| CourseNotes

CH. 5 Consumer Behavior Flashcards

Recognize a problem
Information Search
Analyze options
Purchase Decision
Postpurchase Behavior

165101286	Attitude	Learned predispostion to react to a product/ group
165101287	beliefs	consumers subjective perception of product performance
165101288	brand loyalty	favorable attitude and consistent purchase of product
165101289	cognitive dissonance	post purchase anxiety when considering multiple brands
165101290	consideration set	group of brands considered acceptable to solve problem
165101291	learning	repeated experience/ reasoning
165101292	evaluative criteria	objective/ subjective criteria considered when comparing brands
165101293	family life cycle	describes the distinct phases that a family progresses through from formation to retirement, each phase possessing identifiable purchasing behaviors
165101294	involvement	level of significance in purchase
165101295	consumer socialization	process by which people acquire skills to function as consumers
165101296	lifestyle	how people spend their time/ resources consider important/ what they think of themselves
165101297	motivation	energizing force to make a purchase
165101298	opinion leaders	knowledgeable consumers influencing others
165101299	perceived risk	consumer cannot predict consequences of purchase
165101300	perception	collects organizes and interprets information to create picture of the world
165101301	problem recognition information collection Alternative Evaluation purchase decision post-purchase behavior	Purchase Decision Process
165101302	reference groups	to whom an individual looks as a basis for self appraisal
165101303	situational influences	factors that influence purchasing decisions purchase task physical surroundings social surroundings antecedent states temporal effects
165101304	social class	relatively permanent divisions of society sharing similar values interests and behavior
165104116	public sources	non company provided consumer reports. (Magazines/ Government Sources)
165104117	marketer dominated sources	information provided by the marketer. (salesmen/advertising/ signs)
165104118	selective exposure	pay attention to messages consistent w/ own beliefs and ignore others
165104119	selective comprehension	interpreting info so it is consistent with consumers beliefs
165111548	Selective Perception	A filtering of a consumer's exposure, comprehension, and retention is referred to as
165111549	Limited Problem Solving	consumers typically seek some information to help them evaluate alternatives. There is little time or effort used in these situations. In general, several brands might be evaluated using a moderate number of different attributes. You might use this to choose a toaster, a restaurant for lunch, or a pair of sandals. References
165111550	Problem Recognition	an individual will perceive differences between his or her ideal and actual situations that are big enough to trigger a decision. Advertisements can activate a consumer's decision process by showing shortcomings of competing or currently owned products.
165111551	Extended Problem Solving	exists in high-involvement purchase situations for items such as automobiles and elaborate audio systems. Many models are considered and a wide range of evaluative criteria is considered and compared.
165111552	Methods to reduce perceived risk	Marketers have used seals of approval, endorsements, free product samples, and warranties to reduce perceived risk.
165111553	Stimulus Generalization	A response elicited by one stimulus (cue) is generalized to another stimulus. Using the same brand name for different products is an application of this concept, such as Tylenol Cold & Flu and Tylenol PM.
165115195	External Information Search	Evaluating and considering sources of consumer information outside of one's own subjective beliefs... product reviews
165115196	Purchase Decision	Having evaluated alternatives the consumer is ready to make their purchase. the consumer may now just be waiting on the right time to buy which can be influenced by sales/ different purchasing outlets
165115197	Consumer Behavior	the actions a person takes in purchasing and using products and services including the social and psychological processes that come before and after purchasing decisions
165115198	Purchase Task	the reason for engaging in the purchasing process.. such as perhaps the item is a gift or you are motivated by necessity
165115199	Social Surroundings	people present during a purchasing decision. people shopping with kids are more likely to purchase more than those there without kids
165115200	Physical Surroundings	decor, music, crowding can influence a purchasing decision
165115201	Temporal Effects	the time of day or the amount of time available may influence a purchasing decision
165115202	Antecedents States	pre-existing situations: mood/ budget
165146197	Routine Problem Solving	virtually habitual purchasing process with little involvement
165146198	Physiological needs	needs of necessity for survival: food, water, shelter
165146199	safety needs	need for self preservation and financial well being
165146200	Social Needs	needs concerned with love and friendship
165146201	Personal Needs	need for success, respect, prestige
165146202	Self Actualization	need for personal fulfillment... to reach your potential
165146203	Self Concept	the way people see themselves and believe others see them
165146204	Behavioral Learning	developing automatic responses through repeated exposure to stimulus
165146205	How do you change beliefs?	communicate that the product has beneficial attributes
165146206	How do you change perception?	communicate the importance of an attribute possessed by the product I.e. pepsi made consumers perceive freshness to be an important attribute for soda which previously wasn't part of many consumers evaluative criteria
165146207	How do you change value?	add or take away attributes
165146208	Psychographics	the analysis of consumer's lifestyles.. provides insights into consumers needs and wants. what they value what what they find important how they spend their time
165146209	VALS Psychographic analysis	based on (1) primary motivations for buying and having certain products (2) their resources
165146210	Primary Motivations	ideals, achievement, and self expression.. related to consumers purchasing behavior
165146211	Ideals Motivated Group	consumers that are guided by knowledge and principal
165146212	Thinkers	consumers defined by their maturity, reason, education, and their valuation of order, knowledge, and responsibility
165146213	Believers	conservative, conventional, concrete beliefs, and their valuation of family, religion, community, and nationality
165146214	Achievement Motivated Group	Consumers motivated by prestige, respect, success and their placed importance upon communicating that success to their peers
165146215	Achievers	busy, goal oriented, and have a deep commitment to career and family. Value their image and purchase prestigous products and services
165146216	Strivers	trendy and fun loving/ define success by income/ value style and are impulsive spenders
165146217	Self Expression Motivated Group	Consumers that desire an active lifestyle, variety, and risk.
165146218	Experiencers	Young enthusiastic and impulsive consumers. Value the new offbeat and risky products and services.
165146219	Makers	Consumers that express themselves through creativity. Value skill, self sufficiency but not material objects.
165146220	High and Low Resource Groups	two consumer segments that stand alone
165146221	Innovators	successful, sophisticated, take-charge people, with high self esteem and possess abundant resources
165146222	Survivors	consumers focused on meeting basic physiological needs. loyal to objectively promoted products for they have little resources to be trendy, prestigious, or risky

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Chapter 8 Energy, Enzymes and Metabolism Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Cells and Energy, Biology 196

