of parts of the brain, and the structure and function of individual nerve cells.
775493849Evolutionary PerspectivePerspective emphasizing natural selection and adaptation in the evolution of behavior and mental processes.
775493850Experimental MethodProcedure involving manipulation of variables to determine cause and effect.
775493851Independent VariableThe factor that is manipulated.
775493852Dependent VariableThe factor that is affected by the independent variable, and is measured by the experimenter.
775493853Experimental GroupGroup that is exposed to the independent variable.
775493854Control GroupGroup exposed to all variables except independent, and is used for comparison.
775493855Confounding VariablesVariables that have an unwanted influence on the outcome of an experiment.
775493856Double Blind StudyA procedure in which neither the researcher nor the participant knows which group is the experimental group. Reduces both participant and experimenter bias.
775493857Case StudyAn in-depth examination of a single research participant, or a small group of participants.
775493858Correlation ResearchResearch to find the extent to which to variables may predict one another.
775493859Correlation CoefficientFrom -1.00 to +1.00 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. The closer to -1.00 or +1.00 the correlation coefficient, the stronger the relationship.
775493860MeanThe statistical average in a distribution.
775493861MedianThe middle number in a distribution.
775493862ModeMost occurring score in a distribution.
775493863Standard DeviationA measure of how much the scores vary around the mean.
775493864Normal DistributionA bell-shaped curve, where 68% of scores are in one standard deviation.
775493865Positively Skewed DistributionContains a preponderance of scores on the low end of the scale, and moves the mean higher up on the scale.
775493866Negatively Skewed DistributionContains a preponderance of scores on the high end of the scale, and moves the mean down on the scale.
775493867P-ValueA measure of statistical significance. The lower, the more likely the results of an experiment did not occur simply chance.
775493868NeuronA nerve cell responsible for receiving and transmitting information in electrical and chemical forms. They are the fundamental building blocks of the nervous system.
775493869Myelin SheathA white, fatty covering wrapped around the axons of some neurons, increasing the rate at which nerve impulses travel.
775493870Action PotentialA brief electrical impulse by which info is transmitted along the axon of a neuron.
775493871All-Or-Nothing LawThe principle that either a neuron is sufficiently stimulated and an action potential occurs or a neuron is not sufficiently stimulated an an action potential does not occur.
775493872EndorphinsChemical substances in the nervous system that reduce perception of pain.
775493873NeurotransmittersChemical transmitters manufactured by a neuron.
775493874Sympathetic Nervous SystemBranch of the autonomic system that produces rapid physical arousal in response to emergency.
775493875Parasympathetic Nervous SystemBranch of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body.
775493876HypothalamusBrain structure under the thalamus that helps control hormones and regulates hunger and thirst.
775493877Cerebral CortexA thin surface layer on the cerebral hemispheres that regulates complex behavior, like higher mental processes such as decision making.
775493878Cerebral HemispheresThe nearly symmetrical left and right halves of the cerebral cortex.
775493879Corpus CallosumConnects the left and right hemispheres of the brain.
775493880AmygdalaAn almond-shaped part of the limbic system linked aggression and fear.
775493881HippocampusCurved part of the limbic system involved in learning and forming memories.
775493882Absolute ThresholdThe minimum amount of stimulus which can be detected 50 percent of the time.
775493883Sensory AdaptationThe decline in sensitivity to a constant stimulus.
775493884TransductionThe process by which sensory receptors convert the incoming physical energy of stimuli, such as light waves, into neural impulses.
775493885Gate-Control TheoryTheory that explains how the nervous system blocks or allows pain signals to pass to the brain.
775493886RodsPhotoreceptors responsible for peripheral and black-and-white vision.
775493887ConesPhotoreceptors responsible for color vision and fine detail.
775493888Blind-SpotPoint at the back of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye.
775493889CochleaThe coiled, snail-shaped structure in the inner ear containing receptors for hearing.
775493890Circadian RhythmBiological processes that systematically vary over a period of about 24 hours.
775493891REM SleepType of sleep where dreams usually occur. Often called paradoxical sleep, it is characterized by active eye movements and paralysis.
775493892HypnosisA trancelike state of heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation, and intense focus.
775493893DissociationThe splitting of consciousness into two or more simultaneous streams of mental activity.
775493894Classical ConditioningThe learning process that occurs when a previously neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
775493895Unconditioned StimulusAn unlearned stimulus.
775493896Unconditioned ResponseAn unlearned response.
