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C: The Etruscans and Early Rome Flashcards

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164695717Do historians know much about Etruscans and why?no, because none of their major literature survived
164695718Who were the Romans greatly influenced by?Etruscans
164695719What did the Etruscans establish in the Italy Peninsula?the first urban society
164695720What ethinicity were the Etruscans?non-Indo-European people
164695721Where would the the Etruscans come from?may have come originally from Eastern Asia
164695722What did the Etruscans found?a dozen city-states
164695723Where did the Etruscans found a dozen city-states?in central and northen Italy
164695724When did the Etruscans found a dozen city-states in cnetral and norhtern Italy?8th century B.C.E.
164695725How were the Etruscans defined as?They were aggressive chariot warriors and sailors
164695726Who did the Etruscans traded with?They traded with Western Mediterranean Islands from Spain
164695727Why did the Etruscans expand their territory?to include more of Italy and nearby Island of Corsica
164695728When they expanded their territory they increased what contacts?with the Greeks and Phoenicians
164695729Whose alphabetical from did the Etruscans adopted as a writing script?The Greek alphabet
164695730what were the Etruscans known for?mining and working iron ore
164695731What did the Etruscans have to help them mine and work with iron ores?they had excellent iron axe, sickles, and tools
164695732What were the Etruscan women known for?They converse openly with men in public, drove their own chariot, owned real estates and sometimes ran businesses like pottery
164695733Initially what was the relationship between the Roman and the Etruscans?peaceful
164695734How did Rome begun?as a small city-state
164695735Where did Rome begun as a sall city-state?just south of Etruscan territory in central Italy.
164695736When was Rome established?8th century B.C.E.
164695737Who established Rome?by a group of Indo-European pastoralists known as Latins
164695738Where was Rome built?on 7 hills along the Tiber River
164695739Why was Roome originally founded?as a base from which the earlier Romans could trade with Etruscans
164695740When did the Etruscans come to dominate Rome?8th century B.C.E.
164695741From who did the Romans adopt the 26th character alphabet?Etruscans
164695742How did the Etruscan kings win support in Rome?by building new public buildings
164695743When did the Etruscan kings win support in Rome by building new public buildings?at the end of the 6th century B.C.E.
164695744How did the Romans become Independent?The last Etruscan king was drivn out for his brutality
164695745Who did the Romans simulated?Etruscans
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Art History Events/Terms Flashcards

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698089585Thirty Years War1618-1648 a series of wars principally fought in Central Europe, involving most of the countries of Europe.[10] It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, and one of the longest continuous wars in modern history.
698089587Caravaggismthe style and technique that Caravaggio developed that included the use of tenebrism and common people as models for religious paintings
698089590naturalismthe use of common objects, clothing, behavior, people, to use in either secular or religious works
698089592tenebrismvery pronounced transition from light to dark
698089594apocryphalhidden meaning in art
698089596palettewooden board used for mixing colors of paint
698089598quadri riportatitransported paintings, the painting of frames into other works (Loves of the Gods)
698089600pastoral moodis that of shepherds herding livestock around open areas of land according to seasons and the changing availability of water and pasturage
698089602baldacchinoa large Baroque sculpted bronze canopy, technically called a ciborium or baldachin, over the high altar of Saint Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, Rome, which is at the centre of the crossing and directly under the dome
698089604cathedra petrichair where pope's used to sit, designed by bernini
698089606Teresa of Avilaa prominent Spanish mystic, Roman Catholic saint, Carmelite nun, writer of the Counter Reformation, and theologian of contemplative life through mental prayer.
698089608bozzetti/modelliA usually small model of an intended work, such as a sculpture or piece of architecture
698089610terracottaa type of earthenware, is a clay-based unglazed or glazed ceramic,[2] where the fired body is porous.
698089612bodegoncan mean "pantry", "tavern", or "wine cellar"
698089614Phillip IV16 August 1284-4 April 1305
698089615Order of Santiagofounded in the 12th century, and owes its name to the national patron of Galicia and Spain, Santiago (St. James the Greater), under whose banner the Christians of Galicia and Asturias began in the 9th century to combat and drive back the Muslims
698089617Hapsburg Spain(1506-1700), when Spain was ruled by the major branch of the Habsburg dynasty
698089619House of Orangea branch of the European House of Nassau, has played a central role in the politics and government of the Netherlands — and at times in Europe — especially since William I of Orange (also known as "William the Silent" and "Father of the Fatherland") organized the Dutch revolt against Spanish rule, which after the Eighty Years' War led to an independent Dutch state.
698089621Kunstkammer/Wunderkammeran encyclopedic collection in Renaissance Europe of types of objects whose categorial boundaries were yet to be defined.
698089623still lifework of art depicting mostly inanimate subject matter, typically commonplace objects which may be either natural (food, flowers, plants, rocks, or shells) or man-made (drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry, coins, pipes, and so on)
698089625vanitasa type of symbolic work of art especially associated with still life painting in Flanders and the Netherlands in the 16th and 17th centuries, though also common in other places and periods.
698089626pronk still lifesDutch still lifes with symbols of luxury and wealth are called pronk still lifes, after the Dutch verb, pronk, meaning to "show off."
698089628genre paintingspictorial representations in any of various media that represent scenes or events from everyday life, such as markets, domestic settings, interiors, parties, inn scenes, and street scenes
698089629impastoa technique used in painting, where paint is laid on an area of the surface (or the entire canvas) very thickly
698089631classicismrefers generally to a high regard for a classical period, classical antiquity in the Western tradition, as setting standards for taste which the classicists seek to emulate.
698089633the sun kinglouis xiv
698089635mercantilismthe economic doctrine that government control of foreign trade is of paramount importance for ensuring the military security of the country
698089636ideal landscapethe depiction of natural scenery such as mountains, valleys, trees, rivers, and forests, and especially art where the main subject is a wide view, with its elements arranged into a coherent composition.
698089638rocaillefrench word for a shell or bead
698089640fete galantea French term referring to some of the celebrated pursuits of the idle, rich aristocrats in the 18th century—from 1715 until the 1770s.
698089642poussinistspeople who believed that view that drawing appealed to the mind and was superior to color, which they believed appealed to the senses
698089644rubenistsbelieved that color, not drawing, was superior due to its being more true to nature.
698089646Madame de Pompadoura member of the French court and was the official chief mistress of Louis XV from 1745 to her death.
698089648boudoira lady's private bedroom, sitting room or dressing room.