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646965552	Potential Energy	The energy of state or position. Stored energy. Stored as: chemical bonds, concentration gradient, electric charge imbalance.
646965553	Kinetic Energy	Energy of movement. Does work, makes things change.
646965554	Metabolism	Totality of continuously occurring chemical reactions in any living organism.
646965555	Anabolic Reactions (Anabolism)	Link simple molecules to form complex molecules. E.g: Synthesis of a protein from amino acids. Require input of energy and capture it in chemical bonds formed.
646965556	Catabolic Reactions (Catabolism)	*Think of catastrophe. Break down complex molecules into simpler ones and release the energy stored in chemical bonds. E.g: Polysaccharide starch is hydrolyzed into simpler ones and release the energy stored in chemical bonds.
646965557	First law of thermodynamics	Energy is neither created nor destroyed during any conversion of energy.
646965558	Second law of thermodynamics	When energy is converted, some of that energy becomes unavailable for work.
646965559	Entropy	A measure of the disorder in a system.
646965560	Enthalpy (H)	Total energy in a biological system.
646965561	Free energy (G)	Usable energy that can do work. Cells need it for growth, cell division and maintenance.
646965562	Entropy (S)	Unusable energy (multiplied by the absolute temperature)
646965563	Release/Consume Free Energy Equation	ΔG=ΔH-TΔS If ΔG is negative (ΔG < 0), free energy is released. If ΔG is positive (ΔG > 0), free energy is required. (consumed)
646965564	Disorder tends to increase	Chemical changes, physical changes, and biological processes all tend to increase entropy.
646965565	Exergonic Reactions	Reactions that release free energy (⁻ΔG). complex molecules→ free energy + small molecules
646965566	Endergonic Reactions	Reactions that require or consume free energy. (⁺ΔG) free energy= small molecules→ complex molecules
646965567	Chemical Equilibrium	Balance between forward and reverse reactions. State of no net change.
646965568	Change in free energy.	The further toward completion the point of equilibrium lies, the more free energy is released.
646965569	ATP	Capture and transfer of free energy needed to do chemical work. A nucleotide that can be converted into a building block for nucleic acids. Releases a large amount of energy when hydrolyzed to ADP.
646965570	ATP Structure	Composed of a nitrogenous base adenine, bonded to a sugar ribose, attached to a sequence of three phosphate groups.
646965571	Characteristics of ATP account for free energy release	1. Free energy of P-O bond between phosphate groups is higher than energy of the O-H bonds that form after hydrolysis. 2. Phosphate groups are negatively charged, takes energy to get phosphates near each other to make the covalent bond that links them together.
646965572	Bioluminescence	The production of light by living organisms. It is an endergonic reaction driven by ATP hydrolysis.
646965573	Energy Coupling Cycle	ADP picks up energy from exergonic reactions to become ATP, which then donates energy to endergonic reactions.
646965574	Catalysts	Substances that speed up reactions without themselves being permanently altered. Most are called enzymes. Earliest ones are rybozymes.
646965575	Energy Barrier	Exergonic reactions proceed only after the reactants are pushed over the energy barrier by some added energy.
646965576	Activation Energy	Amount of energy needed to start the reaction.
646965577	Transition State Intermediates	In chemical reaction, the Activation energy is the energy needed to change the reactants into unstable molecular forms called transition state intermediates. Higher free energies than the reactants or the products.
646965578	Activation energy come from?	If system is heated all the reactant molecules move faster and have more kinetic energy. Reaction would speed up. Would not work in living systems, would accelerate all reactions including denaturation. Instead living systems lower the energy barrier by bringing the reactants close together.
646965579	Enzymes bind specific reactants at specific sites	Usually recognizes and binds to only one or few closely related reactants and catalyzes only a single chemical reaction.
646965580	Substrate	Bind to a particular site on the enzyme, active site, where catalysis takes place. specifity of an enzyme has to do with its shape, functional group and properties.
646965581	Enzyme Substrate Complex	Binding of a substrate to the active site held together by a hydrogen bond, temporary covalent bond or electrical attraction. Gives rise to product and free enzyme.
646965582	Free enzyme	Same chemical form at end of reaction than at the beginning.
646965583	Enzymes orient substrates	Part of the activation energy is used to bring together specific atoms so that bonds can form.
646965584	Enzymes can induce strain in the substrate	Enzyme can cause bonds in the substrate to stretch putting it in an unstable transition state. Rendering bonds unstable and more reactive.
646965585	Enzymes can temporarily add chemical groups to substrates	Side chains (R groups) of an enzyme's amino acids make its substrates more chemically reactive.
646965586	Acid Base Catalysis	Transfer H⁺ to or from the substrate destabilizing a covalent bond and allowing it to break.
646965587	Covalent Catalysis	Functional group in the side chain froms a temporary covalent bond from with portion of the substrate.
646965588	Metal Ion Catalysis	Copper, Iron and Manganese. Can gain or lose electrons without detaching from enzymes. Important in oxidation-reduction reactions.
646965589	Enzyme	Typically a protein containing hundreds of amino acids and a single folded polypeptide chain or of several subunits. Substrate generally a small molecule or small part of a large molecule. Active site usually 6-12 amino acids.
646965590	Active site is specific to substrate	Binding of the substrate to the active site depends on the same kind of forces that mantain tertiary structure of enzyme. Hydrogen bonds, Electrically charged groups, and Hydrophobic Interactions. Enzyme=substrate; Lock=key
646965591	Enzyme changes shape when it binds a substrate	Induced fit: Shape changes expose the active site of the enzyme. Explains why enzymes are so large. -Provides a framework for amino acids to be properly positioned in relation to the substrate. -Significant changes in protein shape &structure. -Provides binding sites for regulatory molecules.
646965592	Prosthetic Groups	Non amino acid atoms or molecular grouping permanently bound to their enzymes. E.g: Flavin nucleotide - cellular respiration
646965593	Cofactors	Inorganic ions that bind to certain enzymes. Iron, Copper, Zinc.
646965594	Coenzyme	Carbon containing molecule required for the action of one or more enzymes. Coenzyme = substrate in that it doesn't bind permanently to the enzyme. ATP &ADP can be considered coenzymes; they are substrates. In animals - coenzymes are vitamins, not synthesized by the body.
646965595	Substrate Concentration Affects Reaction Rate	The higher the concentration of the substrate, the more reactions per unit of time. Also changes the shape of a plot of rate versus substrate concentration. Initially increases until max rate has been reached.
646965596	Saturation phenomenon	Like facilitated diffusion. Nothing is gained by adding more substrate, no free enzyme molecules are left to act as catalysts.
646965597	Maximum Rate of Catalyzed Reaction	Can be used to measure effectiveness of an enzyme. (Turnover Number) Ranges from 1 molecule/2 sec to 40 million molecules/ sec.
646965598	Enzymes regulated by Inhibitors	Natural inhibitors regulate metabolism. Artificial ones - treat disease, kill pests, how enzymes work.
646965599	Irreversible Inhibition	...

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ACT Reading Strategies Flashcards