775493897Neutral StimulusA stimulus that produces no conditioned response prior to learning.
775493898Conditioned StimulusThe learned stimulus.
775493899Conditioned ResponseThe learned response.
775493900ExtinctionThe gradual weakening of a conditioned behavior.
775493901Stimulus GeneralizationOccurs when stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus elicit the same response.
775493902Stimulus DiscrimintationThe ability to distinguish between two similar stimulus.
775493903Operant ConditioningA learning process in which behavior is shaped an maintained by consequences.
775493904ReinforcementStrengthens a response, making it more likely to occur.
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Developmental Psychology Flashcards

terms that I didn't think I knew as well from the chapter

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774681486naturegenetic factors
774681487nurtureenvironmental factors
774681488cross sectionaluses participants of different ages to compare how certain variables change over the life span
774681489longitudinalexamines one group of participants over time
774681490teratogenschemicals that can cause harm to the fetus if contracted or ingested by the mother. ex. alcohol, drug use (like cocaine) can cause the baby to be addicted to drugs and the withdrawal symptoms can kill the baby
774681491fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)Children with alcoholic mothers who drink heavily during pregnancy are at risk for this. Small, malformed skulls and mental retardation
774681492reflexspecific, inborn, automatic responses to certain specific stimuli
774681493rooting reflexbabies seek to put objects they have perceived in their mouths
774681494sucking reflexwhen an object is placed into a babies mouth, the baby will suck on it
774681495grasping reflexif an object is placed into a baby's palm or foot pad, the baby will try to grasp the object with her fingers or toes
774681496moro reflexwhen startled, a baby will fling his or her arms out and then quickly retract them, making himself or herself as small as possible
774681497babinski reflexwhen a baby's foot is stroked, she will spread her toes
774681498Konrad Lorenzestablished some infant animals (i.e. geese) imprint (become attached) to individuals or even objects they see after birth
774681499attachmentreciprocal relationship between caregiver and child
774681500Diana Baumrindthe developmental psychologist who researched parent-child interactions and described three overall categories of parenting styles
774681501authoritarian parentshigh expectations, low warmth. children are more likely to distrust others and be withdrawn from peers.
774681502permissive parentslow expectations, high warmth. children are more likely to have emotional control problems and are more dependent.
774681503authoritative parentshigh expectations, high warmth. most desirable and beneficial home environment. children are most socially capable and perform better academically.
774681504continuityhumans develop at a steady rate from birth to death. controversy around this
774681505discontinuityhumans develop in fits, starts with some periods of rapid development and some with very little change. controversy around this.
774681506Lev Vygotskyconcept of "zone of proximal development" which is the range of tasks the child can perform independently and the tasks a child needs assistance with
774681507psychosexual stagesdifferent stages in childhood. not intercourse, but how we get sensual pleasure from the world
774681508fixatedthis could happen to people with a psychosexual stage if they fail to resolve a significant conflict during one of those stages. this means we would become preoccupied with the behaviors associated with that stage
774681509oral stageinfants seek pleasure through their mouths. babies tend to put everything they can grab into their mouths. people fixated at this stage might overeat, smoke, or have a childlike dependence on things or people.
774681510anal stagedevelops during toilet training. if conflict around this stage occurs, a person might fixate by being overly controlling or out of control
774681511phallic stagebabies realize their gender and this causes conflict in the family. oedipus complex vs. electra complex. fixation in this stage could cause later problems in relationships.
774681512oedipus complexwhen boys resent their father's relationship with their mother
774681513electra complexthe oedipus complex for girls
774681514latency stageafter the phallic stage, Frued thought children go through a period of calm between the ages of six and puberty. low psychosexual anxiety
774681515genital stagewhere they remain for the rest of their lives. focus of sexual pleasure is in the genitals. fixation in this stage is normal
774681516Erik Eriksona neo-Fruedian. developed his own stage theory of development. psychosocial stage theory (thought our personality was influenced by our experiences with others)
774681517trust versus mistrustbabies learn whether or not they can trust that the world provides for their needs. trust their caregivers.
774681518autonomy versus shame and doubttoddlers learn to exert their will/control over their own bodies. ex. potty training, controlling temper tantrums. most popular word=no! which is they can control themselves and others. can then control our own body and emotional reactions during rest of social challenges.
774681519initiative versus guiltnatural curiousity about our surroundings. favorite word changes from "no!" to "why?"