698089649chinoiserierefers to a recurring theme in European artistic styles since the seventeenth century, which reflect Chinese artistic influences
698089651hotelstownhouse
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Rome - Etruscans and Rome Flashcards

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345677549Who were the Etruscans?Little is known of the Etruscans -might have come from Asia Minor(Turkey)
345677550What accomplishments did Etruscans have?-used Greek alphabet--first cities around 900bc -workers in bronze, iron and precious metals
345677551Where was Rome built?Why does this make a good place to build a citySettled up river on the Tiber River about six miles from the Ocean. Italian pensulia in middle of Mediterranean Sea, thus in the middle of major trade routes. -city built on seven hills -on a trade route --Built on hills good to defend, built next to river that empties to ocean, easy transport to ocean but protected by being six miles inland. Plenty of fresh water, fertile land
345677552Legends about1)Youngest prince of Troy (from Trojan war-asia minor) sailed to Rome and established triving city. Whether Etruscan from Asia minor, or legend of Troy prince from Asia Minor , either way, Rome probably descended from Asia Minor.
345677553Remus and Romulustwin grandsons of king, left to die. Wolf finds babies and looked after the twins. When grew up, boys built city where abandoned and divided the land. Remus jumped over the divider and Romulus got angry and killed him. Thus the whole region was named after Romulus eventually call Rome.
345677554What was the basic geographic make-u[ pf tje ropman-AlpsMountains to the north and Appennines to the East (like a wall to the north and east.) -pensulia with water on three sides -Location in middle of Mediterranian so perfect location for trade -Easy food source from Ocean -West coast of Italy is very rich farm land -lots of rivers-fresh water,
345677555Where does a chunk of Italy's fertile land exhist?On the west coast of Italy
345677556How much do we know of the Etruscans?Very little, don't know much -might have come from Asia Minor Turkey
345677557What were some of the skills, qualities, and traits that the Etruscans borroowed or developed while occupying the area of Rome-borrowed greek alphabe -metal workers-bronze- iron-precious mettals
345677558How did Etruscans treat their dead?What does this suggest about-Treated dead with reverence, burying dead in elaborate coffins made of terracotta. They obviously believed in an afterlife of some kind.
349863272Rome- Republic to Empire...
349863273Worksheet #5 Roman Republic...
349863274Who are Romulus and Remus? What lessons does thier story teach?Romulus and Remus teaches the story of justice--The king who tries to kill them gets what he deserved. Remus kills Romulus because he would not follow his rule, gets what he deserves. Romans valued justice and loyalty.
349863275What is a republic?A government in which citizens vote to select thier leaders.
349863276What is a consul?One of two top leaders or chief officials who led the Roman Republic. --had one year term --consuls were patricians. --both had to agree on a new law, if not, if one vetoed, law was not passed.
349863277SenateRoughly 00 people who gave the counsels advice on what to do. Counsel usually did what senate recommended
349863278What were Patricians ?patricians-wealthy/ upper class families/citizens of Rome --For a while, before 367bc, only partricians could be leaders, senators or consels
351743631What is a plebian?An ordinary citizen of Rome. --able to vote. --In early Rome, before 367bc, plebians could not be senator or consul. --Later Rome, after 367bc, at least on consul had to be a plebian and they could be senators
349863279Define veto.a rejection of a law, planned action or rule by a person in power --consuls had right to veto. If other counsel also vetos, laws were completely dead.
349863280DictatorA ruler who has total control of the government. In Rome, Dictators were chosen during emergencies when consuls could not make a decision. --Dictator ruled only for six months.
349863281What was the main point of the twelve tables?A set of laws to protect the rights of the citizens of Rome no matter what class you were. --Set up because patricians were getting wealthier and putting plebians out of work. Eventually, plebians united and worked to create the twelve table rules for all citizens.
351743632Define imperialism?the practice of gaining control over foreign lands and people. Rome grew because its armies conqueried many territories.
349863282Hannible Notes 3/26 w/s #7...
349863283What was Hannible Barca like?--leader of Carthaginia --born in 247b.c. died in 182 b.c.--65 years old --northern African, ties to Spain --fierce ruler
349863284Who was Hamlicar Barca?--Hannible's father --father is Hamilcar Barca, leader of Caarthaginian army before Rome conquered. Taught his son to HATE Rome. --230 bce Hamilcar was killed in a war with Rome.
349863285How old was Hannible when he was leader, as general, of the Carthaginian army?26 years old. --He is charismatic and brave and quickly earns the respect/confidence of his men.
349863286Carthage and Rome have three major wars, what are they called?The Punic Wars --Rome wins all.
349863287First Punic War-Hannible's father fights in the first war.
349863288Second Punic War--Hannibal fought in the second war --Travels from Spain to southern Italy by foot to surprise Rome. --Fights inside rome (modern day Italy) for 16 straight years without a major defeat.
349863289Third Punic WarNone of the Barca's fight in the third Punic War --Rome wins and completely destroys Carthage
349863290What are battle strategies of Hannibal's during second Punic War?--1)Hannibal used Elephants -Pros-Can carry a ton of supplies -Dangerous animal --smart Cons's --Be careful-if falls can hurt soldiers --Slow, cannot hide/surprise with --Not attack oriented 2) He used flanking in war. A strategy used today by most
349863291What is Hannibal's plan with the elephants?He is taking elephants in the Alps --He loses almost all his elephants and 10k or 50k men in army
349863292How did Hannibal enter ItalyHe went through the Alps, which the Roman Army did not expect. He spent 16 years in Italy fighting.
349863293Batt;e pf Cammae-216 bce--floats elephants on rafts
349863294Who defeats Hannibal?--Scipio-a famous Roman General --Carthage had 20k dead and 15k wounded --Hannibal surrenders and returns to Carthage
349863295Roman demands that he personally surrenders--he fleas to Phonecian city of Tyre (purple dye)--Carthage was established by Phonecia and sort of an ally to Carthage. Rome tracks him and captures him in Tyre. In captivity, Hannibal commits suicide rather than being catured by Rome. Takes poision he kept in his ring.
350836002After the last Etruscan king ws driven out, Romans do not want to replace with another king, what do they form?A republic
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Art history Isms--Vocab for 3/22 Flashcards

This is set of flashcards that matches an artwork to a style.

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710134577RomanesqueEurope 1024-1140
710134578GothicEurope 1140-1400
710134579Renaissance1400-1600 Italy and Northern Europe
710134580Byzantine527-1453 Eastern Rome
710134581Mannerism1520-1600 Italy
710134582Rococo1700-1770 France
710134583Neoclassicism1770-1810 Europe and North America
710134584Romanticism1810-1840 Europe and North America
710134585Realism1840-1875 Northern Europe
710191526Impressionism1875-1900 Europe
710191527Post-ImpressionismEurope 1875-1900
710191532Modernism1900-1950 North America
710191534Japonisme1875-1900 Europe
710191535Symbolism1875-1900 Europe
710317818Beaux-ArtsEurope and North America 1700-1800
710317819Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood1848-1870 Europe
710317820daguerreotypean artistic movement in the late 19th century that tried to express abstract or mystical ideas through the symbolic use of images, n. an early photograph produced on a silver or a silver-covered copper plate; also : the process of producing such photographs (named for Daguerre of Paris who first published such photos in 1839)
710317821Art nouveautried to create an aesthetic based on natural forms mass produced for a large audience (Antonio Gaudi, Victor Horta and Aubrey Beardsley)
710317822GeometricThe style of Greek art during the ninth and eighth centuries BCE, characterized by abstract geometric ornament and schematic figures.