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ACT English Flashcards

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247699997	Fix the apostrophe(s). Deborahs groceries' melted in the car.	Deborah's groceries melted in the car.
247699998	Fix the commas. Amy charged exceedingly, reasonable prices for tutoring.	Amy charged exceedingly reasonable prices for tutoring.
247699999	Fix the commas. Rebecca bought milk eggs and cheese.	Rebecca bought milk, eggs, and cheese.
247700000	Fix the pronoun agreement. Herpetophobia is when people have a fear of snakes.	Herpetophobia is a term that means a fear of snakes.
247700001	Fix the idiom. Teachers around the world appreciate that young readers, throughout the Harry Potter books, have discovered the joy of reading.	Teachers around the world appreciate that young readers, through the Harry Potter books, have discovered the joy of reading.
247700002	Fix the counting word. Since it's raining, I have a few less things to do this weekend.	Since it's raining, I have fewer things to do this weekend.
247700003	Fix the modifier. Jonathan offered a fair convincing excuse for his lateness.	Jonathan offered a fairly convincing excuse for his lateness.
247700004	Who versus Whom	Who is a subjective pronoun (subject of the clause), and whom is an onbjective pronoun (object of the clause) Who picked up my check? to whom did you give my check?
247700005	Colon	A punctuation mark used after a complete statement to introduce an explanation of the statement and/or a list of related elements Billy has three ways of getting to school: bus, train, and bike.
247700006	Semicolon	A punctuation mark used to link two independent clauses or used between items in a list containing commas Jenny is a dog lover; Robert prefers cats.
247700007	Comma	A punctuation mark used to seperate items in a list or to change restrictive clauses to nonrestrictive clauses Maria bought a bag of apples, oranges, and pears. My father, who is very tall, has a hard time finding pants that fit him.
247700008	Tense	The form of the verb that tells what time the action happened I studied all day yesterday, but today I am working and tomorrow I will rest.
247700009	Verb	A word that expresses an action, a feeling, or a state of being Chris seemed guilty, but Ray is the one who broke the window.
247700010	Subject	The topic of the sentence Jennifer made everyone feel at home.
247700011	Pronoun	A word that stands in for a noun Andrea promised Bo that she would pay him back.
247700012	Present Particle	The "-ing" form of the verb, either used with the verb " to be " to make a verb phrase, or on its own as an adjective Sue is hoping to avoid the growling dog.
247700013	Prepositional Phrase	A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun A number of awards has been showered on the new musical.
247700014	Preposition	A word that describes time or place relationships between words Rachel sat in a seat between a passenger by the window and a passenger on the aisle.
247700015	Phrase	A group of words lacking a subject and a verb, and which can function as a noun, adjecive, or adverb running through the streets of Pamploma, the bulls are an impressive sight.
247700016	Past Participle	The form of the verb, either used with the verb "to have" to make a verb phrase or on its own as an adjective The spoken language of the tribe has been recorded for posterity.
247700017	Passive Voice	Use of the verb so that the subject is the receiver, not the performer, of the action The best-selling book How to Raise the Perfect Dog was written by Cesar Millan.
247700018	Object	The receiver of the action, or the finish to a prepositional phrase Priyanka baked a cake for Ben.
247700019	Noun	A person, place, thing, or idea The boy made a vow to one day visit India.
247700020	Misplaced Modifer	Any kind of description that is put in the wrong place in a sentence and thus describes the wrong thing Drenched in maple syrup, Andy couldn't wait to eat the pancakes.
247700021	Infinitive	The form of the verb beginning with "to" The actress wants to sing in her next movie but doesn't want to dance.
247700022	Interjection	An introductory word, often used to show emphasis Wow! You really spent a million dollars?
247700023	Independent Clause	A group of words that has a subject and a verb and that can stand alone as a sentence She had prepared for a rainy day.
247700024	Idiom	A figure of speech that follows no grammatical riles Taylor is different from her sister.
247700025	Helping Verb	Verbs that can stand on their own or are used with the participles of other verbs to ask a question, add emphasis, change tense, or change voice Do you know if you can go to Paris? I have never visited, but it is recommended by the guidebook.
247700026	Gerund	A noun made from the "-ing" form of the verb Walking is a great form of exercise.
247700027	Conjuction	A word that joins words, phrases, or clauses together Elaina and Lily went shopping, but Kania stayed home because she had to study.
247700028	Collective Noun	Nouns that identify groups of things or people The jury is deliberating whether to convict the defendant.
247700029	Dependent Clause	A group of words that has a subject and a verb but that can't stand alone as a sentence Although she had prepared for a rainy day...
247700030	Case	A category of pronouns that describes the function of the pronoun: subject, object, or possessive She told him that his fortune would one day be hers.
247700031	Article	A word used to identify a noun The dog chased a ball into an alley.
247700032	Adverb	A word used to describe, or modify, a verb, adjective, or other adverb The dark green snake slithered very quietly through the house.
247700033	Adjective	A word used to describe, or modify, a noun or pronoun The clever detective solved the tricky case.
247700034	Active Voice	Use of the verb so that the subject is the performer, not the receiver, of an action cesar Millian wrote the best-selling book How to Raise the Perfect Dog.
247700035	Fix the subject-verb agreement. The members of the team lifts weights when they're not practicing.	The members of the team lift weights when they're not practicing.
247700036	Fix the subject-verb agreement. A panel of experts agree with the research.	A panel of experts agrees with the research.
247700037	Fix the apostrophe(s)/pronoun. The movie franchise became a victim of it's own success.	The movie franchise became a victim of its own success.
247700038	Fix the apostrophe(s). Sports' teams practice after school.	Sports teams practice after school.
247700039	Fix the pronoun case. After you've read thyis email, please reply to myselfbut copy Kevin.	After you've read this email, please reply to me but copy Kevin.
247700040	Fix the pronoun case. Rick gave the project to Carlos and myself to complete.	Rick gave the project to Carlos and me to complete.
247700041	Fix the commas. Aramis got a B in math.	Aramis, however, got a B in Math.
247700042	Fix the commas. The cupcakes, that I brought at the bakery, are better than the ones I bought at the grocery store.	The cupcakes that I brought at the bakery are better than the ones I bought at the grocery store.
247700043	Fix the commas. Derrek who was injured much of last year will start at first base this season.	Derrek, who was injured much of last year, will start at first base this season.
247700044	Fix the apostrophe(s)/pronoun. They're protests were ignored.	Their protests were ignored.
247700045	Fix the counting word. Less than twenty people complained about the band's late start time.	Fewer than twenty people complained about the band's late start time.
247700046	Fix the commas. Many ESL students, who learn grammar by studying the rules rather than by ear do well on the ACT English Test.	Many ESL students, who learn grammar by studying the rules rather than ny ear, do well on the ACT English Test.
247700047	fix the commas. David Ortiz designated hitter for the Boston Red Sox is nicknamed Big Papi.	David Ortiz, designtaed hitter for the Boston Red Sox, is nicknamed Big Papi.
247700048	Fix the commas. Cubs legend, Ron Santo, should be inducted into the Hall of Fame.	Cubs legend Ron Santo should be inducted into the Hall of Fame.
247700049	Fix the commas. The movie version, though was terrible.	The movie version, though, was terrible.
247700050	Fix the commas. The eager fan cost his team a run peventing the outfilder from catching the foul ball.	The eager fan cost his team a run, preventing the outfilder from catching the foul ball.
247700051	Fix the apostrophe(s). His legs' were sore after his' workout.	His legs were soar after his workout.
247700052	Fix the apostrophe(s). I hate when I have to sit at the childrens table.	I hate when I have to sit at the children's table.
247700053	Fix the puntuaction. Erick dropped German because: it conflicted with his chemistry class.	Erick dropped German because it conflicted with his chemistry class.
247700054	Fix the pronoun case. Mark is this student whom teachers believe will win the spelling bee.	Mark is the student who teachers believe will win the spelling bee.
247700055	Fix the pronoun case. The crowd pushes Geovany and I apart.	The crowd pushed Geovany and me apart.
247700056	Fix the modifier. Including tickets, food, and souvenirs, a Major League Baseball game can cost a family of four several hundred dollars, an exceedingly highly price for most families.	Including tickets, food, and souvenirs, a Major League Baseball game can cost a family of four sveral hundred dollars, an exceedingly high price for most families.
247700057	Fix the modifier. Walking on the beach, the dolphins dived playfully in the distance.	walking on the beach, I watched the dolphins dive playfully in the distance.
247700058	Fix the punctuation. Even if I buy a new laptop, by the time I install all the software. It will be too late.	Even if I buy a new laptop, by the time I install all the software it willbe too late.
247700059	Fix the punctuation. I need to make plans for summer I'd really like to travel to South America.	I need to make plans for summer. I'd really like to travel to south America. (OR) I need to make plans for summer; I;d really like to travel to South America.
247700060	Fix the modifier. The history teacher pushed his students relentless to prepare them for the AP exam.	The history teacher pushed his studentsrelentlessly to prepare them for the AP exam.
247700061	Fix the apostrophe(s)/pronoun. The library has lost it's funding.	The library has lost its funding.
247700062	Fix the apostrophe(s). Thats his' car.	That's his car.
247700063	Fix the apostrophe(s). Its a shame to waste energy.	It's a shame to waste energy.
247700064	Fix the commas. After I sent her an invitation my grandmother joined Facebook.	After I sent her an invitation, my grandmother joined Facebook.
247700065	Fix the commas. Because it rained todaythe game was canceled.	Because it rained today, the game was canceled.
247700066	Fix the commas. Jerri said, I should never take candy from strangers.	Jerri said I should never take candy from strangers.
247700067	Fix the idiom. karaoke is a Japanese word that translates into "empty."	Karaoke is a Japanese word that translates as "empty."
247700068	Fix the commas. Fruits, vegetables, lean meats and whole grains form a great foundation for a healthy diet.	Fruits, vegetables, lean meats, and whole grains form a great foundation for a healthy diet.