774681520industry versus inferioritybeginning of our formal education. first time producing work that is evaluated. we feel competent if we are as good at things as other children and feel inferior if we are worse.
774681521identity versus role confusiondiscovering what social identity we feel most comfortable with in adolescence. might try different roles before finding the one that best fits internal sense of self. try to fit into groups to feel confident about identity. should try to find stable sense of self or risk having identity crisis later in life
774681522intimacy versus isolationyoung adults must figure out how to balance their ties and efforts between work and relationships.
774681523generativity versus stagnationwant to make sure we are creating the right kind of life for us and out families. may try to change our lives/identities if things are not going to plan
774681524integrity versus despairwe look back on our accomplishments and decide if we're satisfied with them or not. if our lives were meaningful, we can offer wisdom and insight. if we have regrets we may fall into despair about missed opportunities.
774681525information processing modelcontemporary to Piaget's model. our abilities to memorize, interpret, and gradually perceive gradually develop as we age rather than developing in distinct stages
774681526Lawrence KohlbergStudied how our reasoning with ethical situations changed over our lives. asked children an ethical question and studied the responses
774681527Carol GilliganFeminist critic of Kohlberg. Said girls might have different moral responses based on the situation and the relationship of the people involved than the boys who would always have a clear answer to it.
774681528biopsychological theorymore subtle biological gender differences (not the obvious ones) ex. women have larger corpus callosums than men
774681529psychodynamic theoryFrued's perspective. Proper gender development occurs when child realizes she/he cannot beat their same sex parent and identifies with them instead
774681530social-cognitive theorystudies the effects of society and our own thoughts about gender have on role development. ex. boys are encouraged to rough play more than girls
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Dem. Republic vs. Federlist Flashcards

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470595623Thomas JeffersonDem. Republic
470595624James MadisonDem. Republic
470595625For state banksDem. Republic
470595626Anti national bankDem. Republic
470595627South, southwest, and back countryDem. Republic
470595628Supported the Kentucky VA resolutionsDem. Republic
470595629States rightsDem. Republic
470595630Promoted westward expansionDem. Republic
470595631Pro frenchDem. Republic
470595632rule by the poorer massesDem. Republic
470595633strict construction constitutional interpretationDem. Republic
470595634Pro agricultureDem. Republic
470595635Alexander HamiltonFed
470595636John AdamsFed
470595637pro national bankFed
470595638seacoast and costal citiesFed
470595639created the alien and sedition actFed
470595640strong federal gov'tFed
470595641against westward expansionFed
470595642Pro BritishFed
470595643rule by upper classFed
470595644loose constitutional interpretationFed
470595645pro manufacturingFed
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Exchange Rates Flashcards

A Q & A on Exchange Rates

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436366074What is an exchange rate?It is the value of one currency expressed in terms of another currency, e.g. 1 pound = $1.50.
436366075Where are currencies exchanged?On the Foreign Exchange Market.
436366076Who trades currencies on the foreign exchange market?Governments, central banks, private commercial banks, MNCs etc.
436366077What is an exchange rate regime?This is the way that a country manages its exchange rates.
436366078There are three major types of exchange rate regime. What are these?Fixed, Floating and Managed
436366079What is a fixed exchange rate?A Fixed exchange rate is an exchange rate system where a currency's value is matched (or pegged) to the value of another single currency, a basket of currencies or to another measurable value (Gold).
436366080In a fixed exchange rate regime, who actually decides the value and then maintains it?The government or the central bank.
436366081If the value of the currency in a fixed exchange rate regime is raised, we say that this is a ________ or if it is lowered then we say it is a __________?revaluation of the currency and devaluation of the currency.
436366082How is a fixed exchange rate maintained?This is done by the government on the foreign exchange market. They actually buy and sell their own currency.
436366083How can a government buy up their own currency? What will the use?They use previously amassed reserves of foreign currencies.
436366084If, in a fixed exchange rate regime, the value of the currency is increase due to too much demand what can a governement do?They would sell their own currency on the foreign exchange market which would result in an increase in their reserves of foreign currencies.
436366085What is a floating exchange rate?This is an exchange rate regime where the value of a currency is allowed to be determined solely by the demand for and supply of the currency on the foreign exchange market.
436366086In a floating regime do governments intervene at all to control the exchange rate.No, it is left totally up to the market.
436366087How is the price of a currency decided upon in a floating system?Through the interaction of supply and demand. The equilibrium point sets the price and quantity.