710317823Archaic7th-6th B.C.E. Ancient Greece
710317824Early Classical480-450 BCE Ancient Greece
710317825High Classical450-400 BCE Ancient Greece
710317826Late Classical400-323 BCE Ancient Greece
710317827Hellenistic323-30 B.C.E. Ancient Greece
710317828Early Empire27 BCE-96 CE Ancient Rome
710317829High Empire96-192 CE Ancient Rome
710317830Late Empire193-337 CE Ancient Rome
710331962Late Antiquity337-526 CE Ancient Rome
710331963Baroquedramatic and ornate style of art and architecture popular in the 1600s and 1700s
710331964La PrimaveraBotticelli
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APES Chapter 13 Vocab Flashcards

Achieving Sustainable Energy

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561083178BiomassThe total mass of all living matter in a specific area
561083179RenewableIn energy management, an energy source that is either potentially renewable or nondepletable.
561083180Energy ConservationThe implementation of methods to use less energy.
561083181Tiered RateA billing system used by some electric companies in which customers pay higher rates as their use goes up.
561083182Energy EfficiencyThe ratio of the amount of work done to the total amount of energy introduced to the system.
561083183Peak DemandThe greatest quantity of energy used at any one time.
561083184Passive Polar EnergyConstruction designed to take advantage of solar radiation without active technology.
561083185Thermal InertiaThe ability of a material to maintain its temperature.
561083186Modern CarbonCarbon in biomass that was recently in the atmosphere.
561083187Fossil CarbonCarbon in fossil fuels.
561083188Carbon NeutralAn activity that does not change atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
561083189Net RemovalThe process of removing more than is replaced by growth, typically used when referring to carbon.
561083190BiofuelLiquid fuels created from processed or refined biomass
561083191EthanolAlcohol made by converting starches and sugars from plant material into alcohol and CO2.
561083192BiodiesalA diesel substitute produced by extracting and chemically altering oil from plants.
561083193Flex-Fuel VehicalA vehicle that runs on either gasoline or ethanol.
561083194Run-of-the-RiverHydroelectricity generation in which water is retained behind a low dam or no dam.
561083195Water ImpoundmentThe storage of water in a reservoir behind a dam.
561083196Tidal EnergyEnergy that comes from the movement of water driven by the gravitational pull of the Moon.
561083197SiltationThe accumulation of sediments, primarily silt, on the bottom of a reservoir.
561083198Active Solar EnergyEnergy captured from sunlight with intermediate technologies.
561083199Photovoltaic Solar CellA system of capturing energy from sunlight and converting it directly into electricity.
561083200Geothermal EnergyHeat energy that comes from the natural radioactive decay of elements deep within Earth.
561083201Ground Source Heat PumpA technology that transfers heat from the ground to a building.
561083202Wind EnergyEnergy generated from the kinetic energy of moving air.
561083203Wind TurbineA turbine that converts wind energy into electricity.
561083204Fuel CellAn electrical-chemical device that converts fuel, such as hydrogen, into an electrical current.
561083205ElectrolysisThe application of an electric current to water molecules to split them into hydrogen and oxygen.
561083206Smart GridAn effcient, self-regulating electricity distribution network that accepts any source of electricity and distributes it effectively to end users.
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DAT Biology Flashcards

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640372390Carotenoidslipid derivatives, produce pigments in plants and animals , An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants. By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, carotenoids broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis.
640372391Porphyrinslipid derivatives, a group of light-sensitive, pigmented, ringed chemical structures that are required for the synthesis of hemoglobin. Complexed with metals usch as iron in hemoglobin and chlorophyll with Mg
640372392Can H20 and hydrocarbons pass freely across membrane?yes (small, uncharged, non-polar, hydrophobic can pass)
640372393Porinsallow passage of certain ions and small polar molecules such as aquaporins in kidneys for H20
640372394Rough ERprotein synthesis, creates glycoproteins for secretion
640372395Smooth ERsynthesis of hormones, lipids, breakdown of toxins and drugs in liver
640372396cyclosistransport of material in cytoplasm (steaming movement)
640372397Peroxiomesbreakdown of H2O2, fatty acids, AA. In liver and kidneys to break down toxins, by-products of photorespiration in plants
640372398Centriolestwo tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope; play a role in cell division. Are microtubles (MTOCs)
640372399Storage vocuolesstore starch, pigments, toxic substances (nicotine) in plants
640372400Contractile vacuolesin single cell organism, pump excess water out of cell Ex. fresh water protozoa to prevent bursting
640372401Desmosomeaka spot welding, support and stability
640372402Tight junctionsanimal cells, seal to prevent passage of materials btwn cell
640372403gap junctionsnarrow tunnels btwn animal cells, only ions exchange
640372404plasmodesmabarrow channels between plant cells for exchange of materials
640372405Bulk flowcollective movement of substance (like blood or urine) in same direction due to force
640372406dialysisdiffusion of solutes across selective permeable membrane (passive)
640372407plasmolysiswater of out cell, results in collapse aka shrivel (passive)
640372408Total ATP in Eukaryotic and ProkaryoticEukaryotic = 36 ATP Prokaryotic = 38 ATP
640372409Glycolysis1 glucose + 2 ATP + 4 ADP + 2NAD + 2Pi --> 2 pyruvate + 2ADP + 4 ATP + 2NADH +2H + 2H2O = 2 ATP
640372410Fermination1 pyruvate + NADH --> (Ethanol + CO2 in Plants) and (Lactic Acid in animals use for muscle cells) + NAD
640372411Pyruvate decarboxylation2 pyruvate + 2 Coenzyme A + 2 NAD --> 2 Acetyl CoA + 2CO2 + 2NADH = - 2 ATP
640372412Citric Acid Cycle2 Acetyl CoA + 6NAD + 2FAD + 2ADP + 2H20 --> 4 CO2 + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP = 2 ATP
640372413Electron Transport Chain10 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 34 ADP + 34pi + 10 H + 5O2 ---> 10 NAD + 2 FAD + 34 ATP + 10H20 = 34 ATP
640372414How man ATP per NADH and FADH?1 NADH = 3 ATP 1 FADH = 2 ATP
640372415Where does the H+ accumulate in MitochondriaBetween Inner and Outer membrane/ cross crista (btw inner and outer membrane vs matrix)
640372416Cori Cycleliver converts lactic acid lack into glucose when ATP is available
640372417Noncyclic PhotophosphorylationPhotosystem 2 P680 Generates = NADPH, ATP, photolysis of H2O (to get 2 electrons)
640372418Cyclic PhotophosphorylationPhotosystem 1 P700 Generates ATP only