247700069	Fix the commas. It was a dark stormy night.	It was a dark, stormy night.
247700070	Fix the commas. Tulips which are annuals are just now comign into bloom.	Tulips, which are annuals, are just now coming into bloom.
247700071	Fix the apostrophe(s)/pronoun. Its never a good idea to text while driving.	It's never a goog idea to text while driving.
247700072	Fix the apostrophe(s). The womens' room is over there.	the women's room is over there.
247700073	Fix the apostrophe(s). I gave my two week''s notice.	I gave my two weeks' notice.
247700074	Fix the apostrophe(s). The babys toy fell under the cribs' skirt.	The baby's toy fell under the crib's skirt.
247700075	Fix the past participle. Finn become a better singer after he learned to breathe correctly.	finn became a better singer after he learned to breathe correctly.
247700076	Fix the past participle. I told my teacher that the dog had ate my homework.	I told my teacher that the dog had eaten my homework.
247700077	Fix the pronoun case. He yelled at her and I for being late.	He yelled at her and me for being late.
247700078	fix the pronoun case. Her and I finished the last of the cookies.	She and I finished the last of the cookies.
247700079	Fix the pronoun case. Henry helped Max and I finish our history papers.	Henry helped Max and me finish our history paper.
247700080	Fix the idiom. The extensive marketing campaign, coupled for a fast food tie-in, drew millions of young fans into the theater.	The extensive marketing campaign, coupled with a fast food tie-in, drew millions of young fans into the theater.
247700081	Fix the punctuation. I can swim in my pool. Whenever I want to.	I can swim in my own backyard pool whenever I want to.
247700082	Fix the punctuation. The mayor proposed a tax increase btu the council voted it down.	The mayor proposed a tax increase, but the council voted it down.
247700083	Fix the apostrophe(s)/pronoun. Who's car is parked behind mine?	Whose car is parked behind mine?
247700084	Fix the apostrophe(s)/pronoun. Whose at the door?	who's at the door?
247700085	Fix the apostrophe(s)/pronoun. There coming over at 7.	They're coming over at 7.
247700086	Fix the apostrophe(s)/pronoun. A dog can never catch its' tail.	A dog can never catch its tail.
247700087	Fix the sybject-verb agreement. Mr. Colon thinks none of the papers deserve an A.	Mr. Colon thinks none of the papers deserves an A.
247700088	Fix the subject-verb agreement. Does any of the schools offer an art program?	Do any of the schools offer an art program?
247700089	Fix trhe subject-verb agreement. All students participating in lacrosse or baseball has to pass a physical.	All students participating in lacrosse or baseball have to pass a physical.
247700090	Fix the modifier. Brendan is quiet unless he has something specially to say.	Brendan is quiet unless he has something special to say.
248377309	fix the punctuation come early. if you can.	come early if you can.
248377310	Fix the punctuation Ashley prepared three different desserts; a pie, a cake, and cookies.	Ashley prepared three different desserts: a pie, a cake, and cookies. [or] Ashley prepared three different desserts- a pie, a cake, and cookies.
248377311	Fix the punctuation Melissa finally finished her assignment she shouldn't have procrastinated.	Melissa finally finished her assignment. SHe shouldn't have procrastinated. [or] Melissa finally finished her assignment; she shouldn't have procrastinated.
248377312	Fix the subject- verb agreement everyone waiting for hours in long lines were there to get into the concert.	Everyone waiting for hours in long lines was there to get into the concert
248377313	Fix the subject- verb agreement The list of celebrities supporting the earhtquake victims grow each day.	The list of celebrities supporting the earthquake victims grows each day.
248377314	Fix the subject- verb agreement The fans, players, and coaches from the visiting team belives the referee made a bad call.	The fans, players, and coaches from the visiting team beleive the referee made a bad call.
248377315	Fix the modifier. You need to be more clear about what you want.	You need to be clearer about what you want
248377316	Fix the modifier. Of all airports in the United States, Chicago's O'Hare is the most busy.	Of all airports in the United States, Chicago's O'Hare is the busiest.
248377317	Fix the past participle Most states have forbade drivers to text while driving.	Most states have forbidden drivers to text while driving
248377318	Fix the past participle Ed forgot where he had hid the remote control	Ed forgot where he had hidden the remote control
248377319	Fix the verb Andrew knew he should of written his password down	Andrew knew he should have written his password down
248377320	Fix the past participle Jim had never took the train to the airport before.	jim had never taken the train to the airport before
248377321	Fix the pronoun case Calvin dosen't know who he will ask to the prom	Calvin dosen't know whom he will ask to prom
248377322	Fix the pronoun case Louis asked Peter whom had won the game	Louis asked Peter who had won the game
248377323	Fix the pronoun case Makita can't remember who she lent her textbook to.	Makita can't remember whom she lent her textbook to.
248377324	Fix the subject- verb agreement Only one of the freshmen appear in the yearbook	Only one of the freshmen appears in the yearbook
248377325	Fix the subject- verb agreement Each of the bandmembers have a solo in the concert	Each of the band members has a solo in the concert
248377326	Fix the counting word Fewer than half of the audience demanded refunds	Less than half the audience demanded refunds
248377327	Fix the pronoun agreement. This is a story where no one lives happily ever after	This is a story in which no one lives happily ever after
248377328	Fix the pronoun agreement. I don't like people that chew bubble gum.	I dont ike people who chew bubble gum.
248377329	Fix the modifier The days feel more short than ever	The days fell shorter than ever
248377330	FIx the idiom The local grocery offers a greater vaiety than the national chain does, and in a fraction of the cost	The local grocery offers a greater vaiety than the national chain does, and at a fraction of the cost
248377331	Fix the commas Bea for example, taught herself to knit.	Bea, for example, taught herself to knit
248377332	Fix the commas However she hasn't updated her status.	However, she hasn't updated her status.
248377333	Fix the commas I missed the episode, that was on last night, so i will download it.	I missed the episode that was on last night, so i will download it.
248377334	Fix the apostrophe(s)/ pronoun Your sadly mistaken if you think i dont care.	You're sadly mistaken if you think i care.
248377335	Fix the apostrophe(s) Im outta here.	I'm outta here.
248377336	Fix the punctuation. Jamie tried out for basketball, but joined the swim team instead.	Jamie tried out for basketball but joined the swim team instead.
248377337	Fix the punctuation. Although every critic panned it; the movie was a huge hit.	Although every critic panned it, the movie was a huge hit.
248377338	Fix the past participle Holly reported to Emily that someone had broke the deck chairs.	Holly reported to Emily that someone had broken the deck chairs.
248377339	David helped lie the carpet in dan's new house.	David helped lay the carpet in dan's new house
248377340	Fix the pronoun case. Everyone joined Kathleen and he in welcoming their new little brother.	Everyone joined Kathleen and him in welcoming their new little brother.
248377341	Fix the pronoun case You and me could write a bad romance.	You and I could write a bad romance.
248377342	Fix the punctuation The evening's activities included: singing, dancing, and eating.	The evening's activities included singing, dancing, and eating.
248377343	Fix the apostrophe(s) The teachers lounge is off limits to student's.	The teacher's lounge is off limits to students.
250626676	Fix the apostrophe(s) Shannons' party drew a huge crowd.	Shannon's party drew a huge crowd
250626677	Fix the apostrophe(s) Tori brought bananas' and grape's to the picnic.	Tori brought bananas and grapes to the picnic
250626678	Fix the apostrophe(s)/ pronoun You're next appointment is here.	Your next appointment is here.
250626679	Fix the past participle The movie had just began when someone's cell phone rang.	The movie had just begun when someone's cell phone rang.
250626680	Fix the past participle. The soda exploded when I opened it because I had shook it too hard.	The soda exploded when I opened it because I had shaken it too hard.
250626681	Fix the past participle. My bike tire sprung a leak after I rode over a nail.	My bike tire sprang a leak after I rode over a nail.
250626682	Fix the modifier Each of the driving routines was more pretty than the one before it.	Each of the driving routines was prettier than the one before it.
250626683	Fix the idiom I can't hardly wait for you to visit.	I can hardly wait for you to visit.
250626684	Fix the counting word If you have ten items or less, use the express lane.	If you have ten items or fewer, use the express lane.
250626685	FIx the commas Teachers, parents and students should attend tonight's meeting about after- school activities.	Teachers, parents, and students should attend tonight's meeting about after- school activities.
250626686	Fix the commas Our dog which we got from a rescue can be skittish aroung new people.	Our dog, which we got from a rescue, can be skittish aroung new people.
250626687	Fix the commas I gathered all of my research from the articles, that I downloaded from the newspaper's archives.	I gathered all of my research from the articles that I downloaded from the newspaper's archives.
250626688	Fix the commas Before 1920 women did not have the right to vote in America.	Before 1920, women did not have the right to vote in America.
250626689	Fix the commas Stephen told Jon, the election would likely be close.	Stephen told Jon the election would likely be close.
250626690	Fix the puncuation Peter saved all of his money to buy a new IPod, Patrick bought one with a credit card.	Peter saved all of his money to buy a new IPod. Patrick bought one with a credit card. [or] Peter saved all of his money to buy a new IPod; Patrick bought one with a credit card.
250626691	Fix the puncuation Jack didn't call Max back; because it was so late.	Jack didn't call Max back because it was so late.
250626692	Fix the puncuation Since you went away; I've been so sad.	Since you went away, I've been so sad.
250626693	Fix the pronoun case Between you and I, Jean could probably beat Peter at golf.	Between you and me, Jean could probably beat Peter at golf.
250626694	Fix the pronoun case Charlie and Rex want to take a class with the teacher who the student body voted teacher of the year.	Charlie and Rex want to take a class with the teacher whom the student body voted teacher of the year.
250626695	Fix the pronoun case. Cece will decide whom the next team captian will be.	Cece will decide who the next team captian will be.
250626696	Fix the modifier The contestant marched slow and confident to the podium.	The contestant marched slowly and confidently to the podium.
250626697	Fix the idiom Walking is less damaging to the knees then running is.	Walking is less damaging to the knees than running is.