436366088If the value of a currency in a floating exchange rate regime rises, we say that there has been a ____________ and if it falls we say there has been a ______________. What are the missing words here?Appreciation and depreciation.
436366089If the $ becomes stronger then we say that the purchasing power of the dollar has ___________.Risen, which means that a given number of $s will buy more goods from the trading partner with the 'other' currency.
436366090What would you expect to happen to the $ if lots of Australians wish to travel to Europe for their holidays.The supply of the $ would increase as Australians buy Euros. As a result, the $ would depreciate and the Euro would appreciate.
436366091What would you expect to happen to the $ if lots of Australians purchase imports from Europe.The supply of the $ would increase as Australians buy Euros to pay for the imports. As a result, the $ would depreciate and the Euro would appreciate.
436366092What would you expect to happen to the $ if lots of European firms invest in Australia (FDI or portfolio investment).The demand of the $ would increase as firms in Europe purchase the currency to invest in Australia. As a result, the $ would appreciate and the Euro would depreciate.
436366093What would you expect to happen to the $ if lots of Europeans save their money in Australian banks due to high interest rates.The demand of the $ would increase as Europeans purchase the currency to save in Australian banks. As a result, the $ would appreciate and the Euro would depreciate.
436366094What would you expect to happen to the $ if Australia is experiencing much lower inflation than its trading partners.The $ would appreciate as the demand for Australian exports increases (because they are cheaper) and foreigners need to purchase the $ to pay for the exports.
436366095What is a managed exchange rate?In reality, most, if not all, exchange rates in the world are 'managed' in some way. This is a regime where the currency is allowed to float, but within 'acceptable boundaries. If the exchange rate is looking like it is in danger of drifting outside these boundaries then the government/central bank will step in.
436366096What are some possible advantages of a high exchange rate?1. Downward pressure on inflation due to 'cheaper' imports. 2. More imports can be bought. 3. Forces domestic producers to be more efficient so they are able to compete with cheap imports.
436366097What are some possible disadvantages of a high exchange rate?1. Damage to domestic export industry. 2. Damage to non-exporting domestic industry (due to cheaper imports of raw materials and component parts).
436366098What are some possible advantages of a low exchange rate?1. Greater employment in export industries due to exports being cheap. 2. Greater employment in domestic industries as imports are now too expensive and therefore demand shifts to domestic firms.
436366099What are some possible disadvantages of a low exchange rate?1. Inflation due to imports of raw materials and component parts increasing in price. This will make the final products more expensive.
436369923What should the government do to interest rates if they wish to raise the value of a their currency?They would raise them which would increase the demand for financial investments from abroad. This would result in the value of the currency increasing due to the increased demand for it.
436369924Why might a fixed exchange rate be more preferable for businesses?Because this then provides them with more stability when trading internationally. They can agree prices in contracts and know they will receive that price.
436427454What are some disadvantages of a fixed exchange rate?1. Lose interest rate option to control the domestic economy as it needs to be used to control the exchange rates. 2. Country needs to hold large amounts of foreign currency reserves. 3. It is not a simple task. 4. If fixed artificially low then this may hamper international relations.
436427455What are some advantages of a fixed exchange rate?1. Reduces uncertainty for businesses. 2. Makes governments keep inflation low as with a fixed ER high inflation would be really problematic.
436427456What are some advantages of a floating exchange rate?1. Interest rates can be used to control the domestic economy. 2. Should help to ensure a current account balance as it should sort itself out automatically. 3. No need to hold large amounts of foreign reserves.
436427457What are some disadvantages of a floating exchange rate?Difficult to businesses operating internationally.