640372419Calvin Cycle (Dark Cycle)fixes Co2 (6 cycles) 1. carboxylation 2. reduction 3. regeneration and carbohydrate synthesis
640372420Dark reaction takes place in the ?stroma of the chlorplasts
640372421Light reaciton takes place in the ?chlorophyll of the thylakoid of the chlorplasts
640372422Where does H+ accumulate in chemiosmosis in chloroplasts?inside thylakoids
640372423Chromatinuncoiled DNA in Interphase
640372424Chromosomeschromatin condense into chromosomes in Prophase of Mitosis
640372425EpistasisOne gene affects the phenotypic expression for a second gene Ex. Chad's bald head affects the expression of this red hair
640372426PleiotropySingle gene has more than one phenotypic expression Ex. sick cell anemia
640372427Polygenismmany genes afffect single trait Ex. Height, diff heights around the world for single trait
640372428Linked geneson same chromosome, segerates dependently
640372429X-inactivationone of the 2 X chromosomes does not uncoil = create barr body Ex. Calico Cats
640372430Aneuploidyextra or missing chromosomes, usually because of nondisjunction of sex or somatic cells
640372431Mutations in somatic cells can lead to ___ while in sex cells can transmit to __Mutations in somatic cells can lead to tumor while mutation in sex cells can transmit to offspring
640372432Replication1. Helicase 2. Single Stranded binding proteins 3. Primase lays RNA primers 4. DNA Pol III 5. DNA ligase (seals backbone of Okazaki fragments) 6. DNA Pol I (replace RNA primers with DNA) 7. Telomere
640372433Missense Mutationcodes for different Amino Acid
640372434Nonsense Mutationcodes for stop codon
640372435Euchromatinloosely bound, active transcription, 92% of human genome, in boht Euk and Prok cells
640372436Heteromatintightly bound, not active
640372437Describe Inductive system. How does transcription happen? How does transcription not happen?- When repressor binds to operator = prevent RNA pol (no transcription) - When repressor binds to inducer(or a cofactor) = RNA pol attach to begin transcrption
640372438Put these in order and describe each for an Operon (bacterial gene regulation) = promotor, operator, regulatory genes, structural genes1. regulatory genes = codes for repressors or activators for operon 2. Promotor = RNA pol attach to begin transcription 3. Operator = Can block RNA pol if bound of repressor 4. Structural Gene = codes for genetic product
640372439Lac Operon = 1. what is its function? 2. How to prevent transcription? 3. How to allow transcription?1. lac genes allow for the catabolism of lactose 2. Transcription is prevented when the repressor binds to the operator 3. Transcription occurs when the regressor binds to the lactose
640372440Transcription Steps1. RNA Pol binds to promoter via transcription factor and unzips DNA 2. RNA Pol forms complementary RNA 3. Transcription terminated at special sequence
640372441Promoter regions in Prok and Euk?Prok = -35 sequence and Pribnow box Euk = TATA box
640372442What is the template strand and two other names for it?- Template strand is the one being transcribed It is also known as the non-coding or anti-sense
640372443What is the complementary strand and two other names for it?- The complementary RNA (1 strand of mRNA 5' -> 3') is the one being formed from the template strand It is also known as coding strand or sense
640372444MonocistronicEukaryotic 1 RNA -> 1 Protein
640372445PolycistronicProkaryotic 1 RNA --> Many Proteins
640372446How many RNA Pol are in Prok and Euk? And what do they make?Prok = Only 1 = RNA Pol Eurk = 3 RNA Pol 1 = rRNA RNA Pol 2 = mRNA RNA Poll 3 = tRNA (READ MY TEETH)
640372447What is 5'Cap/ Poly A Tail/ Splicing out intronsOnly in Eukaryotic 1. 5'Cap and poly A tail ensures mRNA stability in protein synthesis 2. Splicing out introns and connecting exons makes mRNA small and easier to transport
640372448Speciation 1. Allopatric 2. Sympatric 3. Adaptive Radiation 4. Ecological Speciation 5. Morphological Speciation1. Allopatric = geographic isolation via barrier 2. Sympatric = no geographicn isolation 3. Adaptive Radiation = many species from single ancestor 4. Ecological Speciation = adaption because of location and activity 5. Morphological Speciation = seperation becuz of physical measures
640372449Prezygotic vs. Postzygotic isolating mchanismPrezygotic = prevent fertilization Postzygotic = prevent formation of fertile progeny
640372450Parallel EvolutionTwo rated species make similar adaptation under similar circumstances after diverging from a common ancestor (think of a fork)
640372451CoevolutionTwo or more species evolve together (responding to each other's new evolutionary features)
640372452Phyletic gradualismevolution occurs gradually through accumulation of small changes over long period of time
640372453Punctuated equilibriumlong periods of nothing happening and little change puncutated with short, rapid evolution
640372454Archaea-Domain -Prokaryotes -Cell walls and plasma membrane distinct from prok and euk. made of polysaccarides -DNA associated with histones - ribosomes not inhibited by antibiotics Ex. methanogens (produce methane) and Extremophiles (halophiles, thermophiles)
640372455Cell wall of Bacteria- peptodoglycan cell wall
640372456Bacteria DNA?single DS circular DNA, not associated with histones
640372457Domain BacteriaKingdom Monera - prokaryotes - single celled
640372458Cyanobacteriaare photosynthetic bacteria Can withstand high temp believed to descend from first organisms with a developed photosynethic capability
640372459Blue Green AlgaeAre cyanobacteria
640372460Nitrogen fixing bacteriafixes N2 to NO3 Ex. roots of legumes and lighting
640372461Staphylococciclusters of circular bacteria
640372462Streptococcichain of circular bacteria
640372463Domain EukaryaKingdom Protisa, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
640372464Protista it's subgroupsPlant and Animal characteristics - Algae like (energy via photosynthesis) (multicellular) - Protozoa (Animal like) (single cell) - Fungus like (multicellular)
640372465euglenoidsProtista - algae like (photosynthetic) - flagella made of microtubles for location via powerstroke
640372466DinoflagellatesProtista - algae like (photsnthetic) - di (2) flagella - some bioluminescent while others produce toxin
640372467PhytoplanktonProtista - algae like
640372468DiatomsProtista - have silica shells that fit together like a box with lid
640372469Brown algaeProtista - kelps
640372470RhodophytaProtista - read algae
640372471CholorphytaProtista - green algae
640372472ProtozoaBelong to Protista - animal like - unicellular -heterotropic like little animals
640372473RhizopodaProtoza - Amoebas - move by extending pseudopods
640372474ForaminiferaProtoza - made of calcium carbonate
640372475ApicomplexansProtoza - parasites of animals
640372476ParameciumProtoza - move and feed with cilia made by microtubulin - have vacuole for excretion
640372477Nervous system of protozano organized nervous system. move via stimuli such as head, light, chemical, etc.