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ACT SCIENCE: CHARTS, GRAPHS, & TABLES Flashcards

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AC ACT Science Vocabulary (Biology) Flashcards

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561086942	Control Experiment	An experiment designed to control for variables affecting the results of another experiment.
561086943	Hypothesis	A possible explaination for a set of data
561086944	Law	a summary of many experimental results and observations; a law tells how things work
561086945	Scientific Method	a series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions
561086946	Theory	well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations
561086947	Active Transport	the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy
561086948	Adaption	an inherited characteristic that improves an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.
561086949	Algae	photosynthetic (Plantlike) protists
561086950	Amino Acid	basic building blocks of protein molecules
561086951	Amphibian	cold-blooded vertebrate typically living on land but breeding in water
561086952	anaerobic respiration	fermentation or respiration in the absence of oxygen
561086953	anaphase	the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles
561086954	angiosperm	plants having seeds in a closed ovary
561086955	annelid	Any of various worms or wormlike animals of the phylum Annelida, characterized by an elongated, cylindrical, segmented body and including the earthworm and leech.
561086956	aorta	the large trunk artery that carries blood from the left ventricle of the heart to branch arteries
561086957	arachnid	an arthropod with two body sections, four pairs of legs, and no antennae
561086958	artery	a vessel that carries blood away from the heart
561086959	asexual reproduction	reproduction that does not involve the union of gametes and in which a single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent
561086960	ATP	adenosine triphosphate, an organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes; composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups
561086961	autosome	any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
561086962	autotroph	plant capable of synthesizing its own food from simple organic substances
561086963	bacteria	microscopic one-celled organisms with cell walls but no organized nucleus
561086964	bird	warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrates characterized by feathers and forelimbs modified as wings
561086965	botany	the study of plants
561086966	capillary	one of the connecting vessles between the smallest arteries and the smalest veins
561086967	carbohydrate	a compound such as a starch or a sugar that is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
561086968	carnivore	an animal that eats other animals
561086969	catabolism	breakdown of more complex substances into simpler ones with release of energy
561086970	cell	A membrane bound structure that is the basic unit of life
561086971	cell wall	A rigid structure that surrounds the cells of plants and most bacteria
561086972	chlorophyll	the green material in plants that is essential for photosynthesis
561086973	chloroplast	A plastid containing chlorophyll, the site of photosynthesis
561086974	chordate	member of the phylum Chordata; animal that has, for at least some stage of its life, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal pouches, and a muscular tail
561086975	chromosome	a threadlike body in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order
561086976	class	a major category in taxonomy, such as Mammalia, that ranks below the phylum and above the order
561086977	cleavage	series of cell divisions that changes a unicellular zygote into a multicellular embryo without a significant increase in total mass.
561086978	coelenterate	radially symmetrical animals having saclike bodies with only one opening and tentacles with stinging structures
561086979	commensalism	a form of symiosis that is beneficial to one organism and harmless to te other
561086980	crustacean	invertebrate, exoskeleton with jointed legs ex. Lobster, blue crab, spiny lobster
561086981	cytokinesis	organic process consisting of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following karyokinesis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells
561086982	cytoplasm	the region of a cell located inside the cell membrane (in prokaryotes) or between the cell membrane and nucleus (in eukaryotes); contains a gel-like material and cell organelles
561086983	deciduous	having parts, such as leaves, that fall off seasonally or at a particular stage of develpment
561086984	digestion	the process of ingesting and assimilating food and eliminationg wastes
561086985	DNA	deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics
561086986	dominant trait	a trait that shows up emen when a recessive gene is present
561086987	echinoderm	a member of the phylum Echinodermat, which includes sea stars and other marine invertebrates with five (or a multiple of five) similar body parts arranded around a central axis
561086988	egg	a female sex cell
561086989	embryo	developing organism
561086990	endoplasmic reticulum	a network of cytoplasmic membranes through which materials are transportd in the cell
561086991	endosperm	the part of a plant seed that contains the food that nouurishes the developing embryo
561086992	enzyme	a complex protein that speeds up biochemical reactions in living cells
561086993	eucaryote	a cell that has a membrane bound nucleus
561086994	evolution	a theroy that existing plants and animals developed from earlier species through a gradual prcess of modification
561086995	family	a category in taxonomy that ranks below the order and above the genus
561086996	fat	an organic compound of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that is rich in energy
561086997	fertilization	the union of two gametes (sperm and egg)
561086998	fish	a member of the class Osteichthyes, which includes cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates that have gills for respiration
561086999	flatworm	a member of the phylum Platyheminthes, which includes flukes, tape-worms, and other flat-bodied worms with degestive, nervous, and reproductive systems
561087000	food chain	the sequence in which living things are eaten by other, usually higher, living things in an ecological community
561087001	fruit	the ripened ovary of a seed plant
561087002	fungi	simple plants, such as mushrooms, that have no vascular tissues, lack the chlorophyll necessary for photosynthesis, and feed off green plants or dead or decaying organic matter
561087003	gamete	a reproductive cell ( a sperm in a male, an egg in a female)
561087004	gene	a unit on a chromosome that transmits a hereditary character
561087005	genetics	the study of heredity and variations in organisms
561087006	genus	a category in taxonomy that ranks below the family and above the species
561087007	gland	part of the body that secretes substancessucj as enzymes and hormones
561087008	Golgi body	a cytoplasmic componet that is thought to play a part in the secretion of cell products
561087009	gonads	the reproductive glands (testes in males, ovaries in females)
561087010	heart	an organ that serves as the pump for the circulatory system of vertebrate animals
561087011	herbivore	an animal that eats only plants
561087012	heredity	the sum of tratis passed from parents to offspring
561087013	heterotrph	an organism that cannot manufacture its own food and must live o organic compounds already made by other organisms
561087014	heterozygous	having genes of different forms for the same trait
561087015	hormone	a chemical messenger within th body that regulates cell activity
561087016	hybrid	an offspring of plants or animals of different species
561087017	ingestion	the process of taking in food
561087018	insect	member of the class Insecta, which includes numerous arthropids with three-part bodies, thre pairs of legs, and a single pair of antennae
561087019	instinct	complex inborn patter of involuntary responses
561087020	interphase	period between cell divisions during which chromosomes replicate themselves
561087021	intestine	the section of the digestive system below the stomach
561087022	invertebrate	an animal with no backbone
561087023	karyokinesis	the division of the nucleus of a cell
561087024	kidney	one of a pair of organs that filter and collect waste
561087025	kingdom	one of the primary categories of taxonomy
561087026	larva	an immature animal that undergoes a profound change before assumin its adult form
561087027	liver	large and complicated reddish-brown glandular organ located in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity, secretes bile to emulsify fats, the storage of cglucose, and manufadcture of vlood clotting substances
561087028	lung	one of a pair of respiratory organs that supply oxygen to and eliminate carbon dioxide from the body
561087029	mammal	member of the class Mammalia which includes humans and other warm blooded, hariy vertebrates that nourish their young with milk secreted by mammary glands
561087030	meiosis	PROCESS OF CELLULAR DIVISION THAT RESULTIS IN THE FORMATION OF SEX CELLS THAT HAVE HALF THE ORIGINAL NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES
561087031	membrane	a thin, soft, pliable layer of tissue, such as the sheet that surrounds a cell or a cell part
561087032	metabolism	sum of chemical activities in a living organism
561087033	metaphase	the second phase of mitosis, during which the paired chromatids align in the center of the spindle
561087034	mitochondria	structures in the cytoplasm of a cell that produce energy through cellular respiration
561087035	mitosis	process of cellular division that results in the formation of two new cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the original cell
561087036	mollusk	a member of the phylum Mollusca, which includes snails, clams, and other arthropids with soft, unsegmented bodies that are usually enclosed in hard shells
561087037	mutation	basic, relatively permanent change in the structure of a gene or some ohter unit of hereditary material
561087038	mutualism	symbiotic relationsip beneficial to both organisms
561087039	natural selection	natural process whereby those organisms that are best adapted to their environment survive and multiply, while those that are not so well adapted do not
561087040	nucleolus	round body in the nucles of a cell that contains RNA and protein
561087041	nucleus	a membrane boun organelle that contains chromosomes and directs cellular activities
561087042	omnivore	an animal that eats both plants and animals
561087043	oogenesis	process by which eggs or ova are formed and developed in a female
561087044	order	a category in taxonomy that ranks below the clas and above the family
561087045	organ	a group of tissues that performa special function in a plant or animal
561087046	organism	an individual plant or animal
561087047	osmosis	the diffusion of fluid through a semipermeable membrane
561087048	ovum	an egg or femal gamete
561087049	paratism	intimate relationship in which one organism, called a parasite, lives on or in another, called a host, and either contributes nothing to or actually harms the host
561087050	pasteurization	process of heating to kill pathogenic microorganisms
561087051	petal	a brightly colored, sometimes scented part of an angiosperm that attracts insects
561087052	phagocytosis	process by which solid particles are engulfed by a cell
561087053	phloem	special tisse that transports nutrients in the vascular system of plants
561087054	photosynthesis	the process by which green plants use solar energy to synthesize carbon compounds
561087055	phylum	a secondary category of taxonomy, below kingdom and above class
561087056	pinocytosis	process by which a fluid is engulfed by a cell
561087057	pistil	female part of a plant, which consists of the ovary, the style, and the stigma
561087058	pituitary glad	a small gland at the base of the brain that is sometimes called the master glad because it controls other endocrine glands and affects most basic bodily functions
561087059	predator	an animal that obrains food primarily by killing and consuming other animals
561087060	procaryotes	a cell that has no nuclear membrane and thus no distinct nucleus
561087061	prophase	first phase of mitosis where chromosomes condense and split into paired chromatids, the nuclear membrane dissolves, and the mitotic spindle begins to form
561087062	protein	one of many complex organic compounds, consisting of long chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds that are essential constituents of every living cell
561087063	recessive trait	trait that does not show up when a dominant gene is present
561087064	replication	the process by which DNA molecules make exact copies of themselves
561087065	reptile	a member of the Reptillia class, which includes snakes, turtles, alligators, and other cold blooded, air breathing vertebrates that are usually covered with scales of body plates
561087066	respiration	general process by which an organism exhcanges gasses with its environment ...also cellular process by which food is converted to carbon dioxide and water and the energy relesed during the reaction is captiured int the usable for of ATP
561087067	ribosome	one of the granular structures that are the sites of protein synthesis in the cell
561087068	RNA	ribonucleic acid, any of various nucleic acids involved in protein synthesis and other chemical activities of the cell
561087069	root	part of plant that serves as an anchor, and absorbs wather and minerals as well as storiing food
561087070	saliva	secretion of glands in the mouth that moistens and softens food and begins the breakdown of starch into sugar
561087071	saprphyte	organism that feeds on dead or decaying organic matter
561087072	sepal	part of an angiosperm that encloses and protects the flower befoe it blooms
561087073	sexual reproduction	the production of a new organism by the union of a male and a female gamate
561087074	species	most specific category of taxonomy, below the genus
561087075	spermatogenesis	process by which sperm are formed in a male
561087076	sponge	member of the phylum Porifera including simple auquatic animals that show little movement and extract nutrients form water taken in through many tiny pores in the body and expelled through the mouth
561087077	spore	an asexual reprductive cell produced by plants and some animals
561087078	stamen	the male part of a plant, which produces pollen and consists of the filament and the antler
561087079	stimulus	something that influences the activity of an organism
561087080	stomach	degestive organ that provides the acidic medium essential for the breakdown of proteins
561087081	symbiosis	intimate relationship betweent wo dissimilar organisms tha live together
561087082	taxonom	classification of plants and animals
561087083	telephase	the fourth phase of mitosis, during which cytokinesis begins, the spindle disperses, the nuclear membrane re-forms, and the chromosomes unravel
561087084	thyroid	an endocrine gland that governs the rate at which chemical activitiestake place in cells
561087085	tissue	group of simiar cells that perform the same function
561087086	transpiration	the release of water vapor through a living membrane, especially b a plant
561087087	tumor	an abnormal growth , whether benign or malignant
561087088	urea	nitrogen compound taht is the chief wase product in urine
561087089	vein	vessel that carries blood toward the heart
561087090	vertebrate	an animal wit a backbon
561087091	virus	any of the numerous submicroscopicentitites that consist of DNA or RNA in a protein coat, grow and multifly only in living cells and cause various deseases in plants and animals
561087092	x chromosome	a sex chromosome that appears paired in er and minerals from th roots to other parts female cells XX and unpaired in male cells XY
561087093	xylem	special tissue that conducts water and minerals from the roots to other parts of a plant
561087094	Y chromosome	a sex chromosome that appears only in the cells of males
561087095	zoology	study of animas
561087096	zygote	cell formed by the union of two gametes that is capale of developing into an adult organism