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Pre-AP Spanish I - vocab 5 all Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
727784829la familiafamily
727784830los abuelosgrandparents
727784831los padresparents
727784832la mamá / la madremother
727784833el papá / el padrefather
727784834el tío / la tíauncle / aunt
727784835los hermanossiblings
727784836el hermanobrother
727784837la hermanasister
727784838el hermanastrostepbrother
727784839la hermanastrastepsister
727784840el padrastrostepfather
727784841la madrastrastepmother
727784842el / la primo / acousin(s)
727784843los hijoschildren/sons
727784844el hijo / la hijason / daughter
727784845el esposo / la esposahusband / wife
727784846el bisabuelo / la bisabuelagreat-grandfather / great-grandmother
727784847el nieto / la nietagrandson / granddaughter
727784848el sobrino / la sobrinanephew / niece
727784849el / la bebébaby
727784850el cuñado / la cuñadabrother-in-law / sister-in-law
727784851el novio / la noviaboyfriend / girlfriend
727784852el apellidolast name
727784853el apodonickname
727784854las mascotaspets
727784855el conejorabbit
727784856el perrodog
727784857el gatocat
727784858el pezfish
727784859la tortugaturtle
727784860la serpientesnake
727784861la luz (las luces)light (s)
727784862la florflower
727784863los globosballoons
727784864los dulcescandies
727784865las fotosphotos
727784866la cámaracamera
727784867sacar fotosto take photos
727784868celebrarto celebrate
727784869decorarto decorate
727784870las decoracionesdecorations
727784871prepararto prepare
727784872romperto break
727784873el cumpleañosbirthday
727784874feliz cumpleañoshappy birthday
727784875el regalogift / present
727784876el pastelcake
727784877la piñatapiñata
727784878ahoranow
727784879qué + adjectivohow...
727784880hazdo / make
727784881la personaperson
727784882el hombre / la mujerman / woman
727784883mayor(es) / menor(es)older / younger
727784884guapohandsome
727784885castañobrown (chestnut)
727784886altotall
727784887bajoshort (stature)
727784888cortoshort (length)
727784889largolong
727784890rubioblonde
727784891pelirrojored-haired
727784892canosogray
727784893viejoold
727784894jovenyoung
727784895calvobald
727784896delgadothin
727784897gordofat
727784898llevar anteojosto wear glasses
727784899la barbabeard
727784900el bigotamustache
727784901las pecasfreckles
727784902el pelo laciostraight hair
727784903el pelo rizadocurly hair
727784904las trenzasbraids
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AP Spanish Vocab Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
775217553abarrotesmall package
775217554abastecimientoprovision
775217555albañilbricklayer
775217556accionistastockholder
775217557accionesstocks
775217558acogerto host/welcome
775217559agradopleasure
775217560albedríofree will
775217561albergarto house/host
775217562ámbitoboundary
775217563ambulantetraveling
775217564aportarto contribute
775217565arrabalesoutskirts
775217566arrastrarto drag
775217567asoladodestroyed, pillaged
775217568ataúdcoffin
775217569balazoshot, bullet wound
775217570bienes raícesreal estate
775217571boatoshow, pomp
775217572bolsa de valoresstock market
775217573brindarto toast
775217574bufetelaw firm
775217575cenizaash
775217576cerraduralock
775217577cifrafigure, number
775217578cobardíacowardice
775217579cóleraanger
775217580cosecharto harvest
775217581dar un saltoto switch over to
775217582delitocrime
775217583demandalaw suit
775217584desparramarto spread
775217586desperdiciowaste
775217588desplomarseto collapse
775217589difundirto publish
775217590discurrirto roam
775217591diseñarto design
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AP Spanish Vocab Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
560093014tamandúaAnteater de Peru
560093015Serafín del platanar/ oso hormiguero sedososilky anteater
560093016ballena cachalotesperm whale
560093017musarañashrew
560093018erizohedgehog
560093019puercoespínporcupine
560093020topomole
560093021colugoflying lemur
560093022mandrilmandrill (mono)
560093023ardillasquirrel
560093024lorisslender loris
560093025potopoto
560093026mono proboscisproboscis monkey
560093027mono titípequeno mono
560093028mono cariblancomono de costa rica
560093029mono arañaspider monkey
560093030martilla o martuchakinkajou
560093031suricatameercat
560093032guepardo/chitacheetah
560093033comadrejaweasel
560093034mofetaskunk
560093035lobowolf
560093036zorrofox
560093037oso pardogrizzly bear
560093038cerdopig
560093039nutrianutria (rat like thing)
560093040coipo/coipúcoypu (rodent)
560093041glotónwolverine
560093042morsawalrus
560093043focaseal
560093044elefante marinosea elephant
560093045oricteropo/ cerdo hormigueroaardvark
560093046manturónmanturon (rodent thing)
560093047lincelynx
560093048cebrazebra
560093049venadodeer
560093050alcemoose
560093051tapirtapir (pig like)
560093052bisontebison
560093053búfalobuffalo
560093054cabragoat
560093055torobull
560094642lémurlemur
560094643leónlion
560094644antílopeantelope
568334065ternero/becerrocalf
568334066camello/ dromedariocamel
568334067vicuñavicuna (llama)
568334068guanacoalpaca el salvador
568334069Jabalíwild boar
568334070hipopótamohippo
568334071delfín amazónicoamazon dolphin
568334072búhoowl
568334073castorbeaver
568334074carpinchocapybara
568334075liebreliebre (rabbit)
