terms that I didn't think I knew as well from the chapter
Terms : Hide Images
| 774681486 | nature | genetic factors | |
| 774681487 | nurture | environmental factors | |
| 774681488 | cross sectional | uses participants of different ages to compare how certain variables change over the life span | |
| 774681489 | longitudinal | examines one group of participants over time | |
| 774681490 | teratogens | chemicals that can cause harm to the fetus if contracted or ingested by the mother. ex. alcohol, drug use (like cocaine) can cause the baby to be addicted to drugs and the withdrawal symptoms can kill the baby | |
| 774681491 | fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) | Children with alcoholic mothers who drink heavily during pregnancy are at risk for this. Small, malformed skulls and mental retardation | |
| 774681492 | reflex | specific, inborn, automatic responses to certain specific stimuli | |
| 774681493 | rooting reflex | babies seek to put objects they have perceived in their mouths | |
| 774681494 | sucking reflex | when an object is placed into a babies mouth, the baby will suck on it | |
| 774681495 | grasping reflex | if an object is placed into a baby's palm or foot pad, the baby will try to grasp the object with her fingers or toes | |
| 774681496 | moro reflex | when startled, a baby will fling his or her arms out and then quickly retract them, making himself or herself as small as possible | |
| 774681497 | babinski reflex | when a baby's foot is stroked, she will spread her toes | |
| 774681498 | Konrad Lorenz | established some infant animals (i.e. geese) imprint (become attached) to individuals or even objects they see after birth | |
| 774681499 | attachment | reciprocal relationship between caregiver and child | |
| 774681500 | Diana Baumrind | the developmental psychologist who researched parent-child interactions and described three overall categories of parenting styles | |
| 774681501 | authoritarian parents | high expectations, low warmth. children are more likely to distrust others and be withdrawn from peers. | |
| 774681502 | permissive parents | low expectations, high warmth. children are more likely to have emotional control problems and are more dependent. | |
| 774681503 | authoritative parents | high expectations, high warmth. most desirable and beneficial home environment. children are most socially capable and perform better academically. | |
| 774681504 | continuity | humans develop at a steady rate from birth to death. controversy around this | |
| 774681505 | discontinuity | humans develop in fits, starts with some periods of rapid development and some with very little change. controversy around this. | |
| 774681506 | Lev Vygotsky | concept of "zone of proximal development" which is the range of tasks the child can perform independently and the tasks a child needs assistance with | |
| 774681507 | psychosexual stages | different stages in childhood. not intercourse, but how we get sensual pleasure from the world | |
| 774681508 | fixated | this could happen to people with a psychosexual stage if they fail to resolve a significant conflict during one of those stages. this means we would become preoccupied with the behaviors associated with that stage | |
| 774681509 | oral stage | infants seek pleasure through their mouths. babies tend to put everything they can grab into their mouths. people fixated at this stage might overeat, smoke, or have a childlike dependence on things or people. | |
| 774681510 | anal stage | develops during toilet training. if conflict around this stage occurs, a person might fixate by being overly controlling or out of control | |
| 774681511 | phallic stage | babies realize their gender and this causes conflict in the family. oedipus complex vs. electra complex. fixation in this stage could cause later problems in relationships. | |
| 774681512 | oedipus complex | when boys resent their father's relationship with their mother | |
| 774681513 | electra complex | the oedipus complex for girls | |
| 774681514 | latency stage | after the phallic stage, Frued thought children go through a period of calm between the ages of six and puberty. low psychosexual anxiety | |
| 774681515 | genital stage | where they remain for the rest of their lives. focus of sexual pleasure is in the genitals. fixation in this stage is normal | |
| 774681516 | Erik Erikson | a neo-Fruedian. developed his own stage theory of development. psychosocial stage theory (thought our personality was influenced by our experiences with others) | |
| 774681517 | trust versus mistrust | babies learn whether or not they can trust that the world provides for their needs. trust their caregivers. | |
| 774681518 | autonomy versus shame and doubt | toddlers learn to exert their will/control over their own bodies. ex. potty training, controlling temper tantrums. most popular word=no! which is they can control themselves and others. can then control our own body and emotional reactions during rest of social challenges. | |
| 774681519 | initiative versus guilt | natural curiousity about our surroundings. favorite word changes from "no!" to "why?" | |
| 774681520 | industry versus inferiority | beginning of our formal education. first time producing work that is evaluated. we feel competent if we are as good at things as other children and feel inferior if we are worse. | |
| 774681521 | identity versus role confusion | discovering what social identity we feel most comfortable with in adolescence. might try different roles before finding the one that best fits internal sense of self. try to fit into groups to feel confident about identity. should try to find stable sense of self or risk having identity crisis later in life | |
| 774681522 | intimacy versus isolation | young adults must figure out how to balance their ties and efforts between work and relationships. | |
| 774681523 | generativity versus stagnation | want to make sure we are creating the right kind of life for us and out families. may try to change our lives/identities if things are not going to plan | |
| 774681524 | integrity versus despair | we look back on our accomplishments and decide if we're satisfied with them or not. if our lives were meaningful, we can offer wisdom and insight. if we have regrets we may fall into despair about missed opportunities. | |
| 774681525 | information processing model | contemporary to Piaget's model. our abilities to memorize, interpret, and gradually perceive gradually develop as we age rather than developing in distinct stages | |
| 774681526 | Lawrence Kohlberg | Studied how our reasoning with ethical situations changed over our lives. asked children an ethical question and studied the responses | |
| 774681527 | Carol Gilligan | Feminist critic of Kohlberg. Said girls might have different moral responses based on the situation and the relationship of the people involved than the boys who would always have a clear answer to it. | |
| 774681528 | biopsychological theory | more subtle biological gender differences (not the obvious ones) ex. women have larger corpus callosums than men | |
| 774681529 | psychodynamic theory | Frued's perspective. Proper gender development occurs when child realizes she/he cannot beat their same sex parent and identifies with them instead | |
| 774681530 | social-cognitive theory | studies the effects of society and our own thoughts about gender have on role development. ex. boys are encouraged to rough play more than girls |