640372478Digestion of protozaphagocytosis via vaculoes which fuse with lysosomes Or cilia sweep food in
640372479MyxomycotaFungus like protista - plamodial slime molds
640372480Slim molds (Acrasiomycota)fungus like protista - coenocytic (many nuclei)
640372481Oomycotafungus like protista - water molds, mildrew, whit rusts -form filaments but not septa - coenocytic (many nuclei)
640372482Cell wall of fungi?chitin
640372483Fungi are either? two things1. saprophytic (bread mold) 2. parasitc (athelet's foot)
640372484Hyphaehaploid, filaments in fungi
640372485Myceliummass of hyphae
640372486coenocyticsome lack septa so they are mutli nucleated such as oomycota and slim molds belonging to the fungus like protista
640372487septatecrosswalls, multicellular form like mushrooms in fungus
640372488Haustoriaends of tissues for nutrients absorption in fungus
640372489Plasmogamyfusion of cells from two different fungal strain to produce single cell with 2 nuclei (2 cells become 1 cell with 2 nuclei)
640372490Karyogamyfusion of 2 haploid nuceli to form single diploid nucleus (1N +1N = 2N)
640372491Zygomycotaaka zygote, no septa, reproduce sexually, bread mold, Fungi
640372492Glomeromycotamutual relationship with roots of plants
640372493Ascomycotafungus, have septa, Yeakts and truffles aka sacs
640372494Acrasimycotanot a fungus, cellular slime molds belonging to fungus like protista that has coenocytic (many nuclei)
640372495Basidiomycotafungus with septa (multicellular) Ex. Mushrooms aka club fungi
640372496Deuteromycotaimperfect fungi, artifical group Ex. Penicillium
640372497Lichensmutual relationship btwn fungi and algae
640372498Nitrogen fixing bacteriaN2 to NO3 (light, legumes)
640372499Nitrifiying BacteriaN2 to NH4 to NO3 (chemosynthesis)
640372500denitrifying bacteriaNH3 to N2
640372501Heart Right side is ___/Left side is ___Right side is deoxygenated/Left side is oxygenated
640372502Electrocardiogram (what is R, QRS. T)R = artial depolarization QRS = ventricular contraction T = repolarization
640372503Arteries (3 things)thick walls muscular elastic vessels
640372504capillariesthin walls smallest diameter
640372505veinsthink walls blood flow in vein depends on muscles during movement (veins have valves to prevent flow back of blood in legs) inelastic vessels
640372506purkinje fiberscontraction of venticles
6403725073 blood proteinsimmunoglobulins, albumin, fibrinogen
640372508two types of bonecompact (haversian system) and spongy bone (filled with yellow and red bone marrow)
640372509What is another name for resorptionostesclasts destory bones
640372510endochondrial ossificationcartilage replaced by bone
640372511intramembranous ossificationembryonic, undifferentiated connective tissue replaced by bone
640372512axial skeletonskull, vertebral, column, rib cage
640372513appendicular skeletonbones of appendages, pectoral and pelvic
640372514originmuscle to stationary bone
640372515insertionmuscle to bone that moves
640372516tendonmuscle to bone
640372517ligamentmoveable joints (bone to bone)
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AP Psychology-Learning Flashcards

AP Psychology terminology that deals with learning.

Terms : Hide Images
555449553Learningprocess by which humans and animals acquire behavior patterns; experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior; more broad than studying
555449554Conditioninga natural stimulus that evokes a natural response; acquisition of specific patterns of behavior in the presence of well defined stimuli; general term for humans and animals; basic form of learning
555449555Classical Conditioningexpanded by John Watson and Rosalie Rayner; Learning where a response, normally elicited by one stimulus, is taught to respond to another, normally, neutral stimulus; AKA Pavlovian; pairing an involuntary response
555449556Unconditioned StimulusUS or UCS; a stimulus that causes an organism to respond in a natural manner; in Pavlov's experiment, the meat powder
555449557Conditioned StimulusCS; ordinarily a neutral stimulus paired with a unconditioned stimulus to achieve a desired result and eventually produces the desired response in an organism when presented alone; in Pavlov's experiment, the bell
555449558Unconditioned ResponseUR or UCR; a natural response that occurs when the UCS occurs, like salivating in Pavlov's experiment
555449559Conditioned ResponseCR; a response (after conditioning) that occurs after the CS; in Pavlov's experiment, salivation
555449560Desensitization Therapycreated by Joseph Wolpe; Wolpe adapted Mary Cover Jones's method of unlearning fears (of children) to treat certain kinds of anxiety; a conditioning technique designed to gradually reduce anxiety about a particular object or situation; thought is that if a person can associate relaxation with the fearful stimulus then they could change human behavior
555449561Backward Conditioningwhen the natural stimulus is presented and terminated before the conditioned stimulus is presented. If Pavlov had presented the food and then, after the dog ate, presented the sound of the bell, the tone alone would not elicit much salivation, since it no longer signals that food is imminent. Backward conditioning is controversial because many psychologists argue that it does not work.
555449562Interstimulus Intervaltime between two stimulus; best used in the eyeblink conditioning experiment; Max Wertheimer did experiments with two stationary, flashing lights that at some
555449563Intermittent Pairingpairing the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus on only a portion of learning rituals; this procedure reduces both the rate of learning and the final level of learning achieved
555449564Conditioned Food AversionAKA taste aversion; discovered by John Garcia by accident during an experiment using rats and radiation; learned association between a food (taste) and nausea/revulsion; avoiding a particular food because it was paired with a bad experience
555449565Extinctiona decrease in the frequency of a conditioned response because of a failure to continue pairing the US and CS (in classical conditioning) or withholding of reinforcement (operant conditioning)
555449566Spontaneous Recoverythe reappearance of an extinguished response after the passage of time, without further training
555449567Stimulus Generalizationthe transfer of behavior (learned response) from one stimulus to another stimulus that is similar in nature; in Little Albert's case, Little Albert was afraid of not only white, furry rats but any white and furry objects.