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ACT - Science Vocabulary - Earth Science Flashcards

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387416430	Atmosphere	a distinctive but intangible quality surrounding a person or thing
387416431	Biogeochemical cycles	process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another
387416432	Biosphere	the regions of the surface and atmosphere of the Earth (or other planet) where living organisms exist
387416433	Carbon cycle	the organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again
387416434	Continental plates	lithospheric plates including land
387416435	Core	the central part of the Earth
387416436	Crust	the outer layer of the Earth
387416437	Earth Systems Science	An emerging science of earth as a complete entity (physical, chemical, biological, planetary change, etc.)
387416438	Earthquakes	sudden movements of Earth's crust followed by a series of shocks
387416439	Geosphere	the solid part of the earth consisting of the crust and outer mantle
387416440	Hydrosphere	the watery layer of the earth's surface
387416441	Lithosphere	the solid part of the earth consisting of the crust and outer mantle
387416442	Mantle	the layer of the earth between the crust and the core
387416443	Mantle convection	mantle of Earth slowly convectively (rotating) overturns (maybe)
387416444	Mid-ocean ridges	an undersea mountain chain
387416445	Mountain belts	group of large mountain systems
387416446	Nitrogen cycle	the circulation of nitrogen
387416447	Oceanic plates	when two oceanic plates collide the older one is subducted under the younger
387416448	Plate boundaries	when plates interact with each other
387416449	Plate movements	Volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and mountain formation can all be caused by this
387416450	Plate tectonics theory	Theory that great slabs or plates of Earth's outer layer float on a hot, semi-molten mantle. All plates are moving slowly and have rafted continents to new positions over time.
387416451	subduction zones	places where plates are pushed down into the upper mantle
387416452	Tectonic plates	Sections of the Earth's crust that move due to convection currents.
387416453	Upper mantle	the upper part of the mantle
387416454	Volcanoes	openings in Earth's crust from which molten rock, dust, ash, and hot gases flow or erupt
387416455	Asthenosphere	the lower layer of the crust
387416456	Body waves	seismic waves that travel through the Earth's interior
387416457	continental crust	The thickest type of crust.
387416458	Convection	the transfer of heat through a fluid (liquid or gas) caused by molecular motion
387416459	Inner core	solid, dense center of the Earth
387416460	Magnitude	the property of relative size or extent
387416461	Magma	molten rock in the earth's crust
387416462	Hail	precipitation of ice pellets when there are strong rising air currents noun
387416463	Hurricanes	fierce tropical storms with strong winds
387416464	Lightning	the flash of light that accompanies an electric discharge in the atmosphere (or something resembling such a flash) noun Ex. can scintillate for a second or more
387416465	Waves	are rhythmic back and forth motions of water that transferenergy through the water
387416466	Drought	a temporary shortage of rainfall
387416467	Atmosphere	the mass of air surrounding the Earth noun Ex. "there was great heat as the comet entered the atmosphere"; "it was exposed to the air"
387416468	Flooding	overfull with water adjective Ex. "swollen rivers and creeks"
387416469	seasonal variations	a pattern in a time series that repeats itself at known regular intervals of time
387416470	Thunderstorms	electric storm, electrical storm
387416471	Tornadoes	destructive rotating column of air that has very high wind speeds visible as a funnel shpaed cloud that touches the ground
387416472	Unconformities	gaps in rock records made when agents of erosion remove existing rock layers
387416473	Index Fossils	distinctive fossil used to compare the relative ages of fossils
387416474	Cooling	the process when magma , lava , hot rock, or etc, somehow cool down or in the process of becoming cool.
387416475	Erosion	(geology) the mechanical process of wearing or grinding something down (as by particles washing over it
387416476	Igneous rocks	rocks formed by the cooling of molten rock
387416477	Metamorphism	change in the structure of rock by natural agencies such as pressure or heat of introduction of new chemical substances
387416478	Molten rock	rock that is so hot it is a very thick, slow-moving liquid
387416479	Rock cycle	sequence of events in which rocks are formed, destroyed, altered, and reformed by geological processes
387416480	Rock sequence	The order of rocks according to the geological age where they can be found User-contributed
387416481	Clouds	a visible collection of particles of water or ice suspended in the air, usually at an elevation above the earth's surface
387416482	Blizzards	a heavy and prolonged snowstorm covering a wide area
387416483	Air masses	a body of air covering a relatively wide area, exhibiting approximately uniform properties through any horizontal section
387416484	Air density	mass of air molecules found within a fixed volume of air
387416485	Convection	the transfer of heat through a fluid (liquid or gas) caused by molecular motion
387416486	Conduction	the transmission of heat or electricity or sound conducting
387416487	Downbursts	a localized area of strong winds in a downdraft beneath a severe thunderstorm.
387416488	Convergence	the occurrence of two or more things coming together
387416489	Fronts	Fronts are when any two air masses meet. The four major types of fronts are cold fronts, warm fronts, stationary fronts, and occluded fronts. User-contributed
387416490	deep ocean currents	convection currents that flow far beneath the surface of the ocean. they are caused by temperature differences in the water, and the earth's rotation
387416491	climatic zones	areas that experience the same weather and climate patterns, with similar distribution patterns of temperature and precipitation
387416492	Relative age dating	determines when something formed or happened in relation to other things
387416493	radioactive substance	A type of substance that releases neutrons and protons from its nucleus
387416494	Pleistocene ice age	fairly recent geological period when huge ice sheets covered most of North America and other continents

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AC ACT Science Vocabulary (Physics) Flashcards