568334076pacapaca (rodent)
568334077águilaeagle
568334078patoduck
568334079palomadove
568334080pavoturkey
568334081gallinahen
568334082gallorooster
568334083pollitochick
568334084codornizquail
568334085perdizpartridge
568334086cisneswan
568334087gansogoose
568334088pavo realpeacock
568334089flamencoflamingo
568334090buitrevulture
568348118garzaheron
568348119cigüeñastork
568348120halcónfalcon/hawk
568348121loroparrot
568348122colibríhummingbird
568348123pájaro carpinterowoodpecker
568348124lagartijalizard
568348125caimánalligator
568348126galápagogalapagos turtle
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AP Biology-Chapter 53 and 54 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
770672837Biological Communityis an assemblage of populations of various species living close enough for potential interaction
770672929interspecific interactionsrelationships between species
770672940competition interactionThe interaction can be detrimental to each species
770673041Predation, Herbivory, Parasitism, Disease InteractionThe interaction is beneficial to one species and detrimental to each other
770673055Mutualism InteractionThe interaction is beneficial to each species
770673111Communalism InteractionOne species benefits from the interaction, and the other organism is unaffected by it
770673131Interspecific competitionspecies compete for a limited resource
770673149competitive exclusion principletwo species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist
770673200Ecological nichethe total of a species' use of biotic and abiotic resources
770673264Resource partitioningis differentiation of ecological niches, enabling similar species to coexist in a community
770673281Character displacementcharacteristics are more divergent in sympatric populations of two species than in allopatric populations of the same two species
770673312PredationAn interaction where the predator, kills and eats the prey end A. Feeding adaptions of predators include claws, teeth, fangs, stingers, and poison
770673347HerbivoryHerbivory refers to an interaction in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant or alga. It has led to evolution of plant mechanical and chemical defenses and adaptations by herbivores
770673362ParasitismIn parasitism, the parasite derives nourishment from its host, which is harmed in the process
770673385DiseaseEffects of disease on populations and communities are similar to those of parasites. Pathogens, disease-causing agents, are typically bacteria, viruses, or protists
770673409MutualismMutualistic symbiosis, or mutualism, is an interspecific interaction that benefits both species
770673493commensalismIn commensalism, one species benefits and the other is apparently unaffected
770673526Coevolutionis reciprocal evolutionary adaptations of two interacting species
770673562Species diversity of a communityis the variety of organisms that make up the community
770673582species richnessthe total number of different species in the community
770673639relative abundancethe proportion each species represents of the total individuals in the community
770673656Even Species Abundanceis considered more diverse than one in which one or two species are abundant and the remainder are rare
770673699Evapotranspirationis evaporation of water from soil plus transpiration of water from plants
770673714species-area curveall other factors being equal, a larger geographic area has more species
770673736Trophic structureis the feeding relationships between organisms in a community
770673759A food webis a branching food chain with complex trophic interactions
770673778Food Chain Length: The energetic hypothesisLength is limited by inefficient energy transfer (more on this later)
770673793Food Chain Length: The dynamic stability hypothesisLong food chains are less stable than short ones
770673817Dominant speciesare those that are most abundant or have the highest biomass
770673867Keystone speciesare not necessarily abundant in a community. They exert strong control on a community by their ecological roles, or niches
770673886Ecosystem "Engineers" (Foundation Species)exert influence by causing physical changes in the environment that affect community structure
770673913The top-down modelproposes that control comes from the trophic level above
770674009Bottom up modelcontrol comes from producers
770674043nonequilibrium model-communities constantly changing after being buffeted by disturbances
770674059Intermediate disturbance hypothesismoderate levels of disturbance can foster higher diversity than low levels of disturbance
770674111Ecological successionis the sequence of community and ecosystem changes after a disturbance
770674134Primary successionoccurs where no soil exists when succession begins
770674154Secondary successionbegins in an area where soil remains after a disturbance
770674224An ecosystemconsists of all the organisms living in a community, as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact
770674373Energy flowsthrough an ecosystem, entering as light and exiting as heat
770674390Nutrients cyclewithin an ecosystem
770674451Primary productionthe amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs during a given time period
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