555449568DiscriminationLearning to respond to only one stimulus and to inhibit the response to all other stimuli; when Little Albert was able discern between a white rat and a white rabbit
555449569Higher Order Conditioningconditioning based on previous learning; the CS serves as an US for further training
555449570Operant Behaviorexpanded by BF Skinner; learning based on rewards or punishment; not automatic reflexes
555449571Vicarious LearningAKA observational learning or modeling; component of social learning theory; expanded by Albert Bandura; states that people pay attention to a model and convert the learning into action
555449572Shapingreinforcing successive approximations to desired behavior; example: Skinner box, tiger jumping through a hoop; teaching dog to pee outside, teach a penguin to do a figure 8, driving, etc
555449573Law Of EffectThorndike; used in an experiment with cats and a puzzle box; principle of reinforcement; behavior consistently rewarded will be 'stamped in' as learned behavior, and behavior that brings about discomfort will be 'stamped out'; satisfying effect (reinforcement) is likely to be performed again, whereas behavior that brings about negative effect (punishment) is likely to be suppressed
555449574Negative Reinforcerthe removal of an unpleasant stimulus that increases the likelihood that behavior will continue; is more effective in learning than punishment
555449575Positive Reinforcera reward; any event whose presence increase the likelihood that behavior will continue
555449576Primary Reinforcerreinforcer such as water, food, or sex
555449577Secondary Reinforcerreinforcer whose value allows an individual to acquire other reinforcers like food and water; examples: money, credit cards
555449578Schedules Of Reinforcementthe rule for determining when and how often reinforcers will continue; Four types of schedules: fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval; interval means over a time and ratio means an act; partial reinforcement is on a variable schedule whereas continuous reinforcement is on a fixed schedule; variable schedules are more effective in learning
555449579Punishmentany event whose presence decreases the likelihood that behavior will occur
555449580Response Generalizationgiving a response that is somewhat different from the response originally learned to that stimulus; when Little Albert responds the same way to a white rat or a white coat
555449581Cognitive Learningimpossible to observe and measure; learning that depends on processes which are not directly observable; learning is inferred from the behavior
555449582Latent Learningpioneered by Edward Chace Tolman; learning that is not immediate in behavior; knowledge that is used when needed, like riding a bike or using a cognitive map
555449583Cognitive Mapexample of a cognitive learning; mental image of a spatial environment that is used to problem solve when stimulated
555449584Insightlearning resulting from rapid understanding of all elements of a problem; sudden 'coming together'; an 'A HA' moment
555449585Learning Setused by Harry Harlow in an experiment using Rhesus monkeys; ability to become increasingly more effective in solving problems as problems are solved; learning how to learn; Köhler's chimps, Epstein's pigeons
555449586Contingency SetRobert Rescorla shock and tone experiment; an "if then" (informative) relationship between stimuli
555449587Blockingdetermined by Leon Kamin; when a second stimulus does not elicit desired behavior because behavior occurs with the first stimulus
555449588Learned Helplessnessexperiment by Martin Seligman and dogs; when an individual gives up because any behavior causes the same ill result; punishment is unrelated to a child's behavior (in abused families) often develop feelings of powerlessness
555449589Social Learning Theorylearning by observing without firsthand experience; often used as an argument against violent video games or immoral television shows.
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Clinical Psychology Final Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
678192190BanduraSocial Learning theory. Observation learning. EX: Abuse
678192191Bobo doll studyPart of Bandura social learning theory. Low SES = more TV
678192192MilgramObedient study. 65% followed order to shock people
678192193ZimbardoSocial roles theory. Guards and prisoner
678192194Biological neurophysiological theoryBoth environmental and physical factors contribute. I.E. alcohol, hormone, NT
678192195Stress theoryMore crime in crowded enviroments
678192196What part of brain is affected when confronted with death, disease, puppies, etcPrefrontal cortex
678192197Most common broken bone in physical abuseRib
678192198Most common form of abuseneglect
678192199dissassociate identity disorder is a sign ofabuse
678192200How many girls sexually abused1/4
678192201How many boys sexually abused1/6
678192202How much sex abuse occurs under 1770%
678192203How does emotional trauma effect the nerveincreased thick myelination
678192204What type of therapy for abused childrenPlay therapy
678192205DIDdissassociative identity disorder AKA multiple personality disorder. Associated with physical or sexual abuse. Splintering 2 distinct identities, inability to recall important information or events
678192206Number one response to addictiondenial
678192207Substance dependent DSM criteriaTolerance Withdrawal symptoms Compulsive use Loss of control Need 3 in one year
678192208KorsakoffAlcohol induced anemia
678192209ConfabulationFilling in gaps with fictitious events from alcoholism
678192210Alcohol in 1st trimesterPhsyical problems
678192211Alcohol in 3rd trimesterPsychological problems
678192212OpioidsSedatives and analgesics
678192213Cocaine in newbornsIrritable learning disorder premature
678192214AnhedoniaLoss of pleasure
678192215Major depression disorder DSM Criteria5 of the symptoms below for 2 weeks Loss of appetite uncontrolled crying worhlessness/guilt helplessness hopelessness lack of concentration loss of energy oversleeping or insomnia Fatigue Suicidal Tendencies
678192216Treatment for depressionSSRI TCA
678192217Dysthymia disorderLow level depression. Unipolar Must have for 2 years with 2 or more: Poor appetitie Insomnia Low self esteem Poor concentration Hopelessness
678192218Adjustment disorder with depressed moodMaladaptive reaction to social stressor - Onset within 3 months of stressor that remits within 6 months of termination Best prognosis
678192219SSRI compared to TCAWorks faster, less toxic. Major sexual impact
678192220WHen do you use MAOIWhen others don't work. Treat atypical depression such as hypersomnia
678192221Bipolar I1 or more manic episodes of At least 7 days. Full mania/full depression. Psychotic and out of control Treatment: Antimaniac, anticonvulsant, antipsychotic
678192222Bipolar II4 days of hypomanic episode 1 depression 1 hypomania episode no psychosis Treatment: Antimaniac, anticonvulsant, antipsychotic
678192223CyclothymiaBipolar branch of dysthymia Low level mood swings for 2 years fluctuating amounts of hypomania
678192224Antimaniac drugsAnticonvulsant Lithium
678192225Post Partum depression DSM timingWithin 4 weeks of birth
678405536Who attempts suicide morewomen
678405537Who dies from suicide moremen
678405538Best predictor of depressive symptomshopelessness state
678405539GAS (steps)General Adaptive Syndrome Alarm Resistance Exhaustion
678405540Anxiety Disorder occurs with what other two disorders and when does the first episode have to occurDepression & Substance abuse Before 21 YO
680003453Panic disorder usually accompanies which conditionagoraphobia