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561079642	acceleration	the rate of change of the velocity of an object
561079643	alternating current	an electric current, used almost universally for home and industry, that changes its direction in regular cycles
561079644	amplitude	maximum displacement, as of a pendulum or a particle of a wave, from position of the rest or equalibrium
561079645	anode	an electrode, usually positive, through which current passes from a metallic to nonmetallic conductor
561079646	Archimedes principle	a principle of fluid mechanics which states that a body immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a foce equal to the weight of the displaced liquid or gas
561079647	capacitor	a device for storing electric charge that consists of two conductors seperated by a nonconductor
561079648	cathode	an electrode, usually negative, through which current passes from a non-metallic to a metallic conductor
561079649	conduction	the transfer of heat by the collision of adjacent molecules caused by variations in temperature and kinetic energy
561079650	conductor	a material, such as a metal, that readily permits the transfer of heat or electricity
561079651	convection	the transfer of heat by the movement of masses of fluid caused by the variations in temperature and density
561079652	direct current	an electric current that flows in one direction only, as in storage batteries
561079653	Doppler effect	the change in the length or frequency of a wave, such as a light, sound, or radio wave, that results from the relative motion of the source or the receiver
561079654	electrode	a conductor used to establish contact beween a metallic and a non-metallic part in an elctric circuit
561079655	electromagnetic wave	any of various transverse waves that result from the motion of electric charges, differ only in wave-length and frequency, and travel at the speed of light in a vacuum, including radio waves, microwaves, visible light, gamma rays, X rays, ultraviolet rays, and infrared rays
561079656	energy	the ability to do work
561079657	entropy	a measure of the sisorder of a system or of the unavailability of energy
561079658	force	a push of pull on a body
561079659	frequency	the number of waves passing through a point per unit time
561079660	friction	the resistance to motion between two bodies rubbing against each other
561079661	fulcrum	the point upon which a lever rests
561079662	gravitation, universal law of	a law which states that every particle i the universe attracts every other particle with a force directly proportional the the product of the masses of the two particles and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers of mass
561079663	gravity	the force of the eaarths attraction for bodies at or near its surface
561079664	harmonic motion	a regular vibration or a periodic motion in which the restoring force on a body, such as a pendulum is proportional to the displacement of the body from its position of equilibrium
561079665	heat	thermal or internal energy that is eing transferred from one body to another
561079666	inertia	the tendency of matter to remain at rest or, if in motion, to stay in motion unless acted on by an external force
561079667	insulator	a material, such as a nonmetal, that impedes the transfer of heat or electricity
561079668	kinetic energy	the energy of a body due to its motion
561079669	lever	a simple machine that consists of a rigid bar supported at one point and used to overcome resistance at a second poin when force is applied at a third
561079670	longitudinal wave	a wave, such as a sound wave, in which the disturbance is in the direction of propogation
561079671	momentum	the product of a bodys mass and velocity
561079672	Newtons first law	a law of motion which states that a body at rest remains at rest or a body in motion stays in motion at a constant speed in a straight line unless acted on by an unbalanced external force
561079673	Newtons second law	the net force acting on an object is equal to the product of its acceleration and its mass
561079674	Newtons third law	law states that for every action there is an equall and opposite reaction
561079675	period	the time for one complete vibration of a particle of a wave
561079676	periodic wave	a wave caused by a distrubance reapeating itself at regular intervals
561079677	potential energy	capacity of a body to do work as a result of its position or the arrangement of its parts
561079678	power	the rate at which work is done
561079679	pulley	simple machine consisting of a grooved wheel and a rope that is used to change the direction of a pulling force and to reduct the effort required to lift a load
561079680	quantum	a tiny paket or bundle of energy
561079681	quantum theory	theory of modern physics which holds that energy does not travel continuouslly in waves but discontinuously in seperate parcels called quanta
561079682	radiation	the transfer of energy by electomagnetic waves
561079683	relativity	Einstein's theory that all aspects of the physical universe must be defined in relative terms
561079684	scalar	quantity, such as time or distance, that has magnitude but no direction
561079685	thermal energy	the internal energy of a body that is associated with the positions and motion of its molecules
561079686	thermodynamics	the branch of physics that studies the conversion of heat into mechanical and other forms of energy
561079687	thermodynamics first law	law which states none of the heat added to a closed system is ever lost but can be accounted for in mechanical work or an increase in thermal energy
561079688	thermodynamics second law	law which states that heat never flows from a cold body to a hot one and that the entropy of the universe never decreases
561079689	transverse wave	a wave succh as a light wave, in which the disturbance is perpendicular to the direction of propagation
561079690	vector	a quantity, such as displacement or acceleration, that has both magnitude and direction
561079691	velocity	the speed and direction of mtion
561079692	wave	the propogation of a disturbance from one place to another
561079693	wavelength	the distance between two identically placed points on succesive waves
561079694	weight	a measure of the pull of gravity on a body
561079695	work	a measure of the transfer of mechanical energy fom one body or system to another, expressed as the product of the force applied and the amount of displacement along the direction of motion

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AC ACT Science Vocabulary (Chemistry) Flashcards

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561083256	acid	compound that tastes sour, has a low pH, turns litmus paper red, increases the conctration of hydrogen ions in wter, and reacts with metals to produce hydrogen gas
561083257	alpha particles	positively charged nuclear particle, consisting of tow protons and two neutrons, that is given off by a radio active element
561083258	atom	smallest particle of an element that exhibits all the properties of that element
561083259	atomic mass unit	unid, defined as one twelfth the weight of an atom of carbon-12 in which atoic weight is expressed
561083260	atomic weight	thae average weight of an atom of any element relative to the weight of an atom of carbon-12
561083261	Avogadros law	law which sttes that equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the smae number of molecules
561083262	base	a compound that tastes bitter feels slippery has a high pH, turns litmus paper blue and increases the concentration of hydroxid ions in water
561083263	beta particle	a high-speed electron ejected from the nucleus of a radioactive atom
561083264	binding energy	the energy that holds the protons and the neutrons in the nucleus of an atom together; the difference between the expected and the acutal mass of an atom
561083265	boiling point	the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals tha atmosheric pressure
561083266	British thermal unit	the amound of heat required to rais the temperatur of 1 pound of water 1 degree fahrenheit
561083267	calorie	the amount of heat requited to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree celsius
561083268	catalust	substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without any change to itself
561083269	celsius scale	a temperature scale on which water freezes at 0 and boils at 100
561083270	chemical bond	for e by which atoms, ions, or groups of atoms are held together
561083271	compound	a unique substance formed when two or more elements are chemically combined
561083272	condensation	process by which a substance is changed from a gas to a liquid of solid
561083273	conservation of mass-energy	matter and energy can never be created nor destroyed, only changed from one form to another. the total amount of matter and energy in the universe is constant
561083274	covalent bond	chemical bond formed by the equal sharing of paired electrons
561083275	crystal	solid in which the atoms, molecules, or ions are arranged in a definite, regular, three-dimensional pattern
561083276	cyclotron	accelerator used to study the structue of the atom and properties of nuclei and subnucleic particle
561083277	dehydration	removal of hydrogen and oxygen in the form of water from a compound
561083278	density	mass of a substance per unit volume
561083279	diffusion	process by which the atoms, molecule, or ions of two or more substanceces intermingle as a result of random, spontaneous motion
561083280	distillation	process of heating a substance until it vaporizes and then collecting and condensing the gas, usually for the purpose of purification.
561083281	elasticity	property of a body that enables it to recover its size and shape after deformation
561083282	electron	a negetively charged subatomic particle
561083283	element	a substance that is composed of only one kind of atom
561083284	endothermic reaction	chemical reaction that absorms heat
561083285	equation	a symboic expression of a chemical reaction
561083286	evaporation	escape of molecules from the surface of liquids or solids
561083287	exothermic reaction	a chemical reaction that gives off heat
561083288	Fahrenheit scale	a temperature scale on which water freezes at 32 degrees and boils at 212 degrees
561083289	fission	splitting of the nucleus of an atom, resulting in the release of enourmous amounts of energy
561083290	fusion	union of the nuclei of atoms, resulting in the release of enormous amounts of energy
561083291	gamma ray	a highspeed ray with no electrical charge that is emitted by a radioactive element
561083292	half life	time required for half the atoms present in a radioactive substance to disintegrate
561083293	heat of fusion	amount of heat required to convert 1 mole of a substance from a solid to hout change in temperature
561083294	heat of vaporization	amount of heat required to convert 1 mole of a substance from a liquid to a gaseous state without a change in tempderature
561083295	ion	an electrically charge atom of group of atoms
561083296	ionic bond	a chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons
561083297	isotope	one of two or more species of atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons in their nuclei and thus differ in atomic mass
561083298	Kelvin scale	temperature scale, also known as the absolute temperature scaleo on which 0 degrees corresponds to the lowest temerature theoretically possible and on which water freezes at 273.15 degrees and boild at 373.15 degrees
561083299	mass	the quantity of matter in a substance
561083300	mass number	sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
561083301	matter	any substance that occupies space and has weight
561083302	metal	any of a class of active chemical elements that are good conductors of heat and electricity and that generally hard, dense, malleable, ductile, and lustrous
561083303	mixture	a substance containing two or more ingredients that retain their individual properties
561083304	molecule	the smalles paret of an element or compound that exists under ordinary conditions and possesses all of the properties of the element or compound
561083305	neutralization	reaction of an acid and a base that produces salt and water
561083306	neutron	uncharged particle found in the nucleus of an atom
561083307	noble gas	one of te relatively inactive elements (also called the inert or rare gases) at the extreme right of th periodic table
561083308	nucleus	the dense, positively charged, central portion of an atom
561083309	organic chemistry	the chemistry of carbon and its compounds
561083310	oxidation	the process by which a substance loses electrons
561083311	periodic table	the chart on which the chemical elements are arranced according to their physical and chemical properties
561083312	pH	a measur of the concentration of a hydrogen ions in a solution
561083313	precipitation	a reaction that results in the seperation of a solid from a solution or a suspension
561083314	proton	positievly charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom
561083315	radioactivity	the property possessed by those elements that emit alpa, beta, or gamma rays as a result of the spontaneous disintegration of the nuclei of their atoms
561083316	reduction	the process by which a substance gains electrons
561083317	saturated solution	a solution that contains as much solut as possible at a given temperature
561083318	solute	the substance that is dissolved in a solution
561083319	solution	a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
561083320	solvent	the substance that dissolves another substance in a solution
561083321	specific gravity	the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a standard substance, such as water or air
561083322	specific heat	the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1 degree celsius
561083323	sublimation	the process of changing a solid directly into gas
561083324	suspension	a heterogeneous mixture of undissoved solid particles in a liquid
561083325	sunthesis	the buliding up of complex compounds from simpler compounds or elements
561083326	valence	the mumber of electrons gained, lost, or shared by an atom in bonding with one or more other atoms to achieve a stable electron configuration
561083327	vaporization	the process by which a substance is changed from a liquid or solid into a gas
561083328	viscosity	a measure of a fluids resistance to flow