680003454Panic disorder criteria2 or more unexpected attacks. Peaks within 10 minutes 4 or more: rapid heartbeat, swetting, shorness of breath, fear of losing control, choking, trembling, chest pain, Medication: Antianxiety
680003455What mimics panic disordermitral valve prolapse
680003456What is social phobia diagnosed withavoidant personality disorder
680003457OCD criteria and treatmentobsessive at least 1 hour/day. Treatment - cognitive behavioral therapy and SSRI (at least 5-8 weeks)
680003458PTSD criteria1 month. Sweat trembling, nightmare, lack of sleep
680003459GAD criteriaGeneralized Anxiety Disorder. 6 months with no known stressor 3 or more: restless, easily fatigued, irritable, muscle tension
680003460What perscribed drug is most addictiveAnti-anxiety
680003461Delirium cause & CriteriaSubstance or general medical condition Reduced Focus Memory deficit/preception disturbance
680003462Delirium treatmentRemove all stimulus
680003463Dementia criteriaMemory impairment 100% of the time plus one of the following - Wernicke - problem understanding - Broca - problem speaking
680003464Alzheimer Age and symptoms30 - 40 YO. Apraxia - purposeful movement Agnosia - inability to identify objects Prosopragnosia - cannot recognize faces
680003465Alzheimer's Stage 10-2 years. Anterograde Difficulty finding words ST memory loss Irritable
680003466Alzheimer's Stage 22-10 years Retrograde Flat personality Assisted living Delusinos/paranoia
680003467Alzheimers Stage 3Cannot speak After 65 Incontinent Systems shut down Confirm with brain biopsy
680003468Somatoform DisorderHypochondriasis Headache = tumor
680003469Somatoform conversion disorderGlove anasthesia. No sensation in hand, but all tests are negative. No concern for problem
680003470Somatization Disorder8 symtoms before 30 YO 4 chronic pain 2 GI 1 Neuro 1 sexual
680003471Factitious DisorderCaretaker presenting child as deathly ill
680003472Sleep Terror disorder4 - 14 YO grow out of it No REM, no stressor
680003473NarcolepsyGet to REM quicker
680003474CataplexyLoss of muscle tone
680003475Hypnagogichallucination upon falling asleep
680003476Hypnopompichallucination upon walking
680194180Schizophrenia ageteens to 20s for men 20s to 30s for women
680194181Schizophrenia symptoms6 months with 2 or more Delussion Illusion/Hallucination Disorganized speech Catatonic Behavior
680194182Schizophrenia Type 1Positive effects Hallucinations and delusions Disorganized speech and behavior Medication is successful (Use antipsychotics to decrease dopamine)
680194183Schizophrenia Type IINegative effects Flat, catotonic, poor prognosis
6801941845 Subtypes of Type I SchizophreniaParanoid MC Disorganized type (echolalia) Catatonic Residual - not currently experiencing symptoms Undifferentiated
680194185What congenital exposure causes increased risk of schizophreniaInfluenza in 2nd trimester
680194186What are antipsychotics, what do they do, name two medsMajor tranquilizers Decrease dopamine Haldol, thorazine
680194187Tardive dyskinesiaEffect of anti-psychotic. Involuntary movement of lips, jaw, extremities, tongue (lapping)
680194188Personality disorder age and axisAxis 2. At least 18 YO
680194189Personality Disorder Type AParanoid, not psychotic Schizoid - flat, hermit like Schizotypal
680194190Personality Disorder Type BAnti-social personality disorder - break rules Borderline personality disorder Histrionic personality disorder Narcissistic personality disorderq
680194191Histrionic personality disorderIncreased emotion about everything
680194192Personality disorder cluster CAnxiety/fearfullness Dependent personality disorder OCD
706464306Manic Disorder Criteria and treatmentAt least one week with 3 or more Inflated ego Decreased sleep Talkative Flightly Distracted Increased Goal activities Pleasure seeking Medication - antimaniac, anticonvulsant, antipsychotic
706464307social phobiaCriteria: Fear of 1 or more social performance situations for at least 6 months Fear of embarassment Provokes anxiety or panic disorder Avoids social situations Treatment: Anti-anxiety
706464308OCD criteriaRecurrent or persistent impulse 1 hour/day for 1 year
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Weston Wayland DeBenedictis SAT Hot Words 31-37 Flashcards

Vocab study for the SAT

Terms : Hide Images
372793551abridge(v) to shorten
372793552accessible(a) available; ready for use
372793553antidote(n) a remedy that counteracts the effects of poison
372793554aspire(v) to work toward a goal
372793555autonomous(a) independent
372793556bolster(v) to support; to strengthen
372793557candor(n) honesty; ( sincerity)
372793558cynical(a) believing all others are motivated by self-interest
372793559fastidious(a) fussy; ( meticulous, attention to detail)
372793560gratify(v) to please (or indulge)
372793561hamper(v) to hinder; (to prevent something from happening)
372793562hardy(a) (healthy and strong); robust
372793563homogeneous(a) of the same kind; (alike; uniform)
372793564integrity(n) holding to values,
372793565intrepid(a) fearless
372793566linger(v)to stay
372793567lofty(a) (very high; towering; grand or) noble
372793568mock(v)(to make fun of)
372793569nurture(v) to care for
372793570opportunist(n) seeks self gain
372793571proximity(n) nearness
372793572querulous(a) complaining
372793573recount(v) to tell a story
372793574rigor(n) adherence to standards
372793575saturate(v)soak completely
372793576scrutinize(v)look closely or carefully
372793577surpass(v) to excel
372793578tentative(a) hesitant
372793579thrive(v)to flourish
372793580tranquility(n) peacefulness
372793581uniformity(n) sameness
372793582vilify(v) to slander or defame
372793583whimsical(a) fanciful
372793584aggregate(n) a sum total
372793585audacious(a)bold
372793586aviary(n) an enclosed space for birds
372793587complementary(a) serving to complete another
372793588debunk(v) to prove false
372793589discrepancy(n) a difference
372793590eclectic(a) taken from many different sources
372793591excerpt(n) a portion of a whole
372793592glacial(a) icy (or slow)
372793593insuperable(a) cannot be overcome
372793594lithe(a) nimble and flexible
372793595misanthrope(n) someone who dislikes all people
372793596pitfall(n) an unseen risk
372793597raze(v)tear down
372793598replete(a) filled (to overflowing)
372793599respite(n) rest
372793600spurious(a) false
372793601vaporize(v) turn to steam
372793602capricious(a) fickle (changeable)
372793603diffident(a) lacking in confidence
372793604dilettante(n)dabbler (one who dabbles in the arts and sciences but is an expert in neither)
372793605egalitarian(a) believes in equality
372793606heretic(n) challenges society
372793607idiosyncratic(a) odd habits of one person
372793608insurgent(n) a rebel
372793609irrefutable(a) indisputable
372793610melancholy(a) sad (or gloomy)
372793611palpable(a) able to be touched (or felt)
372793612pedantic(a) teachy (drone on and on as though giving a lecture)
372793613sardonic(a) sarcastic
372793614variegated(a) multi-faceted
372793615viable(a) can live (good)
372793616allusion(n) an indirect reference
372793617anecdote(n)snippet from someone's past, usually humorous
372793618catharsis(n) emotional release
372793619euphemism(n)double meaning
372793620hyperbole(n) an exaggeration used to create an effect
372793621irony(a) an unexpected outcome
372793622metaphor(n)a comparison without like or as
372793623oxymoron(n) contradictory statement
372793624parable(n) a brief story with a moral lesson
372793625parody(n) imitates in order to mock another work
372793626pathos(n)writing that evokes pity or sympathy
372793627prose(n) writing that is not poetry or rhyming verse
372793628satire(n) a literary work intended to ridicule
372793629vignette(n) a brief story
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SAT II World History Flashcards

The dates and terms from the Kaplan SAT II World History study guide.

Terms : Hide Images
670407634anthropologystudy of humans as a species
670407635artifactsobjects shaped by humans
670407636paleontologistsscientists who study fossilized remains
670407637radiocarbon dating (carbon 14 method)dating by measuring the amount of radiocarbon remaining in a fossilized skeleton
670407638thermoluminescent datingdating by measuring radioactivity released from electrons in heated flint and clay
670407639tree-ring dating (dendrochronology)dating by the growth rings in trees
670407640DNA datingdating by obtaining samples of DNA from living donors and comparing them to those of other, historical persons or animals
670407641Paleolithic AgeOld Stone Age, from when the first hominids appeared (3.2 million years ago) to 8000 BCE.
670407642Neolithic AgeAgricultural Age, beginning in 8000 BCE with the development of farming and specialization of labor
670407643Donald Johansondiscovered "Lucy" in Ethiopia in 1974
670407644Australopitheceneshominid living at the beginning of the Paleolithic Age, of which "Lucy" is the best-known example
670407645Homo habilisfirst hominid to be classified in the "Homo" species, appearing about 2.5 million years ago
670407646Homo erectusfirst upright hominid, appearing about 1.4 million years ago, of which Java Man and Peking Man are examples
670407647Louis Leakeydiscovered Homo habilis skeletons in Tanzania
670407648Homo sapiens"wise hominid" appearing about 100,000 years ago, either all over the world or only in Africa; these hominids spoke more, used more tools, and discovered the use of fire; an example is Neanderthal man
670407649Homo sapiens sapiensa modern form of Homo sapiens, which developed in Europe and was diffused throughout the world by 90,000 BCE
670407650Neolithic Revolution (agricultural revolution)a movement of early humans settling down to farm around 8000 BCE, which allowed for the development of settlement and culture
670407651pastoral nomadisma form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals
670407652specialization of laborthe gradual refining of skills and specialties in a society once a steady food supply has been established
670407653Jerichoearly agricultural and trade center in Palestine
670407654Catal Huyukmost advanced community of the Neolithic Age, with long-distance trade relationships and superior artisans
690409113civilizationa culture with advanced citied, skilled workers, complex institutions, a system of writing or alternate form of record keeping, and advanced technology
690409114Mesopotamiathe land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Iraq
690409115Sumerdelta of fertile soil in the southernmost reaches of Mesopotamia
690409116Fertile Crescentlarge belt of land between Mesopotamia and Egypt
690409117city-statessmall, self-governed units comprised of a city and the surrounding land
690409118zigguratcharacteristic architectural form of the Sumerians
690409119cuneiformSumerian system of writing
690409120polytheistichaving or worshiping multiple gods
690409121Epic of GilgameshSumerian poem, the first epic in world literature
690409122Sargon the GreatSemitic general who invaded and united Sumer, forming the Akkadian empire
690409123Akkadian empireempire formed of the united Sumerian city-states by Sargon the Great
692311921Babylonian empireempire following the Akkadian empire in the land of Sumer
692311922HammurabiBabylonian emperor who formed the first code of laws
692311923Code of HammurabiBabylonian code of laws
692311925Menesking of Upper Egypt who united the two kingdoms into one nation
692311926pharaohEgyptian ruler
692311927theocracygovernment in which the ruler is also worshiped as a god
692311928AkhenatenEgyptian pharaoh, living in the 1300s BCE, who attempted to introduce monotheism to Egypt
692311929hieroglyphicsEgyptian system of writing
692311930papyrusthin parchment made from Nile reeds
692311931Rosetta Stonestone inscribed in Greek and two forms of hieroglyphics, used to decipher Egyptian writing in the 1820s
692311932Jean Francois ChampollionFrench linguist who deciphered hieroglyphics using the Rosetta Stone in the 1820s
692311933Queen AhhotepEgyptian queen who helped drive out the Hyksos at the start of the New Kingdom
692311934HatshepsutEgyptian usurper and queen, noted for her promotion of trade and her elaborate building projects
692311935Harappa and Mohenjo-DaroIndus River Valley cities with a precise layout, abandoned circa 1900 BCE
692311936Aryansnomadic people from present-day Iraq and Afghanistan who invaded the Indus Valley
692311937Khyber Passpass through the Hindu Kush mountains, through which the Aryans entered the Indian subcontinent
692311938VedasAryan hymns and chants that later became part of the Hindu religion
692311939caste systemthe Hindu system of classifying people based on their jobs and birth
692311940brahminspriests, the highest rank of the Hindu caste system
692311941pariahsthe untouchables of the Hindu caste system
692311942purdahpublic isolation from non-family members as a religious practice
692311943satiritual suicide of widows
692311944karmagood or evil deeds
692311945Hinduismreligion teaching the illusion of the tangible world, the reincarnation of the soul based on karma, and the worship of gods such as Brahman, Shiva, and Vishnu
692311946dharmathe rules of each class in the Hindu caste system
692311947Jainismreligion teaching a belief in the sanctity of life
692311948Buddhismreligion teaching enlightenment through freedom from desire
692311949Four Noble Truths1.) All human life is filled with sorrow and suffering. 2.) Suffering is caused by desire. 3.) By rejecting desire, people progressing through a number of reincarnations can recognize nirvana, a state of perfect peace. 4.) Nirvana is attained by following the Eightfold Path.
692311950Eightfold PathRight faith, right intention, right speech, right action, right living, right effort, right mindfulness, and right meditation
702543612Mahayana Buddhismelaborately ritual form of Buddhism primarily practiced in Vietnam, Korea, and Japan
702543613Shanga nomadic Asian people who fought on horseback and in chariots
702543614loessyellow silt like that in the Huang He river
702543615oracle bonesbones used in ancient China to supposedly divine the will of the gods
702543616yinChinese concept for female
702543617yangChinese concept for male
702543618mandate of heavenconcept used by Chinese rulers to grant them the authority to rule
702543619ConfuciusChinese philosopher who founded Confucianism, preaching respect, education, and harmony
702543620Laoziphilosopher who may have founded Daoism
702543621Daoism (Taoism)philosophy based on following "the Way" and living in harmony with nature
702543622Legalismphilosophy based on the heavy use of government censorship and control
702543623Shang Yangfounder of Legalism
702543624Olmec civilizationearliest known American civilization, located in southern Mexico and known for its pyramids and huge stone heads
702543625Chavin civilizationAmerican civilization, located on the Peruvian coast and known for jade work and a complex trade system
702543626foragingsurviving off the land by hunting and gathering, without the use of agriculture
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