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Unit 6 - World War 2 Flashcards

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372411555	Kellogg-Briand Pact	Agreement signed by 62 nations in 1928 that outlawed war except in cases of self-defense.
372411556	Appeasement Policy (Munich Pact)	France and England agree to give Hitler the Sudentenland if he promises not to attack any more nations in Europe.
372411557	Nonaggression Pact (Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact)	Germany and the Soviets promise not to fight each other, agree to split Poland, and the Soviets gain control of Finland.
372411558	Lend-Lease Program	US president may sell, lend, or trade weapons with any country he chooses.
372411559	Blitzkrieg	Lightening War. Airplanes, tanks, and infantry.
372411560	Wolf Pack	German submarines used to sink ships carrying supplies and weapons across the Atlantic.
372411561	Phony War	Seven month stretch during which the French and British awaited the German attack.
372411562	Ethiopia	When the League of Nations refused to send them aid, this country fell to Italy in 1935.
372411563	Manchuria	Japan attacked this area in 1931.
372411564	Rhineland	In 1936, Germany annexed this area of land between Germany and France.
372411565	Austria	In 1938, in addition to taking the Sudentenland, Hitler took control of this country.
372411566	Poland	France and Britain declared war on Germany after Hitler invaded this country.
372411567	France, Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Norway	Countries captured by the Germans in 1940.
372411568	Britain	Hitler led nightly bombing raids against this country.
372411569	Japan	US began an embargo against this country in 1941.
372411570	United States	Japan attacked this nation on December 7, 1941.
372411571	Franklin Delano Roosevelt	Elected to his third term as US president in 1940.
372411572	Neville Chamberlain	Prime Minister of Great Britain. Signed the Munich Pact with Germany. Resigned after France fell to Germany.
372411573	Winston Churchill	Prime Minister of Great Britain. Led Britain through WWII and Cold War.
372411574	Identify the three major Axis powers.	Germany Italy Japan
372411575	Identify three European nations who remained neutral during WW2.	Spain Sweden Ireland
372411576	Operation Torch	Allied plan to push the Axis powers out of Africa.
372411577	Baatan Death March	75,000 Allied soldiers were captured in the Philippines and forced to take a 65-mile death march.
372411578	Coral Sea	1st Allied victory in the Pacific.
372411579	Midway	Allied troops attack and sink 4 Japanese aircraft carriers. The turning point in the war.
372411580	Doolittle Raids	US pilots cross Japanese airspace and bomb major Japanese cities.
372411581	Stalingrad	Soviet winters stun and kill thousands of German soldiers. Remaining Germans are captured.
372411582	D-Day	The Allies cross the English Channel attacking the beaches at Normandy to liberate the country of France.
372411583	Battle of the Bulge	Last German offensive. Germans lose to inexperienced US troops around Christmas of 1944.
372411584	Elbe River	US troops attack from the west and Soviets from the east. Meet at this German river in April 1945.
372411585	Hiroshima	US drops atomic bomb on this city to expedite the end of WW2.
372411586	Identify the Big Three and the country they represent.	FDR US Churchill GB Stalin USSR
372411587	Identify the three fronts of World War 2.	Europe Africa Pacific
372411588	List two changes brought by the Nuremberg Laws.	Jews had to wear yellow stars and carry identification.
372411589	Island Hopping	Strategy used by Allies in Pacific. Jumped from island to island
372411590	Kamikaze pilots	suicide pilots who sacrificed their life for their country.
372411591	Code Talkers	US used Navajo Indians to send secret code. Never decoded by Japanese
372411592	Holocaust	Nazi's killed over 6,000,000 Jews and 3,000,000 others in concentration camps.
372411593	Genocide	Extermination of a race or ethnicity
372411594	Final Solution	Hitler's plan to eliminate all Jews
372411595	Kristallnacht	Night of the Broken Glass. Revenge for the killing of a German diplomat by a Jewish man. Jewish businesses and synagogues destroyed. Hundreds murdered, thousands sent to concentration camps.

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364578829	There are three different kinds of nonfiction passages	...
364578830	social science, humanities and natural science	...
364578831	There is one prose fiction passage	...
364578832	usually an excerpt from a book	...
364578833	Use the four step method when reading a passage.	...
364578834	1. underline lead words in the questions	...
364578835	2. skim the passage looking for those same lead words that were in the questions	...
364578836	There are 40 questions	...
364578837	10 on each page	...
364578838	1. Read the introductory paragraph and have an overall understanding of what the selection is about	...
364578839	2. Specific questions find lead/key/details word from questions in the passage	...
364578840	3. Find the lead/key/details words in the passage	...
364578841	4. Underline new-unusual vocabulary and know what it means in context	...
364578842	5. Inference questions	...
364578843	6. Big picture questions	...
364578844	Mindset- know where the passage is going	...
364578845	what is the passage about?	...
364578846	make a road map using the ABCs of reading	...
364578847	Abbriveiate margin - notes	...
364578848	2-3 words about the passage	...
364578849	Kaplan review	...
364578850	Locate key-lead words in the question	...
364578851	preread skim the passage underline lead words	...
364578852	consider the question stem understand the questions	...
364578853	refer to the passage and locate lead-key words in the question and the passage	...

565922822	What is the biggest mistake smart people make?	Science can be different than concrete ideas like math. Science questions are testing your ability to combine information given in the introduction and presented in graphs.
565922823	Preview Section. Do this quickly - but look for terms that a test maker would use in later questions i.e definition of a meteor.	.
565922824	Science section has less text and more data and graphics that the reading sections	.
565922825	look for extremes such as min.s and max.s	...
565922826	recognize variables in a graph and how they relate to each other	...
565922827	understand the way things are measured. sometimes the writers put things in the wrong units	...
565922828	make sure you know the correct units	...
565922829	most graphs on tests are line graphs	...
565922830	expect bar graphs and one pictorial presentation as well	...
565922831	some questions are based on facts and some on opinions	...
565922832	a fact question can be answered T for True or F for False	...
565922833	An opinion question means some people might believe the statement to be true	...
565922834	Some answers involve estimates, so you may not find a point on the graph exactly where the answer lies. Guess the closest one.	...
565922835	Not all science questions involve a graph. some list data in tables. Interpret the tables carefully	...
565922836	review major scientific terms prior to testing	...
565922837	you do not have to memorize every formula	...
565922838	do not forget the process of elimination.	...
565922839	do not consider answers that are way out of range. Eliminate them right away	...
565922840	guess if you are not sure.	...
565922841	READ THE CHART: these questions ask you to identify info given on the chart and are perhaps the most straightforward questions on the Science Reading Test.	...
565922842	USE THE CHART: Slightly more complicated than Read the Chart questions, these questions require that you use the info given in the chart to determine other, unstated info.	...
565922843	You need to be able to translate info from chart into words or translate words or numbers into a chart	...
565922844	Being able to manipulate and transform data in this way indicates that you understand info in the passage	...
565922845	WHAT'S REP'D IN THE TABLE	...
565922846	WHAT DO THE ROWS AND COLUMNS REP.	...
565922847	WHAT ARE THE UNITS	...
565922848	WHAT ARE THE PATTERNS IN THE DATA	...
565922849	Scan the bar graphs are the easiest to read.	...
565922850	Identify variables	...
565922851	What is being measured? Disease, behavior, liquids, time, grades? Mark them	...
565922852	How are the variables measured? Per cents, length, volume, metric?	...
565922853	Handle Graphs: what is the next step? generally this type of question will provide you with a goal for an experiment and the current scenario.	...
565922854	The questions on the Conflicting viewpoints section are slightly different. We've divided them into 3 main categories: DETAIL, INFERENCE, COMPARISON	...
565922855	DETAIL: questions ask you to id specific info from the arguments presented.	...
565922856	INFERENCE: question ask you to draw out implied Info from the arguments	...
565922857	COMPARISON: analyze similarities and differences between arguments.	...
565922858	Coordinate Graphs: dependent var. is the y axis (vertical)	...
565922859	Independent var. is the x-axis (horizontal) (Manipulated)	...
565922860	When x is changed y changes	...
565922861	Intersecting Points: rep. a value for each var. and ind. var. (x,y)	...

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